Bibliographic Essay

The first work in English to seriously study Chinese warfare was Frank A. Kierman Jr and John King Fairbank (eds.), Chinese Ways in Warfare (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974).

On late Ming military see David Robinson's Bandits, Eunuchs, and the Son of Heaven: Rebellion and the Economy of Violence in Mid-Ming China (Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2001) and Martial Spectacles of the Ming Court (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013). For a recent study of the Ming general QiJiguang (1528-88), see Y. H. Teddy Sim (ed.), The Maritime Defence of China: Ming General Qi Jiguang and Beyond (Singapore: Springer,

2017). Kenneth Swope's The Military Collapse of China's Ming Dynasty, 1618-1644 (London: Routledge, 2014) offers comprehensive coverage of the military demise of the Ming.

The Japanese invasion of Korea is treated in Kenneth Swope, A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War, 1592-1598 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2009) and James Lewis (ed.), The East Asian War, 1592-1598: International Relations, Violence, and Memory (London: Routledge, 2015).

On late Ming rebellions, see James Parsons, Peasant Rebellions of the Late Ming Dynasty (Ann Arbor, MI: Association for Asian Studies, 1993). Roger Des Forges, Cultural Centrality and Political Change in Chinese History: Northeast Henan in the Fall of the Ming (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2003), treats the activities of rebel leader Li Zicheng, while Kenneth Swope's On the Trail of the Yellow Tiger: War, Trauma and Social Dislocation in Southwest China During the Ming-Qing Transition (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press,

2018) covers the rise and fall of Li's rival Zhang Xianzhong and his adopted sons.

The Manchu Banner military system is analysed in Mark Elliott, The Manchu Way: The Eight Banners and Ethnic Identity in Late Imperial China (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001), while the militarisation of Qing culture is explored in Joanna Waley-Cohen, The Culture of War in China: Empire and the Military under the Qing Dynasty (London: I.

On sectarian disturbances in the Qing dynasty, see Susan Naquin, Shantung Rebellion: The Wang Lun Uprising of 1774 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981). On secret societies, see Dian Murray, The Origins of the Tiandihui: The Chinese Triads in Legend and History (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994) and David Ownby, Brotherhoods and Secret Societies in Early and Mid-Qing China: The Formation of a Tradition (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). Wensheng Wang's White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014) compares the White Lotus Rebellion in central China with the massive pirate upheavals in south­eastern China. On bandits and secret societies in the mid-Qing period, see Robert Antony, Unruly People: Crime, Community and State in Late Imperial South China (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2016). For the literature on Chinese piracy see the Bibliographic Essay that accompanies Chapter 23 in this volume.