Bibliographic Essay

On Iron Age Europe in general see the following: J. Collis, The European Iron Age (New York: Schocken Books, 1984); S. Moscati et al. (eds.), The Celts (New York: Rizzoli, 1991); M.

For the question of how violent Iron Age Europe was, see N. Sharples, ‘Warfare in the Iron Age of Wessex', Scottish Archaeological Review 8 (1991), 79-89, and S. James, ‘A Bloodless Past: The Pacification of Early Iron Age Britain', in C. Haselgrove and R. Pope (eds.), The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent (Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007), pp. 160-73.

Iron Age weapons in Europe are discussed by S. Sievers, Die Waffen aus dem Oppidum von Manching (Wiesbaden: Reichert Verlag, 2010). For swords see

R. Pleiner, The Celtic Sword (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1983), for daggers see

S. Sievers, Die mitteleuropäischen Hallstattdolche (Munich: C. H. Beck, 1982), and for British swords see I. M. Stead, British Iron Age Swords and Scabbards (London: British Museum Press, 2006).

For examples of cemeteries with weapons see the following: K. Kromer, Das Gräberfeld von Hallstatt (Florence: Sansoni, 1959); F. R. Hodson, The La Tone Cemetery of Münsingen- Rain (Bern: Stämpfli, 1968); W. Krämer, Die Grabfunde von Manching und die latenezeitlichen Flachgräber in Südbayern (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1985); J. Waldhauser, ‘Keltische Gräberfelder in Bohmen', Bericht der Romisch-Germanischen Kommission 68 (1987), 25-179; N. Ginoux, Elites guerrieres au nord de la Seine au debut du IIIe siecle av. J.-C.: La necropole celtique du Plessis-Gassot (Val-d'Oise) (Lille: Universite Charles-de-Gaulle, 2009); I. M.

Weapons in deposits is another much studied category of evidence, and such deposits are discussed by the following: R. Bradley, The Passage of Arms: An Archaeological Analysis of Prehistoric Hoards and Votive Deposits (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); K. Randsborg, Hjortspring: Warfare and Sacrifice in Early Europe (Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, 1995); swords and scabbards at La Tene: J. M. de Navarro, The Finds from the Site of La Tene, vol. i, Scabbards and the Swords Found in Them (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972). From Gournay-sur-Aronde: T. Lejars, Gournay III: Les fourreaux d’epee. Le sanctuaire de Gournay-sur Aronde et l’armement des Celtes de La Tene moyenne (Paris: Editions Errance, 1994). From Tintignac: C. Maniquet, Les Guerriers gaulois de Tintignac (Limoges: Editions Culture & Patrimoine en Limousin, 2009).

For decoration on weapons see V. and R. Megaw, Celtic Art (London: Thames & Hudson, 1989); on scabbards: P. S. Wells, How Ancient Europeans Saw the World: Vision, Patterns, and the Shaping of the Mind in Prehistoric Times (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012), pp. 112-30.

Examples of statues with weapons can be found in O.-H. Frey, ‘Menschen oder Heroen? Die Statuen vom Glauberg und die frühe keltische Grossplastik', in H. Baitinger and B. Pinsker (eds.), Das Rätsel der Kelten vom Glauberg (Stuttgart: Theiss, 2002), pp. 208-18. For the Gundestrup cauldron see F. Müller, Art of the Celts 700 BC to AD 700 (Bern: Historisches Museum, 2009), pp. 136-7.

Finally, for fortifications see I. Ralston, Celtic Fortifications (Stroud: Tempus, 2006).