6. The Novels

Form and Subject Matter

Like the laws enacted by his predecessors, the Novels of Justinian⁸⁷ might be applicable in a certain province, a certain region (comprising several provinces), or in the whole of the empire.

Occasionally official notes have survived in the transmission of the Novels which record that other functionaries (and not only the addressee named in the inscription) were also to receive copies of a certain Novel. According to a note on Justinian’s Novel on marriage law of 18 March 536, copies of the law were sent not only to the praetorian prefects, but also to the prefect of the city of Constantinople, the magister officiorum, the comes sacrarum largitionum, the quaestor sacri palatii, three generals, and the comes rerum privatarum.⁹⁰ If a law was concerned with ecclesiastical matters, the highest dignitaries of the church - the patriarchs - also received copies.⁹¹ Of Justinian’s Novel of 16 March 535 on the ordination of bishops and clerics, for example, copies are attested not only for the patriarch of Constantinople, but also for the patriarchs of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, and for the praetorian prefects of the east and of Illyricum.⁹² It is likely that if a law was to apply throughout the empire, copies were sent to all state and church officials whose area of responsi­bility was affected.

Usually, the recipients had to make the law known to their sub­ordinate officials in the capital and especially in the provinces. Laws which

were to apply throughout the empire could be published by putting them up for public display. Here, too, a publication ‘pyramid’ came into being, on which the epilogues of the Novels contain detailed instructions.⁹⁴ The laws were displayed in the cities and towns of the provinces. The actual locations of the displays, however, are rarely known. Novels touching on ecclesiastical matters were also put on display in churches. It seems that the Novels did not come into force at the time of their enactment by the emperor but only when they were published locally; the time at which they became law could, therefore, vary from region to region.⁹⁵

As to their subject matter, the Novels cover all areas of the law,⁹⁶ among them administrative law (for example, public offices and the organization of the provinces), tax law, private law, criminal law, and frequently also ecclesiastical law (monasticism, preconditions for ordina­tion, church property).⁹⁷ Only a short time after the second edition of the Code had come into force the Novels already revised it in several important fields: Novel i of i January 535 changed the law on heirs’ compulsory shares according to the lex Falcidia; Novel 22 of 18 March 536 reformed marriage law and was in turn amended by Novel 117 of 18 December 542.

Editions, Transmission, and Textual Criticism

The authoritative edition of the Novels was begun by Rudolf Schöll and completed after his death by Wilhelm Kroll.

100 in 1531.

The Novels have survived in a number of (private) collections of varying extent. The plans for an official collection never came to fruition. In spite of the complexities of the transmission and the ensuing difficulties for reconstruction of the text, this also has one advantage: the individual

138

Novels are mostly transmitted in their entirety.¹⁰¹ This means that in the case of the Novels those parts of a law which were of no practical legal value — and which were, therefore, omitted by the compilers of the Theodosian Code and Justinian’s Code from the laws they included in their respective collections — have been preserved. The introduction in particular can provide important insights into what led to a certain piece of legislation, the motives behind it, and the ways in which the emperors portrayed themselves in their role as legislators.

Only a small fragment of a Latin Novel of Justinian written on papyrus (PSI 1346)¹⁰² and a larger fragment of a Novel concerning Egypt (P.

II.                 The collection includes 158 Novels of Justinian (or rather 156, as 2 Latin Novels occur twice); 4 Novels ofJustin II (who reigned from 566-572); 3 Novels ofTiberius II (who reigned from 574-575); and, at the end, 3 edicts of praetorian prefects. Up to Novel 120 the Novels are arranged chrono­logically. Originally, the collection was bilingual, so included Greek as well as Latin Novels. The most important textual witness is the ms. Venezia Bibl. Marc. 179, which dates from the end of the twelfth or the beginning of the thirteenth century and originates from southern Italy.¹⁰⁴ It contains most of the Greek Novels but not the (originally 16) Latin ones. The Collectio CLXVIII Novellarum is also transmitted by the ms. Firenze Bibl. Med. Laur. plut. 80. 4ff. 1r- 194v + Leiden UB Periz. F 35ff. 1r-2v (second half of the thirteenth century; probably from southern Italy),¹⁰⁵ but here too the Latin Novels are missing and the Greek text has been shortened and altered. The collection is also attested indirectly via the Breviary ofTheodore of Hermoupolis (between 575 and 602).1⁰

The Authenticum is based on a collection of (at least) 134 Novels of Justinian.¹⁰⁷ The collection mostly comprised Greek Novels and only a few (14) Latin ones. The Latin Novels have survived in the original; but, instead of the Greek Novels, the Authenticum features word-for-word translations of the Greek originals into Latin (Kata poda). These translations originated in the law schools of Justinian’s time.¹⁰⁸ It seems that the Kata poda were originally written above the Greek text.

Both the Collectio CLXVIII Novellarum and the collection on which the Authenticum is based were probably created in Constantinople. 11⁰ These two main branches of transmission¹¹¹ are supplemented by a number of secondary transmissions — for example, the collection of the Thirteen Edicts (containing 13 Novels of Justinian), the Collectio Ambrosiana (14 Novels of Justinian in revised versions),¹¹² the Collectio LXXXVII Capitulorum, and the Collectio XXV Capitulorum (containing four Novels, three of them in their entirety).¹¹³

Only paraphrases of Novels are included in the index of the law professor Iulianus who taught in Constantinople (124 Novels of Justinian)¹¹⁴ and in the Syntagma novellarum of Athanasius of Emesa¹¹⁵ (153 Novels of Justinian, 3 Novels of Justin II).¹¹⁶ Iulianus’ index, the Epitome Iuliani, is an introductory course on the Novels in Latin, probably intended for students coming from the Latin-speaking west. The manu­scripts of the Epitome Iuliani, which mostly date from the early middle ages, transmit a number of additional Latin Novels which are not attested else­where. 11⁷ Novels also appear in scattered transmission¹¹⁸ and in epigraphic testimonies (rescripts).

The Language of the Novels

When Justinian acceded to the throne the eastern Roman empire was already bilingual. In the territory administered by the praetorian prefect of the east, Greek was spoken almost exclusively. The prefecture of Illyricum, by contrast, was bilingual: in the northern part (the Danubian provinces) Latin was spoken, in the southern part the population spoke Greek.

Novels in Latin are predominantly concerned with those parts of the empire where Latin was spoken (Northern Africa, Italy) or with internal matters of administration. Three Novels in Latin are attested which were to apply throughout the empire. 119 For Illyricum we know of Novels in Latin as well as in Greek. Accordingly, Novels whose scope of application was limited to Greek-speaking areas (for example, the eastern provinces or Egypt) were in Greek only. There is no certain evidence of empire-wide Novels in Greek.¹²⁰ Today only one Novel is extant in a Greek and a Latin version. It dates from 15 June 535 and deals with usurious money-lending to peasants (Novels 32 and 34).1²1 The Novel applied in the diocese of Thracia, in the prefecture of the east. The Greek version addressed to the governor of the province of Haemimontus and the Latin version addressed to the governor of the province of Moesia secunda have survived.

As far as empire-wide Novels are concerned, an indication in a Novel dating from 1 May 538 (Novel 66) attests that there were two versions of an earlier Novel concerning inheritance law: a Greek version addressed to the praetorian prefect of the east (and probably also to the praetorian prefect of Illyricum), and a Latin version addressed to the praetorian prefect of Africa. The latter has not survived. It seems preferable to assume that those Novels which were intended to apply in the whole of the empire generally were bilingual and so existed in both a Latin and a Greek version.¹²² In Italy, however, the Latin versions appear not to have been widely avail­able: Pope Gregory the Great, in a letter to the defensor John dating from August 603, cites two Novels of Justinian only in a Latin Kata poda.1²³

Notes

1.      D. Liebs, ‘Jurisprudenz’, in Die Literatur des Umbruchs. Von der römischen zur christlichen Literatur 117 n. Chr. bis 284 n. Chr., ed. K. Sallmann (Munich, 1997), 83-217; B. H. Stolte, ‘A Crisis of Jurisprudence? The End of Legal Writing in the Classical Tradition’, in Crises and Roman Empire. Proceedings of the Seventh Workshop of the International Network Impact of Empire (Nijmegen, June 20—24, 2006), ed. O. Hekster et al. (Leiden, 2007), 355-366.

2.      D. Liebs, ‘Recht und Rechtsliteratur’, in Restauration und Erneuerung. Die lateinische Literatur von 284 bis 374 n. Chr., ed. H. Herzog (Munich, 1989), 55—73.

3.                    Liebs (n. 2), 65-69, 71.

color=black face=Garamond>4.                    Liebs (n. 2), 68; D. Liebs, ‘Ulpiani Opinionum libri VI’, TR 41 (1973): 279—310.

5.      They can be found in R. Seider, Paläographie der lateinischen Papyri vol. 2.2: Juristische und christliche Texte (Stuttgart, 1981); E.A. Lowe, Codices Latini Antiquiores, vols. 1—11 and suppl. (Oxford, 1934—1971; 2nd edn. of vol. 2.2, 1972). On P. Haun III. 45, see D. Nörr, ‘P. Haun III 45 und der verlorene Traktat Modestins zum Vermächtnisrecht’, ZSS 127 (2009): 53—114; F. Nasti, Papyrus Hauniensis de legatis et fideicommissis. Pars prior (P Haun. III45 recto + CPL 73 A e B recto) (Naples, 2010). On the Fragmenta Londiniensia anteiustiniana, see S. Corcoran and B. Salway, ‘A Lost Law-Code Rediscovered? The Fragmenta Londinensia anteiustiniana’, ZSS 127 (2009): 677—678.

6.      On the Veronese palimpsest of the Institutes of Gaius and on the fragments from Antinoe, see H. L. W. Nelson, Überlieferung, Aufbau und Stil von Gai Institutiones (Leiden, 1981).

7.      See the excerpts in C.Th. 1.4.1 and in C.Th. 9.43.1. It is a matter of controversy whether there are two laws or two fragments of the same law.

8.       C.Th. 1.4.2; on the date see O. Seeck, Regesten der Kaiser und Päpste für die Jahre 311 bis 476 n. Chr. (Stuttgart, 1919), 178.

9.      See C. Wetzler, Rechtsstaat und Absolutismus. Überlegungen zur Verfassung des spätantiken Kaiserreichs anhand von CJ 1.14.8 (Berlin, 1997), who also provides further information on the other parts of the oratio.

10.    See Liebs (n. 2), 60—62, 62—64; S. Corcoran, The Empire and the Tetrarchs. Imperial Pronouncements and Government, 2nd edn. (Oxford, 2000), 25—42; S. Corcoran, ‘The Publication of Laws in the Era of the Tetrachs’, in Diokletian und die Tetrarchie, ed. A. Demandt et al. (Berlin, 2004), 56—73; S. Corcoran, ‘The Tetrachy. Policy and Image as Reflected in Imperial Pronouncements’, in Die Tetrarchie. Ein neues Regierungssystem und seine mediale Präsentation, ed. D. Böschung and W. Eck (Wiesbaden, 2006), 31—61; M.U. Sperandio, Codex Gregorianus. Origini e vicende (Naples, 2005); S. Connolly, Lives behind the Laws. The World of the Codex Hermogenianus (Bloomington, 2010), reviewed by D. Liebs, ZSS 129 (2012): 711—724. Older literature can be found in L. Wenger, Die Quellen des römischen Rechts (Vienna, 1953), 534—536. On newly discovered fragments which belong most probably to a manuscript of the Codex Gregorianus, see S. Corcoran and B. Salway, ‘lang=EN-US>Fragmenta Londiniensia Anteiustiniana: Preliminary Observations’, Roman Legal Tradition 8 (2012): 63—83.

11.    On the outward appearance of the imperial constitutions in the Codex Gregorianus and the Codex Hermogenianus, see Corcoran (n. 10, 2000), 42—48. On Gregorius as the name of the author, see D. Liebs, Hofjuristen der römischen Kaiser bis Justinian (Munich, 2010), 81—83. See further Liebs (n. 2), 61; Corcoran (n. 10, 2000), 33; Sperandio (n. 10), 291-299.

12.                Liebs (n. 2), 63; Corcoran (n. 10, 2000), 37.

13.    Edition: Theodosiani libri XVI cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis, ed. T. Mommsen (Berlin, 1905). Codex Theodosianus, ed. P. Krüger, vol. 1: books 1-6 (Berlin, 1923); vol. 2: books 7-8 (Berlin, 1926). For a translation, C. Pharr, The Theodosian Code and Novels and the Sirmondian Constitutions. A Translation with Commentary, Glossary and Bibliography (Princeton, 1952).

14.    From the very extensive literature, see P. Krüger, Geschichte der Quellen und Litteratur des römischen Rechts, 2nd edn. (Munich — Leipzig, 1912), 324—331; Wenger (n. 10), 536—542; H. Siems, ‘Codex Theodosianus’, in Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde, (Berlin — New York, 1984), vol. 5, cols. 47—52; J. Matthews, Laying down the Law: a Study of the Theodosian Code (New Haven, 2000); J. Harries and I. Wood, eds., The Theodosian Code. Studies in the Imperial Law of Late Antiquity, 2nd edn. (Bristol, 2010).

15.    On this: L. Atzeri, Gesta senatus Romani de Theodosiano publicando. Il Codice Teodosiano e la sua diffusione ufficiale in Occidente (Berlin, 2008).

16.                On the arrangement of the material, see Siems (n. 14), 49.

17.                Edition: Mommsen (n. 13), 907—921.

18.    On the continuing influence of the Theodosian Code, see M. Conrat, Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des römischen Rechts im früheren Mittelalter (Leipzig, 1891; repr. Aalen, 1963).

19.    On legal education in late antiquity, see B. Kübler, ‘Rechtsunterricht’, in RE IA.1 cols. 400—404; P. Collinet, Histoire de l'ecole de droit de Beyrouth (Paris, 1925), 207lang=EN-US style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'>—259; D. Liebs, ‘Juristenausbildung in der Spätantike’, in Juristenausbildung in Europa zwi­schen Tradition und Reform, ed. C. Baldus et al. (Tübingen, 2008), 31—45.

20.    On Berytos in particular, see Collinet (n. 19), 13—115; J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, ‘Berytos’, in Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum, suppl. 1 (Stuttgart, 2001), cols. 1038—1041; L. Jones Hall, Roman Berytos. Beirut in Late Antiquity (London — New York, 2004), 195—220.

21.                For details, see Liebs (n. 19), 34—36.

22.    D. Simon, ‘Aus dem Codexunterricht des Thalelaios. B. Die Heroen’, ZSS 87 (1970): 315—394; D. Liebs, ‘Esoterische römische Rechtsliteratur vor Justinian’, in Akten des 36. Deutschen Rechtshistorikertages, Halle an der Saale, 10.—14. September 2006, ed. R. Lieberwirt and H. Lück (Baden-Baden, 2008), 72—74 (with further lit.); Liebs (n. 19), 41—43.

23.    On legal education in the West, see D. Liebs, Die Jurisprudenz im spätantiken Italien (Berlin, 1987); D. Liebs, Römische Jurisprudenz in Gallien (2. bis 8. Jahrhundert) (Berlin, 2002); and D. Liebs, Römische Jurisprudenz in Africa mit Studien zu den pseudopaulini- schen Sentenzen, 2nd ed. (Berlin, 2005).

24.                  Liebs (n. 23, 1987), 150-162.

25.    Liebs (n. 23, 2002), 138—141 (with information on the two authors); Krüger (n. 14), 346—348; G. Zanon, Indicazioni di metodo giuridico dalla Consultatio veteris cuiusdam iurisconsulti, 2nd edn. (Naples, 2009).

26.    Liebs (n. 23, 1987), 162—174; W. Kaiser, Die Epitome Iuliani. Beiträge zum römischen Recht im frühen Mittelalter und zum byzantinischen Rechtsunterricht (Frankfurt, 2004), 993 ; U. Manthe, ‘Wurde die Collatio vom Ambrosiaster Isaak geschrieben?’, in Festschrift für Rolf Knütel zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. H. Altmeppen et al. (Heidelberg, 2010), 737—754; R. Frakes, Compiling the Collatio Legum Mosaicarum et Romanarum in Late Antiquity (Oxford, 2011).

27.    From the extensive literature, see J. A. Evans, The EmperorJustinian and the Byzantine Empire (Westport, Conn., 2005); M. Maas, The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian (Cambridge, 2005); A. Demandt, Die Spätantike. Römische Geschichte von Diocletian bisJustinian, 284—565 n. Chr., 2nd edn. (Munich, 2008), 231—249; M. Meier, Das andere Zeitalter Justinians. Kontingenzerfahrung und Kontingenzbewältigung im 6. Jahrhundert n. Chr. (Göttingen, 2003); M. Meier, ed., Justinian (Darmstadt, 2011).

28.    Accursius, gl. veniunt on Inst. 3.18.2: Item iudiciales vagae sunt per totum corpus iuris (‘judicial stipulations are scattered throughout the whole of the Corpus iuris’).

29.     Corpus juris civilis in IIII. partes distinctum... Authore Dionysio Gothofredo J. C. (Geneva, 1583).

30.    Justinian frequently used his name as an attribute, e.g. for new public offices he created (such as the Praetor Iustinianus Pisidiae) or for towns (e.g., Prima lustiniana for his town of birth).

31.                  See 137.

32.    On the fragments (particularly P. Oxy. 1814), see S. Corcoran, ‘Justinian and his two Codes. Revisiting P. Oxy. 1814’, JJP 38 (2008): 73—111; S. Corcoran, ‘New Subscripts for Old Rescripts: The Vallicelliana Fragments of Justinian Code Book VII’, ZSS 126 (2009): 401—422; S. Corcoran, ‘The novus codex and the codex repetitae praelectionis: Justinian and his codex’, in Figures d'empire, fragments de mémoire: pouvoirs et identités dans le monde romain impérial (IIe s. av. n. è.—VIe s. de n. è.), ed. S. Benoist et al. (Villeneuve d’Ascq, 2011), 425—444.

33.    D. Simon, ‘Aus dem Codexunterricht des Thalelaios. C. Interpolationsberichte’, RIDA 16 (1969): 283—308. On legal education in Justinian’s day, see 126.

34.    Most recently M. Varvaro, ‘Contributo allo studio delle quinquaginta decisiones’, Annali del seminario giuridico della università di Palermo 46 (2000): 359—519; C. Russo Ruggeri, Studi sulle quinquaginta decisiones (Milan, 1999); Wenger (n. 10), 572—576.

35.                  lang=EN-US>On the praetorian prefect of the East, see 137.

36.    The names of some of them have been preserved in a law of Justinian dating from 23 May 535 (Coll. CLXVIII Novv. 35).

37.    Justinian assumed that such an imperial privilege for certain jurists had existed. This is occasionally doubted in modern literature: for details, see K. Tuori, Ancient Roman Lawyers and Modern Legal Ideals. Studies on the Impact of Contemporary Concerns in the Interpretation of Ancient Roman Legal History (Frankfurt, 2007).

38.                A. Zocco-Rosa, Imp. Iustiniani institutionum palingenesia, 2 vols., (Catania, 1908, 1911).

39.    Const. Tanta/Dedoken §§ 21—22 state that no abbreviations may be used, that numbers must be written in full, and that comments may not be written into the body of the text. On the last point, see H.J. Scheltema, ‘Das KommentarverbotJustinians’, TR 45 (1977): 307-331·

40.    See the Novel of 13 August 554, ch. 11 (in Schöll-Kroll edn. (n. 98 below), 800, lines 38-39): Iura insuper vel leges codicibus nostris insertas, quas iam sub edictali programmate in Italiam dudum misimus, obtinere sancimus (‘Furthermore, we ordain that the jurists’ law [= iura] and the imperial legislation [= leges] which are included in our compilations and which we sent to Italy some time ago prefaced by an edict shall be valid’). A number of earlier Novels had, however, claimed validity in Italy even before that: see, most recently, W. Kaiser, ‘Zum Zeitpunkt des Inkrafttretens von Kaisergesetzen unter Justinian’, ZSS 127 (2010): 193-200.

41.    It was, however, in use earlier, also by Justinian: see W. Kaiser, ‘Zur äußeren Gestalt der Novellen Justinians’, in Introduzione al diritto bizantino. Da Giustiniano ai Basilici, ed. J. H. A. Lokin and B. H. Stolte (Pavia, 2011), 169-173.

42.    See the Novel of 13 August 554, ch. 11 (in Schöll-Kroll edn. (n. 98 below), 800 lines 40-42): Sed et eas, quas postea promulgavimus constitutiones, iubemus sub edictali propositione vulgari, ex eo tempore, quo sub edictali programmate vulgatae fuerint, etiam per partes Italiae obtinere (‘But we also command that those laws which we promulgated subsequently shall be made known to the public prefaced by an edict and that, from the time when they were made known to the public prefaced by an edict, they shall also be valid for the territories of Italy’).

43.    Kübler (n. 19), 400-404; Collinet (n. 19), 207-259; P. Pieler, ‘Byzantinische Rechtsliteratur’, in style='font-style:italic'>Die hochsprachliche profane Literatur der Byzantiner, ed. H. Hunger (Munich, 1978), vol. 2, 400-428; Liebs (n. 19), 32-36. On legal education in Justinian’s time, see also the essays in H. J. Scheltema, Opera minora ad historiam iuris pertinentia (Groningen, 2004).

44.    Edition: Basilicorum libri LX, Series A (Textus), ed. H.J. Scheltema et al., 8 vols. (Groningen, 1955-1988).

45.    Edition: Basilicorum libri LX, Series B (Scholia), ed. H.J. Scheltema et al., 13 vols. (Groningen, 1953-1985).

46.    Prota: D. 1-4, Pars de iudiciis: D. 5-11, Pars de rebus: D. 12-19, Quarta pars: D. 20-27, Quinta pars: D. 28-36, Sexta pars: D. 37-44, Septima pars: D. 45-50.

47.    F. Bluhme, ‘Die Ordnung der Fragmente in den Pandektentiteln’, Zeitschrift für geschichtliche Rechtswissenschaft 4 (1820): 257-472.

48.    D. Mantovani, Digesto e masse Bluhmiane (Milan, 1987); D. Mantovani, ‘Le masse bluhmiane sono tre’, Seminarios Complutenses de derecho romano 4 (1993): 87-119; W. Kaiser, ‘Digestenentstehung und Digestenüberlieferung’, ZSS 108 (1991): 330-350. A revised table showing which works belong to which masses can be found in T. Honoré, Justinian's Digest. Character and Compilation (Oxford, 2010), 151-161.

49.    On the way the Digest commission worked see T. Honoré, Tribonian (London, 1978) and Honoré (n. 48), reviewed by T. Wallinga, Edinburgh Law Review 16 (2012): 119-122.

50.                A table can be found in Honoré (n. 48), 162-209.

51.    On this: Wenger (n. 10), 854-865; in detail F. Wieacker, Römische Rechtsgeschichte (Munich, 1988), vol. 1, 154-182.

52.    Some examples from the law of status: C. 7.17.1 (AD 528): abolition of the adsertor in the action for freedom; C. 6.7.1 (AD 531): abolition of Latin citizenship; from inheritance law: Const. Tanta/Dedoken § 6a: abolition of the SC Trebellianum, § 6b: abolition of caduca.

53.    The words et cum diceret can be explained either as a continuation of the rubric which has been corrupted in transmission (O. Lenel, Palingenesia iuris civilis (Leipzig, 1889), vol. 2, col. 526 n. 2) or as an addition by the author of the Collatio.

54.    An overview of earlier editions of the Digest can be found in E. Spangenberg, Einleitung in das roemisch-justinianeische Rechtsbuch oder Corpus iuris civilis Romani (Hannover, 1817; repr. Aalen, 1970), 645—950. For details on the work on the Digest done by the Humanists, see H. E. Troje, Crisis digestorum. Studien zur historia pandectarum (Frankfurt, 2011).

55.                  Digesta Iustiniani Augusti, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1868—1870).

56.    On the manuscript, its scribes and correctors, see W. Kaiser, ‘Schreiber und Korrektoren des Codex Florentinus’, ZSS 118 (2001): 133—219. It takes its name from the city of Florence where it is now kept in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana.

57.                  On this, see, Kaiser (n. 56), 138 n. 17, 139 n. 19, 192.

58.    See W. Kaiser, ‘Digesten (Überlieferung)’, in Der Neue Pauly, ed. H. Cancik et al. (Stuttgart — Weimar 1999), vol. 13, col. 846. On the Neapolitan fragments of the Digest, see most recently, B. Stolte, ‘Some Thoughts on the Early History of the Digest Text. Appendix: Ms. Naples IV. A. 8 foll. 36—39 rescr.’, Subseciva Groningana 6 (1999): 103—119; on the Pommersfelden fragments, see A.J.B. Sirks et al., Ein frühbyzantinisches Szenario für die Amtswechslung in der Sitonie: Die griechischen Papyri aus Pommersfelden (PPG) mit einem Anhang über die Pommersfeldener Digestenfragmente und die Überlieferungsgeschichte der Digesten (Munich, 1996), 137—142; on the trans­mission of D. 10.2 in agrimensorial manuscripts, see B. Stolte, ‘Finium regundorum and the Agrimensores’, Subseciva Groningana 5 (1992): 61—76, and most recently W. Kaiser, ‘Spätantike Rechtstexte in agrimensorischen Sammlungen’, ZSS 130 (2013): 273.

59.    Ms. Berlin Staatsbibl. lat. fol. 269ff. 183—190, on which see, most recently, Kaiser (n. 26), 387-415.

60.    On this, C. Radding and A. Ciaralli, The Corpus iuris in the Middle Ages. Manuscripts and Transmission from the Sixth Century to the Juristic Revival (Leiden - Boston, 2007).

61.    The later canonical division was: Digestum vetus: D. 1—24.2; Infortatium: D. 24.3—38; Digestum novum: D. 39—50.

62.    On the transmission, see W. Kaiser, ‘Zur Textkritik von D. 19, 1, 30, 1 (Africanus, 8 quaest.)’, in Africani quaestiones: Studien zur Geschichte und Dogmatik des Privatrechts, ed. J. Harke (Berlin — Heidelberg, 2011), 57—59; W. Kaiser, ‘Besserlesungen in den Vulgathandschriften gegenüber Codex Florentinus und Basiliken? Zur Genuinität der erneuten Inskription vor D. 3, 5, 30, 3 (Pap. 2 resp.) in den Handschriften des Digestum vetus’, Römische Jurisprudenz. Dogmatik, Überlieferung, Rezeption. Festschrift für Detlef Liebs zum 75. Geburtstag, ed. K. Muscheler (Berlin, 2011), 302—303.

63.    Recently it has been suggested as an alternative that, conversely, an incomplete copy of the Digest was completed using a copy of the Codex Florentinus (similar to the process that can be seen in the manuscripts of the Codex Iustinianus).

64.    See B. H. Stolte, ‘The Value of the Byzantine Tradition for Textual Criticism of the Corpus Iuris Civilis. “Graeca leguntur” ’, in Lokin and Stolte (n. 42), 667—680. On the relevance of two newly discovered palimpsest manuscripts of the Basilica for textual criticism, see B. Stolte, ‘Zwei neue Basilikenhandschriften in der Wiener Nationalbibliothek II: Rechtshistorische Analyse. Mit 30 Tafeln’, in Quellen zur byzantinischen Rechtspraxis. Aspekte der Textüberlieferung, Paläographie und Diplomatik. Akten des internationalen Symposiums, Wien, 5.—7.11.2007, ed. C. Gastgeber (Vienna, 2010), 139-151.

65.    On this, see Wenger (n. 10), 600-610; Nelson (n. 6), 267-291; E. Metzger, A Companion to Justinian's Institutes (Ithaca, 1998); G. Luchetti, Nuove ricerche sulle Istituzioni di Giustiniano (Milan, 2004).

66.     Institutiones Iustiniani, ed. P. Krüger (1st edn., Berlin, 1867; 4th edn., Berlin, 1921).

67.Roman"'>                On this: Kaiser (n. 26), 693-695; Radding and Ciaralli (n. 60); Macino (2008).

68.    On the Capitula legis Romanae (Lex Romana canonice compta), see Kaiser (n. 26), 493-522, 579-588.

69.    W. Kaiser, ‘Ein unbekanntes Zitat von Institutiones Iustiniani 3, 6 pr.-8 in einer Abhandlung des Hrabanus Maurus zum Ehehindernis der Verwandtschaft’, in Festschrift für Rolf Knütel zum 70. Geburtstag, ed. H. Altmeppen et al. (Heidelberg, 2010), 513-557.

70.    A. Giomaro, Il Codex repetitae praelectionis. Contributi allo studio dello schema delle raccolte normative da Teodosio a Giustiniano (Mursia, 2001); Wenger (n. 10), 569-572, 638-651; P. Jörs, ‘Codex Iustinianus’, in RE IV.1 (Stuttgart, 1900) cols. 167-170.

71.    The Code begins with the law of the emperors Gratian, Valentinian II, and Theodosius I of 380 which declares Christianity to be the state religion.

72.    On parallel transmissions, Wenger (n. 10), 643-648. The textual differences between the Codex Iustinianus and the Codex Theodosianus are pointed out by Mommsen in his edition of the Codex Theodosianus (above, n. 13).

73.                C. 4.44.2 (Diocl., AD 285; interpolated).

74.    The difference in the form of the verb at the end (debuerat instead debuerit) may come from the copy of the Codex Theodosianus used by the compilers of the Codex Iustinianus or it may have occurred in the course of the manuscript transmission of the Codex Theodosianus or the Codex Iustinianus.

75.    See, e.g., C. 4.38.14, which is an exact reproduction of C.Th. 3.1.6 (Grat., Valent., Theod.; AD 391), but limits the applicability of the constitution by adding a clause at the end: nisi lex specialiter quasdampersonas hocfacere prohibuerit (‘unless a law specifically prohibits certain persons from doing this’).

76.                Codex Iustinianus, ed. P. Krüger (Berlin, 1877).

77.size=1 face="Times New Roman">    Ms. Verona Bibl. Cap. LXII (60); Lowe (n. 5), vol. 4, 511; an apographum can be found in P. Krüger, Codicis Iustiniani fragmenta Veronensia (Berlin, 1874).

78.                Radding and Ciaralli (n. 60), 37.

79.                Kaiser (n. 26), 703-704; Radding and Ciaralli (n. 60).

80.    On the manuscript transmission, see G. Dolezalek, Repertorium manuscriptorum veterum Codicis Iustiniani, 2 vols. (Frankfurt, 1985); C. Tort-Martorell, Tradición textual del Codex Iustinianus. Un estudio del libro 2 (Frankfurt, 1989); on new finds, see S. Corcoran (n. 32, 2009), 401-422; S. Corcoran, ‘After Krüger: Observations on Some Additional or Revised Justinian Code Headings and Subscripts’, ZSS 126 (2009): 423-439.

81.                Edition: Adnotationes codicum domini Justiniani (Summa Perusina), ed. F. Patetta, BIDR

12 (1900). On the facsimile edition of the manuscript ms. Perugia, Bibl. Capitolare 32, see Kaiser (n. 40), 626-629.

82.                   On this: Liebs (n. 23, 1987), 276-282; Kaiser (n. 26), 335-346.

83.    Edition: Collectio tripartita. Justinian on Religious and Ecclesiastical Affairs, ed. N. van der Wal and B. H. Stolte (Groningen, 1994), XIII-XXXV.

84.    Edition: Collectio XXV capitulorum, ed. G. E. Heimbach, in Anekdota vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1840), XXVII-XL, 145-201.

85.    Edition: Collectio LXXXVII capitulorum, ed. G. E. Heimbach, in Anekdota vol. 2 (Leipzig, 1840), XLI-LXVI, 202-237.

86.                   For details Krüger (n. 76), X-XI.

87.    For details, see F. Biener, Geschichte der Novellen Justinians (Berlin, 1824, repr. 1970); Wenger (n. 10), 652-679.

88.    Demandt (n. 27), 292-294; A. H. M.Jones, TheLaterRoman Empire 284—602. A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey, 3 vols. (Oxford, 1964).

89.    On the plans for moving the seat of the prefecture to lustiniana prima (Caricin Grad), see W. Kaiser, ‘Die Zweisprachigkeit reichsweiter Novellen unter Justinian. Studien zu den Novellen Justinians (I)’, ZSS 129 (2012): 393-394.

90.    Coll. CLXVIIINovv. 22 (in Schöll-Kroll edn. (n. 98 below), 186 line 33-187 line 21). On the officials, see Demandt (n. 27) and Jones (n. 88).

91.    W. Kaiser, ‘Zur Ausfertigung justinianischer Novellen an staatliche und kirchliche Würdenträger’, in Novellae constitutiones. L'ultima legislazione digiustiniano tra oriente e occidente, da Triboniano a Savigny. Atti del Convegno Internazionale Teramo, 30—31 ottobre 2009, ed. L. LoSchiavo et al. (Naples, 2011), 25-30.

92.    Coll. CLXVIII Novv. 6 (in Schöll-Kroll edn. (n. 98 below), 47, lines 29-35); Kaiser (n. 91), 30-36.

93.                   Kaiser (n. 91), 54-57.

94.    Insights into the publication within the church hierarchy can be gained from the epilogue of the Novel of 16 March 535 (in Schöll-Kroll edn. (n. 98 below), 47, lines 14-28).

95.    On this (and on the opposing view), see Kaiser (n. 40), 172-201. On Justinian’s legislation being sent to Italy, see 126.

96.    A systematic overview can be found in N. van derWal, Manuale NovellarumJustiniani. Apercu systematique du contenu des novelles de Justinian, 2nd edn. (Groningen - Amsterdam, 1998); a chronological one in T. C. Lounghis et al., Regesten der Kaiserurkunden des oströmischen Reiches von 476 bis 565 (Nicosia, 2005).

97.                   For further references see Kaiser (n. 91), 25 n. 3.

98.                   Corpus iuris civilis vol. 3: Novellae, ed. R. Schöll and G. Kroll; 4th edn., Berlin, 1912.

size=1 color=black face=Garamond>99.    See M. Amelotti, Le costituzioni giustinianee nei papiri e nelle epigrafi, 2nd edn. (Milan, 1985) and the overview in D. Feissel, ‘Les actes de l’Etat imperial dans l’epigraphie tardive (324-610): Prolegomenes a un inventaire’, in Selbstdarstellung und Kommunikation. Die Veröffentlichung staatlicher Urkunden auf Stein und Bronze in der römischen Welt, ed. R. Haensch (Munich, 2009), 97-128.

100.   On the reconstruction of the text of the Novels in the age of Humanism, see H.E. Troje, Graeca leguntur: die Aneignung des byzantinischen Rechts und der Entstehung eines humanistischen Corpus iuris civilis in der Jurisprudenz des 16. Jahrhunderts (Cologne - Vienna, 1971); H.E. Troje, Humanistische Jurisprudenz. Studien zur europäischen Rechtswissenschaft unter dem Einfluß des Humanismus (Goldbach, 1993); and most recently Troje (n. 54).

101.  On the composition of a late antique imperial constitution, see F. Dölger and J. Karayannopoulos, Byzantinische Urkundenlehre (Munich, 1968), 77.

102.  S. Corcoran, ‘Two Tales, Two Cities: Antinoopolis and Nottingham’, in Wolf Liebeschuetz Reflected: Essays Presented by Colleagues, Friends, and Pupils, ed. J. Drinkwater and B. Salway (London, 2007), 194—200.

103.  P. Noailles, Les collections de novelles de l'empereurJustinian. Vol. 2: La collection grecque des 168 novelles (Paris, 1914), with detailed information on the manuscripts; W. Kaiser, ‘Die Zweisprachigkeit reichsweiter Novellen unter Justinian. Studien zu den Novellen Justinians (I)’, ZSS 129 (2012): 397-402.

104.  L. Burgmann et al., Repertorium der Handschriften des byzantinischen Rechts. Teil 1: Die Handschriften des weltlichen Rechts (Nr. 1—327) (Frankfurt, 1995), 339 n. 296.

105.               Burgmann (n. 104), 85-86 n. 67, 119 n. 95.

106.  Theodori scholastici Breviarium Novellarum, ed. K. E. Zachariae von Lingenthal in Anekdota (Leipzig, 1843), 1-165.

107.  Edition: Authenticum. Novellarum constitutionum Iustiniani versio vulgata, ed. G. E. Heimbach (Leipzig, 1846-1851, repr. 1974); Corpus iuris civilis vol. 3 (above, n. 98); literature can be found in Kaiser (n. 89), 404 n. 65; L. LoSchiavo, ‘Il codex graecus e le origini del Liber authenticorum. Due contributi alla storia dell’Authenticum’, ZSS 127 (2010): 115-171.

109.  See now L. LoSchiavo, ‘La riscoperta dell’Authenticum e la prima esegesi die Glossatori’, in Novellae constitutiones. L'ultima legislazione di giustiniano tra oriente e occidente, da Triboniano a Savigny. Atti del Convegno Internazionale Teramo, 30—31 ottobre 2009, ed. L. LoSchiavo et al. (Naples, 2011).

110.               Kaiser (n. 103), 427-428.

111.  On the vocabulary of the Greek Novels, see A. M. Bartoletti Colombo, Novellae, pars Graeca, 7 vols. (Milan, 1984-1989); on the Latin Novels and the Kata poda in the Authenticum, A. M. Bartoletti Colombo, Novellae, pars Latina, 10 vols. (Milan, 1977-1979).

112.  The readings are included in the apparatus of the Schöll-Kroll edn. On the collection, see S. Troianos, ‘Die Collectio Ambrosiana’, in D. Simon, Fontes minores II (Frankfurt, 1977), 30-48.

113.               On the edition of the two collections, see above nn. 84, 85.

114.  Edition: Iuliani epitome Latina Novellarum Iustiniani, ed. G. Hänel (Leipzig, 1873). For details on the Epitome Iuliani, see Kaiser (n. 26) and LoSchiavo (n. 107).

115.  Edition: Das Novellensyntagma des Athanasios von Emesa, ed. D. Simon and S. Troianos (Frankfurt, 1989).

116.  D. Simon, ‘Das Novellenexemplar des Athanasios’, in D. Simon, Fontes minores VII (Frankfurt, 1986), 117-140, 129, 134-139.

117.               On the appendices of the manuscripts of the Epitome Iuliani, see Kaiser (n. 26), 347-374.

118.               See the index in Burgmann (n. 104).

name=bookmark776>119.               Kaiser (n. 103), 432.

120.               Kaiser (n. 103), 453.

121.  W. Kaiser, ‘Unterschiede zwischen griechischen und lateinischen Ausfertigungen von Novellen am Beispiel des Gesetzes vom 1. Juni 535 über Darlehen an Bauern. Studien zu den Novellen Justinians (II)’, ZSS 129 (2012): 475-500.

122.               Kaiser (n. 103), 472.

123.  W. Kaiser, ‘Nachvergleichungen von Novellen- und Codexzitaten in einer frühmittelalterlichen Sammlung mit Exzerpten aus dem Register Gregors d. Gr. (Reg. 13, 49 [50])’, ZSS 125 (2008): 603-613.

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