2 SELECTED ZOONOTIC PATHOGENS WITH EUROPEAN WILDLIFE RESERVOIRS/HOSTS
| Pathogen | Primary wildlife host | Clinical disease in European wildlife? | Human disease acquired from European wildlife? |
| VIRAL PATHOGENS | |||
| Avian influenza viruses | waterbirds | yes | ? |
| Lyssavirus, rabies viruses | fox, raccoon dog | yes | yes — rare |
| European bat lyssa virus | Myotis spp. bats | yes | yes — rare |
| West Nile virus | partridge, magpie, raptors | yes | yes |
| Louping ill virus | red grouse | yes grouse | yes — rare, via anthropods |
| Tick-borne encephalitis virus | small mammals | no-reservoir hosts | yes — via arthropod vectors |
| Hantavirus | bank vole and other rodents | no | yes |
| Hepatitis E virus | wild boar | no? | not known |
| Lymphocytic choriomeningitis | rodents | not reported | not known |
| Ljungan virus | rodents | no? | not confirmed |
| Borna virus | mammalian and avian species | yes | not confirmed |
| Sindbis virus | migratory birds | no | yes |
BACTERIAL and FUNGAL PATHOGENS
| Mycobacterium bovis | badger, wild boar, deer | yes | not known |
| Paratuberculosis (M. a. | deer, rabbits | yes | not proven |
| paratuberculosis') | |||
| Yersinia pestis | rodents | yes | yes — now very rare |
| Yersinia species (yersiniosis) | rodents, lagomorphs | yes | probably |
| Francisella tularensis | rodents, lagomorphs | yes | yes |
| Pasteurella spp. | lagomorphs, many other species | yes | yes |
| Brucella spp. | boar, hares, ruminants | yes | yes — rare |
| Marine brucellosis | seals and cetaceans | cetaceans | not known |
| Anthrax (B. anthracis) | no animal reservoir | deer | no |
| Chlamydial Chlamydophila spp. | pigeons, other avian species | yes | yes |
| Borrelia sp. | range of wild species | no | yes |
| Rickettsiales, Anaplasma | range of wild species | yes | yes |
(Continued)
| Pathogen | Primary wildlife host | Clinical disease in European wildlife? | Human disease acquired from European wildlife? |
| M. phocicerebrale | seals | probable | yes |
| E. coli | wide range of wild species | yes + reservoir hosts | yes (e.g. 0157 in rabbits) |
| Salmonella spp. | passerines and others | yes | probably |
| Campylobacter spp. | passerines and others | yes | yes |
| Leptospira spp. | wide range of wild species | yes | yes |
| Coxiella burnettii | ungulates, rabbits, other species | not known | unconfirmed |
| Listeria spp. | wide range of wild species | yes | contamination of food |
| Staphylococcus spp. | wide range of wild species | yes | unconfirmed |
| Streptococcus spp. | wide range of wild species | yes | unconfirmed |
| Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae | wild boar | yes | probable |
| Trychophyton mentagrophytes | hedgehog | yes | yes |
Notes
1. The table gives a selection of zoonotic pathogens present in European wildlife that present a health risk for humans.
2. Those selected are the more endemic (present in a predictable pattern) pathogens found in Europe. Many more exotic and sporadically occurring zoonotic pathogens are included in the text.
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