Footnotes

1 Those marked ^* are discussed in this chapter; those with ^† elsewhere in the book.

2 Nation-states began to emerge in Europe in the sixteenth century, led by Portugal.

3 Several of these states subsequently revived at least temporarily, the Byzantines under the Macedonian dynasty and the Abbasids under the Seljuqs, to cite but two examples.

4 Hitler’s Germany, Stalin’s Russia, Mao’s China, Ho Chi Minh’s Vietnam, Pol Pot’s Cambodia, Castro’s Cuba, Mugabe’s Zimbabwe, Amin’s Uganda, as-Bashir’s Sudan, Hussein’s Iraq, Assad’s Syria, Gadhafi’s Libya, Chavez’s Venezuela, to name a few of the worst offenders.

5 Instrumental rationality requires connectivity and transitivity. Connectivity implies that a decision maker can state whether he is indifferent to or prefers one alternative to another (that is A preferred to B, B preferred to A, or no difference between A and B). Transitivity implies that a decision maker who prefers A to B and B to C prefers A to C.