Introduction
Animals infected by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), whether clinically or subclinically affected, can shed live MAP in both their faeces and milk. If these animals are farmed for food production, the safety of foods derived from them becomes an important consideration, because MAP has been hypothesized to be linked with Crohn's disease in humans (see Chapter 3, this volume).
Infected animals also contaminate their surrounding environment, increasing the risk of spread of paratuberculosis at the farm level and potentially contaminating watercourses used for abstraction of drinking water. This chapter summarizes current evidence for the presence of MAP in animal- derived foods, describes the effect of various dairy processes on MAP survival, and reviews the reservoirs of MAP infection in the environment and the various mechanisms potentially aiding its survival for long periods. Shedding of MAP by infected animals has implications for food and water safety, as illustrated in Fig. 2.1.2.2
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