Note on the text

In this book the following styles have been used for the romanization of foreign words and names. Japanese names have been converted into the Western style, whereby the family name comes last. Chinese words and names have been rendered in Pinyin, with the sometimes more familiar Wade-Giles transliteration appearing in brackets for well-known figures. Where countries changed names during the course of the twentieth century we have used the old name when it was in contemporary use with the new name following it in brackets.