Contents: List of Figures page xi List of Maps xiv List of Contributors to

List of Figures page xi List of Maps xiv List of Contributors to Volume i xv

General Introduction: Violence in World History 1

PHILIP DWYER (UNIVERSITY OF NEWCASTLE, NEW SOUTH WALES)

AND JOY DAMOUSI (UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE)

Introduction to Volume i 19

LINDA HBIGER (UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH) MARK HUDSON (MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN HISTORY, JENA) AND MATTHEW TRUNDLE (UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND)

PART I

THE ORIGINS OF CONFLICT 37

The Origins of Warfare and Violence 39

STEVEN LEBLANC (HARVARD UNIVERSITY)

2. Violence in Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Hunter-Gatherer Communities 58

JORG ORSCHIEDT (FREIE UNIVERSITAT, BERLIN AND THE CURT- ENGELHORN-ZENTRUM ARCHAOMETRIE, MANNHEIM)

3. Settled Lives, Unsettled Times: Neolithic Violence in Europe 79

MARTIN J. SMITH (BOURNEMOUTH UNIVERSITY), RICK

J. SCHULTING (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD) AND LINDA HBIGER (UNIVERSITY oF EDINBURGH)

4. Violence during the Later Stone Age of Southern Africa 99

ALAN G. MORRIS (UNIVERSITY Of CAPE TOWN)

5. Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in Bronze Age Europe 117 BARRY MOLLOY (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN) AND CHRISTIAN

HORN (UNIVERSITÄT ZU KIEL)

6. Weapons, Ritual and Warfare: Violence in Iron Age Europe 142 PETER WELLS (UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA)

7. The Origins of Violence and Warfare in the Japanese Islands 160

MARK HUDSON (MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN HISTORY, JENA), RICK J. SCHULUNG (UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD) AND LINDA GILAIZEAU (INDEPENDANT RESEARCHER, OKAYAMA)

PART II

PREHISTORIC AND ANCIENT WARFARE 179

8. Hunting and Warfare: The Ritualisation of Military Violence

in Ancient Egypt 181

JOHN C. DARNELL (YALE UNIVERSITY)

9. Recent Advances in the Archaeology of Maya Warfare 198 STANLEY SERAFIN (UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES)

10. Violence and State Power in Early Mesopotamia 219 STEVEN GARFINKLE (WESTERN WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY)

ii.

Violence and the Roman Way of Warfare 238 JONATHAN ROTH (SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY)

12. Roman Warfare and Military Violence in Late Antiquity 257 DOUG LEE (UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM)

13. Violence and Warfare in Early Imperial China 277 WICKY TSE (THE CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG)

vili

part iii

INTIMATE AND COLLECTIVE VIOLENCE 297

14. Early Massacres: Mass Violence in Neolithic Europe 299 Christian meyer (osteoarchaeological research

centre, goslar)

15. Gendered Violence in Iron Age and Roman Britain 320

Rebecca redfern(museum oflondon)

16. Violence in Ancient Egyptian Society 342 donald b. redford (pennsylvania state university)

17. Violence and the Mutilated Body in Achaemenid Iran 360 lloyd llewellyn-jones (cardiff university)

18. ‘Knocking Her Teeth out with a Stone': Violence against Women in Ancient Greece 380

lloyd llewellyn-jones (cardiff university)

19. Gang Violence in the Late Roman Republic 400 jeffrey tatum (victoria university of Wellington)

20. Violence in Early Chinese History 418 charles sanft (university of tennessee)

part iv

RELIGION, RITUAL AND VIOLENCE 439

21. Ritual Violence and Headhunting in Iron Age Europe 441 ian armit (university of york)

22. Ritual Killing and Human Sacrifice in the Ancient Near East 460 luis siddall (independent scholar)

23. Violent Sacrifice in the Ancient Greek and Roman Worlds 475

f. s. naiden (university of north carolina)

24 ^. Combat Sports in Ancient Greece and Rome 493 michael j. carter (brock university, ontario)

25. Religious Violence in Late Antiquity 512 peter van nuffelen (Ghent university)

part v

VIOLENCE, CRIME AND THE STATE 531

26. Violence, Law and Community in Classical Athens 533 matthew trundle (university of auckland)

27. Roman Violence: Attitudes and Practice 550

Garrett G. faGan (pennsylvania state university)

28. Suicide and Martyrdom among Christians and Jews 572 Candida r. moss (university of Birmingham)

part vi REPRESENTATIONS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF

VIOLENCE 587

29.

Kingship, Violence and Non-violence in Indian Thought, c. 500 bce to 500 ce 589

upinder singh (ashoka university, india)

30. Violence and the Bible 607

DEBra scoggins Ballentine (rutgers university)

31. Representations of Violence in Ancient Mesopotamia and Syria 629 davide nadali (sapienza university of rome)

32. Representations of War and Violence in Ancient Rome 654 susann s. lusnia (tulane university)

33 ^. Heroism, Military Violence and the State in Ancient India 684 jarrod whitaker (wake forest university)

Index 704

Figures

2.1 Krapina, Croatia, frontal-parietal fragment K20 with a small healed lesion

on the upper part of the frontal bone. Source: author's collection. page 62

2.2 Saint-Cesaire, France, left parietal fragment with healed injury.

Source: author's collection. 63

2.3 Ofnet, Germany, occipital view of skull 21 of a young adult male

with various lethal traumas. Source: author's collection. 72

2.4 Ofnet, Germany, location of blunt force trauma on at least eight individuals

from the large head deposition. Source: author's collection. 72

4.1 The 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae of UCT 317 (Quoin Point) showing bone arrowheads in situ. Left: right lateral view; right: inferior oblique view. Source: the author; previously published in A. G. Morris and J. Parkington, ‘Prehistoric Homicide: A Case of Violent Death on the Cape South Coast, South Africa', South African Journal of Science 78(1982), 167-9. 102

4.2 Superior view of cranial vault of UCT 332 individual 3 (Langklip) showing perimortem injury on the right parietal caused by a bluntly pointed object. Source: the author; previously published in A. G. Morris, ‘Trauma

and Violence in the Later Stone Age of Southern Africa', South African Medical Journal', 100.6 (2012), 568-70. 105

4.3 Posterior view of cranial vault of UCT 386 (Faraoskop) showing impact point on left side and radiating fractures on both sides of the skull. Source:

Dlamini. 107

4.4 Tracing of rock art from Hippo Shelter, Qacha's Nek, Lesotho, showing

(a) men fighting with bows and arrows, and (b) men fighting with knobbed sticks. Source: KwaZulu Natal Museum. 111

4.5 Tracing of rock art from Mpongweni north Forestry Reserve, Pholela, Underberg District, Natal, showing San with bows and arrows defending against pursuing Nguni carrying spears and shields. Source: KwaZulu

Natal Museum. 113

5.1 Bronze Age shields from Ireland from the environs of (1) Lough Gur,

(2) Annadale, (3) Lough Gara, (4) Cloonlara, and (5) Clonbrin.

Source: the author, © National Museum of Ireland. 122

5.2 Rock art image from Lovasen, Sweden (RAA Tanum 319:1) with an axe bearer being stabbed in the back by a spear bearer who also has a sheathed

sword: the killed either has a phallus or this was the only way to show

his sword sheath. Source: author's collection. 128

5.3 Bronze Age battle-axe from Vatin, Serbia (top), and Bronze Age axe

from Schkoder region, Albania (bottom). Source: author's collection. 129

7.1 Reconstructed defensive structures at the Yoshinogari site.

Source: M. Hudson. 163

7.2 Perimortem blunt force injury on the right parietal of an adult probable

female from the Late Jomon site of Sakaeiso, Shimamaki (top), and adult

female skull of the Epi-Jomon found at Minami-Usu 6 (bottom). Source: Rick

Schulting. 165

7.3 Blunt force cranial injuries from Kitakogane (left) and Takasago (right).

Source: Rick Schulting. 166

15.1 Artist's reconstruction of an Iron Age chariot burial at Wetwang Slack.

15.2 Relief depicting the conquest of Britannia by the Emperor Claudius

licensed under creative commons. 333

18.1 Attic red-figure chous c. 450 bce, Metropolitan Museum of Art, 37.11.19.

Source: the author. 381

21.1 Reconstruction of one of the third-century bce warrior statues

from Entremont, Provence; the figure is a composite assembled from

numerous fragments.

Source: Libby Mulqueeny. 456

31.1 Stele of the Vultures of Eannatum (side 2). Source: Licia Romano,

previously published in Vicino Oriente 13 (2007). 635

31.2 Stele Sb2 of Sargon of Akkad. Source: Lorenzo Nigro, previously

published in Contributi e Materiali di Archeologia Orientale 7 (1997). 636

31.3 Inlay TM.88.G.256+257, Ebla, Royal Palace G (S.4443): a soldier of Ebla

Italiana in Siria. 640

31.4 Beheading of King Teumman by an Assyrian soldier.

and Greta Jans, Beydar Archaeological Expedition. 647

32.1 Riot in the Amphitheatre, fresco, first century ce, from Pompeii, Museo

Library/Getty Images. 656

32.2 The Death ofPentheus, fresco, first century ce, room N, Casa dei Vettii,

32.3 The Punishment ofDirce, fresco, first century ce, room N, Casa dei Vettii,

32.4 Dying Niobid, marble, Horti Sallustiani, Rome, Museo Nazionale Romano,

Palazzo Massimo. Source: author's collection. 662

32.5 Mosaic, marble tesserae, late second/early third century ce, Sollertiana

Domus, Thysdrus (El Djem, Tunisia): Damnatio ad bestias. El Djem

Museum, Tunisia. Source: LatitudeStock/Alamy. 663

32.6	Mosaic with scenes of gladiators and referee from a Roman villa at Dar Buc Ammera à Zliten (near Leptis Magna), third century ce, Archaeological Museum, Libya. Source: H. Koppermann courtesy of Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rome.	664
32.7	Lusius Storax and magistrates (top) and gladiatorial combat (bottom); funerary reliefs of C. Lusius Storax, limestone, mid first century ce, Teate, Chieti, Italy. Source: M. Hutzel courtesy of Deutsches Archäologisches Institut, Rome.	667
32.8	Detail of the Medea Sarcophagus, marble, c. 140-50 ce, Antikensammlung, Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin (inv. Sk 843b). Source: Shutterstock.	668
32.9	Portonaccio Sarcophagus, marble, c. 190-200 ce, Museo Nazionale Romano, Palazzo Massimo, Rome. Source: author's collection.	670
32.10	Claudius subduing Britannia, marble, first century ce, Sebasteion, Aphrodisias, Turkey. Source: G. Petruccioli courtesy of NYU-Aphrodisias Excavations.	673
32.11	Soldier holding a severed head in his teeth, relief scene 24 from the Column of Trajan, 113 ce, Rome, from a cast in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Source: R. Ulrich.	675
32.12	Women torturing prisoners, relief scene 45 from the Column of Trajan, 113 ce, Rome, from a cast in the Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome. Source: R. Ulrich.	676
32.13	Farnese Bull, marble, early third century ce, Baths of Caracalla, Rome, in the Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Source: author's collection.	677
32.14a-b	The siege at Verona and the battle at the Milvian bridge, relief scene, marble, 315 ce, Arch of Constantine, Rome. Source: R. Ulrich.	679

3.1

31.1

Maps

Distribution map showing locations throughout Europe of Neolithic human remains bearing injuries consistent with violence, with a second category of locations including settlements and enclosures with signs of being attacked and mass burials consistent with massacres. The ancient Near East.

page 86

630

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Source: Fagan Garrett G., Fibiger Linda, Hudson Mark, Trundle Matthew (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Violence. Volume 1: The Prehistoric and Ancient Worlds. Cambridge University Press,2020. — 756 p.. 2020

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