Medications used in the treatment of feline hepatic lipidosis

Abbreviations: AchR, anticholinesterase receptor; Ca, calcium; cf, compared to; CI, con­traindicated; CRI, constant rate infusion; CRTZ, chemoreceptor trigger zone; g, gram; ga, gauge; GI, gastrointestinal; hr, hour; iv, intravenous; KCS, keratoconjunctivitis sicca; kg, kilogram; mg, milligram; min, minute; NaCl, sodium chloride; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti­inflammatory drugs; po, per os; sc, subcutaneously; μg, microgram.

Recommended reading

Swallowing and regurgitation

ergens AE. Diseases of the esophagus. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of Ve­terinary Internal Medicine. 7th edn. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2010:1487-1499.

ecoindrea P, Cadore JL. Disorders of the oesophagus in domestic carnivores. Pratique Medicale et Chirurgicale de l’Animal de Compagnie. 1994;29(1):25-43.

trombeck DR, Guilford WG. Pharynx and esophagus: normal structure and function. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s SmallAnimal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:202-210.

Vatrous BJ. The esophagus. In: Thrall DE, editor. Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology. 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2002:329-348.

Idiopathic megaoesophagus in a dog

iaynor AR, Shofer FS, Washabau RJ. Risk factors for acquired megaesophagus in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1997;211(11):1406-1411.

uilford WG. Megaesophagus in the dog and cat. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small Animal). 1990;5(1):37-45.

Iuilford WG, Stombeck DR. Diseases of swallowing. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyers DJ, editors. Stombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:211-238.

k>gan DA, Johnson LR, Sturges BK, et al. Etiology and clinical outcome in dogs with aspir­ation pneumonia: 88 cases (2004-2006). Journal of American Veterinary Medical Associ­ation.

!ears EA, Jenkins CC. Canine and feline megaesophagus. Compendiumfor ContinuingEduca- tion. 1997;19(3):313-325.

ahl JM, Clark LA, Tsai KL, Murphy KE. A review of hereditary diseases of the German Shepherd Dog. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 2008;3(4):177.

atrous BJ, Blumenfeld B. Congenital megaesophagus with hypertrophic osteopathy in a 6-year old dog. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 2002;43(6):545-549.

Myasthenia gravis in a dog

lent M, Glass EN, Acierno M, Shelton GD. Adult onset acquired myasthenia gravis in three Great Dane littermates. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2008;49(12):647-650.

helton GD. Myasthenia gravis and disorders of neuromuscular transmission. In: Shelton GD, editor. The Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice. Neuromuscular Diseases, 32. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2002:189-206.

helton GD, Lindstrom JM. Spontaneous remission in canine myasthenia gravis: implications for assessing human MG therapies. Neurology. 2001;57:2139-2141.

Shelton GD, Willard MD, Cardinet GH, Lindstrom J. Acquired myasthenia gravis. Selective involvement of esophageal, pharyngeal and facial muscles. Journal of Veterinary In­ternal Medicine. 1990;4:281-284.

Yam PS, Shelton GD, Simpson JW. Megaoesophagus secondary to acquired myasthenia gravis. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1996;37:179-183.

Oesophageal stricture in a cat

Adamama-Moraitou KK, Rallis TS, Prassinos NN, Galatos AD. Benign esophageal stricture in the dog and cat: a retrospective study of 20 cases. Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research. 2002;66(1):55-59.

Glazer A, Walters P. Esophagitis and esophageal strictures. Compendiumfor Contining Edu­cation for the Practicing Veterinarian. 2008;30(5):281-292.

_jeib MS, Dinnel H, Ward DL, et al. Endoscopic balloon dilation of benign esophageal stric­tures in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15(6):547-552.

Sellon R, Willard M. Esophagitis and esophageal strictures.

Phenobarbitone response regurgitation in a dog

Boydell P, Pike R, Crossley D, Whitbread T. Sialadenosis in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2000;216:872-874.

Breitschwert EB, Breazile JE, Broadhurst JJ. Clinical and electroencephalographic findings associated with ten cases of suspected limbic epilepsy in the dog. Journal of the Amer­ican Veterinary Medical Association. 1979;15:37-50.

Brooks DG, Hottinger HA, Dunstan RW. Canine necrotizing sialometaplasia: a case report and review of the literature. Journal of the American Animal Hospital. 1995;31:21-25.

Chapman BL, Malik R. Phenobarbitone-responsive hypersialism in two dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1992;33:549-552.

Cook MM, Guilford WG. Necrotizing sialoadenitis in a wire-haired fox terrier. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 1992;40:69-72.

Kelly DF, Lucke VM, Denny HR, Lane JG. Histology of salivary gland infarction in the dog. Veterinary Pathology. 1979;16:438-443.

Levitski RE, Trepanier LA. Effect of timing of blood collection on serum phenobarbital con­centrations in dogs with epilepsy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Associ­ation. 2000;217(2):200-204.

Mawby DI, Bauer MS, Lloyd-Bauer PM. Vasculitis and necrosis of the mandibular salivary glands and chronic vomiting in a dog. Canadian Veterinary Journal. 1991;32:562-564.

Schroeder H, Berry WL. Salivary gland necrosis in dogs: as retrospective study of 19 cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1998;39:121-125.

Stonehewer J, Mackin AJ, Tasker S, et al. Idiopathic phenobarbital-responsive hypersialosis in the dog: an unusual form of limbic epilepsy? Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2000;41:416-421.

Oesophageal foreign body in a dog

Burrows CF. Gastrointestinal disorders, part 2 Esophagus. In: Schaer M, editor. Clinical Medicine of the Dog and Cat. London: Manson Publishing Ltd; 2010:328-341.

Gianella P, Pfmatter NS, Burgener IA.

Guilford WG. Disease of swallowing. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:211-238.

Leib M, Sartor LL. Esophageal foreign body obstruction caused by a dental chew treat in 31 dogs (2000-2006). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2008;232(7):1021-1025.

_juthi C, Neiger R. Esophageal foreign bodies in dogs: 51 cases (1992-1997). The European Journal of Comparative Gastroenterology. 1998;3:7-11.

Persistent right aortic arch in a dog

Fingeroth JM, Fossum TW. Late-onset regurgitation associated with persistent right aortic arch in two dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1987;191:981-983.

Guilford WG, Stombeck DR. Diseases of swallowing. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Stombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:211-238.

Gunby JM, Hardie RJ, Bjorling DE. Investigation of the potential heritability of persistent right aortic arch in Greyhounds. Journal of the American VeterinaryMedicalAssociation. 2004;224(7):1120-1122.

Loughin CA, Marino DJ. Delayed primary surgical treatment in a dog with a persistent right aortic arch. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 2008;44(5):258-261.

Muldoon MM, Birchard SJ, Ellison GW. Long-term results of surgical correction of persist­ent right aortic arch in dogs (1980-1995). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1997;210(12):1761-1763.

Patterson DF. Hereditary congenital heart defects in dogs. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1989;30(3):153-160. 165

Shires PK, Liu W. Persistent right aortic arch in dogs: a long term follow-up after surgical correction. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.

VanGundy T. Vascular ring anomalies. Compendium for Continuing Education for the Practi­cing Veterinarian. 1989;11(1):36-48.

Feline dysautonomia

Cave TA, Knottenbelt C, Mellor DJ, et al. Outbreak of dysautonomia (Key-Gaskell syn­drome) in a closed colony of pet cats. Veterinary Record. 2003;153(13):387-392.

Edney ATN, Gaskell CJ, Sharp NJH Feline dysautonomia - an emerging disease. Waltham Sym­posium No 6 (eds) Journal of Small Animal Practice 1987;28:333-415.

Nunn F, Cave TA, Knottenbelt C, Poxton IR. Association between Key-Gaskell syndrome and infection by Clostridium botulinum type C/D. Veterinary Record. 2004;155(4):111-115.

Sharp NJ. Feline dysautonomia. Seminars in VeterinaryMedicine and Surgery (SmallAnimal). 1990;5(1):67-71.

Gastrointestinal physiology - the normal stomach and small intest­ines

Maskell IE, Johnson JV. Digestion and absorption. In: Burger I, editor. The Waltham Book of Companion Animal Nutrition. Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1993:25-44.

Ruaux CG, Steiner JM, Williams DA. Metabolism of amino acids in cats with severe cobal­amin deficiency. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2001;62:1852-1858.

Strombeck DR. Small and large intestine. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Wil­liams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:318-350.

Strombeck DR, Guilford WG. Gastric structure and function. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenter­ology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:239-255.

Vomiting

Allen FJ, Guilford WG. Assessment of gastrointestinal motility. In: Bonagura JD, editor. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:611-613.

Guilford WG. Approach to clinical problems in gastroenterology. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:50-76.

Guilford WG, Jones BR, Markwell PJ, et al. Food sensitivity in cats with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal problems. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15:7-23.

Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Vomiting: pathophysiology and pharmacological control. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strom- beck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:256-260.

Hall JA. Clinical approach to chronic vomiting. In: August JR, editor. Consultations in Feline Medicine. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1997:61-67.

Jergens AE. Diagnosis and symptomatic therapy of acute gastroenteritis. Compendiumfor Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 1994;16(12):1555-1564.

³rosek R, Pechman RD, Taboada J. Using radiographs to diagnose the cause of vomiting in a dog. Veterinary Medicine. 2000;95(9):688-690.

A foreign body in the small intestine of a dog

Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Intestinal obstruction, pseudo-obstruction, and foreign bod­ies. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyers DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:487-582.

Hayes G. Gastrointestinal foreign bodies in dogs and cats: a retrospective study of 208 cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2009;50(11):576-583.

Shaiken L. Determining the type of intestinal obstruction. Veterinary Medicine. 1997;92(11):950-951.

Γyrrell D, Beck C. Survey of the use of radiography vs. ultrasonography in the investigation of gastrointestinal foreign bodies in small animals. Veterinary Radiology and Ultra­sound. 2006;47(4):404-408.

Chronic partial gastric dilatation in a dog

Brockman DJ, Holt DE, Washabau RJ. Pathogenesis of acute canine gastric dilatation­volvulus syndrome: is there a unifying hypothesis? Compendium for Continuing Edu­cation for the Practicing. Veterinarian. 2000;22(12):1108-1114.

Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al. Multiple risk factors for the gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in dogs: a practitioner/owner case-control study. Journ­al of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1997;33:197.

Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Schellenberg DB, et al. Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2000;217:1492.

Glickman LT, Lantz GC, Schellenberg DB, Glickman NW. A prospective study of survival and recurrence following the acute gastric dilatation-volvulus syndrome in 136 dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1998;34:253.

Guilford WG. Gastric dilatation, gastric dilatation-volvulus, and chronic gastric volvulus. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyers DJ, editors. Strom- beck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:303-317.

Ward MP, Patronek GJ, Glickman LT. Benefits of prophylactic gastropexy for dogs at risk of gastric dilatation-volvulus. Preventative Veterinary Medicine. 2003;60(4):319-329.

Pancreatitis and alimentary lymphoma in a dog

Coyle KA, Steinberg H. Characterization of lymphocytes in canine gastrointestinal lymph­oma. Veterinary Pathology. 2004;41(2):141-146.

Ettinger SN. Principles of treatment for canine lymphoma. Clinical Techniques in Small An­imal Practice. 2003;18(2):92-97.

Guilford WG, Stombech DR. Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, APUD tumors, endo- crinopathies and the gastrointestinal tract. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyers DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:519-531.

Lowe AD. Alimentary lymphosarcoma in a 4-year-old Labrador retriever. Canadian Veterin­ary Journal. 2004;45(7):610-612.

Miura T, Maruyama H, Sakai M, et al. Endoscopic findings on alimentary lymphoma in 7 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 2004;66(5):577-580.

Steiner J. Canine pancreatic disease. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Ve­terinary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:534-537.

Hypoadrenocorticism in a dog

Adler JA, Drobatz KJ, Hess RS. Abnormalities of serum electrolyte concentrations in dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007;21(6):1168-1173.

Boysen SR. Fluid and electrolyte therapy in endocrine disorders: diabetes mellitus and hy­poadrenocorticism. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2008;38(3):699-717. xiii—xiv

Greco DS. Hypoadrenocorticism in small animals. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2007;22(1):32-35.

Hertage M. Hypoadrenocorticism. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of Veterin­ary Internal Medicine. 6th edn. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1612-1621.

_jennon EM, Boyle TE, Hutchins RG, et al. Use of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentra­tions to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 123 cases (2000-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2007;231(3):413-416.

Meeking S. Treatment of acute adrenal insufficiency. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2007;22(1):36-39.

Nielsen L, Bell R, Zoia A, et al. Low ratios of sodium to potassium in the serum of 238 dogs. Veterinary Record. 2008;162(14):431-435.

Thompson AL, Scott-Moncrieff JC, Anderson JD. Comparison of classic hypoadrenocor­ticism with glucocorticoid-deficient hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 46 cases (1985-2005). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2007;230(8):1190-1194.

Lymphocytic inflammatory bowel disease/alimentary lymphoma in a cat

Carreras JK, Goldschmidty M, Lamb M, et al. Feline epitheliotropic intestinal malignant lymphoma: 10 cases (1997-2000). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;17(3):326-331.

Carsten EA, Williard GK. Gastrointestinal lymphoma and inflammatory bowel disease. In: August JR, editor. Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine. 4th edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001:499-505.

Evans SE, Bonczynski JJ, Broussard JD, et al. Comparison of endoscopic and full-thickness biopsy specimen for diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease and alimentary tract lymphoma in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2006;229(9):1447-1450.

Fondacaro JV, Richter KP, Carpenter JL, et al. Feline gastrointestinal lymphoma: 76 cases (1988-1996). European Journal of Comparative Gastroenterology. 1999;4(2):5-11.

Grover S. Gastrointestinal lymphoma in cats. Compendium for Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 2005;27(10):741-750.

³ohlman LM, Higginbotham ML, Welles EG, Johnson CM. Immunophenotypic and histolo­gic classification of 50 cases of feline gastrointestinal lymphoma. Veterinary Pathology. 2009;46(2):259-268.

Richter KP. Feline gastrointestinal lymphoma. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small An­imal Practice. 2003;33(5):1083-1098.

Simpson KW, Fyfe J, Cornetta A, et al. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vit­amin B12) in cats with gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15(1):26-32.

Steiner JM, 2009. Cobalamin deficiency in dogs & cats: why should we care? Proceedings of the ACVIM Forum, 2-6 June, 2009. Montreal, Canada, p. 504-506.

Valli VE, Jacobs RM, Norris A, et al. The histologic classification of 602 cases of feline lymphoproliferative disease using the National Cancer Institute working formulation. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation. 2000;12(4):295-306.

Ingestion of glue by a dog

Bailey T. The expanding threat of polyurethane adhesive ingestion. Veterinary Technician June.. 2004:427-428.

Cope RB. Four new small animal toxicoses. Australian Veterinary Practice. 2004;34(3):121-123.

Horstman CL, Eubig PA, Cornell KK, Khan SA, Seicer BA. Gastric outflow obstruction after ingestion of wood glue in a dog. Journal of the Animal Hospital Association. 2003;39(1):47-51.

_jeib MS, Duncan RB. Diagnosing gastric Helicobacter infections in dogs and cats. Compen­dium for Continuing Education for the Practising Veterinarian. 2005;27(3):221-228.

Leib MS, Duncan RB, Ward DL. Triple antimicrobial therapy and acid suppression in dogs with chronic vomiting and gastric Helicobacter spp. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medi­cine. 2007;21(6):1185-1192.

mbich C, Mrvos R, Krenzelok EP. Beware of Gorilla Glue ingestions. Veterinary and Human Toxicology. 2004;463:153-154.

Lead ingestion in a puppy

Gwaltney-Brant SM. Chapter 28 Lead toxicosis in small animals. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. St Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:127-130.

Marin C. What’s your diagnosis? Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2006;47(7):413-415.

Morgan RV, Moore FM, Pearce LK, Rossi T. Clinical and laboratory findings in small com­panion animals with lead poisoning: 347 cases (1977-1986). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1991;199(1):93-97.

Morgan RV, Moore FM, Pearce LK, Rossi T. Demographic data and treatment of small com­panion animals with lead poisoning 347 cases (1977-1986). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1991;199(1):98-102.

Ramsey DT, Casteel SW, Faggella AM, et al. Use of orally administered succimer (meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) for treatment of lead poisoning in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1996;208(3):371-375.

Gastric adenocarcinoma in a dog

Guilford WG. Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, APUD tumors, endocrinopathies and the gastrointestinal tract. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:519-531.

Phillips BS. Tumors of the intestinal tract. In: Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG, editors. Small An­imal Clinical Oncology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2001:335-346.

Simpson KW. Diseases of the stomach. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of Ve­terinary Internal Medicine. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1310-1331.

Sullivan M, Lee R, Fisher EW, et al. A study of 31 cases of gastric carcinoma in dogs. Veter­inary Record. 1987;120(4):79-83.

Pancreatitis in a cat

Akol KG, Washabau RJ. Acute pancreatitis in cats with hepatic lipidosis. Journal of Veterin­ary Internal Medicine. 1993;7:205-209.

Hill RC, Van Winkle TJ. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis and acute suppurative pancreatitis in the cat. A retrospective study of 40 cases (1976-1989). Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 1993;7:25-33.

Steiner JM, Medinger TL, Williams DA. Development and validation of a radioimmunoas­say for feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1996;57:1417-1420.

Williams DA. The pancreas. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Mey­er DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saun­ders; 1996:381-410.

Williams DA. Feline exocrine pancreatic disease. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, editors. Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:538-543.

Linear foreign body in a cat

Basher AW, Fowler JD. Conservative versus surgical management of gastrointestinal linear foreign bodies in the cat. Veterinary Surgery. 1987;16(2):135-138.

Bebchuk TN. Feline gastrointestinal foreign bodies. Veterinary Clinics of North American Small Animal Practice. 2002;4:861-880.

Clarke JO, Dorman DC. Toxicities from newer over-the-counter drugs. In: Bonagura JE, editor. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:227-231.

Felts JF, Fox R, Burk RL. Thread and sewing needles as gastrointestinal foreign bodies in the cat: a review of 64 cases. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1984;184(1):56-59.

Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Intestinal Obstruction, pseudo-obstruction and foreign bodies. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strom- beck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:487-502.

Hickman MA, Cox SR, Mahabir S, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and use of the novel NK-1 receptor antagonist maropitant (Cerenia^TM) for the prevention of emesis and motion sickness in cats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008;31(3):220-229.

MacPhail C. Gastrointestinal obstruction. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2002;17(4):178-183.

Porto-systemic shunt in a dog

Broome CJ, Walsh VP, Braddock JA. Congenital portosystemic shunts in dogs and cats. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 2004;52(4):154-162.

Doran IP, Barr FJ, Moore AH, et al. Liver size, bodyweight, and tolerance to acute complete occlusion of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs. Veterinary Surgery. 2008;37(7):656-662.

Kummeling A, van Sluijs FJ, Rothuizen J. Prognostic implications of the degree of shunt narrowing and of the portal vein diameter in dogs with congenital portosystemic shunts. Veterinary Surgery. 2004;33(1):17-24.

Matthews KG, Bunch S. Vascular liver diseases. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of Veterinary Medicine. 6th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Saunder Elsevier; 2005:1453-1463.

Mehl ML, Kyles AE, Hardie EM, et al. Evaluation of ameroid ring constrictors for treatment for single extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs: 168 cases (1995-2001). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2005;226(12):2020-2030.

Tobias K. Portosystemic shunts. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterin­ary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:581-586.

Zwingenberger A. CT diagnosis of portosystemic shunts. Veterinary Clinics of North Americ­an Small Animal Practice. 2009;39(4):783-792.

Hepatic lipidosis in a cat

Center SA. Feline hepatic lipidosis. Veterinary Clinics of North America. 2005;35(1):225-269.

Holan KM. Feline hepatic lipidosis. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Ve­terinary Therapy XIV. St. Louis, Missouri, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2008:570-575.

Han E. Oesophageal and gastric feeding tubes in ICU patients. Clinical Techniques in Small Animal Practice. 2004;19(1):22-31.

Zoran DL. The carnivore connection to nutrition in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2004;221(11):1559-1567.

Intestinal disorders: diarrhoea

_jeib MS, Codner EC, Monroe WE. A diagnostic approach to chronic large bowel diarrhea in dogs. Veterinary Medicine. 1991;86:892-899.

Leib M, Matz M. Diseases of the intestines. In: Leib MS, Monroe WE, editors. Practical Small Animal Internal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1997:685-760.

Leib MS, Monroe WE, Codner EC. Performing rigid or flexible colonoscopy in dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhea. Veterinary Medicine. 1991;86:900-912.

³enninck D, Nyland T, LY K, et al. Ultrasonographic evaluation of gastrointestinal diseases in small animals. Veterinary Radiology. 1990;31:134-141.

Γwedt DC. Clostridiumperfringens-associated enterotoxicosis in dogs. In: Kirk RW, Bonagura JD, editors. Current Veterinary Therapy XI. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1992:602-604.

Williams DA. New tests of pancreatic and small intestinal function. Compendium for Continuing Education Practicing Veterinarian. 1987;9:1167-1175.

Small intestinal diarrhoea

Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Classification, pathophysiology, and symptomatic treatment of diarrheal diseases. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Mey­ers DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:351-366.

Hall EJ, German AJ. Diseases of the small intestine. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman Ed, editors. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th edn. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1332-1377.

Leib M, Matz M. Diseases of the intestines. In: Leib MS, Monroe WE, editors. Practical Small Animal Internal Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1997:685-760.

Protein losing enteropathy in a dog

Craven M, Simpson JW, Ridyard AE, Chandler ML. Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnoses and outcome in 80 cases (1995-2002). Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2004;45:336-342.

Fogle JE, Bissett SA. Mucosal immunity and chronic idiopathic enteropathies in dogs. Com­pendium for Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 2007;29(5):290-302.

Guilford WG. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strom- beck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:451-486.

Kathrani A, Steiner JM, Suchodolski J, et al. Elevated canine pancreatic lipase immunore­activity concentration in dogs with inflammatory bowel disease is associated with a negative outcome. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2009;50(3):126-132.

Moore LE. Protein-losing enteropathy. In: Bonagura JE, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:512-514.

Peterson PB, Willard MD. Protein-losing enteropathies. Veterinary Clinics of North American Small Animal Practice. 2003;33(5):1061-1082.

Inflammatory bowel disease and adverse reaction to food in a dog

Adams VJ, Campbell RC, Waldner CL, et al. Evaluation of client compliance with short­term administration of antimicrobials to dogs. Journal OftheAmerican Veterinary Med­ical Association. 2005;226(4):567-574.

Brown CM, Armstrong PJ, Globus H. Nutritional management of food allergy in dogs and cats. Compendium of Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian. 1995;17:637-659.

Craven M, Simpson JW, Ridyard AE, Chandler ML. Canine inflammatory bowel disease: retrospective analysis of diagnoses and outcome in 80 cases (1995-2002). Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2004;45:336-342.

Guilford WG. Adverse reactions to food. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Wil­liams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:436-450.

Guilford WG. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strom- beck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:451-486.

Guilford WG, Jones BR, Markwell PJ, et al. Food sensitivity in cats with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal problems. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15:7-13.

Moore LE. Protein-losing enteropathy. In: Bonagura JE, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:512-514.

Γapp T, Griffin C, Rosenkrantz W, et al. Comparison of a commercial limited-antigen diet versus home-prepared diets in the diagnosis of canine adverse food reaction. Veterin­ary Therapeutics. 2002;3(3):244-251.

Intussusception in a cat

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Bellenger CR, Beck JA. Intussusception in 12 cats. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1994;35(6):295-298.

Burkitt JM, Drobatz KJ, Saunders HM, Washabau RJ. Signalment, history, and outcome of cats with gastrointestinal tract intussusception: 20 cases (1986-2000). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2009;234(6):771-776.

Guilford WG. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strom- beck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:451-486.

³atsikas MN, Papazoglou LG, Papaioannou NG. Ultrasonographic findings of intestinal in­tussusception in seven cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2003;5(6):335-343.

Schwandt CS. Low-grade or benign intestinal tumours contribute to intussusception: a report on one feline and two canine cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 2008;49(12):651-654.

Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency

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Fyfe J. Feline intrinsic factor (IF) is pancreatic in origin and mediates ileal cobalamin (CBL) absorption. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 1993;7:133.

Holzworth J, Coffin DL. Pancreatic insufficiency and diabetes mellitus in a cat. Cornell Ve­terinarian. 1953;45:502-512.

Hoskins JD, Turk JR, Turk MA. Feline pancreatic insufficiency. Veterinary Medicine Small Animal Clinics. 1982;77:1745-1748.

³erry LA, Williams DA, Pidgeon GL, Boosinger TR. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency with associated coagulopathy in a cat. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association. 1991;27:109-114.

Reed N, Gunn-Moore DG, Simpson K. Cobalamin, folate and inorganic phosphate abnor­malities in ill cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2007;9:278-288.

Simpson KW, Fyfe J, Cornetta A, et al. Subnormal concentrations of serum cobalamin (vit­amin B12) in cats with gastrointestinal disease. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15:26-32.

Steiner JM, Williams DA. Feline exocrine pancreatic disorders: insufficiency, neoplasia and uncommon conditions. Compendiumfor ContinuingEducationfor the Practicing Veterin­arian. 1997;19:836-847.

Steiner JM, Williams DA. Feline exocrine pancreatic disorders. Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice. 1999;29:551-575.

Steiner JM, Williams DA. Serum feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity in cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2000;14:627-629.

Westermarck E. Treatment of pancreatic degenerative atrophy with raw pancreas ho­mogenate and various enzyme preparations. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A. 1987;34:728-733.

Westermarck E, Wiberg M, Steiner JM, Williams DA. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and cats. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldmann EC, editors. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th edn. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1492-1495.

Williams DA. Feline exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. In: Kirk RW, Bonagur JD, editors. Current Veterinary Therapy XII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1995:732-735.

Parvovirus infection in a dog

Davies M. Canine parvovirus strains identified from clinically ill dogs in the United King­dom. Veterinary Record. 2008;163:543-545.

Davis-Wurzler GM. Current vaccination strategies in puppies and kittens. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal. 2006;36:607-640.

IeMari K, Maynard L, Eun HM, Lebreux B. Treatment of canine parvoviral enteritis with interferon-omega in a placebo-controlled field trial. Veterinary Record. 2003;152:105-108.

Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Gastrointestinal tract infections, parasites and toxicoses. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:411-432.

_jamm CG, Rezabek GB. Parvovirus in domestic companion animals. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal. 2008;8:837-850.

Mohour AJ, Leisewitz AL, Jacobson LS, et al. Effect of early enteral nutrition on intestinal permeability, intestinal protein loss, and outcome in dogs with severe parvoviral en­teritis. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2003;7(6):791-798.

Prittie J. Canine parvovirus enteritis: a review of diagnosis, management and prevention. Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. 2004;14(3):167-176.

Introduction to haematochezia and melaena

Guilford WG. Approach to clinical problems in gastroenterology. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:50-76.

Haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a dog

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Hall EJ, German AJ. Diseases of the small intestine. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC, editors. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th edn. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2006:1332-1377.

Sasaki J, Gorvo M, Asahina M, et al. Hemorrhagic enteritis associated with Clostridiumper- fringens type A in a dog. Veterinary Medicine and Science. 1999;61(2):175-177.

Spielman BL, Garvey MS. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis in 15 dogs. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association.. 1993;29(4):341-344.

Colonic vascular ectasia in a dog

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Goldman CK, Parnell NK, Holland CH. Hormone therapy for treatment of colonic vascular ectasia in 2 dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2008;22:1048-1051.

Rogers KS, Butler LM, Edwards JF, et al. Rectal hemorrhage associated with vascular ectasia in a young dog. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1992;200:1349-1351.

Van Cutsem E, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G. Treatment of bleeding gastrointestinal vascular malformation with oestrogen-progesterone. The Lancet. 1990;335:953-955.

Intestinal leiomyoma in a dog

Forst D, Lasota J, Miettinen M. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas in the dog: a histopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 50 cases. Ve­terinary Pathology. 2003;40(1):42-54.

Guilford WG. Adverse reactions to food. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Wil­liams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:436-450.

Maas CPHJ, 2008. A new look at intestinal smooth muscle tumours: clinical, histologic and immunohistochemical aspects for reclassification. Proceedings of 18th ECVIM-CA Congress. 4-6 September 2008, Ghent, Belgium.

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Myers NC, Penninck DG. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of gastrointestinal smooth muscle tu­mours in the dog. Veterinary Radiology and Ultrasound. 1994;35(5):391-397.

³enninck DG. Ultrasonographic characterization of gastrointestinal tumours. Veterinary Clinics of North America. 1998;28:777-797.

Powers BE, Hoopes PJ, Ehrhart EJ. Tumor diagnosis, grading and staging. Seminars in Ve- ternary Medicine and Surgery. 1995;10:158-167.

Corticosteroid induced gastrointestinal ulceration in a dog

Boston SE, Moens MM, Kruth SA, Southorn EP. Endoscopic evaluation of the gastroduo­denal mucosa to determine the safety of short-term concurrent administration of meloxicam and dexamethasone in healthy dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Re­search. 2003;64(11):1369-1375.

Crawford LM, Wilson RD. Melena associated with dexamethasone therapy in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 1982;23:91-97.

Guilford WG, Strombeck DR. Chronic gastric disease. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strom- beck DR, Williams DA, Meyers DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. 3rd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:275-302.

Moreland KJ. Ulcer disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract in small animals: Patho­physiology, diagnosis, and management. CompendiumforContinuingEducationforthe Practicing Veterinarian. 1988;10(11):1265-1279.

Rohrer CR, Hill RC, Fischer A, et al. Gastric hemorrhage in dogs given high doses of methylprednisolone sodium succinate. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 1999;60(8):977-981.

Introduction to the colon and colonic disorders

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Leib MS, Monroe WE, Codner EC. Performing rigid or flexible colonoscopy in dogs with chronic large bowel diarrhea. Veterinary Medicine. 1991;86:900-912.

³arnell NK. Chronic colitis. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Missouri: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:515-520.

Washabau RJ, Holt DE. Feline constipation and idiopathic megacolon. In: Bonagura J, editor. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:648-652.

Washabau RJ, Holt DE. Diseases of the Large Intestine. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldmann EC, edit­ors. Textbook OfVeterinaryInternalMedicine. 6th edn. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1401-1406.

Webb CB. Anal-rectal disease. In: Bonagura JD, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. St. Louis, MO: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:531-533.

Feline constipation and megacolon

Davenport DJ, Remillard RL, Simpson KW, Pidgeon GL. Constipation/megacolon. In: Hand M, Thatcher C, Remillard R, Roudebush P, editors. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition. 4th edn. MO: Mark Morris Institute; 2000:778-882.

Washabau RJ, Holt DE. Feline constipation and idiopathic megacolon. In: Bonagura J, editor. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIII. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 2000:648-652.

Washabau RJ, Holt DE. Diseases of the large intestine. In: Ettinger SJ, Feldmann EC, edit­ors. Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 6th edn. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005:1401-1406.

Tritrichomonas in two kittens

Foster DM, Gookin JL, Poore MF, et al. Outcome of cats with diarrhea and Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 2004;225:888-889.

Gookin JL, Breitschwerdt EB, Levy MG, Gager RB. Diarrhea associated with trichomoniasis in cats. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 1999;215:1450-1454.

Gookin JL, Copple CN, Papich MG, et al. Efficacy of ronidazole for treatment of feline Tritrichomonas foetus infection. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2006;20(3):536-543.

Gookin JL, Staufer SH, Coccaro MR, et al. Efficacy of tinidazole for treatment of cats exper­imentally infected with Tritrichomonas foetus. American Journal of Veterinary Research. 2007;68(10):1085-1088.

Gookin JL, Stebbins ME, Hunt E, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2004;42(6):2207-2710.

Gunn-Moore DA, McCann TM, Reed N, et al. Prevalence of Tritrichomonasfoetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in the UK. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. 2007;9:214-218.

Mardell EJ, Sparkes AH. Chronic diarrhoea associated with Tritrichomonas foetus in a Brit­ish cat. The Veterinary Record. 2006;158:765-766.

Rosado TW, Specht A, Marks SL. Neurotoxicosis in 4 cats receiving ronidazole. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2007;21(2):328-331.

Colorectal neoplasia in a dog

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Guilford WG. Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, APUD tumors, endocrinopathies and the gastrointestinal tract. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strombeck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:519-531.

Holt PE, Lucke VM. Rectal neoplasia in the dog: a clinicopathological review of 31 cases. Veterinary Record. 1985;116(15):400-405.

Knottenbelt CM, Simpson JW, Tasker S, et al. Preliminary clinical observations on the use of piroxicam in the management of rectal tubulopapillary polyps. Journal of Small An­imal Practice. 2000;41(9):393-397.

Lowe AD. Alimentary lymphosarcoma in a 4-year-old Labrador retriever Canadian. Veter­inary Journal. 2004;45(7):610-612.

Mealey KL, Bentjen SA, Gay JM, Hosick HL. Dexamethasone treatment of a canine, but not human, tumour cell line increases chemoresistance independent of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-related protein expression. Veterinary and Comparative Oncology. 2003;1(2):67-75.

Colonic inflammatory bowel disease in a cat

Guilford WG. Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. In: Guilford WG, Center SA, Strom- beck DR, Williams DA, Meyer DJ, editors. Strombeck’s Small Animal Gastroenterology. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996:451-486.

Guilford WG, Jones BR, Markwell PJ, et al. Food sensitivity in cats with chronic idiopathic gastrointestinal problems. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine. 2001;15:7-13.

Moore LE. Protein-losing enteropathy. In: Bonagura JE, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:512-514.

Parnell NK. Chronic colitis. In: Bonagura JE, Twedt DC, editors. Kirk’s Current Veterinary Therapy XIV. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:515-520.

Reference ranges for haematology and serum chemistry values for adult cats and dogs

Chandler ML. Pediatric normal blood values. In: Kirk R, Bonagura JD, editors. Current Ve­terinary Therapy. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1992:981-984.