Conclusion

That the United States became the dominant power in the world after 1945, and es­pecially after 1989, is clear enough. But does that make it an imperial power? Some historians still have their doubts.

There is certainly no denying the role the United States plays in establishing global norms. There is also no denying the attractiveness of its international vi­sion, or the fact that so many countries, including former adversaries, have shared it and eagerly sought to join an American-led world system.^[2872] Yet while the view of America as a “liberal leviathan” is to some extent accurate, it is also partial and therefore limited: while the United States exercises global leadership through con­sensus, it has also used, and continues to use, a great deal of coercion in the main­tenance of its global system. America's military power has never been latent or implied; it is an explicit component of the American world order. States that do not wish to join the American order are rarely left to themselves—they are instead cajoled, pressured, ostracized, and not infrequently attacked or invaded and their leaders deposed, imprisoned, or killed. Whether this American imperium, and the various means by which it maintains and enforces its rule, is a just international order is an open question.

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