List of Figures, Tables and Maps

List of Figures

Figure 15.1: Detachment of Jayavarman VII's army on the march. Detail of a relief on the

Bayon, Jayavarman's state temple, ca. 1200 CE 434

Photo: Michael D.

Coe.

Figure 15.2: Suryavarman II (r. 1113-ca. 1150 CE), enthroned among courtiers. Detail of a relief at Angkor Wat 439

Photo: Michael D. Coe.

Figure 21.1: Four women, representing Roma, Gallia, Germania and Sclavinia, are paying tribute to the emperor 605

From Das Evangeliar Ottos III, Munich, Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4453.

Figure 22.1: Military machine and debt service (as percent of state expenditure) 637

Source: Pezzolo 1990, 124; 1994, 324-25; 2006a, 77.

Figure 24.1: The Aztec conquest of Cuetlaxtlan, as depicted in the Codex Terreriano-Remensis, f. 37r 677

Redrawn by Maelle Sergheraert.

Figure 24.2: Tax list for the province of Tepecoacuilco, as depicted in the Codex Mendoza, f. 37r.

Source: Berdan and Anawalt 1992, vol. 4, f. 37r 680

Reproduced with permission of Frances F. Berdan.

Figure 24.3: Imperial style stone relief carvings from the province of Cuauhnahuac showing military and political themes. A: shield and arrows, a symbol of warfare, from Cuernavaca. B: name glyph of the emperor Ahuitzotl (r. 1486-1502), from the Temple of Tepozteco at Tepoztlan 682

Drawings by Emily Umberger; reproduced with permission.

Figure 24.4: Trajectories of infrastructural and despotic power for the Aztec Empire

and the city-states 688

Figure 25.1: The Yucay Valley of highland Peru 695

Photo: R. Alan Covey.

Figure 25.2: Llamas grazing in high elevation pasture 696

Photo: R. Alan Covey.

Figure 25.3: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's depiction of mortuary practices of the

Amazonian slope 697

Illustration from Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 1615 chronicle.

Figure 25.4: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's depiction of an Inca attack of a local fortress 699

Illustration from Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 1615 chronicle.

Figure 25.5: Storehouses at Huanuco Pampa 702

R. Alan Covey and Craig Morris.

Figure 25.6: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's depiction of Otorongo (Jaguar) Achache 704 Illustration from Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 1615 chronicle.

Figure 25.7: The aqllawasi at Huanuco Pampa 707

R. Alan Covey and Craig Morris.

Figure 25.8: Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's depiction of the Inca ruler Topa Inca

Yupanqui summoning provincial wak'as, under the gaze of Huanacaure, the

Inca sacred mountain. 712

Illustration from Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala's 1615 chronicle.

List of Tables

Table 20.1: Delhi Sultanate Regimes, 1206-1526 573

Table 20.2: The Indian Sultanates, c. 1350-1550 583

Table 22.1: Budgets ofthe Republic ofVenice, 1343-1679 639

Table 23.1: Rulers ofthe Songhay Empire 659

List of Maps

Map I: Bronze to Iron Age, the Near- Eastern “Invention” of Empire (Third millennium to 300 bce) 2

Map 1.1: Pharaonic Egypt 26

Source: Bang and Scheidel, 2013, The Oxford Handbook ofthe State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 66.

Map 2.1: The Akkadian and Ur III Empires 45

Map 3.1: Empires ofthe Near East, c. 1500-1100 bce 77

Source: Bang and Scheidel, 2013, The Oxford Handbook ofthe State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, map 4.2.

Map 3.2: Empires of the Near East, c. 900-550 bce 79

Source: Bang and Scheidel, 2013, The Oxford Handbook ofthe State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, map 4.3.

Map 4.1: The Achaemenid Empire 113

Bang and Scheidel, 2013, The Oxford Handbook ofthe State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, 200.

Map 5.1: The Athenian Empire 143

Source: Morris 2013, 281.

Map 5.2: The Carthaginian Empire from the First to the Second Punic War 147

Source: Ameling 2013, 362.

Map 5.3: The Roman State and Alliance System in Peninsular Italy (Third Century bce) 153 Source: Scheidel 2019, 60.

Map II: The Classical Age, Culminating in the Formation of Large World Empires on the Margins of Eurasia: The Mediterranean and China (323 bce —600 ce) 160

Map 6.1: The Hellenistic World, c. 250 bce 169

Bang and Scheidel, 2013, The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, map. 12.1.

Map 7.1: The Mauryan Empire 200

Olivelle, Leoshko, and Ray, 2012, Reimagining Asoka, Memory and History, p. xvii.

Map 8.1: The Han Empire, ca. 2 ce 219

Scheidel, 2014, State Power in Ancient China and Rome, p. xvii.

Map 8.2: Pre-Qin States 222

Sima Qian/Brashier, 2009, The First Emperor, Selections from the Historical Records, p. xl. Copyright: Oxford University Press.

Map 9.1: The Roman Empire: The Three Phases of Imperialism. (1) 60s bce. (2) Second Century ce. (3) Sixth Century ce 247

Map 10.1: The Parthian and Sasanian Empires 295

Source: Bang and Scheidel, 2013, The Oxford Handbook of the State in the Ancient Near

East and Mediterranean, p. 206.

Map 11.1: Kushan Empire in the Second Century bce 326

Map III: The Ecumenic Turn: Eclipse ofthe Old World and the Rise of Islam (600-1200) 348

Map 12.1: Limits of Muslim Rule in 750 ce 359

Source: Howard-Johnston, 2010, Witnesses to a World Crisis, Historians and Histories of the Middle East in the Seventh Century, p. xxxiv.

Map 13.1: Tang China, c. 742 382

Source: Benn, 2004, China’s Golden Age, Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty, p.

xii.

Map 14.1: Singapore, Riau, and Important Archaelogical Sites 403

Source: Miksic, 2013, Singapore and the Silk Road ofthe Sea, 1300-1800, figure 1.06a. Copyright: John N. Miksic.

Map 15.1: The Khmer Empire under Jayavarman VII 431

Coe, 2003, Angkor and the Khmer Civilization, figure 63.

Map 15.2: Development of the Khmer Road System, 9th and 13th Centuries ce 444

Source: Hendrickson, 2010, “Historic Routes to Angkor, Development of the Khmer

Road System (Ninth and Thirteenth Centuries AD) in Mainland Southeast Asia” in Antiquity, vol. 80, no. 324, p. 482.

Map 16.1: The Byzantine Empire, 1040 ce 453

Source: Attaleiates, Kaldellis, and Krallis, 2012, The History, p. 620-621.

Map 17.1: The Carolingian Empire, Europe ca. 814 469

Source: McKitterick, 2001, The Short Oxford History of Europe, The Early Middle Ages,

pp. 284-285.

Map 17.2: The Division of the Frankish Empire in 843 474

Source: McKitterick, 2001, The Short Oxford History of Europe, The Early Middle Ages, p. 286. Copyright: Oxford University Press.

Map 17.3: Europe, ca. 1000 483

McKitterick, 2001, The Short Oxford History of Europe, The Early Middle Ages, p. 290.

Map IV: The Mongol Moment: The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the Central Asian Steppe Followed by Regional Reassertion 500

Map 18.1: The Empire of the Mongols as it Developed During the Thirteenth Century ce 520 Source: Cunliffe, 2015, By Steppe, Desert, and Ocean, The Birth of Eurasia, p. 420.

Map 19.1: The Ming Empire 543

Map 20.1: The Delhi Sultanate 586

Map 21.1: The Christian and Islamic Ecumene in the Early Thirteenth Century ce. 606

Map 22.1: The Venetian Empire 622

Source: Dursteler, 2013, A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797, p. 126.

Map 23.1: The Middle Niger 649

Source: Hunwick, 1985. Shari'a in Songhay: The Replies of al-Maghili to the Questions of

Askia al-Hajj Muhammad, p. 2.

Map V: Another World: The Separate, but Parallel Path of Imperial Formations in the

Precolonial Americas 666

Map 24.1: The Aztec Empire, 1520 674

Redrawing by Forest and Sergheraert based on Berdan, 1996, The Aztec Imperial Strategies. Copyright: Maelle Sergheraert.

Map 25.1: The Inca Empire 693

University of Michigan Press, 2006.

Map 25.2: Inca fortifications 701

University of Michigan Press, 2006. Map based on DAltroy 2002; Hyslop 1984.

Map 25.3: Distribution of Sun Temples and High Elevation Shrines 708

University of Michigan Press, 2006. Information on high elevation sacrifices from DAltroy 2002.

Map VI: The Great Confluence: The Culmination of Universal Empires and the Conquest ofthe New World: Agrarian Consolidation and the Rise of European Commercial and Colonial Empires (1450-1750) 720

Map 26.1: The Ottoman Empire 734

Source: Zielinska and Kolodziejczyk, 2003, Poznajemy dzieje cywilizacji. Historia i spoleczenstwo. Podrgcznik dla klasypiqtej szkofypodstawowej.

Map 27.1: The Mughal Empire 759

Map 28.1: The Empire of the Spanish Habsburgs in the 1580s under Philip II 800

Source: George Chakvetadze based on Bouza, Cardim, and Feros 2019, xxiii.

Map 29.1: The Qing Empire at Its Greatest Extent, ca. 1800 821

Map 30.1: Portuguese Settlements on the West Coast of Africa and on the Atlantic Islands 833

Bethencourt, 2007, Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800.

Map 30.2: Portuguese Settlements and Main Points of Trade in Central and East Africa 834

Bethencourt, 2007, Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800.

Map 30.3: Portuguese Settlements and Main Points of Trade in Asia 835

Bethencourt, 2007, Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800.

Map 30.4: Portuguese settlements in Brazil 836

Bethencourt, 2007, Portuguese Oceanic Expansion, 1400-1800.

Map 31.1: Mercantilist Empire ofthe Dutch, 1665 874

https://ericrossacademic.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/08-dutch-world-1665.jpg

Map 32.1: The British Empire, Seventeenth Century. 889

Source: Marshall and Louis, 2001, The Oxford History ofthe British Empire, vol. II,

The Eighteenth Century, map 1.1, p. 3.

Map VII: The Global Turn: The Age of European Colonialism, Subjection of Old Agrarian

Empires to the European-Led World Economy and Nationalist Secessions (1750-1914) 910 Copyright: Peter Fibiger Bang with Jonathan Weiland.

Map 33.1: The British Empire, 1815 927

Porter, 1999, The Oxford History ofthe British Empire, vol. III, The Nineteenth Century,

map 1.1, p. 2.

Map 33.2: The British Empire, 1914 929

Porter, 1999, The Oxford History ofthe British Empire, vol. III, The Nineteenth Century,

map 1.2, p. 3.

Map 34.1: The French Empire 943

Map 35.1: The Russian Empire at Its Greatest Extent, 1914 973

Map: Lieven, 2000, Empire, The Russian Empire and Its Rivals, xxxvi-xxxvii.

Map 36.1: The Spanish Empire at the Dawn of the Spanish-American War 990

Map 37.1: Expansion ofthe United States 1012

Source: http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/westernexpansionmap.

jpg. Copyright: Bormay & Co., 1906, Map ofthe United States Showing Acquisition of Territory.

Map 38.1: The Kinetic Empires of Native American Nomads 1046

Map 39.1: Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire 1060

Reynolds, 2011, Shattering Empires, The Clash and Collapse ofthe Ottoman and Russian

Empires, 1908-1918, map titled “Dismemberment”.

Map 39.2: Dismemberment of the Qing Dynasty and the Early Republican Era 1073

Map 40.1: The Sokoto Caliphate 1085

Lovejoy, 2016, Jihad in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions, map 3.2.

Map VIII: The Twentieth Century: The Collapse of Colonial Empires and the Rise of Superpowers during the Cold War. 1112

Map 41.1: The Japanese and German Empires among Their Rivals on the Brink of World War 1 1127

Map 41.2: The Japanese Empire 1139

Map 41.3: The German Empire 1147

Map 42.1: Decolonization 1162

Map 43.1: The Soviet Union 1188

Map 44.1: US Security Treaties 1219

Map 44.2: US Colonies, Territories and Occupations 1220

Map 44.3: US Interventions 1222

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Source: Bang Peter F., Bayly C.A., Scheidel Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Volume Two: The History of Empires. Oxford University Press,2020. — 1352 p.. 2020

List of Figures, Tables and Maps

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