BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS

See “General References on Diseases of Rats”

Primary Respiratory Infections

Bordetella bronchiseptica Infection

Bemis, D.A., Shek, W.R., & Clifford, C.B. (2003) Bordetella bronchi­septica infection of mice and rats.

Bemis, D.A. & Wilson, S.A. (1985) Influence of potential virulence determinants on Bordetella bronchiseptica-induced ciliostasis. Infection and Immunity 50:35-42.

Burek, J.D., Jersey, G.C., Whitehair, C.K., & Carter, G.R. (1972) The pathology and pathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella pneumotropica infection in conventional and germ- free rats. Laboratory Animal Science 22:844-849.

Cilia-Associated Respiratory (CAR) Bacillus Infection

Franklin, C.L., Pletz, J.D., Riley, L.K., Livingston, B.A., Hook, R.R., Jr., & Besch-Williford, C.L. (1999) Detection of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus in nasal-swab specimens from infected rats by use of polymerase chain reaction. Laboratory Animal Science 49:114-117.

Ganaway, J.R., Spencer, T.R., Moore, T.D., & Allen, A.M. (1985) Isolation, propagation, and characterization of a newly recog­nized pathogen, cilia-associated respiratory bacillus of rats, an etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease. Infection and Immunity 47:472-479.

Hook, R.R., Franklin, C.L., Riley, L.K., Livingston, B.A., & Besch- Williford, C.L. (1998) Antigenic analyses of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus isolates by use of monoclonal anti­bodies. Laboratory Animal Science 48:234-239.

Kawano, A., Nenoi, M., Matsushita, S., Matsumoto, T., & Mita, K. (2000) Sequence of 16S rRNA gene of rat-origin cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus SMR strain. Journal of Veterinary Medi­cal Science 62:797-800.

MacKenzie, W.F., Magill, L.S., & Hulse, M. (1981) A filamentous bacterium associated with respiratory disease in wild rats.

Matsushita, S. (1986) Spontaneous respiratory disease associated with cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus in a rat. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science 48:437-440.

Matsushita, S. & Joshima, H. (1989) Pathology of rats intranasally inoculated with cilia-associated respiratory bacillus. Laboratory Animals 23:89-95.

Medina, L.V., Chladnym, J., Fortman, J.D., Artwohol, J.E., Bunte, R.M., & Bennett, B.T. (1996) Rapid way to identify the cilia- associated respiratory bacillus: tracheal mucosal scraping with a modified microwave Steiner silver impregnation. Laboratory Animal Science 46:113-115.

Medina, L.V., Fortman, J.D., Bunte, R.M., & Bennett, B.T. (1994) Respiratory disease in a rat colony: identification of CAR bacillus without other respiratory pathogens by standard diagnostic screening methods. Laboratory Animal Science 44:521-525.

Schoeb, T.R., Davidson, M.K., & Davis, J.K. (1997) Pathogenicity of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus isolates for F344, LEW, and SD rats. Veterinary Pathology 34:263-270.

Schoeb, T.R., Dybvig, K., Davidson, M.K., & Davis, J.K. (1993) Cultivation of cilia-associated respiratory bacillus in artificial medium and determination of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31:2751-2757.

Van Zwieten, M.J., Sulleveld, H.A., Lindsey, J.R. de Groot, F.G., Zurcher, C., & Hollander, C.F. (1980) Respiratory disease in rats associated with a filamentous bacterium: a preliminary report. Laboratory Animal Science 30:215-221.

Mycoplasma pulmonis Infection

Aguila, H.N., Wayne, C.L., Lu, Y.S., & Pakes, S.P. (1988) Experi­mental Mycoplasma pulmonis infection of rats suppresses humoral but not cellular immune response. Laboratory Animal Science 38:138-142.

Brennan, P.C., Fritz, T.E., & Flynn, R.J. (1969) The role of Pasteurella pneumotropica and Mycoplasma pulmonis in murine pneumonia. Journal of Bacteriology 97:337-349.

Broderson, J.R., Lindsey, J.R., & Crawford, J.E.

Brunnert, S.R., Dai, Y., & Kohn, D. (1994) Comparison of polymer­ase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry for the detection of Mycoplasma pulmonis in paraffin-embedded tissue. Laboratory Animal Science 44:257-260.

Cassell, G.H. (1982) The pathogenic potential of mycoplasmas: Mycoplasma pulmonis as a model. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4:S18-S34.

Cassell, G.H., Davis, J.K., Simecka, J.W., Lindsey, J.R., Cox, N.R., Ross, S., & Fallon, M. (1986) Mycoplasmal infections: disease pathogenesis, implications for biomedical research, and control. In: Viral and Mycoplasmal Infections of Laboratory Rodents: Effects on Biomedical Research (eds. P.N. Bhatt, R.O. Jacoby, H.C. Morse, III, & A.E. New), pp. 87-136. Academic Press, New York.

Davis, J.K. & Cassell, G.H. (1982) Murine respiratory mycoplasmo­sis in LEW and F344 rats: strain differences in lesion severity. Veterinary Pathology 19:280-293.

Schoeb, T.R., Kervin, K.C., & Lindsey, J.R. (1985) Exacerbation of murine respiratory mycoplasmosis in gnotobiotic F344/N rats by Sendai virus infection. Veterinary Pathology 22:272-282.

Schoeb, T.R. & Lindsey, J.R. (1987) Exacerbation of murine respira­tory mycoplasmosis by sialodacryoadenitis virus infection in gnotobiotic F344 rats. Veterinary Pathology 24:392-399.

Steiner, D.A., Uhl, E.W., & Brown, M.D. (1993) In utero transmis­sion of Mycoplasma pulmonis in experimentally infected Sprague-Dawley rats. Infection and Immunity 61:2985-2990.

Tully, J.G. (1986) Biology of rodent mycoplasmas. In: Viral and Mycoplasmal Infections of Laboratory Rodents: Effects on Biomedical Research (eds. P.N. Bhatt, R.O. Jacoby, H.C. Morse, III, & A.E. New) pp. 64-85. Academic Press, New York.

Primary Enteric Infections

Campylobacter jejuni Infection

Epoke, J. & Coker, A.O. (1991) Intestinal colonization of rats following experimental infection with Campylobacter jejuni.

Meanger, J.D. & Marshall, R.B. (1989) Campylobacter jejuni infection within a laboratory animal production unit. Laboratory Animals 23:126-132.

Morales, W., Pimentel, M., Hwang, L., Kunkel, D., Pokkunuri, V., Basseri, B., Low, K., Wang, H., Conklin, J.L., & Chang, C. (2011) Acute and chronic histological changes of the small bowel secondary to C. jejuni infection in a rat model for post-infectious IBS. Digestive Disease Science 56:2575-2584.

Clostridium difficile Infection

Czuprynski, C.J., Johnson, W.J., Balish, E., & Wilkins, T. (1983) Pseudomembranous colitis in Clostridium difficile-monoassoci- ated rats. Infection and Immunity 39:1368-1376.

Clostridium piliforme Infection

Fries, A.S. (1979) Studies on Tyzzer's disease: transplacental trans­mission of Bacillus piliformis in rats. Laboratory Animals 13:43-46.

Franklin, C.L., Motzel, S.L., Besch-Williford, C.L., Hook, R.R., Jr., & Riley, L.K. (1994) Tyzzer's infection: host specificity of Clostrid­ium piliforme isolates. Laboratory Animal Science 44:568-572.

Fries, A.S. & Svendsen, O. (1978) Studies on Tyzzer's disease in rats. Laboratory Animals 12:1-4.

Fujiwara, K., Nakayama, M., & Takahashi, K. (1981) Serologic detection of inapparent Tyzzer's disease in rats. Japanese Journal of Experimental Medicine 51:197-200.

Furukawa, T., Furumoto, K., Fujieda, M., & Okada, E. (2002) Detec­tion by PCR of the Tyzzer's disease organism (Clostridium pili- forme). Experimental Animals 51:513-516.

Hansen, A.K., Skovgaard-Jensen, H.J., Thomsen, P., Svendsen, O., Dagnaes-Hansen, F., & Mollegaard-Hansen, K.E. (1992) Reder­ivation of rat colonies seropositive for Bacillus piliformis and subsequent screening for antibodies. Laboratory Animal Science 42:444-448.

Jonas, A.M., Percy, D., & Craft, J. (1970) Tyzzer's disease in the rat: its possible relationship with megaloileitis. Archives of Pathology 90:516-528.

Motzel, S.L.

Riley, L.K., Besch-Williford, C., & Waggie, K.S. (1990) Protein and antigenic heterogeneity among isolates of Bacillus piliformis. Infection and Immunity 58:1010-1016.

Enterococcus spp. Infection

Etheridge, M.E. & Vonderfecht, S.L. (1992) Diarrhea caused by a slow-growing Enterococcus-like agent in neonatal rats. Laboratory Animal Science 42:548-550.

Etheridge, M.E., Yolken, R.H., & Vonderfecht, S.L. (1988) Enter­ococcus hirae implicated as a cause of diarrhea in suckling rats. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26:1741-1744.

Gades, N.M., Mandrell, T.D., & Rogers, W.P. (1999) Diarrhea in neonatal rats. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 38:44-46.

Hoover, D., Bendele, S.A., Wightman, S.R., Thompson, C.Z., & Hoyt, J.A. (1985) Streptococcal enteropathy in infant rats. Lab­oratory Animal Science 35:653-641.

Helicobacter spp. Infections

Beckwith, C.S., Franklin, C.L., Hook, R.R., Jr., Besch-Williford, C.L., & Riley, L.K. (1997) Fecal PCR assay for diagnosis of Helicobacter infection in laboratory rodents. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 35:1620-1623.

Cacioppo, L.D., Shen, Z., Parry, J.M., & Fox, J.G. (2012) Resistance of Sprague-Dawley rats to infection with Helicobacter pullorum. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 51:803-807.

Cacioppo, L.D., Turk, M.L., Shen, Z., Ge, Z., Parry, N., Whary, M.T., Boutin, S.R., Klein, H.J., & Fox, J.G. (2012) Natural and exper­imental Helicobacter pullorum infection in Brown Norway rats. Journal of Medical Microbiology 61:1319-1323.

Haines, D.C., Goerlick, P.L., Battles, J.K., Pike, K.M., Anderson, R.J., Fox, J.G., Taylor, N.S., Shen, Z., Dewhirst, F.E., Anver, M.R., & Ward, J.M. (1998) Inflammatory large bowel disease in immu­nodeficient rats naturally and experimentally infected with Helicobacter bilis.

Lee, A.M.W. 1992. Helicobacter muridarum sp. nov., a microaero- philic helical bacterium with novel ultrastructure isolated from the intestinal mucosa of rodents. International Journal of System­atic Bacteriology 42:27-36.

Mendes, E.N., Quieroz, D.M.M., Dewhirst, F.E., Paster, B.J., Moura, S.B., & Fox, J.G. (1996) Helicobacter trogontum sp. nov. isolated from the rat intestine. International Journal of Systematic Bacteri­ology 46:916-921.

Phillips, M.W. & Lee, A. (1983) Isolation and characterization of a spiral bacterium from the crypts of rodent gastrointestinal tracts. Applied Environmental Microbiology 45:675-683.

Vandenberghe, J., Verheyen, A., Lauwers, S., & Geboes, K. (1985) Spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the ascending colon in Wistar rats: the intracytoplasmic presence of a Campylobacter-like bac­terium. Journal of Comparative Pathology 95:45-55.

Whary, M.T. & Fox, J.G. (2004) Natural and experimental Helico­bacter infections. Comparative Medicine 54:128-158.

Whary, M.T. & Fox, J.G. (2006) Detection, eradication, and research implications of Helicobacter infections in laboratory rodents. Laboratory Animals (NY). 35:25-27, 30-36.

Lawsonia intracellularis Infection

Salmonella enterica Infection

Maenza, R.M., Powell, D.W., Plotkin, G.R., Focmal, S.B., Jervis, H.R., & Sprinz, H. (1970) Experimental diarrhea: Salmonella enterocolitis in the rat. Journal of Infectious Diseases 121:475-485.

Pappenheimer, A.M. & Von Wedel, H. (1914) Observations on a spontaneous typhoid-like epidemic of white rats. Journal of Infectious Diseases 14:180-185.

Thygesen, P., Martinsen, C., Hongen, H.P., Hattori, R., Stenvang,

J. P., & Ryngaard, J. (2000) Histologic, cytologic, and bacteriologic examinations of experimentally induced Salmonella typhimurium infection in Lewis rats. Comparative Medicine 50:124-132.

Other Bacterial Infections

Corynebacterium kutscheri Infection

Ackerman, J.I., Fox, J.G., & Murphy, J.C. (1984) An enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay for detection of antibodies to Coryne- bacterium kutscheri in experimentally infected rats. Laboratory Animal Science 34:38-43.

Amao, H., Komukai, Y., Akimoto, T., Sugiyama, M., Takahashi,

K. W., Sawada, T., & Saito, M. (1995) Natural and subclinical Corynebacterium kutscheri infection in rats. Laboratory Animal Science 45:11-14.

Barthold, S.W. & Brownstein, D.G. (1988) The effect of selected viruses on Corynebacterium kutscheri infection in rats. Laboratory Animal Science 38:580-583.

Boot, R., Thuis, H., Bakker, R., & Veenema, J.L. (1995) Serological studies of Corynebacterium kutscheri and coryneform bacteria using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Laboratory Ani­mals 29:294-299.

Brownstein, D.G., Barthold, S.W., Adams, R.L., Terwilliger, G.A., & Aftosmis, J.G. (1985) Experimental Corynebacterium kutscheri infection in rats: bacteriology and serology. Laboratory Animal Science 35:135-138.

Fox, J.G., Niemi, S.M., Ackerman, J., & Murphy, J.C. (1987) Com­parison of methods to diagnose an epizootic of Corynebacterium kutscheri pneumonia in rats. Laboratory Animal Science 37:72-75.

Giddens, W.E., Keahey, K.K., Carter, G.R., & Whitehair, C.K. (1969) Pneumonia in rats due to infection with Corynebacterium kut- scheri. Pathologia Veterinaria 5:227-237.

McEwen, S.A. & Percy, D.H. (1985) Diagnostic exercise: pneumonia in a rat. Laboratory Animal Science 35:485-487.

Erysipelas rhusiopathiae Infection

Feinstein, R.E. & Eld, K. (1989) Naturally occurring erysipelas in rats. Laboratory Animals 23:256-260.

Haemophilus spp. Infection

Boot, R., van den Berg, L., Van Lith, H.A., & Veenema, J.L. (2005) Rat strains differ in antibody response to natural Haemophilus species infection. Laboratory Animals 39:413-420.

Boot, R., Vlemminx, M.J., & Reubsaet, F.A. (2009) Comparison of polymerase chain reaction primer sets for amplification of rodent Pasteurellaceae. Laboratory Animals 43:371-375.

Bootz, F., Kirschnek, S., Nicklas, W., Wyss, S.K., & Homberger, F.R. (1998) Detection of Pasteurellaceae in rodents by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Laboratory Animal Science 48:542-546.

Hayashimoto, N., Yasuda, M., Ueno, M., Goto, K., & Takakura, A. (2008) Experimental infection studies of Pasteurella pneumotrop­ica and V-factor dependent Pasteurellaceae for F344-rnu rats. Experimental Animals 57:57-63.

Nicklas, W. (1989) Haemophilus infection in a colony of laboratory rats. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 27:1636-1639.

Nicklas, W., Staut, M., & Benner, A. (1993) Prevalence and bio­chemical properties of V factor-dependent Pasteurellaceae from rodents. Zentralblatt fur Bakteriologie 279:114-124.

Klebsiella pneumoniae Infection

Jackson, N.N., Wall, H.G., Miller, C.A., & Rogul, M. (1980) Naturally acquired infections of Klebsiella pneumonia in Wistar rats. Labo­ratory Animals 14:357-361.

Leptospira spp. Infection

Athanazio, D.A., Silva, E.F., Santos, C., Rocha, G.M., Vannier- Santos, M.A., McBride, A.J.A., Ko, A.I., & Reis, M.G. (2008) Rattus norvegicus as a model for persistent renal colonization by pathogenic Leptospira interrogans. Acta Tropica 105:176-180.

Evangelista, K.V. & Coburn, J. (2010) Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses. Future Microbiology 5:1413-1425.

Fuzi, M. & Csoka, R. (1961) Leptospirosis in white laboratory rats. Nature 191:1123.

Jansen, A. & Schneider, T. (2011) Weil's disease in a rat owner. Lancet Infectious Diseases 11:152.

Tucunduva de Faria, M.T., Athanazio, D.A., Goncalves Ramos, E.A., Silva, E.F., Reis, M.G. & Ko, A.I. (2007) Morphological alterations in the kidney of rats with natural and experimental Leptospira infection. Journal of Comparative Pathology 137:231-238.

Mycoplasma haemomuris Infection

Neimark, H., Johansson, K.E., Rikihisa, Y., & Tully, J.G. (2002) Revision of haemotropic Mycoplasma species names. Interna­tional Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52:683.

Zhang, C. & Rikihisa, Y. (2002) Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of a Mycoplasma haemomuris-specific polymerase chain reaction test. Comparative Medicine 52:313-315.

Pasteurella pneumotropica Infection

Boot, R., Vlemminx, M.J., & Reubsaet, F.A. (2009) Comparison of polymerase chain reaction primer sets for amplification of rodent Pasteurellaceae. Laboratory Animals 43:371-375.

Brennan, P.C., Fritz, T.E., & Flynn, R.J. (1969) The role of Pasteurella pneumotropica and Mycoplasma pulmonis in murine pneumonia. Journal of Bacteriology 97:337-349.

Burek, J.D., Jersey, G.C., Whitehair, C.K., & Carter, G.R. (1972) The pathology and pathogenesis of Bordetella bronchiseptica and Pasteurella pneumotropica infection in conventional and germ- free rats. Laboratory Animal Science 22:844-849.

Carthew, P. & Aldred, P. (1988) Embryonic death in pregnant rats owing to intercurrent infection with Sendai virus and Pasteurella pneumotropica. Laboratory Animals 22:92-97.

Hayashimoto, N., Yasuda, M., Ueno, M., Goto, K., & Takakura, A. (2008) Experimental infection studies of Pasteurella pneumotrop- ica and V-factor dependent Pasteurellaceae for F344-rnu rats. Experimental Animals 57:57-63.

Hong, C.C. & Ediger, R.D. (1978) Chronic necrotizing mastitis in rats caused by Pasteurella pneumotropica. Laboratory Animal Sci­ence 28:317-320.

Moore, T.D., Allen, A.M., & Ganaway, J.R. (1973) Latent Pasteurella pneumotropica infection in the intestine of gnotobiotic and barrier-held rats. Laboratory Animal Science 23:657-661.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection

Flynn, R.J. (1963) Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and its effects on biological and medical research. Laboratory Animal Science 13:1-6.

Wyand, D.S. & Jonas, A.M. (1967) Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in rats following implantation of an indwelling jugular catheter. Laboratory Animal Care 17:261-266.

Staphylococcus aureus Infection

Ash, G.W. (1971) An epidemic of chronic skin ulceration in rats. Laboratory Animals 5:115-122.

Fox, J.G., Niemi, S.M., Murphy, J.C., & Quimby, F.W. (1977) Ulcerative dermatitis in the rat. Laboratory Animal Science 27:671-678.

Godfrey, D.M., Gaumond, G.A., Delano, M.L., & Silverman, J. (2005) Clinical linoleic acid deficiency in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS/Jr) rats. Comparative Medicine 55:470-475.

Kunstyr, I., Ernst, H., & Lenz, W. (1995) Granulomatous dermatitis and mastitis in two SPF rats associated with a slowly growing Staphylococcus aureus: a case report. Laboratory Animals 29:177-179.

Ozaki, K., Nishikawa, T., Nishimura, M., & Narama, I. (1997) Spontaneous skin lesions in beige rats (Chediak-Higashi syn­drome of rats). Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59:651-655.

Wagner, J.E., Owens, D.R., LaRegina, M.C., & Vogler, G.A. (1977) Self-trauma and Staphylococcus aureus in ulcerative dermatitis of rats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 171:839-841.

Streptobacillus moniliformis Infection

Anderson, L.C., Leary, S.L., & Manning, P.J. (1983) Rat-bite fever in animal research laboratory personnel. Laboratory Animal Science 33:292-294.

Boot, R., Oosterhuis, A., & Thuis, H.C. (2002) PCR for the detection of Streptobacillus moniliformis. Laboratory Animals 36:200-208.

Graves, M.H. & Janda, M.J. (2001) Rat-bite fever (Streptobacillus moniliformis): a potential emerging disease. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 5:151-154.

Wullenweber, M. (1994) Streptobacillus moniliformis: a zoonotic pathogen. Taxonomic considerations, host species, diagnosis, therapy, geographical distribution. Laboratory Animals 29:1-15.

Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection

Borkowski, G.L. & Griffith, J.W. (1990) Diagnostic exercise: pneu­monia and pleuritis in a rat. Laboratory Animal Science 40:323-325.

Fallon, M.T., Reinhard, M.K., Gray, B.M., Davis, T.W., & Lindsey, J.R. (1988) Inapparent Streptococcus pneumoniae type 35 infec­tions in commercial rats and mice. Laboratory Animal Science 38:129-132.

Weisbroth, S.H. & Freimer, E.H. (1969) Laboratory rats from com­mercial breeders as carriers of pathogenic pneumococci. Labo­ratory Animal Care 19:473-478.

Yoneda, K. & Coonrod, J.D. (1980) Experimental type 25 pneumo­coccal pneumonia in rats. American Journal of Pathology 99:231-242.

Fungal Infections

Aspergillus spp. Infection

Gupta, B.N. (1978) Pulmonary aspergilloma in a rat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 173:1196-1197.

Hubbs, A.F., Hahn, F.F., & Lundgren, D.C. (1991) Invasive tracheo­bronchial aspergillosis in an F344/N rat. Laboratory Animal Science 41:521-524.

Rehm, S., Waalkes, M.P., & Ward, J.M. (1988) Aspergillus rhinitis in Wistar (Crl(WI)BR) rats. Laboratory Animal Science 38:162-166.

Rozengurt, N. & Sanchez, S. (1993) Aspergillus niger isolated from an outbreak of rhinitis in rats. Veterinary Record 132:656-657.

Singh, B. & Chawla, R.S. (1974) A note on an outbreak of pulmo­nary aspergillosis in albino rat colony. Indian Journal of Animal Science 44:804-807.

Blastomyces dermatitidis Infection

Chang, S.C., Hsuan, S.L., Lin, C.C., Lee, W.C., Chien, M.S., Chen,

L. C., Wu, J.H., Cheng, S.J., Chen, C.L., & Liao, J.W. (2012) Probably Blastomyces dermatitidis infection in a young rat. Vet­erinary Pathology 50:343-346.

Dermatophyte Infection

Balsardi, A., Bianchi, C., Cocilovo, A., Dragoni, I., Poli, G., & Ponti, W. (1981) Dermatophytes in clinically healthy laboratory ani­mals. Laboratory Animals 15:75-77.

Phycomycotic Infection

Moody, K.D., Griffith, J.W., & Lang, C.M. (1986) Fungal meningo­encephalitis in a laboratory rat. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 189:1152-1153.

Rapp, J.P. & McGrath, J.T. (1975) Mycotic encephalitis in weanling rats. Laboratory Animal Science 25:477-480.

Pneumocystis spp. Infection

Albers, T. & Clifford, C. (2003) Transmission of rat respiratory virus in a rat colony: gross and histopathological progression of lesions. Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42:73-74.

Albers, T.M., Simon, M.A., & Clifford, C.B. (2009) Histopathology of naturally transmitted “rat respiratory virus”: progression of lesions and proposed diagnostic criteria. Veterinary Pathology 46:992-999.

An, C.L., Cigliotti, F., & Harmsen, A.G. (2003) Exposure of immu­nocompetent adult mice to Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. muris by cohousing: growth of P. carinii f. sp. muris and host immune response. Infection and Immunity 71:2065-2070.

Armstrong, M.Y., Smith, A.L., & Richards, F.F. (1991) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the rat model. Journal of Protozoology 38:136S-138S.

Barton, E.G. & Campbell, W.G. (1969) Pneumocystis carinii in lungs of rats treated with cortisone acetate: ultrastructural observa­tions relating to the life cycle. American Journal of Pathology 54:209-236.

Cushion, M.T. (2004) Molecular and phenotypic description of Pneumocystis Wakefieldiae sp. nov., a new species in rats. Myco- logicia 96:429-438.

Cushion, M.T. (2004) Pneumocystis: unraveling the cloak of obscu­rity. Trends in Microbiology 12:243-249.

Deerberg, F., Pohlmeyer, G., Wullenweber, M., & Hedrich, H.J. (1993) History and pathology of an enzootic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in athymic Han:RNU and Han:NZNU rats. Journal of Experimental Animal Science 36-1-11.

Ellwell, M.R., Mahler, J.F., & Rao, G.N. (1997) Have you seen this? Inflammatory lesions in the lungs of rats. Toxicologic Pathology 25:529-531.

Feldman, S.H., Weisbroth, S.P., & Weisbroth, S.H. (1996) Detection of Pneumocystis carinii in rats by polymerase chain reaction: comparison of lung tissue and bronchioalveolar lavage speci­mens. Laboratory Animal Science 46:628-634.

Furuta, T., Fujita, M., Machii, R., Kobayashi, K., Kojima, S., & Veda, K. (1993) Fatal spontaneous pneumocystosis in nude rats. Lab­oratory Animal Science 43:551-556.

Henderson, K.S., Dole, V., Parker, N.J., Momtsios, P., Banu, L., Brouillette, R., Simon, M.A., Albers, T.M., Pritchett-Corning, K.R., Clifford, C.B., & Shek, W.R. (2012) Pneumocystis carinii causes a distinctive interstitial pneumonia in immuno­competent laboratory rats that had been attributed to “rat respiratory virus.” Veterinary Pathology 49:440-452.

Icenhour, C.R., Rebholz, S.L., Collins, M.S., & Cushion, M.T. (2001) Widespread occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies detected using targeted PCR and oral swabs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39:3437-3441.

Icenhour, C.R., Rebholz, S.L., Collins, M.S., & Cushion, M.T. (2002) Early acquisition of Pneumocystis carinii in neonatal rats as evidence by PCR and oral swabs. Eukaryotic Cell 1:414-419.

Livingston, R.S., Besch-Williford, C.L., Myles, M.H., Franklin, C.L., Crim, M.J., & Riley, L.K. (2011) Pneumocystis carinii infection causes lung lesions historically attributed to rat respiratory virus. Comparative Medicine 61:45-59.

Nahimana, A., Cushion, M.T., Blanc, D.S., & Hauser, P.M. (2001) Rapid PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism method to differentiate and estimate relative abundance of Pneumocystis carinii special forms infecting rats. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39:4563-4565.

Oz, H.S. & Hughes, W.T. (1996) Effect of sex and dexamethazone dose on the experimental host for Pneumocystis carinii. Labora­tory Animal Science 46:109-110.

Pohlmeyer, G., & Deerberg, F. (1993) Nude rats as a model of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: sequential morphologic study of lung lesions. Journal of Comparative Pathology 109:217-230.

Slaoui, M., Dreef, H.C., & van Esch, E. (1998) Inflammatory lesions in the lungs of Wistar rats. Toxicologic Pathology 26:712-713.

Encephalitozoon cuniculi Infection

Attwood, H.D. & Sutton, R.D. (1965) Encephalitozoon granuloma in rats. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 89:735-738.