List of Figures, Tables and Maps

List of Figures

Figure 0.1: Traditional historiography and comparative contextualization xxiii

Figure 2.1: The size of the single largest empire and the three largest empires in

the world, 3000 bce to 2000 ce (in million km²) 95

Source: Taagepera 1976a, 116-117, table 2.

Figure 2.2: The size of the single largest empire and the three largest empires in the world, 3000 bce to 2000 ce (in million km², logarithmic scale) 96

Source: Taagepera 1976a, 116-117, table 2.1.

Figure 2.3: Largest empires of the Old World, 550 bce to 2000 ce (in million km²) 99

Source: Taagepera 1978a, 1978b, 1979, 1997.

Figure 2.4: Largest Asian empires, 1570-1930 (in million km²) 100

Source: Taagepera 1997: 498-500.

Figure 2.5: Largest Eurocentric empires, 1580-2000 (in million km²) 100

Source: Taagepera 1997: 498-502.

Figure 2.6: The population of the single largest empire and the three largest empires

in the world, 700 bce to 2000 ce (in millions; logarithmic scale) 101

Source: Based on Table 2.1, McEvedy and Jones 1978 and standard historical mapping resources.

Figure 2.7: The population of the single largest empire and three largest empires in the world as a proportion of world population, 700 bce to 2000 ce (in percent) 102

Source: Based on Table 2.1, McEvedy and Jones 1978 and standard historical mapping resources.

Figure 2.8: The proportion of the population of Europe claimed by the largest polity in that area, 250 bce to 2000 ce (in percent) 104

Source: Scheidel 2019, 37.

Figure 2.9: The proportion of the population of the Middle East and North Africa

claimed by the largest polity in that area, 700 bce to 2000 ce (in percent) 105

Source: Scheidel 2019, 39.

Figure 2.10: The proportion of the population of South Asia claimed by the largest polity in that area, 500 bce to 2000 ce (in percent) 105

Source: Scheidel 2019, 40.

Figure 2.11: The proportion of the population of East Asia claimed by the largest

polity in that area, 250 bce - 2000 ce 106

Source: Scheidel 2019, 41.

Figure 2.12: Spatial distribution of the core areas of empires of at least 1 million km²

in Afroeurasia 107

Source: Scheidel 2019, 273 (adapted from Turchin 2009, 204 fig.1).

Figure 2.13: Probability of being part of large polities (>1,000,000 km²/ 1 century) at 100- year intervals, 600 bce to 1500 ce (probability rising from medium grey = low to black = high; light grey = zero).

(a) 600 bce-400 ce. (b) 500-1500 ce 109

Provided by James Bennett (University of Washington), on November 9, 2017, drawing on the data underlying Turchin, Currie, Turner, and Gavrilets 2013, 16386, who provide analogous heat maps for states of >100,000 km².

Figure 3.1: The evolution of political entities 114

Figure 3.2: Waves of decolonization as shown by the number of colonial governors sent home. 135

Source: Henige 1970.

Figure 3.3: Core configurations with and without hegemony. 140

Figure 3.4: Levels of action in the architecture of global governance

Source: Peter Berthelsen (based on Kennedy et al. 2002, 143 and Held and

McGrew 2002, 66). 142

Figure 6.1: Obelisk of Thutmose III installed on the base of Emperor Theodosios in the Hippodrome of Constantinople (Istanbul) 224

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.2: Obelisk base, Hippodrome, Constantinople (Istanbul), Southwest Face 225

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.3: Unfinished obelisk, Aswan, Egypt 231

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.4: Washington Monument, Washington DC 231

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.5: Luxor, first pylon with obelisk and statues of Ramses II 233

Photo: Saskia Ltd. Cultural Documentation.

Figure 6.6: Hatshepsut's obelisk at Karnak 236

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.7: Hatshepsut with obelisks at Karnak, from red quartzite shine

(now in Luxor Museum) 237

Photo: Scala/Art Resource, NY.

Figure 6.8: Obelisk once installed at the Circus Maximus, now at

the Piazza del Popolo 239

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.9: Obelisk once installed at the Campus Martius, now at

the Piazza Montecitorio 240

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.10: Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, exterior 242

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.11: Ara Pacis Augustae, Rome, interior detail.

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.12: Obelisk base, Hippodrome, Constantinople (Istanbul), southeast face 247

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.13: Obelisk base, Hippodrome, Constantinople (Istanbul), northwest face 248

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.14: Detail of the frescoes in the southwestern turret of the Church of St Sophia, Kiev 250

Photo: Andrea Jerole/Scala/Art Resource, NY.

Figure 6.15: Pe§tamal-makers at the 1582 Circumcision Festival, Ottoman

Imperial Festival Book, Surname-i hümayun, Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi library H 1344 (338b-339a) 252

Photo: Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi.

Figure 6.16: Night spectacles of the 1582 Circumcision Festival (launching of fireworks and mock battle), Ottoman Imperial Festival Book, Surname-i hümayun, Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi library H 1344 (28b) 253

Photo: Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi.

Figure 6.17: Circumcision Festival of 1530 (scramble and acrobats), Hünername II, Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi library H 1524 255

Photo: Topkapi Sarayi Müzesi.

Figure 6.18: Drawing of the relief from Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el Bahri, after Edouard Naville, The Temple of Deir el Bahari (London, 1908) 257

Figure 6.19: Obelisk base, Hippodrome, Constantinople (Istanbul), loer portion of the northeast face 258

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.20: Obelisk base, Hippodrome, Constantinople (Istanbul), lower portion of the southwest face 259

Photo: Cecily J. Hilsdale.

Figure 6.21: Obelisk and base, Place de la Concorde, Paris 260

Photo: Shutterstock.

Figure 6.22: Obelisk in Coronation Park, Delhi 261

Photo: Sunil Kumar.

Figure 6.23: Coronation Park, Delhi 262

Photo: Sunil Kumar.

Figure 8.1: T and O map, 1472. From Isidori Iunioris, Epistola 295

Source: The Newberry Library.

Figure 8.2: Portolan Chart, ca. 1550 296

Source: Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010588182/

Figure 8.3: Ptolemy, “Map of the World,” 1513 edition 296

Source: Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/resource/g3200m.gct00262/?sp=77

Figure 8.4: Piri Reis, Portolan 299

Source: Topkapi Library.

Photo: Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Piri_reis_ world_map_01.jpg

Figure 8.5: Kangxi Atlas, 1721. Map of Guangxi Province 304

Photo: The British Library. https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7821fm.gct00232/?sp=11

Figure 8.6: Yinka Shonibare, The Scramble for Africa (2003) 314

Figure 14.1: This eighteenth-century seascape with islands depicts the Daoist mountains and isles, an idealized vision of the abode of the immortals. Karen Thornber explores the tension between environmentally sensitive doctrines such as Daoism and environmental reality 469

Reproduced with permission from Canterbury Museum

Figure 14.2: This rubbing, from Tang Emperor Taizong's tomb, portrays Taizong's own steed, which he rode while pacifying the eastern capital of Luoyang. Horses revolutionized warfare and enabled steppelanders to conquer Chinese territory 471

Reproduced with permission from Canterbury Museum

Figure 15.1: The Alexander Mosaic, ca. 100 bce. Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli 501

Source: The British Library.

Figure 15.2: Spiridione Roma, The East Offering Its Riches to Britannia, 1778.

Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London 503

Photo: Wikimedia Commons.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/FileThe_East_offering_its_riches_to_ Britannia_-_Roma_Spiridone,_1778_-_BL_Foster_245.jpg

Figure 15.3: The Leadenhall Street Mosaic 506

List of Tables

Table 2.1: Empires that covered at least one million square kilometres 92

Table 2.2: Empires that claimed at least 8 percent of the world population (in Percent) 103

Table 4.1: More Than 2 Million Years of Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs) 170

List of Maps

Map I: Bronze to Iron Age, the Near-Eastern “Invention” of empire (Third millennium to 300 bce) 52

Map II: The Classical Age, Culminating in the Formation of Large World Empires on the Margins of Eurasia: The Mediterranean and China (323 bce-600 ce) 57

Map III: The Ecumenic Turn: Eclipse of the Old World and the Rise

of Islam (600-1200) 60

Map IV: The Mongol Moment: The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the Central

Asian Steppe Followed by Regional Reassertion (1200-1450) 63

Map V: Another World: The Separate, but Parallel Path of Imperial Formations in the Precolonial Americas 65

Map VI: The Great Confluence: The Culmination of Universal Empires and the Conquest of the New World: Agrarian Consolidation and the Rise of European Commercial and Colonial Empires (1450-1750) 67

Map VII: The Global Turn: The Age of European Colonialism, Subjection of Old

Agrarian Empires to the European-Led World Economy and Nationalist Secessions (1750-1914) 71

Map VIII: The Twentieth Century: The Collapse of Colonial Empires and

the Rise of Superpowers during the Cold War 75

Map 3.1: Old World Trade Routes, c. 1340 134

Map 3.2: Old World Trade Routes, c.1490 136

Map 3.3: Mercantilist World-Economy, c. 1530-1776 138

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Source: Bang Peter F., Bayly C.A., Scheidel Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire. Volume One: The Imperial Experience. Oxford University Press,2020. — 584 p.. 2020

List of Figures, Tables and Maps

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