Miscellaneous
Apart from illicit drugs, common medications have been involved in some cases of stroke in young persons. Listing them is beyond the purpose of this review. However, we want to emphasize the risk of drug interaction with antiretroviral therapies, even with a normal dosage.
For instance, cerebral ergotism due to vasospasm has been described with a usual dose of ergotamine in association with ritonavir [100]. Such an association is then contraindicated. Allergic reaction with shock and low cerebral blood flow responsible for brain infarction has also been reported with rifampicin in an HIV-1- infected patient [101]. Common causes of stroke in non-HIV-infected individuals such as arterial dysplasia and carotid or vertebral artery dissection, should be also investigated in HIV-1-infected patients [102] (Fig. 6).
Fig. 5a-c Cerebral venous thrombosis. a T1-weighted MR image obtained in the sagittal plane shows superior longitudinal and rectus sinus thrombosis. b Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR image obtained in the coronal plane shows a right thalamus venous infarct. c Diffusion-weighted MR image confirms a recent right thalamus venous infarct
Fig. 6 MR image shows the parietal hematoma characteristic of a right carotid dissection
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