INDEX

Aarhus Convention 104, 114, 119-20

Abelson, P 131 accountability 106-7 accounts, national 126-29 acid rain 164, 175-76

Ackerman, F 73, 133, 139, 151, 153 affluence 76

African Charter on Human and

Peoples' Rights 98

air pollution 177, 205, 206

American Convention on Human

Rights 98

Anderson, T 9

Andorno, R 51

Article 19 108

auctioning 164, 215

Australian and New Zealand

Environment and Conservation Council 43

Australian Commission for the Future 19

Australian National Conservation Strategy 18

Australian Sustainable Investments Fund 171

Ayres, RU 30

Bachram, H 184

Barbour, I 132, 138

Barkley, P 16

Barry, B 83

Basel Action Network 75

Basel Convention 75

Belliveau, M 207

Bennett, J 217, 222 biodiversity 23-24, 88, 237, 252 Blackmore, D 264

Bocking, S 28

Boulding, KE 12

Bowers, J 153

BP 191

Brickman, R 59

Brundtland Commission 5, 18-19, 71, 129

bubble policies 163, 167 Bullard, R 80 burden of proof 48-51

Business Council of Australia 86, 199-200

Callahan, D 83

Camm, N 264

cap and trade schemes acid rain 164, 175-76, 197 emissions 163-65

Kyoto Protocol 169 salinity 231 smog 164

capital stock 85-86, 150-51 carbon colonialism 212-15

carbon neutral 172, 187-88, 214 carbon offsets 170-71, 180-82, 188-89, 190, 207-8

carbon sinks 168, 200-203, 214 carbon taxes 172-73 carrying capacity 20-24, 26

Cato Institute 9

Center for Progressive Regulation 200 Chambers, N 23, 25, 27

Chant, J 217 charges, pollution 158-59, 195, 210-11 chemicals

emissions 112-13

precautionary principle 55 regulation 59-60 right to know about 109 children, vulnerability to environmental factors 73, 97

cities, ecological footprint 29

clean development mechanism 168-69,

180-82, 187, 213

climate change

emissions trading 208-9

impact on developing countries 75 Climate Justice Network 181

Club of Rome 13

Cobb, JBJ 140, 146

Commonwealth Human Rights

Initiative 107

competitiveness 76-77 conservation

banks 234-36, 251, 273

markets 239-56

rights-based measures 222-23 species 24

contingent valuation 135

Convention on the Rights of the Child

97

cost-benefit analysis 129-34 depoliticising environmental issues 138-39

distribution of costs and benefits

143

environmental goods vs human- made goods 141

equity principle 143-45

human rights 147-48

morality 142

precautionary principle 151

Costle, D 7

criminal activity 218-19

Daly, H 14, 140, 146 de Sadeleer, N 35-36, 54 decision-making

industry power 217

inequity 79-80

participation in 105 deposit-refund systems 160-61 depreciation, environment 128 developing countries 74-75, 212, 213 Deville, A 55

disadvantaged groups 78 discounting future generations 145-47 displacement of people 78-79, 209-10 diversity, biological 23-24, 88, 237, 252 Driesen, DM 197

Drury, RT 179, 183, 218 Duncan, L 241, 259

ecological deficit 26 ecological footprint 25-30 economic growth

and environmental degradation 76-78

limits 13-17, 77-78

merits 15-17

promoting 18-20 warnings 13-14, 30-31 economic instruments

equity principle 210-16 global warming measures 168-73 history 8-10

human rights principle 204-10 impact 275-78 participation principle 216-19 price-based measures 158-61 role 156

sustainability principle 174-91 tradeable pollution rights 161-67 types 157

economics

cowboy economy 12-13 spaceman economy 12-13 effluent charges 158, 195 Ehrenfeld, D 149, 153

Ekins, P 31 electrical and electronic products

45-46, 75 emissions trading acid rain 164 baseline standards 176-78 cap and trade 163-65 climate change 208-9 delays 205-6 displacement of people 209-10 emission allowances 212-13 emission reduction targets 212-13 Emission Trading Registry 166 Europe 164-65, 178, 212 greenhouse gas 179-80 hot spots 206-8 Kyoto Protocol 169-70 negative impact 187 open market 165-66, 183, 207 public participation 216 smog 164

United States 165 employment

fisheries 260-61

loss 77

enforcement incentives 161 Environment Agency (UK) 114 environmental damage

caused by inequities 75-76 defining 35 shifting 79

Environmental Data Services 180 environmental impact 21-22, 53-55 Environmental Law Institute 251, 273 environmental liability see liability environmental policies, economics­based see economic instruments environmental protection

costs 78

and human rights 94-101 impact 76-79

environmental racism 74 environmental value equity principle 143-47 human rights principles 147-48 measuring 124-37 participation principle 138-42 precautionary principle 151-54 pricing environmental goods 148-50

sustainability principle 148-51 equity principle 70-90

defining 70-71 economic instruments 210-16 environmental value 143-47 historical context 4-5 intergenerational equity 80-84 international agreements 83-84 intragenerational equity 71-80 sustainable development 85-89 tradeable fishing rights 257-63 water trading 264-66

European Convention on Human Rights 98

European Pollutant Emission Register 114

evidence, scientific 61

extended producer responsibility

44-46

extinction, species 24

Eythorsson, E 260

fair earthshare 26

Falk, J 70

Farrier, D 62

Fisher, B 230 fisheries

access 258-59

employment 260-61

fish recovery 269

fishing communities 261-63

Iceland 240, 258, 260-61, 262-63, 266-67

incidental damage 270 management 270

New Zealand 224-25, 258-59, 261-62, 267-68

overfishing 239-42, 242, 269 precautionary principle 268-70 South Africa 263

Tasmania 261, 263, 267

fishing quotas 223-26

allocation 257-58

Australia 225

by-catch 243-44, 270 concentration of ownership 259-60 as economic instruments 239-40 impact on fishing communities 261-63

monitoring and enforcement 244-45

fishing rights 223-26, 239-45

equity principle 257-63

New Zealand 224-25

other nations 226

profit vs conservation 240-41

United States 225-26

vested interests 267-68

footprint, ecological 25-30 forests 77, 189-90, 210

see also trees

fossil fuels 191

fraud 186

freedom of information 106-9, 111 future generations

discounting 145-47

equity principle 80-84

Gillespie, N 254 global warming measures 168-73, 184 Golden Gate Audubon Society 203 Goodin, R 199

Goodstein, E 76 grandfathering 164, 215, 257, 259 greenhouse gas

emissions trading 179-80

Greenhouse Abatement Scheme

180

reduction 168 gross national product 126-29 growth see economic growth; limits to growth

Hagler, M 269

Hahn, R 203

Hancock, J 102 Hannibalsson, L 240, 242, 261

Harare Declaration 117

Hardin, G 20, 21 Harding, R 55 harm, avoiding 83 health threats 207-8 hedonic pricing 136-37

Heinzerling, L 133, 139, 151, 153 Hester, G 203 human capital 85-88 human rights

clean air 204

clean water 97, 204 conflicting 100-101 conventions 94

environmental 101-4, 222-23 family life 98-99

health and wellbeing 96-97 healthy environment 98, 102-3, 106 information 106

life 95-96

participation in governance 105 peaceful enjoyment of property 98-99

privacy 98-99

right to know 106, 216 self-determination 99-100

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights 91-92, 96, 106 human rights principles 91-104 economic instruments 204-10 environmental protection 94-101 environmental value 147-48 historical context 5-6

Humphreys, D 77

hydro-electric dams 210

ignorance 58-59

Imhoff, ML 29

incentives, enforcement 161 indeterminacy 58-59 indigenous peoples 100, 209 individual preferences, vs social good 140-41

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 201

International Bill of Rights 92-93

International Chamber of Commerce

19

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 92-93, 105, 106

International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 92-93, 96

Inuit people 208-9

irreversibility 55, 87-88, 151-52

Jacobs, M 195

James, D 87

Jellinek, S 49

joint implementation 180

justice 81

Kahn, H 15

Kentula, M 274

Kern Water Bank 267

Kill, J 214

Krijnen, T 265

Ksentini, Z 94, 102

Kyoto Protocol 168-69, 212

landfill 185-86

Laxe, FG 239

lead 206

Leal, D 9

legislation

historical context 6-7 international agreements 64-65 national 65-67

liability 39-44

limits to growth 13-17

Lohmann, L 134, 150, 197, 212

Los Angeles Regional Clean Air Incentives Market 177-78, 197-98

Los Angeles Rule 1610 179, 206

Louisville Charter for Safer Chemicals

55, 116

Lovins, A 195

McNamara, R 16 McNeely, J 23 MacNeill, J 19 Maddox, J 14

Mar Del Plata Declaration 97 market pricing 148-50

Massey, R 73 Matthews, DR 243 Meadows, DH 13 mercury emissions 205, 207 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 30 Mishan, EJ 16 mitigation banking 231-37 biodiversity 237 conservation banks 234-36 failure 273-74 monitoring and enforcement

254-55

net losses 251-52 outcomes 249-51 perpetuating bad practices 255-56 precautionary principle 271-74 profit vs conservation 253-54 regional needs 252-53 stream 234, 253-54 wetlands 231-33, 249-50, 253,

254-55

Mitsubishi 191

Moore, CA 197-98, 205 Moyer, S 272

Mumma, A 213 Murray-Darling river system 228, 246,

247

national accounts 126-29

National Atmospheric Emissions

Inventory 114

National Pollutant Inventory 113-14 National Water Initiative 227, 246, 247 National Wildlife Federation 185 natural capital 85-88 nature, recreating 271-72

Nilsson, S 202 nitrous oxide 164, 177, 198, 206 Nordhaus, W 128 Norton, B 89, 153 nutrient trading 184-85

occupational risks 73-74 Office of Management and Budget

146-47

OMB Watch 108

offset schemes

environmental 255-56

pollution 162

salinity 230-31

O'Neill, J 134, 141 opportunity costs 135-36 opulence model 85

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development 32-34, 114, 174, 194

Ott, H 218-19

participation, public 116-21

Aarhus Convention 104, 114, 119-20

benefits 120-21

definition 116

electoral representation 117-18 genuine 118-19

international agreements 116-17 need for 105-6

participation principle 105-21 economic instruments 216-19 environmental value 138-42 historical context 4

markets for conservation 266-68 power of vested interests 267-68 public participation 116-21 restriction of information 268 right to know 106-16

Partridge, E 82, 83

Pearce, D 7, 51, 62, 86, 87, 124, 144,

145, 152

Pearce, F 178

Pearson, B 214

PENGO 255

performance bonds 161 plantations 189-90 as carbon sinks 201-2

effect on rural communities 209-10, 215-16

threat to intergenerational equity 214

political arenas 53-54, 217-18 pollutant release and transfer registers 114-15

polluter, defining 36

polluter pays principle 32-46

Australasia 43-44

Canada 42-43

costs 192-94

disadvantaged groups 78 enforcement 32

Europe 40-41

extended producer responsibility 44-46

functions 37-39

historical context 2-3

India 78

innovation, incentives and disincen­tives 195-98

international acceptance 34

Ireland 43

liability 39-44

OECD guidelines 33-34

United States 39-40

pollution

see also air pollution; water pollution accidental 33

charges 210-11

control 182-86, 193

defining 35-36

inventories 111-16

pollution rights

allocation 164, 215

ethics 218-19

phoney reductions 178-82 price-based measures 157-61 and prices 156-73 rights-based measures 157 tradeable 161-67

Porritt, J 150

Port Hope Environmental Group 95 postponement, merits 51-52 poverty 16, 72, 75-76

precautionary principle 47-67 assimilative capacity 199-200 carbon sinks 200-203

critics 52

defining 48, 53, 62 environmental threats 53-55 fisheries 268-70

historical context 3-4

legislation 64-67

measures 62-64

merits of postponement 51-52 mitigation banks 271-74 operation 53

response to new information 203 scientific uncertainty 56-61 shifting burden of proof 48-51 water trading 271 preservation, species 24 preservationist model 85 pressure, public 7-8 primary production, net 29 products

charges 159

electrical and electronic 45-46, 75 stewardship 45

proof, burden of 48-51 proxies 136-37 public concern 7-8 public consultation, benefits 120 public debate 139-40 public goods 125-26 public participation see participation, public

public trust 81

race, environmental burdens 74 Ravetz, J 58-59

Rawls, J 81

Rees, J 195

Rees, WE 22, 23, 25, 28, 29 regulations, environmental 133 Repetto, R 127, 128

Resnik, D 61

resources

limits to 86-88

loss of control 266-67

natural vs human-made 88

non-renewable 20, 86 renewable 20 responsibility 82-83 reversibility 151-52 Ricco, V 101 Richardson, A 120 Richman, E 213 right to know 106-16, 216 rights

environment 103-4

human see human rights

Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development 38, 62, 64, 105 risks

acceptable levels 53-54 defining 47 occupational 73-74

Roberts, L 272

Rowinski, C 253

Rule 1610, Los Angeles 179, 206

Sachs, W 20, 218-19 salinity trading 230-31

San Salvador Protocol 98

Schelling, T 218 Scholes, B 201 Schumacher, EF 141 scientific uncertainty 56-61 sea levels 75

Seckler, D 16

Self, P 140 Shanahan,J 9 Shelton, D 117

Shrader-Frechette, K 74, 78

Sierra Club 251, 255

Simon, J 15

smog trading 164

social good, vs individual preferences 140-41

Sowman, M 263 species, extinct and threatened 24 Stevenson, A 12

Stockholm Declaration 102 stream mitigation banks 234, 253-54 subsidies 160

substitutability 87, 150-51 sulphur dioxide 164, 175, 206 Summers, L 144 Superfund 39-40 sustainability and equity 71 g^ap ²⁶ strong 88-89 sustainable development 17-20 weak 85-88

sustainability principle 12-31 carrying capacity 20-24 conservation markets 239-56 ecological footprint 25-30 economic instruments 174-91 environmental value 148-51 historical context 2 limits to growth 13-17

Taliman, V 74

taxes carbon 172-73 environmental 159 and equity 210-11 sales and excise 159

Taxpayers for Common Sense 257-58, 259

technology 22-23 Templet, PH 32

Thampapillai, DJ 124

threats to environment 53-55

Tobin, J 128

Toepfer, K 95

Toxic Release Inventory 113

tradeable emissions see emissions trading

tradeable fishing rights see fishing rights

tradeable pollution rights see pollution rights

Trainer, T 15

trees

tasks performed by 148-49 uncertain life of 202

Truscot 194

UN Human Rights Commission 95, 96

UN Human Rights Committee 93 uncertainty

environmental degradation 87

environmental value 152-53 levels 58

political uses 59-60

scientific 56-61

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

91-92, 96, 106

user charges 158-59

value, environmental see environmental value

value of lives 144, 148

Venetoulis, J 25

vested interests 267-68

Visser ‘t Hooft, H 81, 89

volatile organic compounds 183 vulnerability to environmental hazards 72-73

Wackernagel, M 25, 27

Waring, M 127, 142

wastes, hazardous 75

water banks 229-30

water pollution

bubbles 167

rights 166-67

trading 184-85

water trading 226-30

Australia 227-29

changing flow conditions 245-46 efficiency vs equity 265-66 equity principle 264-66 monitoring and enforcement 249

Murray-Darling river system 228 outcomes 246

perpetuating bad practices 248-49 precautionary principle 271 profit vs conservation 247-48 security of entitlement 228-29 speculation 264-65

United States 229-30

Weinberg, A 59

Weiss, EB 89 wetlands

functions 252

loss 251

mitigation banking 231-33, 249-50,

253, 254-55

recreation 271-72 willingness to pay 135, 148-49 Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle 63 World Bank 190-91

World Charter for Nature 116-17

World Commission on Environment

and Development 5, 6, 18

World Conservation Strategy 4, 18

World Health Organization 208

World Trade Organization 53-54

Zedler, J 251

Zerner, C 10, 132