Glossary of Chinese Expressions

Ben cao gang mu Classified Materia Medica

bian discrimination

Cheng Yi

chuan shen convey the spirit

Dan jingyao jue Essential Formulas from the Alchemical Classics

dao

Dao de jing

Da xue Greater Learning

dexingzhi zhi knowledge ofvirtuous nature

fajia school of laws

fen bie TSJ analytical procedures

fu yan tally, correspond, match

ge wu fiffi investigation of things

ge wu zhi xue pursuit of “investigating things”

guan g official

guan M perception; investigation

Guanzi (WT)

gui bing synthesizing operations

Hanfeizi

hao xue love oflearning

Huainanzi (SWT) Book of the Huainan Masters

Huang di nei jing (STl^S) Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon

Hui Zong T9T

jing she SS experience

jingyan experience

jingyanfang S^T tested effectiveness

jingyan zhu yi S^T^ empiricism

Kao gongji (WTpE) The Artificer’s Record

kao zheng ft® evidential research

Kun zhiji Knowledge Painfully Acquired

li 3 principle, pattern

li ft profit

li M unit of distance, about half a kilometer

Li Shizhen

Li Zhizao

liang zhi M ft genuine, pure, original knowledge

Liu Shao WJ®

Lun yu Confucian Analects

Luo Qinshun

luo ri jia 0 ft Latin, logica (phonetic)

Mengzi Mencius

ming fate

Ming li tan Aristotle’s Categories

mo M pulse

Mozi

qi M energy, breath, pneuma

Qi min yao shu Important Arts for the People’s Welfare

qie ft touching

qin ® experience

qing 'ft essential characteristics

ren ft humanity, benevolence

Ren wu zhi (A^ft) Study of Human Abilities

ru ffi (Confucian) literatus

ru yi ffiW literatus-physician

san biao :ft three gnomons

se ft color, hue, face, mien

Shen Kuo ft®

shi f addiction, compulsion

shu ft statistics

shu pivot

shuo explanation

si zhen The four examinations

Song Ci

Sun Simiao

Sunzi bingfa Sunzi Art of War

ti ® body

tian xia all under heaven

wai dan alchemy

wang looking

Wang Fuzhi

Wang Lu I®

Wang Yangming HWM

wen asking

wen H listening and smelling; report

wenjian zhizhi Hknowledge of hearing and seeing

wu object, thing

wu can yan er bi zhi zhe yu ye An assertion without testing

through comparison is a foolish one.

wu wei effortless effectiveness

Xi yuan ji lu Washing Away of Wrongs

xiao yan experiential evidence

xin C heart-mind

xing li ft® nature and principle

Xunzi

Yan Hui

yi A representation

yi’an case history

yi canyan zhi testing by comparison

Yi jing Book of Changes

Yi jing su hui ji Returning to the Sources of the Medical Classics

yin yang IW1

yong function

zao hua zhe the shaping forces of nature

Zhang Zai

514 GLOSSARY OF CHINESE EXPRESSIONS

zheng ming rectification of names

zhi intelligence

zhi £[| knowledge

zhizhi shi addiction to knowledge

Zhong yong Wf)

Zhu pu xiang lu Detailed Record of Bamboo

Zhu Xi

Zhu Zhenheng

Zhuangzi

Zou Yan

zuo wang sitting and forgetting, sitting in oblivion

Index

For the benefit of digital users, indexed terms that span two pages (e.g., 52-53) may, on occasion, appear on only one of those pages.

a priori, 262-64

Spencer, 221-22 Abelard, Peter, 120-21, 123-24, 341 abstraction, 134-35, 224, 246-47, 277 acquaintance, 257, 258, 303-4 action, 46, 100, 221, 228, 229, 251,

270-71, 277, 294, 306, 309-10, 311, 358, 433-34

perception, 316, 326 skilled, 19, 25, 108, 116, 158-59, 233­

34, 268, 398, 408

virtual, 311-13, 317, 318, 320-21 actuality, 318, 319-20, 365, 367, 414 adaptation, 220, 272, 280, 325, 326, 359 aesthetic experience, 330-32, 336

See also art; beauty affect, 314-15, 367 Albert the Great, 97, 114, 140-41, 142 nominalism, 124

Al-Birundi, 98, 101 alchemy, 116-17, 136, 137, 161-62 chemistry, 162, 396-97 Chinese, 394-97

Leibniz, 190

Alcmaeon, 16-17, 24, 71-72, 431-32 Al-Farabi, 97

Al-Haytham, Ibn, 93-94 Alhazen.

Al-Nafis, Ibn, 95 analogy, 424

Aristotle, 64-65

Epicurean, 77, 79-80 analysis, 223-24 anatomy, 27, 28-29, 169, 227, 232

Locke, 208-9

See also dissection

Anaxagoras, 71-72, 83 animals, 52, 56-57, 60, 66-67 appearance, 50, 246-47, 431-32 Aquinas, 'Thomas, 118, 119-20, 126-27, 129, 149

Archytas, 86

Aristotle, 7, 38, 432

body and soul, 55

Categories, 122, 437-38

Democritus, 66

difference, 364-65

experience, 60-61

experiments, 65, 66, 104 hylomorphism, 365, 375-76 hypothesis, 197 identity, 364-65

imagination, 56-57, 60 individuals, 365

mechanics, 85, 86 medicine, 59-60 memory, 60

perception, 54-59, 60

potential, 320

relations, 126 science, 58, 60, 62-66, 191-92 technics, 159-60

universities, 118

Arnold, Matthew, 334

art, 231, 250-51, 263, 271, 332-35

and science, 334

See also aesthetic experience; beauty; painting; poetry astrology, 117, 136 astronomy, 94, 375

Chinese, 390-91

atomism, 40-41, 43, 44, 174-75

Epicurus, 71

Gassendi, 200-1

mechanism, 84-85

Augustine, St., 109, 120

Austin, J. L., 279

Avenarius, Richard, 296

Avicenna, 37-39, 92-93, 101, 347 intentions, 112-13 methodical experience, 100-1 relations, 126

Ayer, A. J., 262-63, 266

Babylonia, 81-84, 375

and China, 390-91, 423

Bacon, Francis alchemy, 162, 396-97 Aristotle, 66, 152-53 Boyle, 172 certainty, 156-57 Christianity, 162-63 Democritus, 157-58 Diderot, 224-25 experiments, 152-57, 357-58,

394, 435-36

Galen, 35-36

hypotheses, 155

Leibniz, 191

method, 156

New Atlantis, 163-65

technics, 158-59, 160

Bacon, Roger, 114-18 astrology, 117 magic, 137 multiplication of species, 133

Baer, Karl von, 369-70

bamboo, 391

beauty, 54, 61-62, 333

See also aesthetic experience; art becoming, 48, 53, 299, 308, 309, 322-23, 366, 372-73, 406-7, 410

See also change

being, 49-50, 52, 53, 57, 305, 308, 309 nominalism, 123-24

belief, 433-34

Hume, 216, 217

Bergson, Henri, 360-61

Chinese, 406-7, 410, 424-25

Dewey, 335

elan vital, 363, 371, 372-73 empiricism, 306, 323, 324

Epicurus, 307

Heraclitus, 309

intuition, 322-23

James, 306, 324-25 matter, 306-9, 313, 320 memory, 313-18,413-14 perception, 309-13 radical empiricism, 323-27 relations, 366-67 spirit, 413-14 virtual experience, 318-21 Berkeley, George, 214, 215, 224, 257, 273, 274

Bernard, Claude, 233-36

hypotheses, 155, 234

internal milieu, 235-36

observation and experiment, 242-43 Biran, Maine de, 228-30

Blood, Benjamin Paul, 360 blood circulation, 167-69, 177-78 Blumenberg, Hans, 119, 146-47, 293 body, 51-52, 53-54, 318

Bergson, 306-8, 312-13

Hobbes, 184

without organs, 308-9, 370-71 Boerhaave, Herman, 227 Bonaventure, St., 120 Boyle, Robert, 4, 87, 171-77

air pump, 177, 179-80

alchemy, 161

Boyles law, 179-81

corpuscular hypothesis, 174-75, 178 F.

Galileo, 175, 176-77

judgment, 212

laws of nature, 180-81

Leibniz, 191

medicine, 174-75,177-79

Newton, 181

qualities, 175-76

Royal Society of London, 171, 173-74

Sydenham, 209

Bradley, F. H., 244-45, 246-47, 303 relations, 294

brain, 310, 316

Bergson, 321

in a vat, 274, 434

See also neurology

British empiricism, 215, 262-63

British idealism, 244-45, 246-47

Buddhism, 375, 399-400

Buffon, Comte de, 222

Burge, Tyler, 312

Buridan, John, 121-22, 123, 130-31

Carnap, Rudolf, 146, 263-67, 341-42

Dewey, 331, 335-36

experiments, 268

Carneades, 80-81, 202

Cassirer, Ernst, 261-62 causation, 20-21, 33, 34-35, 42,

68-70,217-18

Hobbes, 186-87

Locke, 210

Nietzsche, 248

nominalism, 128-31

certainty, 96-129, 132, 235, 261-62, 304, 364

F. Bacon, 156-57

Locke, 212

moral, 194-95

perceptual, 279-80

Cesi, Frederico, 141

Chalcidius, 148-49

Challenger, 1-2, 3, 436

change, 41, 43, 48, 50, 55-56, 57,

175-76,308

See also becoming

Charleton, Walter, 173-74, 204 chemistry, 232-33

and alchemy, 162, 396-97

China

and Babylonia, 390-91, 423

and Islam, 102, 390, 426-27

Christianity, 103, 172, 253-54, 415

Cicero, 76, 78, 159-60

Civilization, 18

climate change, 428

clock, 87

Cohen, Hermann, 261

coherence, 246, 358

color, 313-14

common sense, 56-57

Comte, Auguste, 155, 161, 230, 261 concepts, 219, 220, 247, 277, 285, 322-23, 344, 434

Deleuze, 357-58, 360

Epicurus, 74-75

Foucault, 239

Kant, 218, 219

Leibniz, 190

Nietzsche, 250-51

nominalism, 123, 124

relations, 127

Stoics, 77

Condemnations of 1277,

118-20,128-29

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de, 223-26 analysis, 223-24

Diderot, 224, 225

Locke, 205, 223

Confucianism, 408, 415-26, 427 medicine, 399-401

See also Mencius; neo-Confucianism

Confucius, 415-16, 427

conjecture, 79, 80-81, 107-8, 112 consciousness, 183-84, 231, 245-46, 250,

292, 298, 300-1, 312-13, 322, 324 continuity, 231, 245-46, 294, 300-1, 304,

307-8, 313-14, 322, 362, 363-64, 406-7, 424-25

conventionalism, 263-64

Copernicus, Nicholas, 94, 142, 390

Galileo, 143, 146-48

Ptolemy, 146-47

criteria

Cyrenaics, 69

Democritus, 44-45

Epicurean, 78

Cudworth, Ralph, 199-200 culture, 231, 333 cuneiform, 81-82, 83

curiosity, 109

cyrenaics, 68-70

medicine, 70

DAlembert, Jean le Rond, 242

Daedalus, 138, 161

Dante, 170-71

Dao de jing, 408-9, 414, 419, 427

Daoism, 382, 385, 395, 396, 405-15, 419, 427

See also Dao de jing; Huainanzi

Darwin, Charles, 220, 221-22, 312, 326, 329, 348

Davidson, Donald, 50, 284-85, 340-41 nominalism, 340-41

Deleuze, Gilles, 296, 308-10, 319-20, 435 concepts, 357-58, 360 deterritorialization, 371-72 empiricism, 355-58, 362, 370, 373, 377 genesis, 369-70, 373 haecceity, 367 individual, 364-70

James, 361, 372-73

life, 370-73

problematic and theorematic, 374-75 relations, 361-62,366-67

science, 373-77

transcendental empiricism, 358-60 virtual, 368-70

Della Porta, Giambattista, 140-41 democracy, 50

Democritus, 13, 18, 38, 40-46, 143-44, 147, 202, 247, 346-47, 431-32, 437

Aristotle, 66

Cyrenaics, 70

F.

Harvey, 170-71

Hippocrates, 42-43 medicine, 42-43, 46, 170-71

method, 71-72

Nietzsche, 251

Ockham, 135

Pythagoras, 42-43

sense perception, 43

soul, 54-55

demonstration, 7, 30, 61-62, 63, 72, 104-5, 106, 110-11, 113, 116-17, 128-29, 138, 148-49, 150-51, 156-57, 172, 173, 194-95, 197-98, 203, 214-15, 254, 283-84, 374

See also inference

Derrida, Jacques, 225-26, 339

Descartes, 32, 131-32, 192-95, 222, 274, 313

F. Bacon, 194

experience and experiments, 194 hypothesis, 194-95 development, 220, 369-70, 373

See also embryology

Dewey, John, 302-3, 349, 426

art, 332-36

Bergson, 335

Carnap, 334, 335-36 imagination, 332 knowledge, 329, 330 Nietzsche, 330 reconstruction, 335-37 Russell, 337 science, 335-37, 375 Sellars, 349

Diderot, Denis, 224-25 difference, 308, 364-65, 368-69 Dilthey, Wilhelm, 229-31, 416 Diocles of Carystus, 34-35 disease, 46, 235-36

Hippocratics, 15, 16-17, 19 dissection, 26, 28, 169, 209

See also anatomy dogmas of empiricism, 339-41 doubt, 24, 96-97, 98, 235 dreams, 313, 316, 434

See also hallucination

Duns Scotus, John, 134, 149, 291-92, 367 duration, 294, 301-2, 309, 322-23, 324, 367-68, 372, 406, 410

See also temporality

Dyson, Freeman, 5

Eidola, 43, 72-75, 131, 184, 256, 307-8 Einstein, Albert, 244

Eliot, George, 255n.130 embryology, 42, 365, 369-70 Emerson, R. W, 281-82, 330 Empedocles, 17, 65-66, 89-90

Epagoge, 61-63, 100, 128-29, 130-31 Epicurus, 71-76, 147, 199-200, 259, 296, 308-9, 324-25, 347, 432, 437 canonic, 77-81,283-84 natural philosophy, 147 nominalism, 125 observation, 240-41 perception, 72-75, 78, 307, 309-10

Epilogismos, 77-78

Erasistratus, 26, 167-68 Erlebnis, 230-31 error, 25, 39, 56-57, 88-89, 130-31, 145, 251-52,312

experience error, 274-75 sources, 73-75, 91, 153-54, 346-47 essence, 49-50,58-59,83-84,191-92, 195-96,201-2,272

ethics, 69-70, 242, 408

See also morality

Euclid, 6-7, 89, 157, 374 evidence, 49-50, 80, 88

law, 106-8

sensory, 266

evolution, 220-22, 280, 291, 307-9, 329

See also adaptation; Darwin exactitude, 142, 376-77 experiment, 2-7,267-72

antiquity, 104-6

Boyle, 171, 172

Chinese, 393-95, 402, 404-5, 426-28 collaboration, 164-65

controls, 254-56

existential, 254-55 experimental experience, 105-6, 147­

48, 154-55, 156, 272, 328, 338, 428

F.

Galileo, 150-51

Hippocratic, 12-13 magic, 135, 138, 139-40 measurement, 243 observation, 242-43 problematic, 254-55 Royal Society of London, 173-74 writing, 181-83

See also thought experiment experimental life, 235, 248-56 experimenters, 267-69 explanation, 60-61

Epicurus, 75-76

mechanical, 176 eye-camera analogy, 273-75

Fabricius, Hieronymus, 169

fallibilism, 11, 39, 128-29, 156, 188, 246, 289-90, 428-29

Newton, 196

Feyerabend, Paul, 255-56, 375

Feynman, Richard, 1-5, 436

finality, 18, 128, 249-50, 296, 319, 320, 330-31, 332, 333

Fleck, Ludwik, 268-69

forensics, 392-93

form, 48, 55-56, 59, 317, 320, 365

F. Bacon, 154, 155

Foucault, Michel, 348, 357 clinical experience, 236-38 illusion of experience, 238-40 subjectivity, 239, 240

freedom, 314

Freud, Sigmund, 281, 300 future, 319-20

Galen, 15-16, 26, 29-39, 169-70 anatomy, 28-29 empiricism, 23, 24, 29-30, 36 experimentation, 26, 29 heart, 168

method, 32, 34-36 vision, 89, 91

Galileo, 32, 141-46, 238, 269 Academy of Lynxes, 141 Copernicus, 146-48 experiments, 150-51, 432 method, 142-43 spirit, 413 telescope, 143-45

Gassendi, Pierre, 57-58, 135, 199-205, 222, 347

Aristotle, 200

atomism, 200-1

Boyle, 204

Carneades, 202

Galen, 204 indicative sign, 203-4

Locke, 205, 211

nominalism, 211

sensory cognition, 201-2 generality, 52, 120-21, 291-92, 294, 424 Gibson, J. J., 276-77, 311

Gilbert, William, 156, 165-67, 404

Copernicus, 166-67

Ginsberg, Carlo, 151-52

given, 256, 276-77, 299

Dewey, 330, 331, 337-38, 349 myth, 56, 132, 238, 285, 341-48

Goodman, Nelson, 433-34

Green, T. H., 343, 351

Grosseteste, Robert, 109-14 experiments, 111-13

Grote, John, 303

grue, 362n.19, 364, 433-34

Guanzi, 388, 394 gunpowder, 117, 395

habit, 134-35, 225, 291-92, 433-34 Hume, 217, 218-19

Hacking, Ian, 268 hallucination, 313, 434

See also dream

Hanfeizi, 382, 385, 425

Hariot, 'Thomas, 143n.89 Harvey, William, 142, 167-71, 177, 405

Democritus, 170-71

method, 169-70

spirit, 413 heart, 26, 56-57, 167-68 Helmholtz, Hermann, 229, 230, 259, 260,

273, 274-75, 289, 329-30 Helmont, J.

Bergson, 309 Herodotus, 44, 71-72 Herophilus, 26, 27-28 Heron of Alexandria, 86-87, 157, 179 Hermogenes of Tarsus, 79 Herschel, John, 243, 268-69 Higgs boson, 6, 436

Hippocratics, 12-16, 18-19, 24, 25, 39-40,

44, 46, 51-52, 98-99, 214, 283-84,

403,431- 32

Boyle, 172, 181-82

F. Bacon, 163 judgment, 211-12 method, 148-49, 150 observation, 241-42 history, 231, 235, 239, 240, 246-47, 270,

285, 326

Hobbes, Thomas, 87, 174, 261-62

Epicurus, 187

F. Bacon, 188

Galileo, 187 knowledge, 186-87 materialism, 183-86 Royal Society, 189 science, 187-89,270-71

Hodgson, Shadworth, 245-46, 247

Holbach, Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron, 226-27

Hooke, Robert, 152, 180

hospitals, 92-93, 95, 234-35, 236-37

Huainanzi, 388-89, 409-10, 414, 419, 427 human ability, 391-92

Hume, David, 215-18, 228, 230, 249, 310,

312-13, 356, 357-58, 433-34, 437 belief, 216, 217

experiments, 215-18

feeling, 216, 217

Kant, 218-19

memory, 315

natural philosophy, 217

Newton, 215-17

nominalism, 215-16,217-18 reason, 215-18

relations, 127, 290-91 science, 216, 217

Shaftesbury, 216

Huxley, T. H., 259 hypothesis, 19-20, 21-22, 40, 112,

113, 285

Bernard, 234

Descartes, 194

F. Bacon, 155

Leibniz, 194-95

Locke, 207

Nietzsche, 249-50, 254-55 observation, 242, 244

identity, 48, 124, 251-52, 364-66 image, 53, 56-57, 60

Bergson, 306-13

Hobbes, 184

See also phantasm

imagination, 234, 315

Aristotle, 56-57, 60

Condillac, 223-24

Dewey, 332

F. Bacon, 163

immediacy, 247

See also given

India, 98

individual, 14-15, 17, 211, 306, 373 absolute, 123-24, 127-28, 217-18, 291­

92, 294-95, 305, 352

Deleuze, 364-70

induction, 128-29,130-31

F. Bacon, 153

See also epagoge

inertia, 84, 166-67, 200-1 inference, 23-24, 27, 39, 45, 61, 62, 69, 74-75,77-78,79-81,130-31,134, 216, 240-41, 247, 257, 282, 283,

349.431- 32

unconscious, 273

See also demonstration inner experience. See reflection inquiry, 38, 53, 68, 103, 272, 282,

338.431- 32

Chinese, 420-24,425-26

medicine, 7-8, 13-14, 17-18, 19, 24,

29, 36-37 instruments, 89, 93, 104, 110-11, 162, 166,

177, 232-33, 243, 244, 272 perceptions as, 282

See also laboratory; microscope; telescope intellect, 51, 53, 57-58, 59, 220, 439

See also nous

intellectualism, 321, 325

See also rationalism

intensity, 368-69 intentionality, 69 internal milieu, 235-36 intuition, 261, 262-63, 264, 266, 271,322-23

Iqbal, Muhammed, 101-2 irrationality, 51, 52 Isidore of Seville, 136, 140

Islam, 92-102

Aristotle, 92, 98

China, 102, 390, 426-27

empiricism, 98-100, 101 knowledge, 95-96, 97 medicine, 95

mutakallimun, 126

philosophy, 92, 98

rationalism, 97, 101-2 science, 93-95

James, William, 39, 230, 245-46, 310, 312, 349,351-52,372-73

acquaintance principle, 303-4

Bergson, 298, 301, 306, 324-25

Davidson, 341

neutral monism, 300-5

pluralism, 295-96, 360-61

pure experience, 296-99, 300-1, 304 relations, 290-96, 317 judgment, 52, 53, 219, 246, 247, 261-62, 303, 364

Locke, 210-12, 214-15, 217 unconscious, 273

Jullien, Franqois, 411, 412

Kant, Immanuel, 36, 132, 218-19, 264, 418

empiricism, 218, 367-68

Hume, 218-19 judgment, 219 objectivity, 218-19, 238, 258-59 perception, 368 relations, 127, 367-68

Kepler, Johannes, 145, 272-73, 274 knowledge, 255-56, 325-26,

428-29, 437-38

Dewey, 329

empirical, 283, 353

Foucault, 239

James, 301, 303-4

Mohism, 384-85 nominalism, 131-35 perception, 325-26, 335

Zhuangzi, 405-7, 408

Kohler, Wolfgang, 274-75

La Mettrie, Julien, 226-28 laboratory, 162, 174, 234-35, 270,

274, 436

Chinese, 394-95, 396

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste, 220 language, 49, 120, 254-55, 262-63, 301-2,

376-77, 434

Condillac, 225-26

Epicurus, 74-75

Hobbes, 185-86

Locke, 213-14,225-26

Russell, 258

Sellars, 342-43, 344, 345-46

See also proposition; verbal clarity

Latour, Bruno, 269-70

law, 42, 88, 106-8, 172-73

law, natural, 180-81 learning, 281, 330, 351, 374-75, 434-35

Leibniz, G. W., 88, 242, 329 alchemy, 190

Boyle, 191 experimentation, 189-91

F. Bacon, 191

Hippocratics, 189-90 hypothesis, 194-95 medicine, 190, 209

Nietzsche, 249

nominalism, 124

rationalism, 190, 191

relations, 127

Lewes, George, 220-21

Li, Shizhen, 422-23 liberal arts, 91-92, 142 life, 280, 308-9, 312, 320-21, 324, 326, 332

Deleuze, 370-73

See also organism

like affects like principle, 89-90, 91

lived experience. See Erlebnis

Locke, John, 57-58, 131-32, 347 anatomy, 208-9 certainty, 212 experience, 213-15

Gassendi, 205 hypotheses, 207, 208, 209

Innate ideas, 213 judgment, 210-11, 214-15, 217 knowledge, 210-11 language, 225-26

medicine, 205-13

natural philosophy, 210, 211, 212, 214-15,217

nominalism, 127, 210-11 science, 210, 214-15 simple ideas, 213-14, 225-26 Sydenham, 206-8 Van Helmont, 208

logic, 127-28, 264, 363-64, 433-34, 438 logical construction, 265-66 logical empiricism, 214, 243-44, 262-63

See also Carnap, Rudolf logos, 31, 46-48, 49, 50, 61, 90-91, 326, 354, 439

Lucretius, 296

Lynxes, Academy of, 141

Mach, Ernst, 252, 260-61, 271-72,

300, 329-30

magic, 135-41

magnetism, 115, 165-67, 175-76, 195

Maritain, Jacques, 323

materialism, 41, 43, 183-84, 226-28, 250, 310,312-13

Diderot, 224-25

mathematics, 107, 109-10, 150, 166, 173, 374

Newton, 196

measurement, 142-43, 243, 267, 269

Chinese, 387-89, 391

mechanics, 87-88

ancient, 84-88

mechanism, medical, 228, 232-33 medicine

Alexandrian, 25-29

ancient, 11-40

Boyle, 177-79

Chinese, 393, 397-404

clinical experience, 236-38

education, 37

Egyptian, 26-27

empirical, 25, 28-29

Epicurus, 77-78

experimental, 234-35, 236

Islamic, 95

Leibniz, 190

magic, 136

materia medica, 27, 95, 177, 393, 401-3,422-23

memory, 23-24

natural philosophy, 160, 170-71, 188­89,197-98,270-71

Newton, 197

observation, 241

Padua, 142

philosophy, 16-22, 29, 37, 39-40 physiology, 232-34

rationalism, 19, 21-22, 25, 30, 177-78, 353 universities, 106

See also hospitals

memory, 60, 219, 281-82, 362-63, 367, 389

Bergson, 313-18,413-14

Epicurus, 74

forgetting, 407-8

perception, 313, 315-16, 325-26 qualities, 313-14

tendency, 321

virtual experience, 321

See also mnemic synthesis

Mencius, 385, 417, 419, 424 metaphysics, 259, 263 method, 29-30, 31-32, 71-72,148-51,

193, 262, 404

empirical, 78

F. Bacon, 156

regressus, 32-33, 113, 148-50

See also qualified experience, method of Metzger, Wolfgang, 277

Meyerson, Emile, 84, 266 microscope, 152, 203-4, 222, 232-33

Mill, J. S., 215, 230, 255-56

mnemic synthesis, 7, 61, 237, 240-41, 281, 314-15,387,434-35

Mohism, 383-85, 389, 418

knowledge, 384-85

perception, 386-87

Molyneux, William, 273

Moore, G. E., 256 morality, 334

See also ethics

motion, 41, 70, 80, 261-62, 308, 322, 410

Hobbes, 183-84, 185-86, 187

qualities, 310 movement. See motion Muller, Johannes, 274, 434 multiplication of species, 133, 274 myth, 49, 50, 75, 254

See also poetry

Natorp, Paul, 261 natural philosophy, 39, 42, 43, 71-72, 75, 150, 166, 214-15

Epicurus, 147

F. Bacon, 164-65

mechanics, 86-87

medicine, 160, 170-71, 188-89,

197-98,270-71

technics, 157

See also atomism; science nature, 48 neo-Confucianism, 399-400,414,417-24 neo-Kantianism, 261-62

Neoplatonism, 219, 347

See also Plotinus

neurology, 27, 257, 271, 277-78, 311, 320­

21, 325-26, 434

See also brain neutral monism, 300-5 Newman, Max, 266 Newton, Isaac, 414-15 alchemy, 161 Boyle, 181 experiments, 195-98,212-13 Hippocratics, 196 hypotheses, 103-4, 197 mathematics, 192, 196 spirit, 412, 413

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 248-56, 308, 322-23,

326, 355, 436, 437 causality, 248 concepts, 250-51 experiments, 251, 252, 253 knowledge, 251-52 perspectivism, 251 truth, 252, 253-54 will to power, 248-50, 369 Nifo, Agostino, 281, 432 nominalism, 119-25, 290, 291, 305, 338,

350, 352-54, 370, 373, 432-33, 439 causation, 128-31 empiricism, 284-86 knowledge, 131-35 Peirce, 291 radical empiricism, 125-26 relations, 125-28 representation, 131-32 Sellars, 342-43, 344-45 universals, 122-23 Norman, Robert, 166 nous, 51, 59, 66, 128-29

See also intellect

Oakeshott, Michael, 246-47 objectivity, 238, 258-61, 262-63, 264, 265,

266, 269

Kant, 218-19

observation, 30, 88-89, 98-99, 147, 240-44 Aristotle, 64

Babylonian, 81-83 China, 390-93, 398, 399, 403-4 experiment, 242-43 Galileo, 143, 144-45 hypothesis, 244 medical, 234-35 theory, 243-44

Ockham, William, 54, 119-20, 121, 122-24,284-85,324-25,351, 353-54,433-34

causation, 128-30

certainty, 135

Democritus, 135

habit, 134-35

intuitive cognition, 132-35

Locke, 211

relations, 126-27

representation, 131-32 opinion, 53, 74 optics

Arabic, 93-94

Grosseteste, 113

Ptolemy, 89

R. Bacon, 117-18

telescope, 144 organism, 309-10, 329-30, 370-71

See also life

Padua, 32, 37-38, 142, 149, 169, 284 pain, 247, 279-80 painting, Chinese, 401, 411-12, 427 Pappus, 33

Paracelsus, 138, 206, 376, 395-96, 403 Parmenides, 41, 147

Pascal, Blaise, 179, 204 past, 318, 319, 321, 363-64

See also temporality

Peirce, C. S., 270, 279, 294, 360-61, 435

existence, 318-19

experience, 270

nominalism, 291, 352-53 pragmatic maxim, 270

real, 318-19

realism, 291-92, 318-19 perception, 44, 45-46, 51, 52, 53, 131, 302-3, 308, 431, 434-35

action, 316, 326

affect, 314-15

affordances, 276-77

Aristotle, 54-59, 60

Bergson, 309-13

color, 313-14

content, 278-80, 312

Daoism, 408-10

Epicurus, 72-75, 78, 307, 309-10

errors, 312

evolution, 280

Huainanzi, 389

instrument, 282

knowledge, 325-26, 335

language, 278, 279

life, 280

memory, 313, 314-16, 325-26

Plato, 67, 279

science, 58

sensation, 296-98

virtual action, 311-12

See also sensation; senses

perspective, 48

Petrus of Maricourt, 115-16, 138-39, 165 Phantasm, 53, 57, 307

See also image

phenomenalism, 28, 214

Philinus of Cos, 25

Philo of Byzantium, 105

Philodemus, 78-80,130-31

Philoponus, 104-5 philosophy

Chinese, 404-29

medicine, 16-22

rationalism, 283, 337, 353

scientific, 257, 258-63, 439 photography, 259-60, 306-7 physiology, 169-70,227-28,232-34, 289, 312

ancient, 14-15, 25

neurophysiology, 274

Pico della Mirandola, Giovanni, 140 Piemontese, Alessio, 138-39

Plato, 22, 51-54, 308, 309, 329, 364-65, 417, 421-22, 426, 432-33

Democritus, 40-41

measurement, 142

method, 31-32

perception, 67

philosophy, 83

Protagoras, 49-50

technics, 158-59

Timaeus, 17, 53, 148-49, 373 pleasure, 45, 46, 68-69, 70, 98, 437 Pliny, 136

Plotinus, 219, 347

See also Neoplatonism pluralism, 295-96, 373 pneuma, 89, 91, 413, 414 poetry, 49, 50, 263, 334, 427

See also myth

Poincare, Henri, 263-64, 271 politics, 189 pragmatism, 299, 322-23, 324-25, 326, 344-45, 348-49

Rorty, 350-52 principles, 64, 356 probability, 80-81, 88, 107, 210-11 problematic, 33, 301, 330, 337-38

and theorematic, 6-7, 374-75, 431-32 problems, 3, 5, 6-7, 32, 33, 70, 142-43, 150, 154-55, 182, 196, 219, 252, 253-54, 255-56, 285, 330, 332, 337-38, 362-63, 373-75, 408, 423­24, 426, 427, 428, 431, 435, 436

Needham problem, 381

Proclus, 374 progress, 37, 236

F. Bacon, 161 proposition, 132, 134-35, 278, 279, 303 Protagoras, 49-50

medicine, 49

protocol sentence, 267-68 psychology, 54-55, 230, 276, 289

atomistic, 277, 290, 292-93, 305, 348-49, 367-68

Ptolemy, 88-89, 90-91,104-5

Arabs, 94

Copernicus, 146 pulse, 26, 398

Pythagoras, 16-17, 42-43, 104

Qi, 398-99, 411-12, 414 qualified experience, method of, 35-36,

38, 40, 150, 283-84

Boyle, 178-79

F. Bacon, 153 qualities, sensible, 44, 52, 56, 256, 266, 275-76,310

Boyle, 175-76

Deleuze, 368-69

F. Bacon, 153-54

heat, 154

memory, 313-14

primary and secondary, 154, 175-76, 311 quantification, 26, 27, 40, 259-60, 267 Quine, W V., 258, 285, 339-41, 375 Qur'an, 95, 96, 101-2

radical empiricism, 103, 125-26, 284-85, 295, 305, 353, 437

Bergson, 323-27

Deleuze, 377

Ramus, Petrus, 241 rationalism, 66-67, 72, 147-48, 337, 338, 350, 353, 426, 439

Aristotle, 61

Hobbes, 185

Sellars, 345-46

See also intellectualism reality, 53-54,244-45,246-47,289-90, 318-19,372-73

perception, 312-13 reason, 50, 60, 61, 62-63, 66-67, 228

experience, 35-36, 52

Spencer, 220-21

See also intellect; logos recognition, 317 reference, 226, 304 reflection, 223, 228-30, 322 Reid, 'Thomas, 215, 297 relation, 48, 50, 71, 125-28, 266-67, 308, 366-68

Bradley, 294 external, 293, 294-96, 301, 305, 356 feeling, 292, 317, 363 internal, 292-93, 296

James, 290-96 relativism, 333, 336 repetition, 359, 360, 362-64

Spencer, 220-21 representation, 56, 91, 120, 246, 258, 276­77, 278, 279

Hobbes, 184

nominalism, 131-32

perception, 312-13 retinal image, 272-73, 274-75, 298 rhetoric, 79, 80-81, 88

Rorty, Richard, 132, 284-85, 337, 338, 339, 340-41,344-45,350-52

empiricism, 351

knowledge, 350 nominalism, 350, 351-52, 354

Royal Society of London, 139-40, 141, 173-74,188

Hobbes, 189

Transactions, 182-83 rule-following, 363-64 Ruscelli, Girolamo, 139-40, 141 Russell, Bertrand, 256, 257, 258, 262, 264­65, 266, 304, 337

acquaintance principle, 303, 304 neutral monism, 300, 302

Salerno, medical school of, 37-38

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 228 school of laws, 388-89

See also Hanfeizi science, 53, 163, 212-13, 214-15, 246-47, 428-29

Aristotle, 58, 62-66, 191-92

art, 334

Deleuze, 373-77

Dewey, 335-37

Plato, 67

Roman, 88-92

See also natural philosophy scientia, 103, 109, 128-29, 135, 188, 192, 197-98,202,212-13

F. Bacon, 156-57, 160

scientific philosophy, 257, 258-63, 439 scientist, 259-60 secrets of nature, 136, 137-41

Galileo, 151

Sellars. Wilfrid, 284-85, 342-44, 345-46,

348-49, 432-33

Seneca, 88, 159-60

sensation, 43, 45, 51, 52, 89-90, 183-84,

247, 256

Condillac, 223

knowledge, 329

Locke, 213

perception, 296-98

sense data, 256-58

senses, 51, 53-54, 222-23, 431

China, 385-87,408-10,417-20

Condillac, 225

F. Bacon, 152-53, 154-55

Kant, 218

Newton, 195-96

sensibility, 222-23, 298, 358-59, 360, 373-74, 377

sensualism, 222-24, 225-26 Serapion, 28

Serres, Michel, 376-77, 424 Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Co oper, 216 Shen Kuo, 419 sight. See vision

signs, 17, 22-23, 24, 44-45, 203,

283,431-32

divine, 81

Epicurus, 71-72, 75, 78

Hobbes, 188

Locke, 225-26

mental, 123

nominalism, 123-24, 127

perception, 93-94, 274, 298 sense data, 257

Simondon, Gilbert, 365-66

Sina, Ibn. See Avicenna skepticism, 33, 63, 72, 77, 88-89, 91, 202

Ockham, 130, 133-34, 135

Socrates, 66, 69, 70, 162-63, 327, 426, 428-29, 437

soul, 41, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 54-55, 66

body, 51, 55, 183-84, 226-27

Democritus, 70

Stoics, 76

Spencer, Herbert, 220-22, 230

rationality, 220-21

Spinoza, Baruch, 127, 249, 251 spirit, 410-14

Galileo, 413

Newton, 412, 413

Stengers, Isabelle, 269

Stoics, 76-77

cognitive impression, 76-77, 134

Epicureans, 79-80

perception, 76

pneuma, 414

strategy, 387

structure, 266-67

subjectivity, 258-59, 264, 265,

313,314-15

memory, 317-18

See also affect

sufficient reason principle, 41

Sunzi, 387, 410-11

superstition, 75, 226-27, 285, 296 surgery, 28-29, 227

Sydenham, 'Thomas, 177

Boyle, 209

Locke, 206-8

syntax, 81-83, 120-21, 127, 226, 262-63, 265, 290-91, 353-54, 362

Tarski, Alfred, 341

technics, 105-6, 117, 157-61, 165

Chinese, 393, 408

teleology. See finality telescope, 141, 143-45, 203-4, 268-69 Telesio, Bernardino, 139, 142

284-85

temporality, 245-46,281-82,293-94, 300-1, 308-9, 321, 372

See also duration; future; past tendency, 291-92, 312, 318-21, 363-64, 369, 372

Thales, 167

Theodoric of Freiberg, 114n.25 theory, 31, 39, 59-60, 64, 83, 158, 375 observation, 243-44

thought, 57, 278, 377

sensation, 247

thought experiment, 177

Torricelli, Evangelista, 179, 204 touch, 225, 268, 269, 273, 307 truth, 50, 63, 83, 130-31, 246, 259, 304, 324-25,336-37,340-41,357-58, 415, 436

Deleuze, 357-58

Epicurus, 73-74

F. Bacon, 160-61

Nietzsche, 251, 252, 253-54 nominalism, 120-21 perception, 279, 312

Uexkull, Jakob von, 277 understanding, 61, 239 unity, 127-28, 246, 365-66

Bergson, 425

Kant, 218

universities, 106 utility, 306, 309, 321, 323, 324-25

F. Bacon, 160-61, 162-63

vacuum, 86-87, 187

See also void

Van Fraassen, Bas, 267 verbal clarity, 13, 74-75 verificationism, 262-63 virtual, 319-20, 363-64

Deleuze, 368-70

experience, 318-21

possibility, 319-20

vision, 55-56, 65-66, 93-94, 145, 272-78, 297 experimental action, 275-76 Ptolemy, 89, 90

See also eye-camera analogy void, 41, 80, 86, 148, 179

See also vacuum

Weinberg, Steven, 6, 106

Whitehead, A. N., 264-65, 270, 357

Wiesing, Lambert, 279-80

will, 229, 248

wisdom, 46, 47, 50, 66, 81, 83

Chinese, 424-26

F. Bacon, 163

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 213-14, 258, 262, 338, 362, 364

Xenophanes, 13, 49

Xunzi, 382

senses, 385-84

Zabarella, Jacopo, 149-50, 432

Zhang Zai, 417-19

Zhu Xi, 416-17, 420, 421

Zhuangzi, 405-8, 419, 427, 428

Zola, Emile, 255n.130