Cerebral Venous Thrombosis

Except for the involvement of small veins in the vasculitis process, cerebral venous thrombosis is very rare in HIV-1 infection (Fig. 5). One case of superior longitudinal sinus out of 118 patients is reported in the series of Jordan et al. [94]. The frequency is also probably underestimated because clin­ical and radiological diagnosis is difficult and cerebral sinuses were not always exam­ined at autopsy. Causes include primary HIV-1 infection with concomitant cytomegalovirus infection [95], primary cerebral lymphoma, toxoplasmosis [96], cryptococcosis, protein S deficiency [97], dehydration, or cachexy [98]. Extensive intracranial sinus thrombosis was also the consequence of hypercoagulable state com­plicating AIDS-associated nephrotic syn­drome [99].