Bibliographic Essay

Violence in relation to warfare in the ancient Near East has been extensively treated by Zainab Bahrani, Rituals of War. The Body and Violence in Mesopotamia (New York: Zone Books, 2008).

On beheading see Rita Dolce's ‘The “Head of the Enemy” in the Sculptures from the Palaces of Nineveh: An Example of ‘Cultural Migration?', in D. Collon and A. George (eds.), Nineveh. Papers of the 49th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Part One (London: British Institute for the Study of Iraq, 2004), pp. 121-31, and ‘Tetes en guerre en Mesopotamie et en Syrie', in S. D'Onofrio and A.-C. Taylor (eds.), La Guerre en tete (Paris: L'Herne, 2006), pp. 33-46.

For an anthropological perspective see Dominik Bonatz, ‘Ashurbanipal's Headhunt: An Anthropological Perspective', in Collon and George (eds.), Nineveh, pp. 93-103. On the symbolic value see Alain Testart, ‘Des Cranes et des vautours ou la guerre oubliee', Paleorient 34.1 (2008), 33-58. On mutilation of enemies in war see Fabrice De Backer, ‘Fragmentation of the Enemy in the Ancient Near East during the Neo-Assyrian Period', in A. Michaels (ed.), Ritual Dynamics, Usurpation, Ritual, vol. iii, State, Power and Violence (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008), pp. 393-412, and Fabrice De Backer, ‘Cruelty and Military Refinements', Res Antiquae 6 (2009), 13-50.

On the rituality of violence see Ann M. Porter and Glenn M. Schwartz (eds.), Sacred Killing: The Archaeology of Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2012), and Sarah Ralph (ed.), The Archaeology of Violence: Interdisciplinary Approaches (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2012).

On third millennium warfare in Syria, see Alfonso Archi, ‘Men at War in the Ebla Period on the Unevenness of the Written Documentation', in G. Wilhelm (ed.), General Studies and Excavations at Nuzi 11/2 in Honor of David I. Owen on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday October 28, 2005 (Bethesda: CDL Press, 2005), pp.

15-35, and Maria Giovanna Biga, ‘Au-dela des frontieres: guerre et diplomatie a Ebla', Orientalia 77 (2008), 289-334. On warfare in third millennium Mesopotamia see Ingo Schrakamp, ‘Kommentar zu der altakkadischen "Rüstkammerkunde” Erm. 14380’, in L. Kogan et al. (eds.), Babel und Bibel 3. Annual of Ancient Near Eastern, Old Testament, and Semitic Studies (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006), pp. 161-77. On representations of war and violence on cylinder seals see Davide Nadali, ‘Representations of Battering Rams and Siege Towers in Early Bronze Age Glyptic Art’, Historiae 6 (2009), 39-52.

On Assyrian warfare see the following: Frederick Mario Fales, Guerre et paix en Assyrie: Religion et imperialisme (Paris: Editions du Cerf, 2010); Davide Nadali, ‘Assyrian Open Field Battles: An Attempt at Reconstruction and Analysis’, in J. Vidal (ed.), Studies on War in the Ancient Near East: Collected Essays on Military History (Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, 2010), pp. 117-52; Paul Collins, ‘Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Violence: Warfare in Neo-Assyrian Art’, in B. A. Brown and M. H. Feldman (eds.), Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2014), pp. 619-44.

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Source: Fagan Garrett G., Fibiger Linda, Hudson Mark, Trundle Matthew (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Violence. Volume 1: The Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds. Cambridge University Press,2020. — 756 p.. 2020

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