SUBJECT INDEX

Note:

Animals and birds are indexed by groups e.g. coot(s), owl(s), deer, sheep or seal(s) etc. For example, red squirrels and grey squirrels are listed as ‘squirrel(s)’.

Page numbers in italics refer to figures, whilst those in bold refer to tables.

vs denotes comparison or differential diagnosis.

A

abortion 508

Bluetongue virus causing 123—124, 125 border disease 150

Brucella causing in dolphins 319, 321 brucellosis 321, 322, 323

Campylobacter fetus subsp. veneralis causing 400

Caprine herpesvirus 1 causing 15

Cervid herpesvirus 2 causing 17

Chlamydophila abortus associated 342, 343

Coxiella burnetii infection 410, 411, 412 diseases associated in mammals 508 Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) causing 185, 186

leptospirosis 405

Listeria monocytogenes 414, 415

Ljungan virus infection 179

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) causing 188

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus causing 75, 76

abscesses

intracranial, Arcanobacterium pyogenes infection 444

staphylococcal infections 435

Absidia 469

Acanthamoeba castellanii 305

acaricides 356

Acciptrid herpesvirus 1 29—30 acetylcholine, release blocked by botulinum toxin 420

acid-fast bacilli (AFB) 269, 271, 285 acidophilic bodies, in hepatocytes 83 acrodermatitis chronic atrophicans see Lyme borreliosis

Actinobacillus 445—446

infections 445^46

Actinobacillus indolicus 446

Actinobacillus lignieresii 446 Actinobacillus minor 446

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) 445 Actinomyces bovis 442, 443

Actinomyces mariammalium 442 actinomycosis 442^43 adeno-associated viruses 181

Adenoviridae 210, 211, 216 adenoviruses 210

classification 210

infections see adenovirus infections

stability 210

structure and genome 210 adenovirus haemorrhagic disease of deer 217 adenovirus infections 210—218

avian 215-216

enteritis, in squirrels 217 haemorrhagic disease of deer 217 infectious canine hepatitis see infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

squirrels 216, 216-217 adiaspiromycosis 466 ADV see Aujeszkys disease virus (ADV) Aeromonas hydrophila 448 Aeromonas infections 448

aflatoxicosis 483-484 acute and subacute forms 483-484 diagnosis and treatment 484 prevention 483, 484

aflatoxins

fungi producing 483, 483 mechanism of action 483

African hare fibroma virus 200

African horse sickness (AHS) 126

African horse sickness virus (AHSV) 126

African swine fever (ASF) 157, 252-255 classical swine fever similarities 160 clinical signs 253, 254-255 diagnosis 255 epidemiology 253-254 immunity 254 management, control and regulations

255

mortality 253, 254 pathogenesis and pathology 254 public health concern 255 reporting 255 significance/implications for animal health

255

African swine fever virus (ASFV) 252-253 genotypes and stability 253 geographical distribution 253 highly virulent isolates 253, 255 low-virulence isolates 253 persistence 254 replication site 254 reservoirs 253, 254 transmission 254

agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) test, myxomatosis 202

AHV see avian herpesviruses (AHV) AIDS, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections 280-281

AIDS-related complex (ARC), feline immunodeficiency 221

airsacculitis, diseases causing in birds 509 air sacs (avian), in aspergillosis 457, 458,

458, 459

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHVl) (Malignant catarrhal fever virus) 5, 10, 13, 15

phylogenetic analysis 11

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2 (AlHV2) 5

Alces leucotropic oncovirus (ALOV) infection 221-222, 512

Aleutian disease (AD) 186-187

aetiology and host range 186

antibodies 187

clinical signs 187

diagnosis 187

epidemiology and transmission 187 forms 186, 187

management and control 187

Aleutian mink disease see Aleutian disease

(AD)

Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV) 181,

186

antibodies to 187

algal blooms, harmful see cyanobacterial toxicosis

Alkhurma virus (Alkhumra virus) 143 allantoic fluids (AF), Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) detection 63

Alloherpesviridae 3

allylamines 467

alopecia, dermatophyte infections 471 alpaca(s)

bluetongue 125

Borna disease 252

candida infections 463

Alphacoronavirus (group 1 coronaviruses)

234, 238, 239

Alphaherpesvirinae 3, 5, 13-18, 22, 22,

23

in ruminants 13-18, 14 alphaherpesviruses 3-4 alpharetroviruses 219, 222 Alphavirus 257-258 alphavirus infections 257-258 Amdovirus 181, 186

AMDV see Aleutian mink disease virus

(AMDV)

AMOS PCR, Brucella typing 324 amphibians, West Nile virus (WNV) infection

131

amphotericin B 467

Amur virus (AMRV) 244

Anabaena 4∏

Anabaena flos-aquae 4~∏, 478 anamorph (asexual) state 455

Anaplasma 363

co-cultivation with eukaryotic cells 369 detection 369

geographical distribution 364, 365 immune evasion 367, 368 immune response to 368 management and control 370 pathogenesis and pathology 367 reservoir hosts 364-365, 366, 368 exploitation mechanism 367 species 363

transmission 363-364, 366-367 tropism 367, 368

vaccine 370

see also rickettsiales infections; individual species

Anaplasma centrale 364 detection 369 host range 364-365 reservoir hosts 366 significance for animal health 371 tropism 368 vaccine for A.

Anaplasma marginale 364

clinical signs of infection 369 detection 369 host range 364-365 p44 pseudogenes 368 reservoir hosts 366

significance for animal health 371 transmission 367

tropism and virulence 368 vaccination against 370

Anaplasma ovis

clinical signs of infection 369 detection 369

distribution 364 host range 365 reservoir hosts 366

significance for animal health 371 tropism 368

Anaplasma phagocytophilum antigenic variation and P44 protein 367 clinical signs of infection 368-369 cold tolerance of ticks and 365 detection 369 distribution 364

hosts 364 human infection 370 infection route 367 intracellular inclusion and replication 367 neutrophil apoptosis inhibition 367 p44 pseudogenes 367

pathology of infections 368 reservoir hosts 366

significance for animal health 371 tick-borne fever (TBF) due to 368-369

Anaplasma platys

clinical signs of infection 369 detection 369

distribution 364

host range 364

pathology of infections 368 reservoir hosts 366

significance for animal health 371 tropism 368

Anatidae see duck(s); geese; swan(s); teal Anatid herpesvirus 1 (AnHV1) 22-23, 23 structure and genome 22-23 see also duck plague/duck viral enteritis anatoxins 476, 477, 478

clinical signs caused by 479

Andes virus (ANDV) 242, 244, 245 Anellovirus 258

AnkA (ankyrin-repeat-domain-containing protein) 367

ankyrin-repeat-domain-containing protein (AnkA) 367

Anseriformes

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 41, 42

see also duck(s); eider(s); geese; swan(s); teal(s); waterfowl; wigeon(s) antelope

anthrax 330

bluetongue 120

Coxiella burnetii infection 409 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170, 173, 174

anthrax 329-335

acute/hyperacute course 332 aetiology 329

see also Bacillus anthracis

clinical signs 332, 332 cutaneous form 334 cycle 330, 331 diagnosis 332-333 epidemiology 329-330, 334 human infection 334

intestinal form 334

management, control and regulations

333- 334

outbreaks in wild animals 329, 330 pathogenesis and pathology 330-332 public health concern 334 pulmonary/respiratory form 334 in ‘rural areas’ 334

septicaemic 332 significance/implications for animal health

334- 335

subacute/chronic course 332 susceptibility to 329-330 transmission 330

treatment 332, 334

vaccination of wildlife 334, 335 vaccines 333-334

antibodies see individual immunoglobulins; individual infections

antifungal agents 467

aspergillosis 459

candida infections 463

cryptococcal infections 464

Malassezia infections 465

Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection 471 antigenic variation/variants

Anaplasma phagocytophilum 367

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) 182, 182-183

Coxiella burnetii 409

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) 176 Aphthovirus 169 aphthoviruses 168

APMV see Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) Apophysomyces 469

aquatic mammals

herpesvirus infections 18-20, 19 influenza 53-55

morbillivirus infections see morbillivirus infections

mycoplasma infections 378-379

see also marine mammals; specific mammals arboviruses 257

Bluetongue virus (BTV) 121-122

Group B, flaviviruses 128

Arcanobacterium 443, 443

growth requirements 444 infections 443-444 species 443, 443

Arcanobacterium abortisuis 443, 443 Arcanobacterium bialowiezense 444 Arcanobacterium bonasi 444 Arcanobacterium hippocoleae 443, 443 Arcanobacterium phocae 443, 443 Arcanobacterium pluranimalium 443, 443 Arcanobacterium pyogenes 443, 443 infections 443-444

abscesses 444 mastitis due to 443 as opportunistic pathogen 444 virulence factors 444

Arenaviridae 259

Arenavirus 259 arenaviruses 259 Argas ticks 358, 359, 360

Arteriviridae 255

Arterivirus 255

arthritis, Lyme 354, 355 arthropod vectors 505

bacterial and fungal pathogens 505

Bartonella 431

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)

isolation from 177 myxomatosis transmission 200-201 tularaemia transmission 304, 308 viral pathogens 505 see also specific arthropod vectors artiodactyla, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) 10

Ascomycota 455, 462

ASF see African swine fever (ASF)

Asfiviridae 252

Asfivirus 252

aspergillosis 455-461 aetiology 455-456

see also Aspergillus fumigatus clinical signs 459 diagnosis 460 epidemiology 456-457 immune response 457-458 management, control and regulations 460 pathogenesis and pathology 457-459, 458, 459

angioinvasion 459, 459 public health concern 460 significance/implications for animal health 460

treatment 459-460 in wild birds 456 acute epizootic 456-457, 458, 458 mortality 457 pathogenesis and susceptibility 457-458 pathology 458, 458 sporadic (subacute/chronic) 456, 457, 458

in wild mammals 456

Aspergillus 455 characteristics 455, 457, 483 detection 460 genome sequences 456 growth in grains 483 immune evasion 457 mycotoxins produced 482, 483, 483 reproduction in air sacs 458, 458 species 455 structure 455 virulence determinants 457

Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxins produced 483 Aspergillus fumigatus 455, 456 drug resistance 459-460 genome 456 hyphae 459, 459 infection route 456, 457 interstrain variation in virulence 456 polyclonal infection 456 see also aspergillosis

Aspergillus parasiticus, aflatoxins produced

483

Atadenovirus 210

atypical fowlpest see avian paramyxovirus infections

Aujeszkys disease 4-10 aetiology 4-5 clinical signs 8-9 control and regulations 9 in dead-end hosts 7, 8, 9 diagnosis 9 epidemiology 5-7, 6, 9 immunity to 8 management 9 natural course 8 pathogenesis 7-8 pathology 7-8 public health concerns 9

significance/implications for animal health 9-10

vaccine 9

Aujeszkys disease virus (ADV) 4, 5 antibodies to 8, 9

excretion 7, 8 glycoproteins 5

antibodies to 8

immune evasion 8

latent infections 6, 7, 9

reactivation 8

replication and spread 7 reservoir, European wild boar 7 structure and genome 4-5, 8 tissue tropism 8

transmission and factors related to 6-7

Aviadenovirus 210, 215

serotypes and groups 215 avian adenovirus infections 215-216

ducks 215

eiders 215-216

geese 215 pheasants 215

Avian bornavirus (ABV) 251

distribution 252

avian borreliosis 359

avian botulism see botulism

avian chlamydiosis see psittacosis (ornithosis) avian cholera 310, 311, 313-316

aetiology 314

see also Pasteurella multocida

clinical signs 315-316 epidemiology 314-315

environmental factors 314-315 geographical distribution and hosts 314 role of wild animals 315

management, control and regulations 316 mortality 314, 316

pathogenesis and pathology 315 public health concern 316 significance/implication for animal health 316

transmission 314, 315

treatment 316

avian circovirus infections see circovirus infections

avian distemper see Newcastle disease Avian hepatitis E virus (avian HEV) 249, 250

avian herpesviruses (AHV) 22, 22-32 hosts and lesion types 22 infections

duck plague/duck viral enteritis see duck plague/duck viral enteritis herpesvirus infection of storks 31, 511 inclusion body disease of cranes 30-31 inclusion body hepatitis of owls/eagles/ falcons 29-30

infectious laryngotracheitis 27-28

Marek’s disease 26-27

Pacheco’s disease 31-32

in Passeriformes 31—32

Smadel’s disease of pigeons 28—29 virus types 23

avian herpesvirus (infection) of storks 31, 511

avian influenza 38—53 aetiology 37, 38

see also avian influenza A viruses clinical signs 46—47, 50—51 diagnosis 51 differential diagnosis 51 epidemiology 38^3

environmental factors 42

geographical distribution 38, 38—39 host factors 39—41

role of affected species 42

H5N1 see under highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) haemagglutinin/neuraminidase combinations 38, 39 immune response 45, 47, 49 management, control and regulations 52 pathogenesis and pathology 43—50 public health concern 52 significance/implications for animal health 53

surveillance of wild birds for 52 transmission 42—43, 44, 44, 52 avian influenza A viruses 37, 38

H5N1 see under highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)

host range 38, 39^1, 40, 41 HPAIV see highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) infectious dose 44

infectious period and incubation time 46-47

LPAIV see low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)

pathology 48-49 phylogenetic analysis 38—39 avian influenza viruses (AIV) 37, 39 influenza A see avian influenza A viruses influenza B 37

avian mycobacteriosis see avian tuberculosis Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) 59 antibodies, detection 64 avirulent enteric 61, 63 genome 59 genotypes 59 host range 60—61, 61 isolation methods 63 lentogenic strains 61, 63 mesogenic 61, 63 morphology 59-60, 60 neutralization test 63

Newcastle disease due to see Newcastle disease (ND)

pathotypes 63-64 sensitivity to solvents 60 virulent 60, 61, 62, 63, 64

see also avian paramyxovirus infections; Newcastle disease virus (NDV) Avian paramyxovirus 3 (APMV3) 61 Avian paramyxovirus 4 (APMV4) 60 Avian paramyxovirus 6 (APMV6) 60 Avian paramyxovirus 8 (APMV8) 60 avian paramyxovirus infections 59-66 aetiology see Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1)

clinical signs 63

diagnosis 62, 63-64

epidemiology 60-62 environmental factors 61 geographical distribution 60-61 host range 60-61

in hobby birds 65

management, control and regulations 64-65

public health concern 65

significance/implications for animal health 65

transmission 61-62

treatment 63

vaccination against 65

see also Newcastle disease (ND) avian paratyphoid see salmonellosis, in wild birds avian parvovirus infections 188 avian pest see Newcastle disease (ND) avian pneumoencephalitis see Newcastle disease (ND) avian polyomaviruses (APV) 232 avian polyomavirus infections 232 avian pox 191-196

aetiology 191-192

see also Avipoxvirus

clinical signs 194-195

diagnosis 195

‘dry’ vs ‘wet’ 194-195

epidemiology 192, 192-193, 194

bird species 192-193

immunity 194, 195

incubation period 194

management, control and regulations 195 pathogenesis and pathology 194 significance/implications for animal health 195-196

transmission 194

treatment 195

avian retrovirus infections 222-223 leucosis/sarcoma (L/S) group of viruses 222

reticuloendotheliosis group 222-223 avian spirochaetosis 359 avian tuberculosis 274-281

aetiology 274

see also Mycobacterium avium

clinical signs 277-278 diagnosis 278-279 in domestic mammals 281 epidemiology 275-276 ecology/behavioural factors 275 environmental factors 275-276 geographical distribution 275 hosts 275

role of wild animals 276

immunity 276, 277

management, control and regulations 280 migratory birds 276

outcomes 276

pathogenesis and pathology 276-277, 277 prevention 280, 281

public health concern 280-281 significance/implications for animal health 281

susceptibility 275 transmission 276

to humans 281

treatment 278, 280

Avipoxvirus 191

bird species with infections 192-193 infection see avian pox transmission 194

avocet(s), botulism 423

Avulavirus 59

azole antifungal agents 467

B

Bacillaceae 329

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination

273

Bacillus 329

Bacillus anthracis 329

attenuated strains for vaccines 333-334 capsule 331

characteristics 329, 333

culture 333 detection/identification 332-333 molecular characterization 333 pathogenesis of anthrax 330-331 protective antigen (PA) 330, 331, 334 resistance to 332

spores 329, 330, 334

penetration method and germination 331-332

sporulation conditions 330

Sterne strain 34F2 334

toxic factors 330-331

virulence factors 330, 331

see also anthrax

Bacillus piliformis (Clostridium piliforme)

423

BACTEC liquid medium system 279, 286 bacteraemia, brucellosis 322

bacterial infections 263-452

arthropod vectors 505

new and emerging diseases 499

OIE reportable 504

wild population decline and significance

506

zoonotic 501-502

see also specific infections/genera

badger(s)

canine distemper 102, 103

herpesvirus infections 5, 21

Mycobacterium bovis infections 266—267 culling, in control of 273 diagnosis 272 environmental factors affecting 268 fertility control to reduce 273 granulomas 269, 270, 271 pathology 269, 270, 271 reservoir 266

social group effect 267—268 transmission 268

vaccination 273

Mycobacterium microti infection 289 salmonellosis 392, 393

BadgerBCG 273

Badger herpesvirus (Mustelid herpesvirus 1) 5

Bagaza virus (BAGV) 143

ballooning degeneration

cetaceanpox 204

squirrelpox disease 198

Bannwarths syndrome see Lyme borreliosis

Bartonella 431

detection/isolation 433, 433

host range 431, 432

infection route and spread 432

infections see Bartonella infections

species and characteristics 431, 432

Bartonella alsatica 434

Bartonella bovis 434

Bartonella elizabethae 434

Bartonella grahamii 432, 434

Bartonella henselae 431, 432, 433—434

Bartonella infections 431—434

aetiology 431

antibodies 433

clinical signs 433

diagnosis 433, 433

epidemiology 431—432

environmental factors 432 geographical distribution and hosts 43∣M32

host factors 432

role of wild animals 432

of humans 433, 434

immune response 433

management, control and regulations 434 pathogenesis and pathology 432—433 public health concern 433—434 significance/implications in animal health 434

transmission 432

treatment 433

Bartonella schoenbuchensis 434

Basidiobolus 470

Basidiomycota 462

bat(s) 92

Bartonella infections 431

behaviour in white-nose syndrome 474 coronavirus infections 238—239

Escherichia coli infections 382

Geomyces destructans infection 473—474 Hantaan virus (HTNV) 244 herpesvirus infections 5, 21 leptospire reservoir host 403 lyssavirus infections 86

Pasteurella multocida infection 311, 312 rabies 89

clinical signs 94

environmental factors affecting 90 geographical distribution 87, 88, 89 management/control 96 pathogenesis and pathology 93 transmission 92

relapsing fever spirochaete-associated disease 359

white-nose syndrome 473^74 wing membrane and Geomyces destructans infection 473, 473^74

Bat betaherpesvirus 5

bat lyssaviruses 86

evolving to new rabies variant 97 neurotropism and clinical effects 93 transmission 92

see also bat(s), rabies

B cell deficiency, classical swine fever (CSF)

160

B-cell lymphoma 21

BCG vaccination 273

BDV see Border disease virus (BDV)

Beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) 67, 68, 69

clinical signs of infection 69 beak deformities, diseases causing in birds 509

bear(s)

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection

364

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection

212

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 182-183

Hepevirus infection 250 leptospire reservoir host 403 beaver(s)

leptospire reservoir host 403

Mycobacterium avium infection 275 benzimidazoles 467

Betacoronavirus (group 2 coronaviruses) 234, 238, 239

Betaherpesvirinae 3, 4, 5 betaherpesviruses 3, 4, 5

BHK-21 cells, Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) isolation 178

‘big liver and spleen disease’ 250 biochemistry, avian tuberculosis diagnosis

278

biological control

Lyme borreliosis and tick populations

357

by rabbit haemorrhagic disease 80

biosecurity

paratuberculosis control 287 salmonellosis control 395 tuberculosis control 273

bird(s)

aflatoxicosis 483 agricultural premises, tuberculosis 275 Anaplasma phagocytophilum in 364 aspergillosis see aspergillosis avian cholera see avian cholera Borna disease virus (BDV) detection 252 botulism causing deaths 418, 419 Brachyspira infections see Brachyspira infections, in birds

Campylobacter detection in 399—400 Campylobacter prevalence 398 Candida infections 462, 463 circovirus infections 67-71

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia 424, 425

cryptococcal infections 463, 464 Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection 445 Escherichia coli O86:K61 infection 382 feeding, in gardens 387, 388, 390, 391 gregarious, tuberculosis 275 hantaviruses 244 herpesvirus infections 22, 22-32 see also avian herpesviruses (AHV) infectious laryngotracheitis 27-28 influenza viruses see avian influenza A viruses

leucosis/sarcoma retrovirus infections 222 Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes group (LBS) reservoirs 351

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 471-473

mucormycosis 470 Mycobacterium avium infection 275

see also avian tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 288 mycoplasma infections 377-378 mycotoxicosis 483

paramyxovirus infections see avian paramyxovirus infections plague/viral enteritis see duck plague/duck viral enteritis

polyomavirus infections 232 poxvirus infections see avian pox psittacosis see psittacosis (ornithosis) rotavirus infections 251

Salmonella infections see salmonellosis scavengers/raptors, tuberculosis 275 Sindbis virus transmission 257 ticks feeding on, Lyme borreliosis epidemiology 349

tuberculosis see avian tuberculosis Usutu virus (USUV) infection 135 West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130­131, 132, 133

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reservoir 295 yersiniosis 294, 297 see also entries beginning avian; waterbird(s); specific types of birds birds of prey see raptors (birds of prey) bird-to-bird transmission, H5N1 influenza virus 43

bison

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 364

Arcanobacterium species isolated from 444

bluetongue 121

border disease 147

Bovine leukaemia virus infection 223

bovine viral diarrhoea 154

brucellosis 318

Coxiella burnetii infection 409

leptospiral infections 403

malignant catarrhal fever 10 necrobacillosis 428

rinderpest 114

rotavirus infection 251

staphylococcal disease 436

tuberculosis 267

blackbird(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

Escherichia coli O86 infection 382

Mycoplasma sturni infection 378

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 135 blackcap

Avipoxvirus infections 193

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294

Black Creek Canal virus (BCCV) 242 blastoconidia 462

Blastomyces dermatitidis 468 blastomycosis 468 blepharoconjunctivitis, myxomatosis 201, 202

blindness, squirrelpox disease 198

Blue fox parvovirus (BFPV) 182, 185 bluetongue (BT) 119—126

aetiology 119—120

see also bluetongue virus (BTV) antibodies 119-120, 121, 124, 125 clinical signs 124-125 diagnosis 125 epidemiology 120-122

environmental factors 121-122

in Europe, climatic effects on vectors 122

geographical distribution 120, 121 host factors 120-121

role of vertebrate host species 122-123 immunity 123-124 management, control and regulations 125 mortality 123, 125, 126 pathogenesis and pathology 123-124 significance/implications for animal health 126

transmission 121-122

treatment 125

Bluetongue virus (BTV) 119-120 antigen detection/identification 125 BTV1 123

BTV2 120

BTV4 120, 123

BTV8 120, 121, 123, 124

BTV9 120

BTV16 120

in erythrocytes 123 hosts 122, 123 infection route and spread 123 neutralizing antibodies to 119-120, 121, 124, 125

reassortment, genome segments 121 replication 123

serotypes 120 structure 119-120 vaccines 121

vector-free periods (VFP) 122 vectors 121-122

viraemia 123

B lymphocyte deficiency, classical swine fever (CSF) 160

Bocavirus 181

BoHV1 see Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) 86

Bollinger bodies 194, 195 border disease (BD) 147-152

aetiology 147

see also Border disease virus (BDV) antibodies 147, 149, 150 clinical signs 151-152 diagnosis 152 epidemiology 147-150, 148 geographical distribution 147-148, 148

patterns 148-149 immunity 150-151 management, control and regulations 152 mortality 148, 149 pathogenesis and pathology 150-151 persistently infected (PI) animals 149-150 public health concerns 152 seroprevalence 149 significance/implications in animal health 152

transmission 149-150

Border disease virus (BDV) 147-152, 157 detection 149, 150 strains from chamois origin 149, 152 viraemia 150-151

Bordetella, infections 448 Bordetella avium 448

Bordetella bronchiseptica 109, 110, 379, 448 Borna disease (BD) 251-252

clinical signs 252 diagnosis 252

Borna disease virus (BDV) 251

transmission 252

Bornaviridae 251

Bornavirus 251

Borrelia 345

characteristics 345 genome 345 species 345, 346

transmission cycles 349-350, 350

Borrelia afzelii 346, 348, 349, 357

clinical signs 355

reservoir hosts 352

see also Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group

Borrelia anserina 347, 358, 359

Borrelia bavariaensis 346, 348, 357

reservoir hosts 352

Borrelia bissettii 346, 348, 357

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato (sl) complex 345, 346, 348

characteristics 348

see also Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group

Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss) 346, 357

prevalence 348

reservoir hosts 352

transmission cycle in birds 352

see also Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group

Borrelia caucasica 346, 358

Borrelia crocidurae 346, 358, 360

Borrelia duttoni 346, 358, 360

Borrelia garinii 346, 348, 349, 351, 357

clinical signs 355

reservoirs for 351, 352

transmission 349

transmission cycles 352

see also Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group

Borrelia hermsii 347, 359

Borrelia hispanica 346, 358

Borrelia latyschewii 346, 358

borrelial lymphocytoma see Lyme borreliosis

Borrelia lusitaniae 346, 348, 351, 357

birds as reservoirs 351, 352

geographical distribution 348

lizards as reservoirs 353

see also Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group

Borrelia miyamotoi sensu lato 345, 347

Borrelia persica 346, 358

Borrelia recurrentis 346, 358, 360

Borrelia spielmanii 346, 348, 357

Borrelia valaisiana 346, 348, 349, 351, 357 borreliosis 345-362

avian (avian spirochaetosis) 359

Lyme see Lyme borreliosis

Bottlenose dolphin herpesvirus 5 botulinum toxin 417, 418, 422

absorption and site of action 420, 422 detection/testing for 422

duration of action 420

mechanism of action 420-421

oral lethal dose 420

production 419, 420

structure 420

botulism 417—423

aetiology 417—418

see also Clostridium botulinum

antitoxin 421

clinical signs 421, 421

cyanobacterial toxicosis vs 479

diagnosis 421^22

epidemiology 418—420 environmental factors 419 geographical distribution (Europe) 418 host factors 418^19

role of affected species 419

in humans 422

immunity 420-421

management, control and regulations 422 mortality of birds 420

pathogenesis and pathology 420-421

see also botulinum toxin

public health concern 422-423 significance/implications for animal health 423

transmission 419-420

type C 417, 418, 419-420, 422 type E 417, 418, 419, 420 vaccination 421

Bovidae

bovine viral diarrhoea 154

see also antelope; bison; cattle; chamois; goat(s); ibex; sheep bovine anaplasmosis 369

Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) 239

bovine coronavirus (BCoV)-like viruses 239

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) 5, 13-15, 14

Cervid herpesvirus relationship 16

control 15

diagnosis 15

distribution and detection 14

genome 14

immune response to 14 infection see infectious bovine

rhinotracheitis (IBR)

replication and spread 14

Bovine herpesvirus 2 (BoHV2) 5, 13

Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV5) 14

Bovine herpesvirus 6 see Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV1)

Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) 223

Bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) 223

Bovine mammilitis virus (Bovine herpesvirus 2) 5, 13

Bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) 226, 230

Bovine papillomavirus 2 (BPV2) 226

bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) atypical 490, 492, 495

BSE-L and BSE-H types 490

diagnosis, samples 494

epidemiology 490

management, control and regulation 495 pathogenesis and pathology 492-493 public health concern 495-496 in small ruminants 490, 495 species barrier crossed 490 transmission 492

bovine tuberculosis 266-274

see also tuberculosis

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 150,

153, 157

antibodies to 155, 156

BVDV1 153 BVDV2 153 genotypes 153 hosts 153-155, 154 infection see bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) mucosal disease due to 150, 155, 156 non-cytopathogenic (ncp) 155 persistently infected (PI) animals 154, 155 phylogenetic tree 153

SH 9/11 strain 153 structure and genome 153 transmission 154-155, 156-157 vaccines 156

bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) 152-157 aetiology 153

see also Bovine viral diarrhea virus

(BVDV)

antibodies 155, 156 clinical signs 155-156 diagnosis 156 epidemiology 153-154 geographical distribution and hosts 153-155, 154

transmission 154-155

immunity 155 management, control and regulations 156-157

mortality 155 pathogenesis and pathology 155 persistent infections 154, 155 public health concerns 156 significance/implications for animal health 157

transient (acute) infections 155, 156-157 transmission 155

transplacental infections 155, 156 vaccines 156

Brachyspira 440, 440

diseases caused by 440-441 species 440, 441 taxonomy 440

Brachyspira aalborgi 441, 441

Brachyspira alvinipulli 440, 441, 441, 442 Brachyspiraceae 440

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae 440, 441, 441, 442 Brachyspira infections

aetiology 440-441, 441

in animals 440-441

in birds 440-442 clinical signs 442 diagnosis 442 epidemiology 441

significance/implications for animal health 442

pathogenesis and pathology 441-442 Brachyspira intermedia 440, 441, 441, 442 Brachyspira pilosicoli 440, 441, 441, 442 Brachyspira pulli 441 ⁱBrachyspira suanatina 441, 441, 442 brain

border disease pathology 151 in listeriosis 414, 415 morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals 109, 110, 111, 111

Mycoplasma conjunctivae infections and 375

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies 492, 493

samples for diagnosis 493-494

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 136

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132 brainstem, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diagnosis 494, 494 brambling(s), papillomavirus infections 231 Branhamella ovis (Moraxella ovis) 446, 447 brevetoxicosis 477 brevitoxin 477 bronchomycosis see aspergillosis Bronze Mannikin (Spermestes cucullatus), herpesvirus infections 31 brooder pneumonia see aspergillosis Bruce-ladder (multiplex PCR assay), brucellosis 324

Brucella 318

antibodies to 320, 321

biotyping 324

BP26 protein 325 characteristics 318 culture 324

identification methods 324 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 323, 325 antibodies to 325

molecular typing methods 324 species 318

strain type 27 (ST27) 326 see also brucellosis

Brucella abortus 318, 323, 326 epidemiology 319 passive immunization 323 reservoirs 319

transmission 321

Brucella canis 318, 324

Brucella ceti 318, 319, 322, 323

epidemiology 321 identification 325 public health concern 326 Brucella inopinata 318, 326 Brucella melitensis 318, 319, 326

epidemiology 319 transmission 322

Brucella microti 318, 326

epidemiology 321

Brucella neotomae 318, 319

Brucella ovis 318

Brucella pinnipediae 318

Brucella pinnipedialis 319, 322, 323

epidemiology 321

identification 325

public health concern 326

Brucella suis 318

biovar 1 320

biovar 2 320, 325, 326

in Eurasian wild boar 320

in European brown hare 320

biovar 3 319—320

biovar 4 320, 324

in caribou, reindeer and moose

320-321

biovar 5 320, 324

biovar identification 324

epidemiology 319-320

infection route 322

taxonomic position 324

brucellosis 318-328, 512

aetiology 318

see also specific Brucella species

bacteraemia 322

bovine 318, 319

clinical signs 323

diagnosis 324-325 serology 324

epidemiology 318-322 geographical distribution 318-319 hosts and host preference 318-319

eradication attempts 319, 326 immunity and immune response 323 infection routes 322

infection sites 322

management, control and regulations

325-326

in marine mammals 321, 322, 323, 325, 326

passive immunization 323 pathogenesis and pathology 322-323 public health concern 326 rangiferine 320

re-emergence 326

reservoir (wildlife) 318

screening 325 significance/implications for animal health

326

transmission 321-322, 326

vaccine 325

BSE see bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

BTV see Bluetongue virus (BTV)

Bubaline herpesvirus 1 (BuHV1) 5, 14 bubo (in plague) 299, 300 bubonic plague 298-301

aetiology 298

see also Yersinia pestis

clinical signs 300

diagnosis 300

epidemiology 298-299

epizootic 301

pathogenesis and pathology 299-300 public health concern 300

resistance by carnivores 300 significance/implications for animal health 300-301

transmission 299

treatment 300

buccal cavity lesions

diseases causing in birds 509

diseases causing in mammals 507

see also oral lesions

budgerigar(s), avian polyomaviruses (APV) in

232

buffalo

anthrax 330

Brucella abortus 319

brucellosis 318

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 169, 170, 173, 175, 176

Rift Valley fever virus 247

rinderpest 114

Bunyaviridae 241, 246

Bunyavirus 241

bunyaviruses

in seabirds 260

structure and genome 241

Uukuniemi serogroup 260

bunyavirus infections 241-248

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever 247-248

hantavirus see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS); hantavirus infections

Rift Valley fever see Rift Valley fever

(RVF)

bursa of Fabricius

circovirus infections 68, 69, 69

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infections 259

bushbuck

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114 bush pig(s), African swine fever virus infection 253

bustard, Avipoxvirus infections 192 buzzard(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337, 338

Escherichia coli infections 382, 383

Marek’s disease 27

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294

BVD see bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)

BVDV see Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

C

CAdV1 see Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) Caliciviridae 80

caliciviruses 73

cetacean 85

genome 73

see also European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV); rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV)

calicivirus infections 73-85

European brown hare syndrome see European brown hare syndrome (EBHS)

marine mammals 84-85

rabbit haemorrhagic disease see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) calves, rotavirus infection 250-251 camel(s)

Mycobacterium pinnipedii infection 289 pestivirus infections 146

Campylobacter 398-401

characteristics 398

geographical distribution 398

infections 398-401

clinical signs 400 detection/diagnosis 400 epidemiology 398, 400 of humans 400, 401

prevalence 398, 399

species 398, 399

in wild birds 399-400

in wild mammals 399

Campylobacter coli 398, 399 Campylobacter fetus subsp.

Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis 398, 400 Campylobacter hyoilei (C. coli) 398, 399 Campylobacter hyointestinalis 398, 399, 400 Campylobacter jejuni 398, 399, 400, 401 Campylobacter lari (C. laridis) 398, 399 Campylobacter mucosalis 398, 400 canaries (canary)

Avian bornavirus (ABV) infection 251

herpesvirus infections 31

poxvirus infections 195 proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) 252

Canary circovirus (CaCV) 67, 70 Canarypox virus 191

Candida 462

detection/diagnosis 463

infections 462-463

diagnosis 463

superficial or systemic 463 treatment 463

transmission 462, 465

Candida albicans 462, 463

Candida famata 462

Candida guilliermondii 462

Candida krusei 462

Candida parapsilossi 462 ⁱCandidatus H. heilmannii’ 430 canefield fever see leptospirosis canicola fever see leptospirosis Canid herpesvirus 1 (CaHV1) (Canine herpesvirus) 5

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdVl) 211 antibodies 212, 214 classification 211

culture 211

infection route 212

isolation and detection 213—214 replication site 211, 212 shedding 212

structure and types 211 vaccines 214

see also infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) Canine adenovirus 2 (CAdV2) 211

isolation and detection 214

Toronto A26/61 attenuated strain 214

Canine coronavirus (CCV) 235 canine distemper (CD) 101—105 aetiology 101

see also Canine distemper virus (CDV) antibodies 103, 104, 108

maternal, vaccine interference 105 clinical signs 104 diagnosis/detection 103, 104—105 epidemiology 101—103, 102

dogs 101, 103

immunity 103-104 incubation period 104

management, control and regulations 105 mortality 104

passive immunization 104 pathogenesis and pathology 103-104 public health concern 105 significance/implications for animal health

105

transmission 103

treatment 104

vaccination 105

Canine distemper virus (CDV) 99, 101 adaptive evolution 101 aquatic mammal infections 106, 107, 108

clinical signs 112 chimaeric 105 haemagglutinin (H) protein 99, 101, 103 host range 101, 102 immunostimulating complexes (CDV- ISCOM) 105

infection route and replication 103 Paget’s disease relationship 105 serotype and lineages 101 transmission and shedding 103, 104 canine infectious respiratory disease see infectious tracheobronchitis

canine leptospirosis 404, 405, 407 canine parvoviral enteritis 182-184 aetiology 182

see also Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) antibodies 183, 184 clinical signs 183-184 diagnosis 184 epidemiology 182, 182-183 immunity 183 incubation period 183

management, control and regulations

184

pathogenesis and pathology 183 significance/implications for animal health 184

treatment 184

vaccines 184

Canine parvovirus 1 (CPV1) 182

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) 181, 182, 511

CPV2a and CPV2b antigenic variants 182, 182

CPV2c 182, 182

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) relationship 185

geographic distribution of antigenic variants 182, 182-183 haemagglutination properties 184, 185 isolation and detection 184 replication and cell lines for 184 transmission and infectious dose 183 canine rabies 87

Canine respiratory coronavirus (CRCoV) 238 canine respiratory coronavirus infection 238 capercaillie, listeriosis 414 caprinae

infectious keratoconjunctivitis see infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC)

see also chamois; goat(s); ibex; sheep Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus 223 Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV1) 5, 14, 15-16

clinical infections 15-16

distribution 15

management and control 16 pathogenesis of infection 15 transmission 15

Caprine herpesvirus 2 (CpHV2) 5, 10, 11,

15

Capripoxvirus 207

cardiac muscle, in bluetongue 124

Cardiovirus 177 cardioviruses 168 caribou

actinomycosis 442

Brucella suis biovar 4 320-321

brucellosis 318

see also reindeer carnivores (wild)

bluetongue virus infection 123

canine distemper see canine distemper (CD)

H5N1 influenza 55, 56

tuberculosis 267

cat(s)

Bartonella henselae in 432, 433

Borna disease 252

candida infections 463

Chlamydophila felis infections 343

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection 235 feline immunodeficiency 220-221 feline infectious peritonitis 235, 236

feline leukaemia 219-220, 512

feline panleucopenia 185

feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) 489, 490

hantavirus antibodies 244

Mycobacterium bovis infection 266, 274

Mycobacterium microti infection 289 rabies 89

Salmonella infection 392

tularaemia 308

wild, cowpox 205

see also entries beginning feline catfish, Brucella melitensis infection 319 cat scratch disease 431, 433, 434 cattle

Arcanobacterium pyogenes infections 443-444

bluetongue 122, 123, 124

clinical signs 124-125

Borna disease 252 botulism 423

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) infections 13, 14, 14, 15

see also infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)

Bovine leukaemia virus infection 223 bovine spongiform encephalopathy 489, 495

bovine viral diarrhoea 153, 154, 155 brucellosis 321, 322, 323

Corynebacterium infections 438 cowpox 204-205

Culicoides midge hosts 122 foot-and-mouth disease 172, 175

persistent infection 173

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis 446-447

leptospirosis 405-406, 407

Lyme borreliosis 355 malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) 10 Mycobacterium avium infection 281 Mycobacterium avium subsp.

Rhodococcus equi infection 438 rinderpest 114

rotavirus infection 250-251 streptococcal infections 435 tuberculosis 266

diagnosis 272 prevention of transmission to 273 see also tuberculosis

see also entries beginning bovine CDV disease see canine distemper (CD);

Canine distemper virus (CDV) cell-mediated immune response

brucellosis 323

to mycobacteria 268

see also T-lymphocytes cellulitis

necrobacillosis 429

squirrelpox disease 197, 198

central nervous system (CNS) lesions

border disease 151

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 213

see also encephalitis

Cervidae

anthrax 330

as Borrelia reservoir hosts 352

bovine viral diarrhoea 154

chronic wasting disease 491—492 papillomavirus infections 226 see also deer; reindeer

Cervid herpesvirus 1 (CvHV1) 5, 14, 16, 18,

511

management and control 18

Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) 5, 14, 16—18,

511

clinical signs of infection 17, 17 distribution 16—17

excretion 17

management and control 18

transmission 17

Cetacean calicivirus 85

Cetacean morbillivirus 99 cetaceanpox 203, 204 cetaceans see dolphin(s); porpoise(s); whale(s) chaffinches see finch(es)

chaffinch papillomatosis 230—232, 512 pathogenesis 231—232

chamois

border disease 147, 148 epidemiology 148, 148, 149 management and control 152 pathology and pathogenesis 150, 151 persistently infected animals 149—150

bovine viral diarrhoea 154

Brucella melitensis 319

brucellosis 322

Caprine herpesvirus 1 infection 15

Chlamydophila abortus antibodies 343 contagious ecthyma 205

Coxiella burnetii infection 409 dermatophilosis 439 dermatophytosis 471 infectious keratoconjunctivitis 373, 376 outbreaks 374

infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) 374 Mycobacterium avium subsp.

paratuberculosis infection 282

Pasteurella infections 311, 313 population periodic oscillations 149

Charadriiformes

avian paramyxovirus infections 60

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 41, 42

see also gull(s)

cheetah

cryptococcal infections 463—464

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection 235 chicken(s)

adenovirus infections 215 aflatoxicosis resistance 483 avian paramyxovirus infections 60 Brachyspira infections 440 fusariotoxicosis 484 inclusion body disease 31

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) infection 239

leucosis/sarcoma retroviruses 222

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 472

Marek’s disease 26, 27 reticuloendotheliosis retrovirus infections

223

Salmonella carriage 388 infection route 388—389 spirochaetosis 359

Chick anaemia virus (CAV) 67 chicken-origin parvovirus (ChPV) 188 Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) 258 chinchilla, histoplasmosis 468 chipmunk(s)

Powassan virus 143

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132 Chlamydia 336

developmental stages and cycle 336 endosymbionts 336

Chlamydiaceae 336

chlamydiaceae infections 336—344 psittacosis/ornithosis see psittacosis (ornithosis) various chlamydiae 342—343

Chlamydia muridarum 336, 343 characteristics of infections 339 infections 343

Chlamydia psittaci see Chlamydophila psittaci Chlamydia suis 336, 343

characteristics of infections 339 infections 343

chlamydiosis, avian see psittacosis (ornithosis) Chlamydophila 336 game as reservoir 342

Chlamydophila abortus 336, 342—343 characteristics of infections 339 infections 342—343

Chlamydophila caviae 343 characteristics of infections 339 infections 343

Chlamydophila felis 343 characteristics of infections 339 infections 343

Chlamydophila pecorum 336, 343 characteristics of infections 339 infections 343

Chlamydophila pneumoniae 343 characteristics of infections 339 infections 343

Chlamydophila psittaci 336, 337 characteristics 337 hosts 337 incidents in wildlife (UK) 340 infection route and spread 338—339

infections

characteristics 339

human 337

infectious keratoconjunctivitis due to 373 see also psittacosis (ornithosis)

pigeon herpesvirus infections with 29 serovars 337

in wild mammals 338 cholera, avian see avian cholera Chordopoxvirinae 191, 196 chronic ill thrift

diseases causing in birds 509 diseases causing in mammals 508 chronic lymphocytic meningoradiculoneuritis see Lyme borreliosis

chronic wasting disease (CWD) 490—491 CJD due to 496

clinical signs 493 diagnosis 493, 494, 495

European survey 491—492 hosts 491

management, control and regulation 495 pathogenesis and pathology 492 Prnp gene polymorphisms and 491 screening 493

surveillance 493, 495 susceptibility to 491 transmission 490, 492

Chrysosporium parvum var.

Circoniid herpesvirus 1 31 Circoviridae 67, 71

Circovirus 67, 71

circoviruses

genome 67, 70, 71

morphology 67 viraemia 68

circovirus infections 67—72

in wild birds 67-71

clinical signs 69

cross-infect io ns 68

diagnosis 69-70, 70

epidemiology 68 immunity 68-69

management and control 70 pathogenesis and pathology 68, 68, 69 public health concern 70 significance/implications for animal health 71

transmission/infection route 68 treatment 69

in wild boar 71-72

see also porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2); post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) circovirus-like viruses 67 classical swine fever (CSF) 157-164, 511 acute 159, 160 aetiology 157

see also Classical swine fever virus (CSFV)

African swine fever similarities 160

antibodies 159, 160

chronic 159, 160

clinical features 160—161

costs/economic losses due to 164

diagnosis 161—162

laboratory 161—162

serological 161—162

endemicity emergence 158

epidemiology 157—158

eradication programmes 162

immune response to 160

immunity 158, 159, 160, 163

immunization (oral) 162—163

incubation period 160

late-onset form 159, 160-161 management, control and regulations

162- 163

mortality 159, 160

pathogenesis and pathology 158-160 persistently infected (PI) animals 159, 163 postnatal infection (acute/chronic) 159-160

prenatal infection 159, 160

public health concerns 163

significance/implications in animal health

163- 164

transmission 157-158

vaccination 162-163

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) 157

basic reproductive rate (R0) 158, 162 infection route and spread 159

isolation 161

serotype 157

stability 157

virulence 159

Claviceps purpurea 485

clinical presentations

diseases in birds 509-510

diseases in mammals 507-508

cloacal drinking, avian influenza transmission 43, 44

clostridial myonecrosis 425

Clostridium 417-427

diseases in wildlife 424-425

Clostridium botulinum 417

anaerobic conditions for 419

antitoxin 421

bacteriophage 417

C1 neurotoxin 417, 418

characteristics 417

classification 417-418

infections see botulism

neurotoxins 417, 418, 419, 420

in maggot larvae 419-420

see also botulinum toxin

spores 418, 419

transmission 419-420

type C strains 417, 418

carcass-maggot cycle 418, 419

in cattle 423

detection methods 422

growth requirement 419 mouse bioassay for 422 toxin 420

type E strains 417, 418, 420, 421 growth requirement 419

vaccination 421

Clostridium chauvoei 424, 425

Clostridium novyi 424, 425

Clostridium perfingens 424

alpha toxin 424, 425 beta toxin 424, 425 detection/typing 425 enterotoxaemia 424 gut flora 425 necrotic enteritis 424-425 toxins, mechanism of action 425 types A-E 424 wound infections 425

Clostridium piliforme 423, 424

Clostridium septicum 424, 425 Clostridium tetani 425

toxin 425 clotrimazole 467 Coccidioides immitis 468 Coccidioides posadasii 468 coccidioidomycosis 468 cockatoo(s) (Cacatua)

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 472, 472

Pacheco’s disease 32

co-feeding, Lyme borreliosis transmission 353

coligranulomas 383

Columbid herpesvirus 1 (CoHV1) 28-29, 511 columbiformes

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 342 see also dove(s); pigeon(s) commensal organisms, Pasteurella and Mannheimia 310, 311, 312 common cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), herpesvirus infections 31 complement activation, in brucellosis 323 complement fixation tests

avian tuberculosis diagnosis 279 chlamydial infections 341 complement regulatory-acquiring surface proteins (CRASP) 349 conidia 455, 456, 457

Conidiobolus 470 conidiophores 455, 460 conjunctivitis

house finch 377-378

mycoplasmas causing 377

in birds 377, 378

see also infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) consumptive coagulopathy see disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) contagious agalactia 373

contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) 372, 373

contagious dermatitis see dermatophilosis contagious ecthyma (CE) 205-207

aetiology (Orf virus) 205

clinical features 206, 206

diagnosis 206

epidemiology and transmission 205 immune response 206

pathology and pathogenesis 206, 206 significance for animal health 206-207 contagious mucocutaneous dermatitis, in mountain hair 207, 511 contagious pustular dermatitis see contagious ecthyma (CE) coot(s)

avian cholera 314

transmission 315

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 botulism 420

Brachyspira infections 441

herpesvirus infections 23

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41

inclusion body disease 31

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 39, 40, 41

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 131 cormorant(s)

avian cholera 314

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 corneal opacity (‘blue eye’), Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 213 corneal rupture 375, 376 corneal ulceration 375

Coronaviridae 234

pathogens included 234

Coronavirinae 234

coronaviruses, structure and genome 234 coronavirus infections 234-240

in bats 238-239

canine respiratory coronavirus infection 238

feline infectious peritonitis see feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

of mink and ferrets 239

miscellaneous 239

transmissible gastroenteritis (swine) 237-238

corvid respiratory disease (CRD) 314, 342 Corvids (Corvidae)

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41, 42, 43

see also crow(s); jay(s); magpie(s); raven(s); rook(s)

Corynebacterium 438

characteristics 438

infections 438-439

species 438

Corynebacterium caspium 439

Corynebacterium cystitidis 438

Corynebacterium equi (Rhodococcus equi) infection 438

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis 438 Corynebacterium renale group 438, 439 Corynebacterium ulcerans 438 coryza, infectious 446 cougar(s)

coccidioidal infections 468

Feline leukaemia virus infection 220 counter-current immune electrophoresis (CIE), Aleutian disease (AD) 187 CoV (coronavirus) infections 438—439 cowpox 204-205

diagnosis 205

epidemiology 204

cows see cattle

Coxiella burnetii 409

antibodies to 411, 412

antigenic variants 409

carriage 411 characteristics 409 detection/identification 411 infection route 410

lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 409 transmission 410

Coxiella burnetii infection (Q fever) 409—412 aetiology 409

clearance 411

clinical signs 411

diagnosis 411

epidemiology 409—410, 412 environmental factors 410 geographical distribution and hosts 409-410

host factors 410

in humans 410, 412

immune response 411 management, control and regulations 411 pathogenesis and pathology 410-411 public health concern 411-412 significance/importance for animal health 412

vaccination 411

coyote(s)

Aujeszkys disease 8

Clostridium botulinum toxin antibodies 421

coccidioidal infections 468

hantaviruses 244

coypu

leptospire reservoir host 403

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 294 CpHV1 see Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV1) CPV2 see Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) Crandell feline kidney cells 20 crane(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

hepatitis (inclusion body disease) 30-31

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) 495, 496

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) 247-248

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus 247-248

Crohn's disease 287-288

crop necrosis, Salmonella infections 389, 389 crow(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

botulism 420

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337

Clostridium botulinum toxin antibodies

421

Escherichia coli vector 382

Mycobacterium avium subsp.

Mycoplasma sturni infection 378

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130, 131

cryptococcal infections 463-464 clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment 464 epidemiology 463

Cryptococcus 463

public health concern 465 species and serotypes 463 staining and detection 464 transmission 463, 465

Cryptococcus gattii 463, 464

Cryptococcus neoformans 463, 464

CSF see classical swine fever (CSF)

Culex see mosquito(es)

Culex pipiens

Usutu virus (USUV) transmission 136

West Nile virus transmission 131

Culicoides biting midges bluetongue virus transmission 122 climatic effects on range 122 hosts and midge-cattle cycle 122 orbivirus transmission 119, 122

culling

in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 287 wildlife, in tuberculosis (bovine) 273 culture

Bacillus anthracis 333

Brucella 324

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) 211

Francisella tularensis 306-307

Leptospira 406

Listeria 415

Louping-ill virus 139

Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes group (LBS)

355

Malassezia 465

Mycobacterium avium 279

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 286

Mycoplasma conjunctivae 376

Salmonella 390-391, 394-395

Streptococcus 437-438

Cunninghamella 469

‘cupping erosion' 473, 473

curlew

Avipoxvirus infections 192

botulism 423

CvHV2 see Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2)

CWD see chronic wasting disease (CWD) cyanobacteria 476, 478

benthic aggregations 478

blooms in eutrophic freshwater lakes 477-478

characteristics 476

epidemiology 477-478 geographical distribution and hosts 477 growth and cell colour 476, 477 toxins 476

detection/identification 479-480 mechanism of action 478 cyanobacterial toxicosis 476-481

botulism vs 479

clinical signs 479

diagnosis 479-480

epidemiology 477-478

environmental factors 477-478

intoxication routes 478

management, control and regulations 480 mortality and outbreaks 477 pathogenesis and pathology 478-479 public health concern 480 significance/implications for animal health 480

cyanotoxins 476

bioaccumulation 477

cytokines

tuberculosis 270, 272

yersiniosis 296

Cytomegalovirus 5

cytomegaloviruses 4

murine (MCMV) 21

cytomegaly 4

cytopathic effects

adenovirus infections 210

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) 214

parvovirus infections 181

cytotoxic T cells (CTL), bluetongue 124

D

dabbling duck(s)

influenza A viruses 41, 41, 42

see also duck(s); gadwall(s); mallard(s); teal(s); wigeon(s)

deer

actinomycosis 442

adenovirus haemorrhagic disease 217 aflatoxicosis 483

Anaplasma infection 364

Anaplasma marginale 365

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 364

Arcanobacterium pyogenes infections 444 aspergillosis 456

Bartonella infections 431

bluetongue 120, 121, 123, 124, 125 border disease 147

as Borrelia reservoir hosts 352, 357

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHVl) 14 bovine viral diarrhoea 153, 154, 154, 155 brucellosis 318

Caprine herpesvirus 1 infection 15 Cervid herpesvirus 1 infection 16, 17 Chlamydophila abortus antibodies 343 chronic wasting disease (CWD) 490—491

European CWD survey 491, 492 contagious ecthyma 205 Coxiella burnetii infection 409, 410 cyanobacterial toxicosis 477 dermatophilosis 439

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

Escherichia coli carrier 382 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170, 172, 173, 174, 175-176

gangrenous ergotism 485

Hepevirus infection 249

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospiral infections 403 listeriosis 413

lymphosarcoma 223 malignant catarrhal fever 10, 11, 12, 12-13 Moraxella infections 447

mucormycosis 470

Mycobacterium avium infection 275

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282, 286 sporadic and acute cases 286

Mycobacterium bovis infections, pathology 269, 270

papillomavirus infections 225-230, 226 see also papillomavirus infections

Pasteurella multocida infection 311, 312 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114 plague 300

Rickettsia helvetica infection 365-366 rinderpest 114

rotavirus infection 251

salmonellosis 392, 393, 394

streptococcal infections 437

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) 140 tuberculosis 266, 267

pathology 269, 271 severity 269

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 295 see also moose; reindeer

deer fibromatosis 226, 228, 229, 512 deer fibropapillomatosis 226, 228, 229, 229 deerfly fever see tularaemia

Deerpapillomavirus (OvPV1) 226, 228, 229 deer tick virus (DTV) 143

Deltacoronavirus 234, 239 deltapapillomaviruses 226, 228 pathogenesis of lesions 228-230 deltaretroviruses 219, 223 dendritic cells

in aspergillosis 457

in rickettsiales infections 368

Densovirinae 181

deoxynivalenol (DON) 484

Dependovirus 181, 188 depression, diseases causing in mammals 508 Dermacentor reticulatus, rickettsiales transmitted by 364

dermatitis

contagious see dermatophilosis

contagious mucocutaneous, in mountain hair 207, 511

hyperplastic, Malassezia infections 464, 465

multifocal erosive, Candida causing 463 squirrelpox disease 197-198 dermatophilosis 439-440

animals infected 439

diagnosis 439-440

epidemiology 439

pathogenesis and pathology 439 transmission 439

Dermatophilus, infections see dermatophilosis Dermatophilus congolensis 439 dermatophytes

infections 470, 471

zoophilic, geophilic and anthropophilic 471

dermatophytoses 470, 471

treatment 471

Derzsys disease 188

diabetes mellitus, Ljungan virus infection and

179

diarrhoea

Campylobacter causing 398

canine parvoviral enteritis 183

diseases causing in birds 510

diseases causing in mammals 508

Escherichia albertii association 381

Escherichia coli association 381 haemorrhagic 239

paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) 284, 285 rotaviruses causing 250-251

salmonellosis 394

spirochaetal 440

transmissible gastroenteritis (pigs) 237-238

yersiniosis 296

see also enteritis dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), morbillivirus epidemics in aquatic mammals 107 dinoflagellates 476, 477 disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

bluetongue 124

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 213

rabbit haemorrhagic disease 76, 77 diving duck(s)

influenza A viruses 41, 41

see also duck(s); pochard

DNA probes, Mycobacterium avium detection

279

DNA vaccines

canine distemper 105 morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals 113

Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) 242, 244, 245, 246

dog(s)

aspergillosis 456

Aujeszky’s disease 8, 10

blastomycosis 468

Borna disease 252

candida infections 463

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 211, 212, 213

vaccination 214

see also infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

canine infectious respiratory disease 238

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 182-184

see also canine parvoviral enteritis canine respiratory coronavirus infection 238

cyanobacterial toxicosis 477 distemper see canine distemper (CD) Ehrlichia canis infection 365, 369 hantavirus antibodies 244 histoplasmosis 468

infectious canine hepatitis see infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospirosis 404, 405, 407

Lyme borreliosis 355

Mycobacterium bovis infection 274 rabies 86

clinical signs 93-94 environmental factors affecting 90 geographical distribution (Europe) 87 management and control 95, 96 public health concern 97 species-related susceptibility 89 see also rabies

rabies virus adaptive evolution 87

Rickettsia conorii infection 369, 370-371

Rickettsia infection 369, 371

tularaemia 308

see also entries beginning canine dolphin(s)

aspergillosis 456

brevetoxicosis 477

Brucella infection 319, 326 brucellosis 321, 323 calicivirus infections 85 cetacean pox 204 coccidioidal infections 468 herpesvirus infections 5, 18, 19 morbillivirus infections 106, 106, 107, 108

pathogenesis and pathology 111, 111 pathology 110

sporotrichosis 469

Dolphin morbillivirus (DMV) 99, 106, 106-107, 108, 113

clinical signs of infection 112 pathogenesis and pathology 110, 111 reservoirs 108

transmission 109

dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve (DMNV) 492

dove(s)

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337, 342 circovirus infections 69

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130, 131 doxycycline, rickettsiales infections 369 duck(s)

adenovirus infections 215 aflatoxicosis 483 avian cholera 314 botulism 418, 420

Brachyspira infections 441 Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 circovirus infections 68

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia 424 fusariotoxicosis 484

highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 41, 41, 45, 46

clinical features 51 pathology 48 inclusion body disease 31 influenza A viruses 41, 41 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 39, 40, 41, 44-45, 47 plague/viral enteritis see duck plague/duck viral enteritis

Salmonella prevalence 387 see also mallard(s); teal(s)

Duck adenovirus 1 210, 215

Duck circovirus (DuCV) 67, 70, 71

duck plague/duck viral enteritis 22, 22-26 aetiology 22-23 clinical signs 25 diagnosis 25-26 epidemiology 23-25

environmental factors affecting 24 geographical distribution 23 host factors affecting 23-24 role of affected species 24 transmission 24-25

immunity 25 management, control and regulations 26 pathogenesis and pathology 25 public health concerns 26 significance/implications for animal health 26

treatment 25 vaccine 26

duck plague virus 22-23

disease caused by see duck plague/duck viral enteritis

hosts 24

virulence 23

duck viral enteritis see duck plague/duck viral enteritis

Dunlin

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294

Dunnock, Avipoxvirus infections 193 dysentery

swine 440, 441

Tyzzers disease 424

E

eagle(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 inclusion body hepatitis 29-30 rabbit population decline effect on 79

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 Eagle herpesvirus 1 29-30 Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) 257 Eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus (E-TBEV)

139

EBHS see European brown hare syndrome (EBHS)

EBLV1 see European bat lyssavirus (EBLV1) econazole 467 ecthyma, contagious see contagious ecthyma

(CE) ectoparasites, Pasteurella multocida transmission 315 eendenpest see duck plague/duck viral enteritis egg(s), Mycobacterium avium transmission 276

egg drop syndrome 210, 215

Egg drop syndrome virus (Duck adenovirus 1) 210, 215

egret(s), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)

143

Ehrlichia 363

co-cultivation with eukaryotic cells 369 detection 369

geographical distribution 364, 365 immune evasion 367

immune response to 368 management and control 370 pathogenesis and pathology 367 reservoir hosts 365, 366, 368

exploitation mechanism 367

species 363

transmission 363-364, 366-367 vaccine 370

see also rickettsiales infections; individual species

Ehrlichia canis 364

clinical signs of infection 369 infection route 367

in membrane-bound inclusions (morulae)

368

pathology of infections 368

reservoir hosts 366 significance for animal health 371 transmission 365

Ehrlichia muris 364

hosts 365

infection route 367

reservoir hosts 366

eider(s)

adenovirus infections 215-216

avian cholera 314

Brachyspira infections 441

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40, 41 electron microscopy, circovirus infection diagnosis 70, 70 elementary body (EB) 336 elephant(s)

encephalomyocarditis 177

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 288

ELISA

African swine fever 255

Aleutian disease 187

Aujeszkys disease virus (ADV) 9

avian influenza 51

avian tuberculosis diagnosis 279 blastomycosis 468

bluetongue 125

Border disease virus 150, 152

botulism diagnosis 422

bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) 156

Caprine herpesvirus 1 16

chlamydial infections 341 classical swine fever 161-162

Coxiella burnetii infection 411

duck plague/duck viral enteritis diagnosis 26

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection 178

Escherichia coli infections 383

European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) 84

feline immunodeficiency 221

feline leukaemia 220

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 175

Francisella tularensis 307

hantavirus infections 245 hepatitis E virus 250 leptospirosis 406

Louping-ill virus 139

morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals 113

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 287

Mycoplasma conjunctivae detection 376 myxomatosis 202

Newcastle disease 62

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 78 rabies detection 94-95

Salmonella 395

squirrelpox disease 198, 199 swine vesicular disease (SVD) 177

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

494

tuberculosis diagnosis 272

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 134

yersiniosis 297

elk

brucellosis 325

chronic wasting disease (CWD) 490—491

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282 see also moose

Elk herpesvirus 1 (ElkHVI) 14 EMCV see Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)

emerging infections see wildlife-related new and emerging diseases (WiREDS) Emmonsia 466

Emmonsia crescens 466

Emmonsia parva 466 emphysema, morbillivirus infection in aquatic mammals 110, 110

emu(s)

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) infection 257 encephalitis

Aujeszky^,s disease virus (ADV) 8

canine distemper 103

Listeria monocytogenes 414

rabies 92—93

tick-borne see tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

encephalomyelitis, morbillivirus infection in aquatic mammals 110

encephalo myocarditis 177—179

aetiology 177

clinical signs 178

diagnosis 178—179 epidemiology 177—178 immunity 178

management, control and regulations 179 pathogenesis and pathology 178 public health concern 179 significance/implications for animal health 179

transmission 177, 179

treatment 178

vaccine 179

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 177

structure and genome 177

see also encephalomyocarditis encephalopathy, transmissible spongiform see transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) endopeptidase-mass spectrometry assay, botulism 422

endosymbionts

chlamydial 336 rickettsia-like 363 endothelial cells, H5N1 influenza virus infection 45 endotoxins

Salmonella infections 390

see also lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enilconazole 467 enteric disease

in birds 510

in mammals 508

see also diarrhoea

enteritis

canine parvoviral see canine parvoviral enteritis

duck viral see duck plague/duck viral enteritis

haemorrhagic, in dogs 184 see also canine parvoviral enteritis necrotic, Clostridium perfringens 424—425 Pasteurella multocida causing in birds 315 rotaviruses causing 250—251 tularaemia 305 see also diarrhoea

Enterobacteriaceae 293, 381 enterotoxaemia, Clostridium perfringens 424 entomophthorales 469, 470 Entomopoxvirinae 191 enzootic bovine leucosis 223

Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) 223 enzyme immunoassay, tuberculosis diagnosis

272

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) see ELISA

epidemic haemorrhagic fever see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) epitheliotropic viruses

morbilliviruses 101

Orf virus 206 papillomaviruses 225 epizootic diarrhoea of infant mice (EDIM)

251

epizootic fox encephalitis 211 epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV)

126

epizootics, yersiniosis 293—294 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 5 Equine arteritis virus 255 Equine coronavirus 239

Equine encephalosis virus (EEV) 126 Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) 224 ergot alkaloids 483 ergotism 483, 485, 485, 512 Erinaceid herpesvirus 1 (ErHV1) 5, 20,

20-21, 21

Erringtons disease see Tyzzers disease Erysipelothrix 445

infections 444-445

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 445 control 445

geographical distribution 445 isolation/detection 445 vaccines 445

Erysipelothrix tonsillarum 445 erythema migrans 354, 355 see also Lyme borreliosis erythrocytes

Anaplasma marginale infection 368

Bartonella tropism 431, 432

Bluetongue virus (BTV) sequestration 123 Erythrovirus 181

Escherichia 381

Escherichia albertii 381

detection/identification 383

pathology of infections 383 transmission to humans 384 virulence genes 382, 383

Escherichia coli 381

antigens 381, 383

avian pathogenic (APEC) 381, 383 carriers and transmission 382 characteristics 381

detection/identification 383-384 diffuse adherent (DAEC) 381, 383 enteroaggregative (EAEC) 381, 383 enterohaemorrhagic (EHEC) 381, 382, 383, 384

enteroinvasive (EIEC) 381, 383 enteropathogenic (EPEC) 381, 382, 383 enterotoxigenic (ETEC) 381, 383, 383 extra-intestinal (EXPEC) 381

infection route 382

necrotoxic (NTEC) 381, 383

serologic classification 381

serotyping 383

shedding 382

Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) 381, 382, 383, 384

uropathogenic (UPEC) 381, 382, 383 verotoxin-producing (VTEC) 381, 382, 384

virulence genes 382, 383

Escherichia coli infections 381-385

clinical signs 383

diagnosis 383-384

epidemiology 381-382

management, control and regulations 384 pathogenesis and pathology 382-383 public health concern 384

septicaemia 382

Escherichia coli non-O157 382, 384 Escherichia coli O8:H9 383

Escherichia coli O48:H8 383

Escherichia coli O86:K61 382

Escherichia coli O157:H7 381, 382, 384 Escherichia infections 381-385

see also Escherichia coli infections Etapapillomavirus 1 231

European bat lyssavirus (EBLV1) 86, 87, 89, 93, 511

detection and cloning 95

European bat lyssavirus (EBLV2) 86, 87, 89, 93, 511

detection and cloning 95

European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) 73,

80-84, 511

aetiology 80

antibodies 80, 83

clinical signs 83

diagnosis 83-84

emergence 80, 81

epidemiology 80-82

geographical distribution and hosts 80-81 host factors 81-82

molecular 81

immunity 83

management, control and regulations 84 mortality 80-81, 82, 83

pathogenesis and pathology 82, 82-83, 83 public health concern 84 significance/implications in animal health 84

transmission 82

treatment 83 vaccines 84

European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) 73, 80

detection 83-84

genogroups and strains 81 morphology and genome 80, 81 mutation, RHDV origin 74 relationship to RHDV 73, 80 reservoirs 81

transmission 82

European duck plague 22, 22-26

see also duck plague/duck viral enteritis European hedgehog herpesvirus (Erinaceid herpesvirus 1) ^ζ5, 20, 20-21, 21 European moose papillomavirus (AaPVl) 226, 228, 229, 230

eutrophication indices 480 exotic Newcastle disease 59 eyelids, swollen, myxomatosis 201

F

falcon(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 inclusion body hepatitis 29-30, 511

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 Falconid herpesvirus 1 29-30 fear, lack of

diseases causing in birds 510

diseases causing in mammals 508 feather dystrophy, beak and feather disease virus (BFDV) 69 feeding stations, for birds, Salmonella transmission 387, 388, 390, 391 Felid herpesvirus 1 (FeHV1) 5, 22 feline calicivirus (FCV) 73

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) 235, 239 antibodies to 237

biotypes see Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV); Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV)

coinfection with Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) 236

serotypes 235 stability 236

Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) 235

mutation leading to feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) 235, 236 feline immunodeficiency 220-221

course of infection (stages) 221 diagnosis 221 epidemiology 220 pathogenesis 220-221 significance for animal health 221

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) 220-221 antibodies 221

replication 221

feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 234-237, 512

aetiology 235

see also Feline coronavirus (FCoV)

clinical signs 236 diagnosis 236-237 dry vs wet forms 236 epidemiology 235, 235-236 immune-complex vasculitis 236 immunity 236 management and control 237 mortality 236 pathogenesis and pathology 236 significance/implications for animal health 237

transmission 235, 236, 237

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) 235 mutated from Feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) 235, 236

feline leukaemia 219-220, 512

clinical signs 220 diagnosis 220 significance to animal health 220 transmission 219-220

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) 219, 220 coinfection with Feline coronavirus (FCoV) 236

infection route and replication 220 viraemia 220

feline panleucopenia 184-186

aetiology 184-185 antibodies 185 clinical signs 186 diagnosis 186 epidemiology 185 immune response and immunity 185 management, control and regulations 186 pathogenesis and pathology 185-186 prenatal infections 185, 186

treatment 186 vaccines 186

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) 181, 182, 184-185

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) relationship 185 haemagglutination properties 185 related viruses 185

shedding, and replication site 185 structure and genome 185

Feline rhinotracheitis virus (Felid herpesvirus 1) 5, 22

feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE) 489,

490

ferret(s)

Aleutian disease (AD) 187

canine distemper 105

coronavirus infections 239

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 plague 301 fetal death

border disease (BD) 150

see also abortion

fetal infections, brucellosis 321, 322 fibrinoid vasculitis, Aujeszkys disease 8 fibromatosis

deer 226, 228, 229, 512

hare 199, 202-203

papillomaviruses causing 226 fibropapillomas 226, 229, 229 fibropapillomatosis, papillomaviruses causing 226

fi evre catarrhale du mouton see bluetongue (BT)

finch(es)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 conjunctivitis due to mycoplasmas 377-378

Escherichia coli O86:K61 infection 382

herpesvirus infections 31

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 472 papillomavirus infections 231 polyomavirus infections 232

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387, 388, 389

staphylococcal disease 436

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 136

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 133 finch circovirus (FiCV) 67 Fringilla coelebs papillomavirus (FcPV) 231 fish

botulism 420

Brucella melitensis infection 319, 322

calicivirus infections 85 cyanobacterial toxicosis 477 fits

diseases causing in birds 510

diseases causing in mammals 508 flamingo(s)

avian tuberculosis 276 cyanobacterial toxicosis 477

Flaviviridae 128, 129, 139, 146, 157

Flavivirus 128, 129, 139

species 128-129 flaviviruses 128, 142-144

mosquito-borne 128, 131, 132, 143-144

size and structure 128

tick-borne 128, 131, 138, 142-143 flavivirus infections 128-145

louping-ill 138-139

mosquito-borne 143-144 tick-borne 142-143

tick-borne encephalitis see tick-borne encephalitis (TBE)

Usutu virus (USUV) see Usutu virus (USUV) infection

West Nile virus see West Nile virus (WNV) infection

fleas

Rickettsia transmission 366

Yersinia pestis transmission 299 flies, Mycoplasma conjunctivae transmission 375

fluconazole 467 flucytosine 467 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH),

Fusobacterium necrophorum 429, 429 fluorescent antibody test (FAT)

classical swine fever 161

leptospirosis 406

rabies detection 89, 94, 95

see also immunofluorescent assay (IFA) fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN), rabies 95 fluorescent polarization assay (FPA), Brucella 325

FMD see foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT), hantaviruses 242

food-borne pathogens

Campylobacter 401

Escherichia coli 384

Listeria monocytogenes 415

Salmonella 386, 391, 395

Yersinia enterocolitica 297-298

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 298 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 168-176

aetiology 169

animals susceptible to 168, 169, 170, 171, 172

antibodies 173

clinical features 173-174

domestic animals 173-174 wildlife species 174

control and eradication 169-170, 172, 175-176

diagnosis 174-175

epidemiology 169-172 geographical distribution and hosts 169-172, 171

role of wild animals 170, 172

global concerns 169

immunity 173

incubation period 173-174 management, control and regulations 175-176

mortality 170, 173, 174

pathogenesis and pathology 172-173 domestic animals 172-173 wildlife species 173

public health concerns 176 reservoir 169, 170, 175, 176 significance/implications for animal health 176

spread (to other animals) 168-169, 174,

175

to countries free of FMD 175

as transboundary disease 169 transmission 172

wildlife susceptibility 169, 170

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus classification 169 excretion/shedding 172, 173 infection route and spread 172-173 infectious dose 172, 175 isolation and detection 175 O serotype 169, 170, 172 persistence 170, 173 SAT serotypes 169, 170 serotypes and groups of 169, 170, 175 stability 169 structure and genome 169 Swine vesicular disease virus relationship

176

Fort Bragg fever see leptospirosis

fowl cholera see avian cholera

fowl paralysis (Marek’s disease) 26-27

fowl pest see highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)

fowlpest, atypical see avian paramyxovirus infections

fowl plague see duck plague/duck viral enteritis; highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)

Fowlpox virus 191

fox(es)

Aleutian disease 186

Borna disease 252 brucellosis 318, 321

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 211, 213

canine distemper 102, 103, 105

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 182

cryptococcal infections 464

Ehrlichia canis infection 365 hantavirus antibodies 244

Helicobacter 430

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospire reservoir host 403 leptospirosis 405

listeriosis 413

Ljungan virus infection 179 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 283, 285

Mycobacterium bovis infection 267 pathology 270

Pasteurella infections 311

rabies 86, 87, 89, 90, 97 clinical signs 93-94 environmental factors affecting 90 geographical distribution (Europe) 87 management and control 95-96 pathogenesis 93 public health concern 97 rabid behaviour and transmission 92 species-related susceptibility 89

Salmonella infection 392 salmonellosis 392, 393 streptococcal infections 437

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) 140 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 294, 296

Francisella 303

Francisellaceae 303

Francisella tularensis 303, 308 detection and identification 306-307 growth/culture requirements 306-307 infection route and spread 305 intracellular pathogen 305 outer membrane proteins, genes 307 septicaemia due to 305, 306 subspecies 303 transmission 304, 305 water contamination 308 see also tularaemia

Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica 303, 304, 305

infectious dose 305

Francisella tularensis subsp. mediasiatica 303 Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida 303 Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis 303, 305 Francolinus leucoscepus papillomavirus (FlPV1) 231

fulmar(s), Chlamydophila psittaci infection 342

fumonisins 484

fungal infections 466-475 arthropod vectors 505 Aspergillus see aspergillosis new and emerging diseases 500 OIE reportable 504 wild population decline and significance

506

zoonotic 501—502

fungal pneumonia see aspergillosis fungi

mycotoxin formation 482 nomenclature 455 fungi imperfecti 455 furin 43 fusariotoxicosis 484-485 diagnosis 484-485 toxins causing 484 fusariotoxins 484

Fusarium 484

mycotoxins produced 482

Fusarium culmorum 484

Fusarium graminearum 484

Fusarium proliferatum 484

Fusarium Sporotrichioides 484

Fusarium Verticillioides 484

Fusobacterium necrophorum 428—430 Arcanobacterium pyogenes relationship 443 bio types 428

immune response to 429

infection 428—430

see also necrobacillosis

infection route and pathogenicity 429 management and control 430 transmission 428

Fusobacterium necrophorum subspecies necrophorum 428

virulent strains 428

G

gadwall(s)

aflatoxicosis 483

highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 46, 48

gallbladder, infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

212

Gallid herpesvirus 1 27—28

see also infectious laryngotracheitis (ITR)

Gallid herpesvirus 2 (Marek’s disease virus type 1) 26

Gallid herpesvirus 3 (Marek’s disease virus type 2) 26

gallinaceous birds see chicken(s); pheasant(s); turkey(s)

gall sickness 369

Gammacoronavirus (group 3 coronaviruses) 234, 239

Gammaherpesvirinae 3, 5, 18, 21 gammaherpesviruses 3, 4 gammaretroviruses 219

gammopathy, Chlamydophila abortus associated 342

gangrene, gas 425

gangrenous ergotism 485, 485, 512

Garin-Bujadoux syndrome see Lyme borreliosis

gas gangrene 425

gastritis, Helicobacter causing 430 gastroenteritis, canine parvoviral enteritis 183, 184

gazelle(s)

anthrax 330

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170 histoplasmosis 468

mycoplasma infections 372 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114

geese

adenovirus infections 215 aflatoxicosis 483

Avian bornavirus (ABV) infection 251 avian paramyxovirus infections 60 Avipoxvirus infections 192 Brachyspira infections 441 circovirus infections 68

Clostridium perfingens enterotoxaemia 424, 425

Helicobacter canadensis carriage 430 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) 41

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 39, 40, 41

Marek’s disease 27

Mycobacterium avium infection 277, 277

Salmonella prevalence 387

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294 genet(s)

Aleutian disease 186

canine distemper 102 leptospire reservoir host 403 genetic probes

Mycobacterium avium detection 279 tuberculosis diagnosis 272

genetic reassortment 260

Geomyces destructans 473—474

clinical signs and pathology 473, 473 detection 474

transmission 473

treatment 474

gerbil(s)

cowpox 204

plague 299

Giemsa staining

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species 369

Bacillus anthracis 333

Bartonella 433

Dermatophilus 439—440

Dermatophilus congolensis 439

Leptospira 406

Lyme borreliosis spirochaete group 354

Malassezia 465

Pneumocystis 469

relapsing fever spirochaetes 360 giraffe(s), foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170

gitter cells 414

Glasser’s disease 446

glycerol, Francisella tularensis subspecies differentiation 303

goat(s)

Anaplasma ovis 365

bluetongue 125

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) 14

Brucella melitensis 319

Caprine herpesvirus 1 infection 15 Caprine herpesvirus 2 10 contagious ecthyma (CE) 205, 206 Corynebacterium infections 438 infectious keratoconjunctivitis 373 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282

Mycobacterium bovis infection 266 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114 poxvirus infections 207

Rift Valley fever (RVF) 247 rotavirus infection 251

goat herpesvirus see Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV1)

goat plague see peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) goat pox 207

Goatpox virus 207

godwit(s), botulism 423

Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS) stain 466

goose see geese

goose circovirus (GoCV) 67, 70, 71

Goose parvovirus (GPV) 188 goshawk(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130, 132, 133, 134, 135 gosling plague 188 granulomas

cryptococcal infections 463

feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 236

Mycobacterium avium infection 277

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 285

Mycobacterium bovis infection 2 68, 269, 270, 271 granulomatous lesions, Escherichia coli infections 383 grebe(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41, 41

grey squirrel see squirrel(s) griseofulvin 467 groundhog(s), Powassan virus 143 ground squirrel cytomegalovirus (Sciurid herpesvirus 1) 5

ground squirrel herpesvirus (Sciurid herpesvirus 2) 5 group A rotaviruses (GARV) 250

porcine 251

group B arboviruses 128

grouse

Avipoxvirus infections 192

louping-ill 138

Gruid herpesvirus 1 (GrHV-1) 30—31 guanaco, pestivirus infections 146 guillemot(s), influenza A viruses 39 Guinea fowl, infectious laryngotracheitis 27 guinea pig(s), Chlamydophila caviae infections 343

gull(s)

aspergillosis 456

avian paramyxovirus infections 60

Avipoxvirus infections 192 botulism 418-419, 420, 423 minimum lethal dose 420

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 circovirus infections 68, 68, 69 Clostridium botulinum toxin antibodies 421

Escherichia coli vector 382

H5N1 influenza viruses 44, 47, 49

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) 45

clinical signs 51

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40, 41, 42

Salmonella carriage 387, 388 salmonellosis 387

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130—131 gull circovirus (GuCV) 67

Gumboro disease 259

gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) duck plague/duck viral enteritis 25 salmonellosis 393

Gyrovirus 67

H

H5N1 influenza virus see under highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)

haemagglutination test

Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) 63

avian tuberculosis diagnosis 278—279

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) 211

haemagglutinin (HA) 39 influenza viruses 37, 38, 42 morbilliviruses 99, 101 pathogenicity 43

haematology

avian tuberculosis diagnosis 278 border disease 151—152

Haemophilus 446

infection 446

Haemophilus bovis (Moraxella bovis) 446

Haemophilus contagious pleuropneumonia 445

Haemophilus paragallinarum 446

Haemophilus parasuis 446

strains and typing 446 haemorrhage

adenovirus haemorrhagic disease of deer 217

aflatoxicosis 484

bluetongue 123, 124

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) causing 212 canine parvoviral enteritis 184 classical swine fever 159—160

duck plague/duck viral enteritis 25 European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) 82

malignant catarrhal fever 12 rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) 77, 78

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132

haemorrhagic diarrhoea 239

haemorrhagic disease of muskrats see Tyzzers disease

haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys 215 haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) 241

aetiology 242

case fatality rate (CFR) 245, 246 clinical signs 245 diagnosis 245 epidemiology 242—244, 243 immunity 244, 245 incidence 246

management, control and regulations 245-246

pathogenesis and pathology 244 transmission 244

treatment 245

haemorrhagic nephrosonephritis see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

haemorrhagic septicaemia 310, 311 see also Pasteurella infections

haemorrhagic syndrome, bovine viral diarrhoea 155

hamster(s)

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447

Lyme borreliosis 355 parvovirus infection 189 hamster parvovirus (HaPV) 189

Hantaan virus (HTNV) 241, 242, 244, 245 vaccine 245

Hantavax® 245

Hantavirus 241

serogroups (clades) 242

hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) 242, 245

hantaviruses

antibodies to 244, 245 host specificity 242, 244 increasing incidence 246 in non-rodent mammals 244 phylogeny 242 stability 245-246 structure and genome 242 vectors 241, 244

hantavirus infections 241-246

aetiology 242 background and names 241 clinical signs 245 diagnosis 245 epidemiology 242-244 environmental factors 242-243 geographical distribution 242, 243 role of affected species 244 geographical distribution 242, 243 immunity 245 management, control and regulations 245-246

pathogenesis and pathology 244 public health concern 246 significance/implications for animal health 246

transmission 241, 244 treatment 245 vaccines 245 see also haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

harbour seal herpesvirus see Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV1)

hare(s)

aspergillosis 456

Borrelia reservoir host 352

Brucella suis biovar 2 320

brucellosis 318, 322, 326

Chlamydophila psittaci in 338 contagious mucocutaneous dermatitis 207, 511

Coxiella burnetii infection 409

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibodies 247

Escherichia coli infections 382

European brown hare syndrome see European brown hare syndrome (EBHS)

fibromatosis 202-203 leptospire reservoir host 403 listeriosis 413-414 louping-ill 138

Mannheimia haemolytica infection 311,

312

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282 myxomatosis 199, 200

Pasteurella multocida infections 311, 312,

313

poxvirus infections 207 salmonellosis 392 staphylococcal infections 435, 436 Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) 140 tularaemia 304, 305, 306

management and control in 307

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 294, 295, 296

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reservoir 295 hare disease (yato-byo) see tularaemia hare fibromatosis 199, 202-203 Hare fibroma virus 199, 200 detection 203

Hare fibroma virus infection 202-203 harmful algal blooms see cyanobacterial toxicosis

harpest see tularaemia

harrier(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) 142 hartebeest malignant catarrhal fever virus (Alcelaphine herpesvirus 2) 5 hawk(s)

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 hedgehog(s)

Borrelia reservoir host 352

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibodies 247

Escherichia coli infections 382

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) in 185 herpesvirus infections 5, 20, 20-21, 21,

511

leptospire reservoir host 403

Mycobacterium avium infection 275

salmonellosis 392, 393, 393

Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection 470-471

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 295 Helicobacter 430

infections 430-431

isolation and identification 430-431

phylogenetic analysis 430

Helicobacter bilis 430

Helicobacter canadensis 430

Helicobacter hepaticus 430

Helicobacter-like organisms (HLO) 430 Helicobacter pylori 430

pathogenesis and virulence factors 430 Hepacivirus 128 hepatitis contagiosa canis see infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) hepatitis E virus 249-250

antibodies to 250

avian 249, 250

genotypes 249

structure and genome 249 hepatocytes, granules, calcification in European brown hare syndrome 83, 83

Hepatosplenitis infectiosa strigum (HSiS) 29-30

hepatosplenitis virus 29-30 hepatotoxins (cyanobacterial) 476 Hepeviridae 249

Hepevirus 249

genotypes 249 herbivores

anthrax

clinical signs 332, 332

susceptibility 329-330

see also specific herbivores heron(s)

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) 143 herpes simian B-virus 5 herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) 5 Herpesvirales 3, 22, 22

families 3

Herpesviridae 3, 4, 18, 22, 22, 23 herpesvirus cuniculi (Leporid herpesvirus 2) 5 herpesviruses

crossing species barrier 4

envelope, lipid in 3

evolution 3, 4

host range 3-4

latency 3, 4

number 4

phylogenetics 4

serological tests, cross-reactions 13

structure and genome 3

taxonomic distribution 5

herpesvirus infections

aquatic mammals 18-20

see also Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV1)

birds 22, 22-32

see also avian herpesviruses (AHV) cutaneous, aquatic mammals 18 hedgehogs 5, 20, 20-21, 21, 511 in Passeriformes 31-32 psittacine 31-32 storks 31, 511

wild mammals 4, 5

Aujeszkys disease see Aujeszkys disease malignant catarrhal fever see malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

ruminant alphapherpesvirus infections 13-18

see also specific viruses and specific mammals Highlands J virus (HJV) 257-258 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) 37, 38

clinical signs 46—47, 50-51 diagnosis 51

environmental factors affecting prevalence 42

epidemiological role of affected species 42 geographical distribution 38, 39

H5N1 37, 38, 52

clinical signs 46—47, 50-51, 56 diagnosis/detection 51, 52, 56 distribution 38, 38 environmental factors affecting prevalence 42

host range 41, 41 infection route 44, 44 infectious period and incubation time 46-47

management and control 52, 56 origin 39

pathology 45, 47, 48-49, 50, 56 public health concern 52, 56 replication site 44, 45 in respiratory tract 44, 45 shedding 45 significance/implications for animal health 53, 56

surveillance 52

transmission 43, 56 transmission to humans, prevention 52 transmission to poultry 53 transmission to wild animals 55-56 vaccines 56

wild bird infections 38, 39, 41, 42 wild birds role in epidemiology 42 wild carnivore infections 55, 56 HA protein 43

host range 41, 41, 42 immune response 45 infectious dose 44 infectious period and incubation time 46-47

management and control 52 pathogenesis and pathology 43, 44, 44, 45 pathology (by wild bird species) 48-49, 50 screening for 51 significance/implications for animal health 53, 56

transmission 37, 42-43, 44, 44, 52

see also avian influenza

hippopotamus

Borna disease 252

tetanus 425

Histoplasma capsulatum 468 histoplasmosis 468-469

clinical signs 468-469

HIV/AIDS, Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections 280-281

Hjarres disease 382

hog cholera see classical swine fever (CSF)

Hokovirus 181

homoanatoxin-a 478, 479

horse(s)

African horse sickness 126

aspergillosis 456

Borna disease 251, 252

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

equine encephalosis virus (EEV) infection 126

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection 224

fumonisin toxicity 484

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) 143

leptospirosis 407

Lyme borreliosis 355

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infection 281

rotavirus infections 251

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection 258

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) infection 257-258

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 131, 134, 135 horse flies, tularaemia transmission 304 horsepox 207 house finch conjunctivitis 377-378 HPAIV see highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV)

Human herpesvirus 1 (HHV1) 5

Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV4) 5 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections 280-281

human relapsing fever (HRF) 358 humoral immunity

avian influenza virus infections 47-48

canine distemper 104

see also specific immunoglobulins

hunting

border disease and 148, 148

chlamydial infections 342

classical swine fever and 158, 162

listeriosis after 415

paratuberculosis control and 287

Salmonella risk reduction 395—396 tularaemia and 308 see also occupational diseases/transmission of disease

Hyalomma marginatum, Rickettsia transmission 364

hyperam mo naemia 213

hyphae 455, 459, 460

I

Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) see lynx ibex

bluetongue 121

Brucella melitensis 319 brucellosis 322

Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHVI) infection 15

Chlamydophila abortus antibodies 343 Chlamydophila psittaci in 338 contagious ecthyma 205

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection 445 infectious keratoconjunctivitis 373, 376 outbreaks 374

lentivirus (retrovirus) infections 223 Mannheimia isolation from 311, 312 Moraxella bovis infection 447 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282, 286 mycoplasma infections 373 Pasteurella infections 311, 313 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114 staphylococcal disease 436 streptococcal infections 437 icterus, canine leptospirosis 405 Iltovirus 23, 27, 31—32 immune deficiency/depression aspergillosis in 457 candida infections 463 canine parvoviral enteritis 183 feline infectious peritonitis form associated 236

morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals 109

yeast infections 462, 463

immune evasion

Anaplasma 367, 368

Aspergillus 457

Aujeszky^,s disease virus (ADV) 8

Ehrlichia 367

herpesviruses 8

Listeria 414

Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes group (LBS) 354

Mycobacterium avium 277

Salmonella 389

in yersiniosis 296

immune response see cell-mediated immune response; humoral immunity; individual infections

immunoblot analysis, Mycoplasma conjunctivae infections 375—376 immunofluorescent assay (IFA)

Coxiella burnetii infection 411 feline leukaemia 220 see also fluorescent antibody test (FAT) immunoglobulin A (IgA)

Newcastle disease 62

Salmonella infections 394

Yersinia infections 297

immunoglobulin G (IgG)

Brucella infections 323

foot-and-mouth disease 173

Lyme borreliosis 354

morbillivirus infections (aquatic mammals) 113

Newcastle disease 62

Salmonella infections 394, 395 tick-borne encephalitis 141

West Nile virus infection 134

Yersinia infections 297 immunoglobulin M (IgM)

Brucella infections 323 foot-and-mouth disease 173 morbillivirus infections (aquatic mammals) 113

Newcastle disease 62

Salmonella infections 394

tick-borne encephalitis 141

West Nile virus infection 134 immunoglobulin X (IgX), avian influenza virus infections 47 immunoglobulin Y (IgY)

avian influenza virus infections 47

Newcastle disease 62 immunohistochemistry

canine distemper 104

Francisella tularensis 306

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) 494-495

Usutu virus (USUV) 136, 137

West Nile virus (WNV) 133, 133 immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA), Border disease virus 152 immunosuppression, avian circovirus infections 67, 69

immunotherapy, avian tuberculosis 278 impala, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)

170

inclusion bodies

canine distemper 104

intracytoplasmic see intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ICIB)

intranuclear see intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIB)

morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals 109, 110, 111-112

parvovirus infections 181

squirrelpox disease 198 inclusion body disease of cranes 30-31 inclusion body disease of falcons and eagles 29-30, 511

inclusion body disease of owls 29-30, 511 inclusion body hepatitis of eagles 29-30,

511

inclusion body hepatitis of falcons 29-30,

511

inclusion body hepatitis of owls 29-30, 511 incoordination

diseases causing in birds 510

diseases causing in mammals 508

indirect fluorescence assay (IFA), Coxiella burnetii infection 411

infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) 446-447

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) 13-15

aetiology see Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1)

clinical signs 14, 15

control and treatment 15

diagnosis 15

infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus see

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) 239 infectious bursal disease 259 Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) 259 infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) 211-215 aetiology 211

see also Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) clinical signs 213 diagnosis 213-214 epidemiology 211-212 hyperacute disease 212 immunity 212, 214 incubation period 213 management, control and regulations 214 mortality 211, 212 passive immunization 213 pathogenesis and pathology 212-213 public health concern 214 significance/implications for animal health 214-215

transmission 212

treatment 213

vaccines 214

infectious coryza 446 infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) 373,

512

bovine, Moraxella bovis causing 446

in caprinae 373-377 aetiology 373-374 Chlamydophila psittaci causing 373 clinical signs 376 diagnosis 376 epidemiology 374-375 immune response 375-376 incubation period 375 management and control 376 Mycoplasma conjunctivae causing 373-374

pathogenesis and pathology 375-376 transmission 374, 375

see also Mycoplasma conjunctivae

Cervid herpesviruses causing 16, 17, 17 infectious laryngotracheitis (ITR), birds 22,

22, 27-28

clinical signs 27-28 diagnosis and virus isolation 28 vaccination 28

infectious plasmocytosis see Aleutian disease (AD)

infectious pleuropneumonia of swine 445 infectious pustular balanoposthitis (IPB) 13, 15

infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV) 13, 15

infectious tracheobronchitis (kennel cough) 211

aetiology (Canine adenovirus 2 (CAdV2))

211

pathogens causing 211 inflammation, necrosuppurative, in bubonic plague 300

influenza 37-58

in aquatic mammals 53-55

in other wild animals 55-56 in wild birds see avian influenza influenza A viruses 37

in aquatic mammals 53 antibodies (in seals) 54 clinical signs 54-55 diagnosis 55 epidemiology 53-54 pathogenesis and pathology 54 public health concern 55 significance/implications for animal health 55

transmission 54

avian see avian influenza A viruses

H5N1 see under highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) in wild carnivores 55-56

influenza B viruses 37

in aquatic mammals 53, 54, 55 influenza viruses

genome 37 haemagglutinin (HA) 37, 38 host range 37

neuraminidase (NA) 37, 38 structure 37

initial bodies (membrane-bound inclusions) 368

innate immune response, in brucellosis 323 insectivores, as hantavirus vector 244 in situ hybridization (ISH)

circovirus infection diagnosis 70 papillomavirus DNA 230

interferon (IFN), induction by bluetongue virus (BTV) 124

interferon gamma (IFN-γ)

brucellosis 323

Coxiella burnetii infection 411 paratuberculosis, test 287 tuberculosis 270, 272 interstitial nephritis, leptospirosis 405 intracerebral pathogenicity test (ICPI), Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) 63-64 intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ICIB) avian pox 194 morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals 109, 110, 111-112 intradermal skin test see tuberculin intradermal skin test

intraneuronal vacuolation 493 intranuclear inclusion bodies (INIB) 18 adenoviruses causing 210 avian polyomavirus infections 232 Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 213

morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals 109, 110, 111-112 intravenous pathogenicity test (IVPI), Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) 64 iodine compounds 467

Israel turkey meningoencephalitis virus 143 itraconazole 467

Ixodes

factors affecting prevalence 350, 351 Lyme borreliosis transmission 345, 348, 349, 353 co-feeding and 353

tick-borne encephalitis transmission 140

Western tick-borne encephalitis virus (W-TBEV) transmission 140

Ixodes persulcatus 348, 349

Ixodes ricinus 348, 349, 357

control and borreliosis prevention 356 factors affecting density 350, 350-351 geographical distribution 348 life cycle 349-350, 350 Rickettsia transmission 364

Ixodes scapularis 351, 356

Ixodes uriae 349, 352

J

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) 223 jackal(s), Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 296

jackdaw(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193 Borna disease virus (BDV) detection 252 Escherichia coli vector 382

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) 142, 143 Japanese encephalitis virus complex 129 jaundice, Canine distemper virus causing 104 jay(s)

conjunctivitis due to mycoplasmas 377 West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 Johne’s disease see paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)

Juquitiba virus (JUQV) 242

K

Karelian fever 257

Karenia brevis 477

kennel cough see infectious tracheobronchitis keratoconjunctivitis, infectious see infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) kestrel(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

inclusion body hepatitis 30 ketoconazole 467 kidney

haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) 244

in leptospirosis 404, 405

in tularaemia 305

kite(s)

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337

Coxiella burnetii infection 410

Escherichia coli infections 382 kitten(s), Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) infection 185, 186 koala(s)

Chlamydophila pecorum infection 343

Chlamydophila pneumoniae infections 343 Korean fowl plague see Newcastle disease Korean haemorrhagic fever see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) kudu

anthrax 330

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170 rabies 92

Kunjin virus 129

Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) 142-143

L

laboratory animals, Tyzzer’s disease 423 Lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, of mice 255

lagamorphs see hare(s); rabbit(s)

Lagovirus 73, 80

La maladie de Carre see canine distemper (CD)

lameness

diseases causing in birds 509

diseases causing in mammals 507-508 foot-and-mouth disease 174

landfill sites, Clostridium botulinum spores at 419, 420

laparoscopy, avian tuberculosis diagnosis 279 la peste bovine see rinderpest lapwing(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Escherichia coli vector 382 lark(s), Avipoxvirus infections 193, 196 laryngotracheitis, infectious, birds see infectious laryngotracheitis latent infections 4

Aujeszky’s disease virus (ADV) 6, 7, 8, 9 herpesviruses 3, 4 polyomaviruses 225 tuberculosis 268

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 295

Lawsonia intracellularis 447-448 characteristics 447 infections 447-448

LCMV (Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) 259-260

lemming(s)

cowpox 2 04

Ljungan virus infection 179 lemming fever see tularaemia lengua azul see bluetongue (BT) lentiviruses 220, 223 leopard(s), Hepevirus infection 250 leopard cat, coronavirus infections 239 leporid caliciviral hepatitis see European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) Leporid herpesvirus 2 (LeHV2) 5 Leporipoxvirus 199

see also myxomatosis; Myxoma virus Leptospira 402

‘carrier phase’/carriers 404, 407 characteristics 402, 403

culture and culture medium 406 detection/identification 406 ecology 404

infection route and spread 404 infections see leptospirosis lipopolysaccharide 404 pathogenic vs non-pathogenic 402 persistence 404, 405 reservoir hosts 403, 404

serovars and serogroups 403, 406, 407 species 402

Leptospira bifl exa 402 Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo 404, 407

Leptospira interrogans 402

serovars 404

Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni 404

Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae 404, 407 leptospirosis 402-408

acute 405, 406

aetiology 402-403

see also Leptospira canine 404, 405, 407 chronic 404, 405 clinical signs 405-406 diagnosis 406-407 epidemiology 403-404 geographical distribution 403 hepatic 405 human infections 407 immune response 404-405 in livestock 405, 407 management, control and regulations 407 in marine mammals 403-404 pathogenesis and pathology 404-405 public health concern 407 significance/implications for animal health 407-408

treatment 406-407 vaccines/vaccination 407 in wild mammals 403

leucocytopenia

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdVI) infection 213

canine parvoviral enteritis 183 classical swine fever 160

feline panleucopenia 186 leucocytosis, avian tuberculosis 278, 278 leucosis/sarcoma group, avian retroviruses

222

lice, Pasteurella multocida transmission 315 limberneck 421, 421

linnet, Avipoxvirus infections 193

lion(s), encephalomyocarditis 177 lip lesions, contagious ecthyma 206, 206

Liponyssoides sanguineus mites 364 lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia unable to synthesise 367

Brucella 323, 325

Coxiella burnetii 409

Leptospira 404

Mannheimia haemolytica 312

Salmonella 390

‘listed’ disease see reportable diseases; World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Listeria 413

characteristics 413

culture 415

growth and requirements for 414 immune evasion 414

infections see listeriosis

species 413

transmission 414, 415

Listeria ivanovii 413, 414

as intracellular pathogen 414

Listeria monocytogenes 413

antibodies 415

carriers 414

food-borne pathogen 415

implication for animal health 416 infection route and spread 414 infections see listeriosis

intestinal flora component 413

as intracellular pathogen 414

isolation from mammals 413

listeriosis 413-416

aetiology 413

see also Listeria monocytogenes

clinical signs 414, 415

diagnosis 415

epidemiology 413-414

immune response 415

management, control and regulations

415

pathogenesis and pathology 414-415 public health concern 415-416 septicaemic forms 414, 415 significance/implications for animal health

416

listerolysin 414

liver

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia 425 cyanobacterial toxicosis 478, 479, 479 duck plague/duck viral enteritis 25 European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) 82, 82, 83, 83-84

European hedgehog herpesvirus infection 20-21, 21

infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) 212, 213 necrosis, European brown hare syndrome (EBHS) 82, 82

rabbit haemorrhagic disease 77, 77 salmonellosis in wild mammals 394 Tyzzer’s disease 423

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 133 Ljungan virus (LV) 179, 501 llama(s)

actinomycosis 442, 443

bluetongue 125

pestivirus infections 146

Loffler staining, Bacillus anthracis 333 loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP)

parvovirus infections 188

rabies 95

louping-ill 138-139

pathology 139, 139

Louping-ill virus 138

culture and PCR 139

hosts 138

pathogenicity 138

replication 138-139

transmission 138

viraemia 138

louse-borne relapsing fever (LBRF) 358 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 37, 38

in aquatic mammals 53, 54, 55 clinical signs 46—47, 50 diagnosis 51

environmental factors affecting prevalence 42

epidemiological role of affected species 42 geographical distribution 38, 38-39 H3N3, in seals 54

H4N5, in seals 54

H4N6, in seals 54

H7N7, in seals 54, 55

H13 and H16 subtypes 42

H13N2 and H13N9 53

haemagglutinin/neuraminidase combinations 38, 39

HA protein 43

host range 39-41, 40, 41

juveniles vs adult birds 41

immune response 45, 47

infectious dose 44

infectious period and incubation time 46-47

management and control 52 pathogenesis and pathology 43-45, 44

pathology 48

target cells 44—45, 45 persistence (year-to-year) 43 screening for 51 shedding 45 significance/implications for animal health 53

transmission 42—43, 44, 44

to poultry/animals 53

in whales 53

see also avian influenza

LPAIV see low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV)

lumpy jaw 442

lumpy skin disease of cattle 207

Lumpy skin disease virus 207

lumpy wool disease see dermatophilosis lung

aspergillosis 458, 458 fibrosis, papillomavirus infections of deer 230

morbillivirus infections of aquatic mammals 110, 110-111, 111

Mycobacterium bovis infections 269 PDV disease 110, 110 tularaemia 305, 306

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 133 see also respiratory disease

Lyme arthritis 354, 355

Lyme borreliosis 345-357 aetiology 348

see also Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group antibodies in 354, 355 arthritis 354, 355 clinical signs 354-355 diagnosis 355-356

Borrelia detection in ticks 356 host blood meal source 356 samples from animals 355-356 epidemiology 348-353

environmental factors 349-351, 350 factors affecting tick prevalence 351 geographical distribution 348-349 host factors 349

hosts 348-349

role of affected species 351-353 immune response 349, 353-354 immunity 354 infection route 353 management, control and regulations 356-357

reservoir host density control 357

tick control 356, 357 neurological complications 354 pathogenesis and pathology 353-354 public health concern 357 relapses 354

significance/implications for animal health

357

stages 355

transmission 353

co-feeding (of ticks) effect 353

treatment 355

vaccine research 356

Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group 345, 346

in cervids 352

characteristics 348

culture and culture media 355 environmental factors affecting 349-350 factors affecting prevalence in ticks 350, 351

genome and plasmids 348

genospecies 346, 348

prevalence 348

genotypes 357

human disease and public health concern 357

immune evasion 354

inoculum size 353

persistent infections 357

reservoir hosts 346, 348, 351-353, 352 criteria for 351

population density reduction 357 vaccination in borreliosis control

356-357

serotyping 348

species included 345, 346, 348, 357

in tick salivary gland 353

transmission 353, 357

transmission cycles 349-350, 350, 357 visualization 354

see also Borrelia afzelii; Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato; Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto (ss); Borrelia garinii; Lyme borreliosis

Lyme carditis 354, 355

Lyme disease see Lyme borreliosis lymphadenitis, necrotizing granulomatous 469

lymphadenosis benigna cutis see Lyme borreliosis

lymph nodes

Feline immunodeficiency virus infection 221

malignant catarrhal fever 12

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 284-285, 285

Mycobacterium bovis infection 269, 270 Lymphocryptovirus 5 lymphocytes

apoptosis, in myxomatosis 201

B-cell deficiency, classical swine fever (CSF) 160

T-cells see T-lymphocytes

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) 259-260

lymphocytopenia

African swine fever 254

bovine viral diarrhoea 155

canine distemper 103, 104

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection

183, 184

classical swine fever 160

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 133 lymphoid cells

depletion, West Nile virus (WNV) infection

133

necrosis, duck plague/duck viral enteritis

25

see also lymphocytopenia lymphoid organs/tissues

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection

183

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)

infection 178

morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals 109, 110, 111, 111 samples for transmissible spongiform encephalopathy diagnosis 494 tuberculosis 268-269

lymphoma, chronic, reticuloendotheliosis

retroviruses causing 222, 223 lymphopenia see lymphocytopenia lymphoproliferative disorders 21 lymphosarcoma, deer 223 lymphotropic viruses, morbilliviruses 101,

103, 109

lynx

Aujeszkys disease 10

bluetongue 124

Borna disease 252 canine distemper 102, 103, 105 cowpox 205

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection 235,

235, 236

feline immunodeficiency 220

feline leukaemia 219, 220

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV) infection

185

Helicobacter 430

leptospire reservoir host 403 plague 300-301 rabbit population decline effect on 79 tuberculosis 266, 274

Lyssavirus 86 lyssaviruses

morphology and genome 86

transmission 91-92

lyssavirus infections 86-98 epidemiology 86-91 see also rabies

M

Macacine herpesvirus 1 (McHV1) 5

Macacine herpesvirus 3 (McHV3) 5 macaque(s)

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447

Tick-borne encephalitis virus infection

140-141

Macavirus 5

MacFadyean staining, Bacillus anthracis 333

macrophages

in aspergillosis 457

Francisella tularensis growth in 305—306 Mycobacterium avium infection 277 Mycobacterium avium subsp.

paratuberculosis 284, 285 Mycobacterium bovis infection 268, 269 Salmonella replication in 389

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster 472, 472 characteristics 472

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 471M73

treatment 472

‘mad itch’ see Aujeszkys disease magpie(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

Mycoplasma sturni infection 378 West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130

Malacoherpesviridae 3 malaise, diseases causing in mammals 508 Malassezia 464

detection/culture 465

infections 464M65

diagnosis and treatment 465 epidemiology and clinical signs 464 lipid-dependent vs non-lipid-dependent 464

species 464

Malassezia pachydermatis 464

Malassezia sympodialis 464 malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) 10—13 aetiology 10

see also Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV1) (Malignant catarrhal fever virus); Caprine herpesvirus 1 (CpHV1); Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV2)

clinical signs 12—13 diagnosis 13 epidemiology 10—11 geographical distribution 10—11 hosts 10-11

infection route 12

management and control 13 pathogenesis and pathology 12, 12 transmission 10

malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) complex 10, 11

malignant catarrhal fever viruses see Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV1); Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV2)

malignant oedema, clostridial 425 mallard(s)

aflatoxicosis 483

avian cholera 314

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 Borna disease virus (BDV) detection 252 botulism 418, 419

Brachyspira infections 441

H5N1 influenza virus 42, 43, 46

pathology 48 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40, 46 clinical signs 50 pathology 48

Marek’s disease 27 see also duck(s) manatee(s), brevetoxicosis 477 Mannheimia 310

commensal strains 310, 311, 312

Mannheimia haemolytica 311 characteristics 311 clinical signs of infection 313 diagnosis 313 epidemiology 311-312 geographical distribution 311 immunity 312 infection route and spread 312 pathogenesis and pathology 312 significance/importance for animal health 313

virulence factors 312 mannikin, herpesvirus infections 31 Map see Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) marble spleen disease 215 marble spleen disease virus 210 Mardivirus 23, 26, 28-29 Marek’s cells 27 Marek’s disease 26-27 Marek’s disease viruses 22, 22 marine mammals

Arcanobacterium species isolated from 444 brevetoxicosis 477 brucellosis 321, 322, 323, 326 detection 325

leptospiral infections 403-404 morbillivirus infections see morbillivirus infections

parvovirus infection 189

see also aquatic mammals; dolphin(s); porpoise(s); seal(s); sea lion(s); whale(s)

marmot(s) plague 299 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 295 marsh harrier, Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) 142

marten(s)

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 212

canine distemper 102, 103 Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 182 leptospire reservoir host 403 rabies 89

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 295, 296

Mastadenovirus 210, 211, 216 Mayaro virus 258 MCFV complex 10, 11 see also malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

Measles virus 99

Meleagrid herpesvirus 1 (turkey herpesvirus 1) 26

meningoencephalitis

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) causing 257

malignant catarrhal fever 12 meningoencephalomyelitis, in listeriosis 414

meningoradiculoneuritis, Lyme borreliosis

354

merganser(s)

Brachyspira infections 441

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 41

mesenteric lymphadenitis, yersiniosis 296 meticillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) 434 mice

Bartonella infections 431

Borrelia reservoir host 352

cowpox 204, 205

Coxiella burnetii infection 409, 410

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus antibodies 247

Ehrlichia muris infection 365

hantavirus vectors 244

Helicobacter infections 430

herpesvirus infections 21

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospire reservoir host 403

Ljungan virus infection 179

Lyme borreliosis 355

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection 259

Mycobacterium avium infection 275

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 285

Mycobacterium microti infection 289 parvovirus infections 188-189 Pneumocystis infections 469

Powassan virus 143

reservoir hosts for Borrelia 358

rotavirus infections 251

Tyzzer’s disease 423

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 131

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection

294

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reservoir 295 see also rodent(s)

miconazole 467

microabscesses, in listeriosis 414

‘microbial chameleon’ 367

see also Anaplasma phagocytophilum microcystins 476-477, 478, 480

clinical signs caused by 479

Microcystis 477

Microcystis aeruginosa 477, 478 microscopic agglutination test (MAT), leptospirosis 406

microscopy

avian tuberculosis diagnosis 279

darkfield, leptospirosis 406

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 286

Microsporum 471

Microsporum canis 471

milk

Campylobacter contamination 401

Corynebacterium ulcerans infection 438

Listeria monocytogenes shedding 416

production, in leptospirosis 406

‘milker’s nodules’ 204

‘miltsiekte’ see anthrax

mink

Aleutian disease 186

Aujeszky’s disease 8

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 212

canine distemper 102, 104, 105 coronavirus infections 239

leptospire reservoir host 403 transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) 490

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 295 Mink enteritis virus (MEV) 185 mink plasmocytosis see Aleutian disease (AD) minor groove binder (MGB) probe assays, Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) 184 minute virus of canines (Canine parvovirus 1) 182

Minute virus of mice (MVM) 188—189

mites, Pasteurella multocida transmission 315 mole(s)

leptospire reservoir host 403

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 295 molecular probes, Mycobacterium avium detection 279

Mollicutes 372

mongoose(s)

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 212

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 183

Hepevirus infection 249

leptospire reservoir host 403 monkey(s)

Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) 142-143

Yellow fever virus (YFV) 144

see also primate(s)

monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)

Brucella identification/detection 325

rabies diagnosis 94

West Nile virus (WNV) infection diagnosis 134

Mononegavirales 59, 86

moose

actinomycosis 442

Alces leucotropic oncovirus (ALOV) infection 221-222

Borrelia reservoir hosts 352

Brucella suis biovar 4 320-321 brucellosis 323

chronic wasting disease (CWD) 491 European CWD survey 491 contagious ecthyma 205

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection 445 gangrenous ergotism 485, 485, 512 leptospiral infections 403 listeriosis 413

malignant catarrhal fever 11

Moraxella infections 447 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282 papillomavirus infections 226

Puumala virus (PUUV) 244 retrovirus infection 221-222, 512 wasting syndrome 221-222 see also elk

moose wasting syndrome 221-222

Moraxella 446-447

characteristics 446 infections 446-447 species 446

Moraxella boviculi 15

Moraxella bovis 15, 446, 447

virulence 447

Moraxella ovis 446, 447

Morbillivirus ^t9^t9, 100, 101, 114 lymphotropic 101 morphology and genome 99, 101 phylogeny 99, 100 species 99, 100

in aquatic mammals 105-106, 106 stability 99, 101

morbillivirus infections 99-118

in aquatic mammals 105-114 aetiology 105-106, 106 antibodies 109, 113 clinical signs 112, 112 diagnosis 112-113 environmental factors affecting 107-108

epidemics and reasons for 108, 109 epidemiology 106-109 geographical distribution (Europe)

107

host factors affecting 107 immunity 109-112 infection route and spread 109 management/control and regulations 113

pathogenesis and pathology 109-112, 110, 111, 111, 112

public health concern 113 reservoirs 108 significance/implications for animal health 113-114

susceptibility 109 transmission 108-109, 113 vaccines 113

viral clearance incomplete 109-110 canine distemper see canine distemper (CD)

exotic 114-115

peste des petits ruminants 114-115 rinderpest 114 mortality

diseases causing in birds 510

diseases causing in mammals 508

see also individual infections

Mortierella 470

morulae 367, 368, 369 mosquito(es), transmission of avian pox 194

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) 258

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) 257

flaviviruses 128, 131, 132, 143-144

Myxoma virus 200-201

Rift Valley fever virus 2 46, 247

Sindbis virus 257

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) 257

West Nile virus 128, 131 mosquito-borne flaviviruses 128, 131, 132, 143-144

mouflon

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 364 bluetongue 121, 123 border disease 147

Chlamydophila abortus antibodies 343

Coxiella burnetii infection 409

Escherichia coli carrier 382

infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) 373

lentivirus (retrovirus) infections 223 leptospiral infections 403 Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282

Pasteurella infections 311

tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) 140 mouse see mice

mouse bioassay, botulinum toxin 422

Mouse hepatitis virus 239

mouse inoculation test (MIT), rabies 94

Mouse parvovirus (MPV) 188-189

Mucor 469

mucormycosis 469-470

clinical forms 470

mucosal disease (MD) 152, 155, 156 mucosal lesions, bovine viral diarrhoea 155 mud fever see leptospirosis

mule(s), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection 258

multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA)

Borrelia burgdorferi 348

Brucella 324, 325

Listeria monocytogenes 415 multiple locus variable (number of tandem repeat) analysis (MLVA)

Bacillus anthracis 333

Brucella 324, 325

multiplex PCR assay (Bruce-Iadder), brucellosis 324

‘multiplication relay of the infection’ 321 Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) 21

Murine gammaherpesvirus 4 (MuHV4) 21 Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) 188 musculo-skeletal features

diseases causing in birds 509

diseases causing in mammals 507 musk ox

bluetongue 121

contagious ecthyma 205

muskrat(s)

Chlamydophila psittaci in 338 haemorrhagic disease of see Tyzzer’s disease

leptospire reservoir host 403

Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) 142 mustelid(s)

Canine distemper virus infection 103,

104

see also specific mustelid species Mustelid herpesvirus 1 (MusHV1) 5, 21 mycelium 455 mycobacteria

atypical (non-tuberculous) 265 structure and staining 265 tuberculous 265

mycobacteria infections 265—292 myco bacteriosis 265—292

avian see avian tuberculosis

Mycobacterium 265

Mycobacterium africanum 265

Mycobacterium avium 265, 274, 275,

282

cell walls 274, 276, 277

control of infections 280

culture and culture media 279 eggs infected with 276 geographical distribution 275 growth and stability 274, 280 immune evasion 277

infection route and spread 276—277 Mycobacterium bovis differentiation 271 non-tuberculoid infection 277 serotypes 274

staining and detection 279 structure 274 subspecies 265, 282 transmission 276

see also avian tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) 265, 274, 282

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex (MAIC) 274

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex (MAIC) disease see avian tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare disease see avian tuberculosis

Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections,

HIV/AIDS 280-281

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 274, 281, 282

Crohn’s disease and 287-288

culture 286

dairy/meat product contamination 288 genomic sequences 282, 286 infection route and spread 284 isolation and detection 286-287 as obligate intracellular pathogen 283 stability 284

structure and growth 282 transmission 282-283, 284

types I-III 282

vaccines 287

see also paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) Mycobacterium bovis 265, 266

acid-fast bacilli (AFB) 269, 271 antibodies 270

eradication of infection 266

immune response to 268-269, 269-270 detection 272

infection route 268 isolation/detection 271-272 Mycobacterium avium differentiation

271

reservoirs 266

shedding 269 spoligotyping 266, 274

strain diversity and molecular epidemiology 266

transmission 268

vaccination against 273 wild mammals infected 266-267, 267 see also tuberculosis

Mycobacterium bovis infections 266-274

see also tuberculosis

Mycobacterium canetti 265

Mycobacterium caprae 265, 266, 267

strain diversity and molecular epidemiology

266

Mycobacterium caprae infections 266-274

see also tuberculosis

Mycobacterium intracellulare 265, 274, 282

see also avian tuberculosis

Mycobacterium microti 265, 289

molecular typing 289

pathogenesis and pathology 289

Mycobacterium pinnipedii 265, 289

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 265, 266, 288

see also tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) 265, 266, 288-289

mycobactin 286

mycoplasma 372

characteristics 372

exploitation of stressful conditions 372

LppS membrane lipoprotein 374 non-pathogenic 372 mycoplasma, infections 372-380

of aquatic mammals 378-379

of birds 377-378

in caprinae see infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC), in caprinae

miscellaneous 379

in wild small ruminants 373

Mycoplasma agalactiae 373

Mycoplasma arginini 373

Mycoplasma buteonis 378

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capricolum 373

Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae 373

Mycoplasma columbinum 377

Mycoplasma columborale 377

Mycoplasma colunbinasale 377

Mycoplasma conjunctivae 373

carriers 376

detection and culture 376 keratoconjunctivitis in caprinae 373-374 strains, and mortality associated 374 see also infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC)

management and control of infections 376 strains and subtyping 374

transmission 374, 375

interspecific 375

Mycoplasma falconis 378

Mycoplasma gallinarum 377, 378

Mycoplasma gallisepticum 377, 378

Mycoplasma gateae 378

Mycoplasma glycophilum 378

Mycoplasma gypis 378

Mycoplasma iners 377

Mycoplasma lipofaciens 378

Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri 373

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae 312

Mycoplasma phocacerebrale (M. phocicerebrale) 379, 379

Mycoplasma phocarhinis (M. phocirhinis) 379

Mycoplasma phocidae 379

Mycoplasma pullorum 377

Mycoplasma pulmonis 372

Mycoplasma putrefaciens 373

Mycoplasma sphenisci 378

Mycoplasma sturni 378

Mycoplasma suis 379

Mycoplasma synoviae 377

mycoses 466

mycotic pneumonia see aspergillosis mycotoxicosis 482-486

aflatoxicosis see aflatoxicosis fusariotoxicosis see fusariotoxicosis management and control 482 public health concern 482-483 mycotoxins 482

EC limits 482

fungi producing 482

prevention of animal/bird access to 482 public health concern 482 types and characteristics 483

myelitis, rabies 92-93

myocardial lesions, West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132—133

myocarditis

canine parvoviral enteritis 183, 184

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) causing 178

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 173, 174 yersiniosis 297

myonecrosis, clostridial 425 myxomatosis 78, 199—202, 511

aetiology 199—200 see also Myxoma virus clinical signs 201—202 diagnosis 202 epidemiology 200—201 immunity and antibodies 201 management, control and regulations

202

mortality 200 passive immunity 200 pathogenesis and pathology 201 rabbit haemorrhagic disease with 78, 79 resistance in rabbits 201 significance/implications for animal health 202

transmission 200—201, 202

treatment 202 vaccines 202

Myxoma virus 199 amyxomatous form 201 endemicity 200 strains 199 transmission (by arthropods) 200—201 virulence 200

N

Nairovirus 241

nanukayami fever see leptospirosis nasal discharge

diseases causing in birds 509

diseases causing in mammals 507 natamycin 467 necrobacillosis 428

clinical signs 429 diagnosis 429, 429 digital 429, 429 genital 428 management and control 430 oral 429

pathogenesis and pathology 429 in reindeer 428

treatment 429

see also Fusobacterium necrophorum

necrotic hepatitis see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)

Negri bodies 94

Neisseria ovis (Moraxella ovis) 446, 447

Neosartorya fumigata 455—456 nephropathia epidemica 241, 242, 245 see also haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

nervous signs

diseases causing in birds 510 diseases causing in mammals 508 neuraminidase (NA), influenza viruses 37, 38 combination with haemagglutinin 38, 39 neuroborreliosis, diagnosis 356 neurological signs

diseases causing in birds 510 diseases causing in mammals 508 neuropil vacuolation 493 neurotoxins

Clostridium botulinum see botulinum toxin

Clostridium tetani 425 cyanobacterial 476 neurotropism, rabies virus 92—93 neutropenia

canine parvoviral enteritis 183 feline panleucopenia 186

neutrophils, Anaplasma phagocytophilum association 367

Newcastle disease (ND) 59

aetiology 59—60

see also Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibodies to 62 avian influenza vs 51 avian species infected 60—61 clinical signs 63 diagnosis 62, 63—64

antibody detection 64 epidemiology 60—61

environmental factors affecting 61 geographic distribution and host range 60-61

immunity 62 incubation period 62 management, control and regulations 64-65

OIE definition 64 outbreak management in poultry 65 pathogenesis and pathology 62 public health concern 65 resistance 60

significance/implications for animal health 65

time to death and mortality rate 62, 63,

64 transmission 61-62 treatment 63 vaccination against 65 virulence basis 64

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) 59 epidemiology 60-61 host range 60-61, 61 infection route and spread 62 transmission 61-62 virulent strains 61, 62, 63 see also Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) ‘New Forest disease’ 446

New World relapsing fever spirochaetes (NRFS) 345, 347

New York 1 virus (NYV) 242

Nidovirales 234

Nocardia bovis (Actinomyces bovis) 442 Nocardiaceae 438

Nodularia spumigena 477 nodularins 476, 477, 478, 480

clinical signs caused by 479 nodular lesions

avian pox 195 cowpox 204-205

Norwalk-like viruses 73 notifiable diseases see reportable diseases ‘no visible lesion tuberculosis’ (NVL) 269,

271

nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), rabies 95

nystatin 467

O

occupational diseases/transmission of disease avian tuberculosis and 280, 281 brucellosis 326

bubonic plague 300 cutaneous anthrax 334

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection 179

leptospirosis 407

Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection) 410

Rift Valley fever (RVF) 247 sealpox 203-204 tuberculosis 274 tularaemia 307-308 see also hunting

ochratoxins 483

Ockelbo disease 257 ocular discharge

diseases causing in birds 509

diseases causing in mammals 507 ocular disease

in birds 509 in mammals 507 oesophagus necrosis, Salmonella infections 389, 389

OIE see World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Old World relapsing fever spirochaetes (ORFS) 345, 346

Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) 142

Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) 142 opisthotonos 332

opossum, Chlamydophila psittaci in 338 opportunistic pathogens

Arcanobacterium pyogenes 444 Malassezia 464 yeasts 462

oral lesions

diseases causing in birds 509 diseases causing in mammals 507 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 173 sealpox 203

orang-utan(s), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) 143

Orbivirus 119, 126

orbiviruses 260

morphology 119

replication 119

stability 119

transmission 119

orbiviruses of Kemerovo serogroup 260

orbivirus infections 119-127

African horse sickness (AHS) 126

epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD)

126

exotic 126

see also bluetongue (BT)

orca(s)

herpesvirus infections 18, 19

see also whale(s)

orf see contagious ecthyma (CE)

Orfvirus 205, 206

Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) see World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)

Ornithodoros 358

ornithosis see psittacosis (ornithosis)

Orthomyxovirus 37

Oscillatoria 4d7

ostrich(es)

anthrax 330

Borna disease 252

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 472, 472

otitis, Malassezia 465

otter(s)

Corynebacterium ulcerans infections 438 Mycobacterium avium infection 275 streptococcal infections 437

Tyzzers disease 423, 424

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 296 see also sea otter(s)

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV2) 5, 10, 13, 15

transmission 11

Ovine papillomavirus 1 (OaPV1) 226

Ovine papillomavirus 2 (OaPV2) 226 owl(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193 Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 inclusion body hepatitis 29-30 Marek’s disease 27

Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) 142 relapsing fever spirochaete-associated disease 359

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 135

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130

Owl herpesvirus 1 29-30 oystercatcher(s), Avipoxvirus infections 192

P

p44 pseudogenes 367, 368

Pacheco’s disease 31-32

Paget’s disease, Canine distemper virus relationship 105 panther(s), Aujeszky’s disease 8 papilloma

chaffinch 231, 232

roe deer 229, 229, 230, 231 Papillomaviridae 225, 231 papillomaviruses 225

classification basis 226

genera and phylogeny 225, 227

host specificity 226-227

skin tumours due to 226

structure and genome 226 papillomavirus infections 225-232

chaffinch 230-232

roe deer and other ungulates 225-230 aetiology 226 clinical signs 230 diagnosis 230

epidemiology 226-228, 228 management, control 230 pathogenesis and pathology 228-230, 231

public health concern 230 significance for animal health 230 transmission 227-228

treatment 230

Papovaviridae 225

parakeet(s), Pacheco’s disease 32 paralysis

botulinum toxin causing 420, 421, 421 diseases causing in birds 510 diseases causing in mammals 508

Paramyxoviridae 59, 99, 101, 114 Parapoxvirus 205

parapoxvirus infections 203

seals 85, 203

paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease) 274,

281-288

aetiology 281, 282

see also Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis

clinical signs 284, 285-286

diagnosis 286-287

epidemiology 282-284, 288

age of animals 283

environmental factors 283 geographical distribution 282-283 hosts 282-283 molecular 288

role of affected species 283-284 wild animals affected 282, 283

immune response 284

management, control and regulations 287

culling 287

multibacillary form (lepromatous) 285 pathogenesis and pathology 284-285 non-ruminant wild animals 285 wild ruminants 284-285, 285

paucibacillary form 285

progression 284

public health concern 287-288

significance/implications for animal health

288

subclinical infection 288

transmission 282-283, 284

host species density and 287 inter-species 282-283, 284 treatment 286

vaccines 287

paratyphoid, avian see salmonellosis, in wild birds

paratyphoid fever see salmonellosis

Parechovirus 179

parrot(s)

avian paramyxovirus infections 61 circovirus infections 67, 68, 69 mucormycosis 470

Pacheco’s disease 31-32

spirochaetosis 359

partridge(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192, 196

Bagaza virus infection 143

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

leucosis/sarcoma retroviruses 222 listeriosis 414

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection 472, 472

reticuloendotheliosis (RE) retrovirus infections 222

Parvoviridae 181, 186

Parvovirinae 181, 186

Parvovirus 181, 182, 187

parvoviruses 181 classification 181 novel 181 stability 181 structure and genome 181 see also Aleutian mink disease virus

(AMDV); Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2); Feline panleukopenia virus (FPLV)

parvovirus infections 181-190

aetiology 181

Aleutian disease see Aleutian disease (AD) avian 188

canine parvoviral enteritis see canine parvoviral enteritis

feline see feline panleucopenia miscellaneous infections 188-189 porcine, in wild boar 187-188, 511

Passeriformes see passerine(s) passerine(s)

Borrelia lusitaniae reservoir 351

chlamydial infections 342

Chlamydophila psittaci infections 338, 342 herpesvirus infections 31-32

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387, 388 pathology of infections 389, 389 public health concerns 391

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 135, 136 see also specific types of birds

Pasteurella 310, 379

characteristics 310 commensal strains 310, 311, 312 becoming virulent 310

Pasteurellaceae 310, 313

Pasteurella haemolytica biotype A see Mannheimia haemolytica

Pasteurella infections 310—317 clinical signs 313 diagnosis 313 epidemiology 311—312 immune response 312 management, control and regulations

313

pathogenesis and pathology 312 public health concern 313 significance/importance for animal health

313

transmission and spread 312, 313 in wild mammals 310—313 aetiology 310—311

Pasteurellales 310

Pasteurella multocida 310 avian cholera due to 313, 314, 315, 316 in bats 311, 312 capsular type F 314 carrier rate (wild ruminants) 312 characteristics 311, 314 clinical signs 313 corvid respiratory disease and 314, 342 diagnosis 313 epidemiology of infections 311—312 avian cholera 314 geographical distribution 311 hosts 314 immunity/immune response to 312, 315 management, control and regulations 316

pathogenesis and pathology 312 birds 315

persistence in environment 314—315 public health concern 313, 316 respiratory disease in rooks 378 septicaemia 311, 312, 313, 315 serogroup A 311 serogroup E 311 serogroups and classification 311 serotype D 311 serotypes, in wildfowl 314 shedding 315 significance/implication for animal health 316

subspecies 310—311 survival/stability 315 transmission and spread 312 birds 315

vaccines for poultry 316 wild birds as reservoir 315 see also avian cholera; Pasteurella infections

Pasteurella trehalosi 311

epidemiology 311—312

significance/importance for animal health

313

virulence factors 312

pasteurellosis 308

of fowls or ducks see Pasteurella infections

pneumonia (shipping fever) 311

Pasteur vaccine, anthrax 333 pathogenicity islands (PAI) 382, 389 patulin 483

PDV1 infection see PDV disease

PDV2 infection see canine distemper (CD);

Canine distemper virus (CDV) PDV disease 106

clinical signs 112, 112

epidemiology 106—107

pathogenesis and pathology 109—110, 110 transmission 108

see also morbillivirus infections, in aquatic mammals; Phocine distemper virus (PDV)

peafowl (Pavo cristatus), infectious laryngotracheitis 27

pelican(s), Mycoplasma infections 378 penguin(s), Mycoplasma infections 378 Penicillium, mycotoxins produced 482 Percavirus 5

pericardium, in tularaemia 305, 306 periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain

adiaspiromycosis 466

Candida 463

inclusions, Harefibroma virus infection 203 peste bovine, la see rinderpest peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114—115

epidemiology 114—115

Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus 99, 114 Pestivirus 128, 146, 147, 157

pestivirus(es) 146

biotypes 146

cytopathic (cp) 146

hosts 146

non-cytopathic (ncp) 146

phylogenetic tree and genotypes 147 stability 146

structure and genome 146

in wild ruminants 153, 154

see also Border disease virus (BDV); Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV); Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) pestivirus infections 146—167

border disease see border disease (BD)

bovine viral diarrhoea see bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD)

classical swine fever see classical swine fever (CSF)

intrauterine 146

mucosal disease (MD) 152, 155, 156 swine fever see classical swine fever (CSF) vaccines 146, 156, 162—163

pestivirus of Chamois 511, 147152

see also border disease

pets, rabies, significance 97

petting zoos, guidance 384

Peyer’s patches

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 183

Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) infection 178

mycobacterial infections 269, 284, 285 prion disease 492

Salmonella infections 394

yersiniosis pathogenesis 296, 297 phage typing, Salmonella 390 phagocytes, yersiniosis 296 phagocytosis

in brucellosis 323

mycobacteria 268, 277

pheasant(s)

Bagaza virus infection 143

coronavirus infections 239

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

infectious laryngotracheitis 27

listeriosis 414

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40

marble spleen disease 215

mycoplasma infections 377, 377 reticuloendotheliosis (RE) retrovirus infections 222

spirochaetosis 359

Pheasant coronavirus (PhCoV) 239 Phlebovirus 241

Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV1) 5, 18

clinical signs of infection 18

diagnosis 19, 20

management and public health issues 20

pathogenesis of infection 18

pathology of infection 18 transmission 18

Phocid herpesvirus 2 (PhoHV2) 5, 18 Phocine distemper virus (PDV) 99, 100, 106, 106, 113

epidemiology 106—107

infectivity, pathogenesis and pathology 109 seroprevalence 108

transmission 108

see also morbillivirus infections, in aquatic mammals; PDV disease phocine distemper virus disease see PDV disease

Phocine herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV1) see Phocid herpesvirus 1 (PhoHV1) phycotoxicosis see cyanobacterial toxicosis Picornavirales 168, 169

Picornaviridae 168, 169, 176, 177, 179 picornaviruses, structure and genome 168 picornavirus infections 168—180 encephalomyocarditis see encephalomyocarditis

foot-and-mouth disease see foot-and-mouth disease (FMD)

swine vesicular disease see swine vesicular disease (SVD) pied flycatcher(s), polyomavirus infection

232

Pⁱg(^s)

African swine fever virus infection 253, 254

clinical signs 254

AujeszkyS disease virus transmission 7

Brachyspira infections 440

Brucella suis 320

Brucella suis biovar 2 320, 326

Chlamydia suis infections 343

circovirus infections 71

classical swine fever 157, 158, 160, 163-164

control and eradication 162 transmission 158, 162, 163 transmission prevention 163, 164 encephalomyocarditis 177, 178, 179 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection 445 feral

Brucella abortus 319

Brucella suis 320

foot-and-mouth disease 172, 174, 175 see also foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) fumonisin toxicity 484

Fusariotoxicosis 484

hepatitis E virus 250

influenza 55

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) 143

leptospirosis 407

Malassezia infections 464

malignant catarrhal fever 10, 11

Mycobacterium avium infection 281

Mycobacterium bovis infection 266 pestivirus infections 146

porcine parvovirus infection 187, 188

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection 255-257

poxvirus infections 207

Rhodococcus equi infection 438

rotavirus infections 251

swine vesicular disease (SVD) 176-177

Torque teno virus (TTV) infection 258-259

transmissible gastroenteritis 237-238

Yersinia reservoir 298

see also entries beginning porcine; wild boar pigeon(s)

adenovirus infections 215

avian paramyxovirus infections 60, 62

Avipoxvirus infections 192

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337, 342

circovirus infections 68

cryptococcal infections 464

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

Escherichia coli vector 382

herpesvirus infections 28-29 co-infections 28, 29 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 44, 47, 49

mycoplasma infections 377 reticuloendotheliosis (RE) retrovirus infections 222

Salmonella infections 388

Smadel’s disease (ingluvitis) 28-29

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) 143 tuberculosis 275

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 young (squabs), Smadel’s disease 28, 29 see also individual diseases

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) 67, 68, 70

Pigeon herpesvirus 1 29

pigeon herpesvirus infection 29, 511 pigeon paramyxovirus 1 (PPMV1; PMV1)

60, 62

Pigeonpox virus 191

pika, plague 299

Pilot whale morbillivirus (PWMV) 99, 106,

106, 113

‘pink eye’ 446

pinnipeds see seal(s); sea lion(s) pintail (Anas acuta), herpesvirus infection 23 pipit(s), Avipoxvirus infections 193, 196 piroplasmosis, border disease and 148, 151 placenta

in brucellosis 322

Chlamydophila abortus infections 343

Coxiella burnetii infections 410-411

plague 298

bubonic see bubonic plague

pneumonic 298, 300

protection against, Y. pseudotuberculosis infection 294

septicaemic 298, 300

plague-like disease of rodents see tularaemia

Planktothrix 477

plaque reduction neutralization assay (PRNT), West Nile virus (WNV) infection 134

plasmids, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato 348 plasmocytosis, infectious (mink) see Aleutian disease (AD)

pleuropneumonia, porcine 445 plover(s), Avipoxvirus infections 192 Pneumocystis 469

Pneumocystis carinii 469

Pneumocystis jirovecii 469

Pneumocystis pneumonia 469 pneumonia

acute interstitial, Aleutian disease (AD)

187

in aspergillosis 458

atypical (mycoplasmal) 372

in birds 509

brooder see aspergillosis

fungal (mycotic) see aspergillosis granulomatous, cryptococcal infections 464

interstitial, yersiniosis 297

Pasteurella multocida causing 311, 313

Pneumocystis 469 pneumonomycosis see aspergillosis pochard

highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 46, 48

Salmonella prevalence 387

Pogosta disease 257

polar bear(s) 321

canine distemper 102 morbillivirus infections 102, 107 polecat(s)

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 212

canine distemper 102 leptospire reservoir host 403 plague 299

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 296 pollution, morbillivirus epidemics in aquatic mammals 107

polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), morbillivirus epidemics in aquatic mammals 107

polyene antifungal agents 467 polygranulomatosis 382 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

African swine fever 255

Aleutian disease 187

Anaplasma infection 369

anthrax 333

AujeszkyS disease virus 9

avian pox 195

Bartonella 433

bluetongue virus (BTV) infection 125 botulism diagnosis 422 brucellosis 324, 325

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 214

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 184 chlamydial infections 341 circovirus infections 70, 71

Coxiella burnetii infection 411

duck plague/duck viral enteritis 26

Ehrlichia 369

Escherichia coli infections 383

European brown hare syndrome virus (EBHSV) 84

feline leukaemia 220

Geomyces destructans 474

leptospirosis 406

listeriosis 415

Louping-ill virus 139

Lyme borreliosis 355-356 malignant catarrhal fever viruses 13 morbillivirus infections in aquatic mammals 113

Mycobacterium avium detection 279 Mycobacterium avium subsp.

paratuberculosis 286

Mycoplasma conjunctivae 376 papillomavirus infections 230

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 76, 78

Rickettsia infections 369

RT-PCR see reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

Squirrel adenovirus (SqAdV) 217 squirrelpox disease 199

Squirrelpox virus (SQPV) 197 tuberculosis diagnosis 272 tularaemia 307

Usutu virus (USUV) 137

yersiniosis 297 polyneuritis gallinarum see Marek’s disease Polyomaviridae 225 polyomaviruses 225

latent infections 225

species and infections due to 225 polyomavirus infections 225, 232

avian 232

Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) 67

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) 67, 71—72 detection 71

genome 71

genotypes 71

management and control 72 transmission and infection route 71

see also post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)

porcine cytomegalovirus (Suid herpesvirus 2)

5

porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome 259

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)

239

porcine group A rotaviruses (GARV) 251

Porcine haemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) 239

porcine herpesvirus see Aujeszkys disease virus (ADV)

Porcine hokovirus 181

porcine infectious anaemia 379 porcine intestinal spirochaetosis 440

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) 181, 187—188

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection

187-188

epidemiology 188

pathology 188, 188

porcine pleuropneumonia 445 porcine reproductive and respiratory

syndrome 255-257, 259

clinical signs and diagnosis 256 epidemiology 256

pathogenesis and pathology 256 prevention and control 256

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 255

persistence 256

stability 256

structure and genome 255-256 transmission 256

Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) 237,

238

porpoise(s)

brucellosis 321

cetacean pox 204

herpesvirus infections 18, 19

influenza 53-54

morbillivirus infections 106, 111, 111

Mycoplasma infections 379

Porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) 99, 106, 106, 113

pathogenesis and pathology 111 reservoir 108

post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) 71, 188, 259, 511

management and control 72

pathology 71

population dynamics of wild boar 72 see also porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) potassium iodide, saturated solution (SSKI) 467

poultry

aspergillosis 456

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 outbreak management 65 see also Newcastle disease

avian tuberculosis control 280, 281

avian tuberculosis significance 281 Escherichia coli infections 382 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus infection 53

low pathogenic avian influenza virus infection 53

runting immunosuppressive disease syndrome 222-223

see also chicken(s); duck(s); turkey(s) Powassan virus (POWV) 143 Poxviridae 191 poxviruses 191

genera 191

structure and genome 191

poxvirus infections 191-209

avian see avian pox

cetaceans 203, 204

contagious ecthyma see contagious ecthyma (CE)

cowpox see cowpox

Hare fibroma virus infection 202-203

Leporipoxvirus see myxomatosis

sealpox 85, 203-204

squirrelpox see squirrelpox disease (SQPD) various (sheep/goat/horse/swine/hares) 207 prairie dog(s), plague 301 pretibial fever see leptospirosis primate(s)

Canine distemper virus (CDV) infection 101

coccidioidal infections 468

leptospirosis 403

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection 260

Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 288

Tick-borne encephalitis virus infection

140-141

tularaemia 308

Yellow fever virus (YFV) 144 see also monkey(s)

prion infections 489-496

see also transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) prion protein

cellular (PrP^c) 489

conversion to PrP^Sc 489

gene encoding (Prnp) 489, 490, 491, 492 PrP^CWD 489, 492, 493

accumulation and detection 493

PrP^res (resistant to proteinase K) 489 PrP scrapie (PrP^Sc) 489, 492, 493 accumulation, tissue types 493, 494 autolysis 494 detection methods 494

as Hazard Group 3 pathogen 489-490 immunohistochemistry 495

‘strains’ and discrimination of 490, 495 see also transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) prions (proteinaceous infectious particles) 489 Prnp gene 489, 490, 491, 492 pronghorn, actinomycosis 442 proteinase K (PK) 489 ‘protein only’ hypothesis 489 proteinuria, Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 213

proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) 251, 252

proventricular haemorrhage/rupture 472 pseudo-fowlpest see Newcastle disease (ND) pseudohyphae 462

pseudo-poultry plague see Newcastle disease (ND)

pseudorabies see Aujeszky’s disease pseudorabies virus see Aujeszkys disease virus (ADV)

pseudovogelpest see Newcastle disease (ND) Psittacid herpesvirus 1 (PsHV1) 31-32 psittacine birds

circovirus infections 67, 68, 69

see also parrot(s)

psittacine herpesvirus infections 31-32 psittacosis (ornithosis) 336, 337-342 aetiology 337

see also Chlamydophila psittaci characteristics 339 clinical signs 339, 341 diagnosis 341 epidemiology 337-338

host factors 338

incidents in wildlife (UK) 340 role of wild animals 338 management, control and regulations 341 mortality rate 337-338, 342 pathogenesis and pathology 338-339 persistent infections 338 public health concern 341—342 significance/implications for animal health 342

transmission 338 treatment 341 in wild mammals 338

Psittacus erithacus timneh papillomavirus (PePV) 231

puffinosis 260 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), Salmonella 391

Puumala fever see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS)

Puumala virus (PUUV) 242, 244, 245, 246 vaccine 245

pyogranulomas

aspergillosis 458, 459

feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 236 pyrimidine antifungal agent 467 pyrolysin 444

Q

Q fever see Coxiella burnetii infection quail(s)

adenovirus infections 215

inclusion body disease 31

Marek’s disease 26, 27

Quailpox virus 191

questing 350

R

rabbit(s)

Bartonella infections 431

Borna disease 252

Borrelia reservoir hosts 352

Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection 154 dermatophytosis 471

Escherichia coli vector 382 haemorrhagic disease see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) hepatitis E virus infection 249 Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospire reservoir host 403

Lyme borreliosis 355

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282, 285, 288

mycoplasmal infections 379 myxomatosis 199—200, 201, 202 Pasteurella infections 311

Pasteurella multocida infections 311 pestivirus infections 146

Pneumocystis infections 469 population decline in Spain 75, 79 rotavirus infections 251 tularaemia 304

Tyzzer’s disease 423, 424

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132 Yersinia enterocolitica infection 295 Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 294, 295

rabbit calicivirus (RCV) 74

rabbit calicivirus disease see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)

Rabbit fibroma virus (Shope’s fibroma virus) 200

rabbit fleas, myxomatosis transmission 202 rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) 73—80, 202, 511

acute disease 77

aetiology 73—74 antibodies 74, 76

maternal 74—75 biological control via 79 chronic disease 77 clinical signs 77, 78 diagnosis 78 epidemiology 74—76, 80 immunity 76-77 incubation period 76 management, control and regulations

78- 79 mortality 75, 76, 79

pathogenesis and pathology 76, 76-77, 77

persistence and endemicity 75 public health concern 79 significance/implications for animal health

79- 80

species specificity 74 treatment 77, 78 vaccination 79, 202

rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) 73

avirulent form 75

genome 73, 75 infection route and replication 76 morphology 73-74

RHDVa subtype 74 sources 74 strains 74

transmission 75-76, 79 vectors 75

rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHDV)-like viruses 74

rabbit plague see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)

rabbit X disease see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)

Rabensburg virus 129

rabies 86-98

aetiology see rabies virus (RABV) canine 87

see also under dog(s)

clinical signs 86, 92, 93-94 bats 94

dumb form 94

foxes and carnivores 93-94 spillover and other hosts 94

diagnosis 94-95 epidemiology 86-91 environmental factors 90

geographical distribution (Europe) 87,

88, 89 molecular 91 role of affected species 90-91 species-related susceptibility 89 temporal variation 92

immunity 93

incubation period 92, 93

management, control and regulations 95-96

bats 96

costs 97

EU regulations 96 terrestrial carnivores 95-96

mortality 97

pathogenesis and pathology 92-93 post-exposure prophylaxis 97 public health concern 86, 97 significance/implications for animal health 97

species affected by 89

surveillance scheme 96

sylvatic (wildlife-mediated) 87, 89, 90

transmission 91-92

to humans 91, 92, 96 rabid behaviour and 92 vaccination

culling vs, advantages 96 infectious (live) vaccine 96 oral 87, 96

rabies tissue culture infection test (RTCIT)

94

rabies virus (RABV) 86

adaptive evolution 87, 91

detection 89, 94-95

dog-associated 90, 91 morphology and genome 86

mutation rate and selective constraints 87

phylogenetic groups 91 replication site and spread 92-93 reservoir species 90-91 spillover hosts 89, 91, 93, 97 transmission 87, 91-92, 93 intra- and inter-species 91-92 raccoon(s)

Aleutian disease 186

Aujeszky’s disease 7

canine distemper 102, 104

Chlamydophila psittaci in 338 leptospire reservoir host 403 raccoon dog(s)

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection

182

rabies 86, 87, 91 management and control 96 public health concern 97 species-related susceptibility 89 Raccoon parvovirus (RPV) 185 Ranikhet disease see Newcastle disease (ND) rapid rabies enzyme immunodiagnosis (RREID) 94 raptors (birds of prey)

adenovirus infections 215

aspergillosis 456

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41, 42, 43

Mycoplasma infections 378

Salmonella prevalence 387 tuberculosis 275, 276

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 see also buzzard(s); eagle(s); falcon(s); kite(s); owl(s); vulture(s) rat(s)

Borrelia reservoir host 352

Clostridium botulinum toxin antibodies

421

Coxiella burnetii infection 410 encephalomyocarditis 177 Escherichia coli in 382 hantavirus vectors 244 hepatitis E virus infection 249 Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospire reservoir host 403, 404 Pasteurella infections 311

Pneumocystis infections 469

Yersinia enterocolitica infection 294

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reservoir 295 see also rodent(s)

rat catcher’s yellows see leptospirosis raven(s)

anthrax dissemination 330

Avipoxvirus infections 193 reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), in brucellosis 323 reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), in brucellosis 323 red deer see deer red deer herpesvirus see Cervid herpesvirus 1 (CvHVl)

Red deer papillomavirus 226 red foxes see fox(es) redpoll(s)

Escherichia albertii infection 383

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387 redshank(s)

botulism 423

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294 red squirrels see squirrel(s) redstart(s)

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 131

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294 redwing, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294 regulated disease

rabies 96

see also reportable diseases reindeer

border disease 147

Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV1) infection 14 bovine viral diarrhoea 154, 154, 155 Brucella suis biovar 4 320—321 brucellosis 318, 323

Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2) infection 16-17

chronic wasting disease 491

contagious ecthyma 205

listeriosis 413

necrobacillosis 428

papillomavirus infections 226 salmonellosis 393, 393, 395 see also caribou; deer

reindeer herpesvirus see Cervid herpesvirus 2 (CvHV2)

relapsing fever 358-360

Borrelia species associated 346—347, 358-360

disease in birds and mammals 359-360 birds 359

wildlife 359-360

in Europe 358-359

louse-borne (LBRF) 358

New World relapsing fever spirochaetes 345, 347

Old World relapsing fever spirochaetes 345, 346

tick-borne (TBRF) 358-359

transmission 358

renal dysfunction

leptospirosis 404, 405

see also kidney

Reoviridae 119, 250

reportable diseases 503—504

African swine fever 255

Aujeszky’s disease 9

avian tuberculosis (Mycobacterium avium) 280

bacterial infections 504

bluetongue 125

bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) 272-273

chlamydiosis 341

classical swine fever 162

duck plague (Duck plague virus) 26

epizootic haemorrhagic disease 126

Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections 384 fungal infections 504 hantavirus disease 246

hepatitis E virus infection 250 myxomatosis 202

Newcastle disease 64-65 paratuberculosis (M. avium subsp.

paratuberculosis) 287

psittacosis (ornithosis) 341

rabbit haemorrhagic disease 78

rabies 96

swine vesicular disease 177

tuberculosis (bovine) 272-273

tularaemia (Francisella tularensis) 307

viral infections 503—504

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 135 yersiniosis 297

reptile(s), Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes group (LBS) resistance 353

respiratory disease

in birds 509

in mammals 508

see also lung; respiratory tract infections respiratory paralysis, cyanobacterial toxicosis 478

respiratory tract infections

Bordetella bronchiseptica 448

fungal, aspergillosis 455

H5N1 influenza virus 44, 45 influenza see avian influenza; influenza restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), avian pox 195 reticular cell neoplasia, acute, reticuloendotheliosis retroviruses causing 222, 223 reticulate body (RB) 336 reticuloendotheliosis (RE) retroviruses 222-223

infections pathology 223 transmission 223

Retroviridae 219 retrovirus(es)

avian 222

DNA integration 219 endogenous 223-224 genera 219 structure and genome 219 of wild mammals 219-222 retrovirus infections 219-224

Alces leucotropic oncovirus (ALOV) infection 221-222

avian see avian retrovirus infections

feline immunodeficiency see feline immunodeficiency

feline leukaemia see feline leukaemia miscellaneous 223-224

moose 221-222, 512

reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR)

avian influenza 51

Avian paramyxovirus 1 (APMV1) 63 bluetongue virus (BTV) infection 125 Border disease virus 150, 152 canine distemper 104 classical swine fever 161

coronavirus infections 237, 239

European brown hare syndrome 84 Feline coronavirus (FCoV) detection 237

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 175 hantavirus infections 245 hepatitis E virus 250

Louping-ill virus 139

rabies and rabies-related lyssaviruses 95

Tick-borne encephalitis virus 141

Usutu virus (USUV) 136, 137

West Nile virus (WNV) 130, 134 Rhabdoviridae 86

rhabdovirus infections 86

see also rabies

rhadino herpesvirus see Ovine herpesvirus 2

(OvHV2)

Rhadinovirus 5, 21

RHDV see rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV)

Rhesus macaque, Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447

Rhesus macaques cytomegalovirus 5 rhinoceroses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection 288

rhinosinusitis, purulent haemorrhagic, cryptococcal infections 463—464

Rhipicephalus spp. 364, 366

Rhizomucor 469

Rhizopus 469

Rhodococcus equi infection 438

Rickettsia 363

antibodies, in dogs 371 co-cultivation with eukaryotic cells 369 detection 369

geographical distribution 364, 365 immune response to 368 infection route 367

management and control 370 pathogenesis and pathology 367 reservoir hosts 364, 365, 368

exploitation mechanism 367 role of wildlife in maintenance 365—366 species 363 spotted fever group (SFG) 363, 365

reservoir hosts 365, 366 transmission 363—364, 366—367 tropism 367 typhus group (TG) 363, 365, 366 vaccines 370

see also rickettsiales infections; individual species

Rickettsia aeschlimannii 363, 364, 370

Rickettsia akari 363, 364, 366, 370

Rickettsia bellii 363

Rickettsia burnetii see Coxiella burnetii

Rickettsia conorii 363, 366, 369, 370 infections of dogs 369, 370—371

Rickettsia diaporica see Coxiella burnetii

Rickettsia felis 363, 364, 366, 370 transmission 366

Rickettsia helvetica Ú6Ú, 364, 365—366, 370

Rickettsia hoogstraalii 363

Rickettsiales 363 rickettsiales infections 363—371 aetiology 363—364

see also Anaplasma; Ehrlichia; Rickettsia clinical signs 368—369 diagnosis 369—370 epidemiology 364—367

environmental factors 365 geographical distribution and hosts 364-365

role of wild animals 365-366 immune response 368 management, control and regulations 370

pathogenesis and pathology 367-368

public health concern 370 significance/implications for animal health 370-371

transmission 366-367

treatment 369

Rickettsia massilae 363, 370

Rickettsia prowazekii 363, 365

Rickettsia raoultii 363, 364, 370

Rickettsia rickettsii 369

Rickettsia sibirca 363, 370

Rickettsia slovaca 363, 370

Rickettsia typhi 363, 364, 366, 370

transmission 366

Rift Valley fever (RVF) 246-247 epidemiology 246-247 transmission 246, 247

Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus

ecology 247

transmission 246, 247

rinderpest 114

clinical signs 114

control 114

epidemiology and transmission 114

Rinderpest virus (RPV) 99, 114 ringworm, Trichophyton mentagrophytes causing 470-471, 512

river hog(s), African swine fever virus infection 253

robin(s)

Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337, 342

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387

Rocky Mountain spotted fever 369 rodent(s)

Anaplasma infection 364

Bartonella infections 431

cowpox 204, 205

encephalomyocarditis 177

as hantavirus vector 244

leptospire reservoir host 403

Lyme borreliosis 355

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection 259

Mycobacterium avium infection 275

Mycobacterium bovis resistance 267 plague 298, 299

pathogenesis and pathology 299, 300 rabies 94

tularaemia 304, 305

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 131, 132

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reservoir 295

see also mice; rat(s); squirrel(s); vole(s) roe deer see deer

Roe deer virus 226

rolling circle amplification (RCA) 230 Romanowski staining, Bartonella 433 rook(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

corvid respiratory disease (CRD) 314

Mycoplasma sturni infection 378

roridin 483

Rose Bengal plate test 325

Ross River virus 258

rotaviruses 250

structure and genome 250

rotavirus infections 250-251

diagnosis 251

management and control 251

pathogenesis and pathology 251 Rubarths disease see infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

Rubella virus 257

Rubivirus 257

ruminants

Alphaherpesvirinae in 13-18, 14

bluetongue 119, 120, 121, 123 domestic

border disease 150 foot-and-mouth disease see foot-and- mouth disease (FMD)

Rift Valley fever (RVF) 246, 247 see also cattle; goat(s); sheep lentivirus infections 223 listeriosis 413

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282 papillomavirus infections 226 wild

anthrax 330, 330, 332 border disease 147, 148, 149 bovine viral diarrhoea 153-154, 156 Brucella abortus 319

Coxiella burnetii infection 410 mycoplasma infections 373 paratuberculosis see paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)

salmonellosis 392-393

see also individual ruminant species runting immunosuppressive disease syndrome 222-223

rupicapra rupicapra gammaherpesvirus 1 5

S

Saaremaa virus (SAAV) 242, 244

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) 143 Saksenaea 469

Salmonella 386

adaptation to hosts 393

animals as reservoir 393

bacteraemia 394

carriage by wild birds 387, 388 characteristics 386

detection and culture 390-391, 394-395 culture media 395

gastroenteritis see salmonellosis

geographical distribution 386 spread by wild birds 392 immune evasion 389 infection route wild birds 388-389 wild mammals 393-394 infections see salmonellosis

lipopolysaccharides 390

phage typing 390 screening of birds 391 septicaemia 394 serotypes, identification 390 stability 393

virulence factors 389, 393

Salmonella bongori 386

Salmonella Choleraesuis 394

Salmonella enterica 386, 392

subspecies 386, 392

Salmonella septic syndrome see salmonellosis

Salmonella Typhimurium

biovars, identification 390

in hedgehogs 393 oral doses, lethal 388 outbreak in sparrows 391 outbreaks in humans 391 pathology of infections 389, 389 stability 388

strains, in wild birds 388

in wild birds 387

implications for animal health 392

salmonellosis 386—397

aetiology see Salmonella epidemiology 386, 387—388 human cases 391 in wild birds 386-392

clinical signs 390

detection 387

diagnosis 390-391

epidemiology 387-388 geographical distribution 387 immunity 390

management, control and regulations 391

mortality 387, 388

pathogenesis and pathology 388-390 public health concern 391 recovery 390 screening 391 significance/implications for animal health 392

source of infection of animals 388 transmission 388 treatment 390

in wild mammals 386, 392-396 antibodies 394 clinical signs 394 diagnosis 394-395 epidemiology 392-393, 393 immune response 394 management, control and regulations 395

pathogenesis and pathology 393-394 public health concern 395-396 septicaemic form 394 significance/implications for animal health 396

transmission 393, 396

treatment 394

San Miguel sea lion virus (SMSLV) 73,

84-85

Sapporo-like viruses 73 satratoxin 483 saturated solution of potassium iodide (SSKI)

467

Sciurid herpesvirus 1 (ScHVl) 5

Sciurid herpesvirus 2 (ScHV2) 5

scoter(s), low pathogenic avian influenza virus

(LPAIV) 40, 41

scrapie 489, 490

Nor98 (atypical scrapie) 490, 492

samples for diagnosis 494 resistance (of sheep to) 490 transmission 492

seabird(s)

as Borrelia reservoir 352

orbiviruses, bunyaviruses and togaviruses in 260

see also individual seabird types

seal(s) 321

Actinomyces marimammalium from 442

Bartonella infections 431 brucellosis 321, 323 calicivirus infections 85

Corynebacterium caspium infection 439

Coxiella burnetii infection 410

Escherichia coli vector 382

herpesvirus infections 18, 19 influenza A 53, 54, 55 influenza B 53

leptospirosis 403

morbillivirus infections 106, 107, 108 management and control 113 pathogenesis and pathology 109, 111, 111, 111

pathology 110 mycoplasma infections 378-379, 379 parapoxvirus infections 85, 203-204 poxvirus infections 85, 203-204

see also sealpox

rotavirus infections 251 streptococcal infections 437 seal bite finger 379 seal distemper see PDV disease sea lion(s)

calicivirus infections 84-85

coccidioidal infections 468

influenza 53

Mycobacterium pinnipedii infection 289 parvovirus infection 189 rotavirus infections 251 seal plague see PDV disease sealpox 203-204, 511

epidemiology 203

lesions and diagnosis 203

sea otter(s)

brevetoxicosis 477

morbillivirus infections 107

see also otter(s)

secretion system, type four 367

Seoul virus (SEOV) 242, 244

septicaemia

in bubonic plague 300

Escherichia coli causing 382 Listeria monocytogenes 414 Pasteurella multocida 311, 312, 313, 315 septicaemia pasteurellosis 311, 312, 313, 315 serology

bluetongue virus (BTV) infection 125 brucellosis 324

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAdV1) infection 214 classical swine fever (CSF) 161-162 Feline coronavirus (FCoV) detection 237 leptospirosis 406

Lyme borreliosis 356

rickettsiales infections 369-370

Salmonella 395

tuberculosis diagnosis 272

tularaemia 307

seroneutralization, rabies and lyssaviruses 95 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 234, 238

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related (SARSr) coronavirus 234, 238 shearwater(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192, 260 puffinosis 260

sheep

actinomycosis 442

Anaplasma ovis 365

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 368-369

bluetongue 120, 123, 126 clinical signs 124

Borna disease 252

Chlamydophila abortus antibodies 343 Corynebacterium infections 438 infectious keratoconjunctivitis 373, 376 epidemiology 374

infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IKC) 373 lentivirus (retrovirus) infections 223 Lyme borreliosis 355

Mannheimia haemolytica infection 312, 313 Moraxella infections 447

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 282

Mycobacterium bovis infection 266 O/virus-specific immune response 206 Ovine herpesvirus 2 10

Pasteurella trehalosi infection 313 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114 poxvirus infections 207

Rift Valley fever (RVF) 247 rotavirus infection 251 scrapie 489, 490 tularaemia 308 see also mouflon

sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus see Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV2) sheep pox 207

Sheeppox virus 207 shelduck(s), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40, 41 shellfish poisoning 480 shipping fever 311 Shope’s fibroma virus 200 short beak and dwarfism syndrome, in mule ducks 188

shoveler(s), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40

shrew(s)

Bartonella infections 431

Borrelia reservoir host 352 cowpox 204 herpesvirus infections 21 leptospire reservoir host 403 Mycobacterium avium infection 275 Mycobacterium microti infection 289 Thottapalayam virus (TPMV) transmission 244

shrike, Avipoxvirus infections 193 Siadenovirus 210 sibiriskaia iazva see tularaemia signalling lymphocyte activation molecules (SLAM) 99, 101, 103, 109

Simian hemorrhagic fever virus 255 Simplexvirus 5, 13

Sindbis virus (SINV) 257 Sin Nombre virus (SNV) 242, 244, 245 sinusitis, mycoplasmas causing 377 SIR (susceptible-infected-recovered) type, transmission model, avian influenza viruses 43

siskin(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

Escherichia coli O86:K61 infection 382

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387 skin disease/lesions

in birds 509

border disease 151, 151 classical swine fever (CSF) 160 dermatophilosis 439 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 173 hare fibromatosis 203

Lyme borreliosis 354, 355

Malassezia infections 464—465 in mammals 507 mucormycosis 470 myxomatosis 201 papillomaviruses in cervid species 226 sealpox 203 squirrelpox disease 197—198 skin tumours, papillomavirus infections causing 226, 228-229, 229, 231 skunk(s), Aleutian disease 186 slide agglutination test, Francisella tularensis 307 sloth(s)

Borna disease 252

Pneumocystis infections 469 Smadel’s disease of pigeons 28-29, 511 small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) 223

‘snuffles’ 448

socio-economically important diseases

503-504

songo fever see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) souslik, plague 299 sparrow(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

conjunctivitis due to mycoplasmas 377-378

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection 257

Escherichia coli O86 infection 382

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 44, 47, 49

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387, 388, 391

tuberculosis 275

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 136

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130, 131, 133 sparrowhawk(s)

Marek’s disease 27

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130, 133, 135

Sparrowpox virus 191 species-specific wildlife diseases 511-512

see also individual diseases

spinal cord lesions, West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132

spirochaetaemia 358 spirochaetes

in birds see Brachyspira

diagnostic test 360

Lyme borreliosis see Lyme borreliosis spirochaetes (LBS) group relapsing fever 358

see also relapsing fever spirochaetosis

avian 359

avian intestinal 440

colonic 440, 441

human intestinal 440

porcine intestinal 440

wildlife 359-360

spleen, enlarged

anthrax 332

tularaemia 305

splenic disease see anthrax spongiosis 493 spoonbill(s), botulism 423 Sporothrix schenckii 469 sporotrichosis 469 springbok

Chlamydophila abortus infection 343 peste-de-petits-ruminants (PPR) 114 squirrel(s)

adenovirus infections 216, 216-217

Borrelia reservoir host 352

Escherichia coli infections 382

Kyasanur Forest disease virus (KFDV) 143 leporipoxvirus infections 199 leptospire reservoir host 403 listeriosis 414

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection 259

Murine cytomegalovirus infection 21 Powassan virus 143

as reservoir for squirrelpox disease 196 rotavirus infections 251 squirrelpox disease 196, 197 staphylococcal disease 436 tetanus 425

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 132 yersiniosis pathology 296-297 squirrel adenovirus (SqAdV) 216-217, 511 detection/diagnosis 217

squirrel distemper see squirrelpox disease (SQPD)

Squirrelfibroma virus 199

squirrel myxomatosis see squirrelpox disease (SQPD)

squirrel parapox disease see squirrelpox disease (SQPD)

squirrel pox see squirrelpox disease (SQPD) squirrelpox disease (SQPD) 196-199, 511 aetiology 196 clinical signs 198 diagnosis 199 epidemics 197 epidemiology 196-197

role of affected species 197 immunity 198 management, control and regulations 199 pathogenesis and pathology 197-198 public health concern 199 secondary bacterial infections 198 significance/implications for animal health 196, 199

transmission 197 treatment 198-199 vaccine 199

Squirrelpox virus (SQPV) 196 structure and genome 196

St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) 143 Stamp staining method, Brucella identification 324

staphylococcal infections 434-435 in free-ranging mammals 436 human infections 435 public health concern 435 secondary, squirrelpox disease 198

Staphylococcus 434 characteristics 434 ‘coagulase-positive’ and ‘coagulase-negative’ 435

colonization of skin/mucous membranes

434 detection 435 ‘major’ and ‘minor’ pathogenic species 435 pathogenic species 434, 435 virulence factors 435

Staphylococcus aureus 434, 435 Staphylococcus hyicus 434

Staphylococcus intermedius 434, 435 Staphylococcus scuiri 435

Staphylococcus warneri 435 starling(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 193 circovirus infections 68

herpesvirus infections 31 mycoplasma-associated conjunctivitis 378

Mycoplasma sturni infection 378 retrovirus disease 222

Salmonella prevalence/infection 387 tuberculosis 275

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 starling circovirus (StCV) 67, 70 Starlingpox virus 191 steppe murrain see rinderpest sterigmatocystin 483

Sterne vaccine (for anthrax) 334 stoat(s), Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 283, 285 stomatitis, mycotic 463 stork(s)

Avipoxvirus infections 192

herpesvirus infections 31, 511

highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses 41

listeriosis 414

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130 stratum spinosum, Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) replication 176 streptococcal infections 435, 437—438

clinical signs and diagnosis 437—438 in free-ranging wildlife 437

Streptococcus 435

characteristics 435

culture and identification 437^38

pathogenic species 435

pyogenic 435 transmission 437

virulence 437

streptothricosis see dermatophilosis Streptothrix bovis (Actinomyces bovis) 442 stress

avian tuberculosis and 275

Feline coronavirus infections and 237 strigid herpesvirus 1 29—30 Strigiformes

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 136

see also owl(s)

subcutaneous mass, myxomatosis 201 Suidae

bovine viral diarrhoea 154, 154

classical swine fever see classical swine fever (CSF)

encephalomyocarditis 177, 178

see also pig(s); wild boar

Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV1) 5

see also Aujeszky^,s disease virus (ADV)

Suid herpesvirus 2 (SuHV2) 5

suids see wild boar

surveillance programme, objectives 52

Suttonella ornithicola 448

swan(s)

Avian bornavirus (ABV) infection 252 avian cholera 314

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 Brachyspira infections 441 circovirus infections 68

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia 424, 425

highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 41, 41, 44, 45, 46 clinical signs 51 pathology 49 transmission to humans 52

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 39, 40, 41

clinical signs 50

Marek’s disease 27

Salmonella prevalence 387

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 131

swan circovirus (SwCV) 67

swine see pig(s); wild boar

swine dysentery 440, 441

swine fever, classical see classical swine fever

(CSF)

swinepox 207

swine vesicular disease (SVD) 176—177 clinical features 176—177 diagnosis 177 epidemiology 176 management and control 177 transmission 176

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV) 176 antigenic variants 176 structure and genome 176 transmission 176

virulence 177

Swine vesicular exanthema virus 176 sylvatic plague see bubonic plague Syncephalastrum 470

T

T-2 toxin 484

tabanid flies, anthrax transmission 330 tapir(s), Mycobacterium pinnipedii infection

289

TaqMan technology

Mycoplasma conjunctivae detection

376

rabies and lyssavirus detection 95

‘tattoo lesions’ 204

T cells see T-lymphocytes

teal(s)

aflatoxicosis 483

avian cholera 314

avian paramyxovirus infections 60 botulism 420

H5N1 influenza virus infections 46, 48 herpesvirus infection 23

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40

Salmonella prevalence 387

see also duck(s)

teleomorph (sexual) state 455

terbinafine 467

tern(s), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40

tetanus 425

Tetelo disease see Newcastle disease (ND) tetracyclines, rickettsiales infections 369 thiabendazole 467

thin body condition, diseases causing in birds

509

Thottapalayam virus (TPMV) 244

thrush(es)

Avipoxvirus infections 193

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 136

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 294

thymus, duck plague/duck viral enteritis 25 tick(s)

African swine fever virus reservoir 253

Borrelia transmission 345, 348

co-feeding 353

see also Ixodes; Ixodes ricinus

control 356

biological 357

Coxiella burnetii in 410

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever transmission 247

Lyme borreliosis transmission 345, 348, 349

Pasteurella multocida transmission 315 relapsing fever transmission 358 rickettsiales transmitted by 364 tularaemia ecology and 304

West Nile virus transmission 128, 131

see also Ixodes ricinus; specific genera tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) 128, 138, 139-142

aetiology 139

antibodies 141

clinical signs 141

diagnosis 141-142

epidemiology 139-140

immunity 140-141

management, control and regulations 142 pathogenesis and pathology 140-141,

141

public health concern 142

vaccines 142

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) 128,

139

antigen, immunohistochemistry 140, 141 classification 139

reservoir hosts 140

strain (Neudorfl) 140

transmission 140

tick-borne fever (TBF) 368-369

tick-borne flaviviruses 128, 131, 138,

142-143

tick-borne meningoradiculoneuritis see Lyme borreliosis

tick-borne pyaemia 368—369

tick-borne relapsing fever (TBRF) 358 in Europe 358—359 reservoir hosts 358

transmission 358

tit(s) (bird family)

Avipoxvirus infections 192, 193 Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 Escherichia coli O86 infection 382 Salmonella prevalence/infection 387 Suttonella ornithicola infections 448

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 136 T-lymphocytes

in brucellosis 323

Feline immunodeficiency virus infection 221 Lyme borreliosis 354

MCF virus infection 12

Mycobacterium avium infections 277 Mycobacterium avium subsp.

paratuberculosis infections 284 rickettsial infections 368 in yersiniosis 296 see also cell-mediated immune response

Togaviridae 257

togaviruses, in seabirds 260

toluidine blue O (TBO) 469 tongue

cyanosis 124

see also bluetongue (BT) foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 173, 174 tonsils

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) replication 159

Mycobacterium bovis infection 269

Torque teno virus (TTV) 258—259 Tospovirus 241

toxic cyanobacterial blooms see cyanobacterial toxicosis

tracheitis, diseases causing in birds 509 transboundary diseases, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 169

transfusion transmitted virus (TT virus) 258-259

transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) 237-238 transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) 235, 237-238, 239

stability 237

transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) 489, 490

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) 489-496

aetiology 489-490

BSE see bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)

clinical signs 493

CWD see chronic wasting disease (CWD)

detection methods 491 diagnosis 493-495 autolysis and 494 brain samples 493-494 immunohistochemistry 494-495 lymphoid tissue samples 494 methods 494

sample types 493

diseases included 489

epidemiology 490-492

European CWD survey 491-492 geographical distribution and hosts 490 infection route 492

management, control and regulation 495 pathogenesis and pathology 492-493 PrP^sc 489, 492, 493

see also prion protein

public health concern 495-496 screening 493

in small ruminants 490, 495 surveillance tests 493

transmission 492

transplacental infections

border disease 149, 150

bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) 155, 156 classical swine fever (CSF) 159 encephalomyocarditis 178 Mycobacterium bovis 268 see also vertical transmission

trench nephritis 241

Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection

clinical signs and treatment 471 hedgehogs 470-471

transmission 470 trichothecene 484 tube agglutination test, Francisella tularensis 307

tuberculin intradermal skin test 272

avian tuberculosis diagnosis 279 cross-reactivity with M. avium 281 tuberculosis 266-274

aetiology 265, 266

antibodies 270

avian see avian tuberculosis

bovine 266-274

clinical signs 270

diagnosis 271-272

genetic probes and PCR 272 serological 272

epidemiology 266-268

age and sex 267

badgers 266-267

deer 267

environmental factors 268 geographical distribution (Europe) 266 host factors affecting 266-267, 269 host genetics 268

host species 266-267

molecular 266

social group 267-268

wild boar 267

wild mammals infected 266-267, 267 immunity 268-269, 269-270 infection route 268

latent infection 268

management, control and regulations 272-274

biosecurity 273

culling (wildlife) 273

reasons for importance 273

vaccination 273

miliary form 269 monitoring of prevalence 272 ‘no visible lesion tuberculosis’ (NVL) 269, 271

pathogenesis and pathology 268-270, 270, 271

granulomas 268, 269, 270, 271 progression 269 public health concern 266, 274 pulmonary 269, 270 reactivation 268 resistance 267, 268 severity 269 significance/implications for animal health 274 spread 269 ‘super-spreaders’ 268 transmission 268

prevention/reduction 273 vole 289 see also Mycobacterium bovis Tula fever see haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) tularaemia 303-309 aetiology 303

see also Francisella tularensis

antibodies in 306 clinical signs 306 in humans 308 clinicopathological forms 308 diagnosis 306-307 as emerging infection 303 endemic Type B 303 epidemiology 303-305 climate change effect 304 environmental factors 304 geographical distribution 303-304 hosts 303-304, 307, 308 role of affected species 304-305 human infections 306, 307-308 immune response 306 management, control and regulations 307 mortality 304 pathogenesis and pathology 305-306, 306 public health concern 307-308 septicaemic 305, 306 significance/implications for animal health 308

terrestrial and aquatic cycles 305 transmission 304, 305, 308 treatment 308 vaccines 308

Tula virus (TULV) 242, 244

tumour necrosis factor-α, brucellosis 323 tumour necrosis factor-γ inhibitors 288 turkey(s)

adenovirus infections 215

aflatoxicosis 483

avian paramyxovirus infections 60, 61 Bagaza virus infection 143 Chlamydophila psittaci infection 337 coronavirus infections 239 haemorrhagic enteritis virus of 215 Macrorhabdus ornithogaster infection

472

Marek’s disease 27

reticuloendotheliosis (RE) retrovirus infections 222

spirochaetosis 359

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) infection 257

Turkey adenovirus 3 210

Turkey coronavirus (TCoV) 239

Turkey herpesvirus 1 26 turkey-origin parvovirus (TuPV) 188

Turkish sheep encephalitis virus 139

Tursiops truncatus alphaherpesvirus 5, 20 typhinia see relapsing fever

Tyzzer’s disease 423—424

aetiology 423

clinical signs and diagnosis 424 epidemiology 423

pathogenesis and pathology 423—424 treatment 424

U

ulcers, squirrelpox disease 198 ultrasonography, avian tuberculosis diagnosis

279

Usutu virus (USUV) 135

strains and hosts 135

Usutu virus (USUV) infection 135—138 bird species affected 135—136, 136 clinical signs 136 diagnosis 136—137 epidemiology 135—136 management and control 137 pathogenesis and pathology 136,

137

public health concern 137—138 transmission 136

V

vaccination

extra-label, West Nile virus (WNV) infection 134

see also specific infections

vaginal discharge, diseases causing in mammals 508

variable number tandem repeat (VNTR)

Bacillus anthracis 333

Mycobacterium bovis strains 266, 272 variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)

489, 490, 495-496

Varicellovirus 4, 5, 13, 14

vasculitis

immune-complex, feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) 236

malignant catarrhal fever 12

Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) 258

verrucarin 483

vertical transmission

border disease (BD) 150 leucosis/sarcoma retrovirus infections 222 yersiniosis 295

see also transplacental infections vesicles

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 172, 173, 174

swine vesicular disease (SVD) 176-177 vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) 73, 84-85

Vesicular stomatitis virus 176

Vesivirus 73

Vibrio coli (Campylobacter coli) 398, 399 viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD) see rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) viral infections 1-261

arthropod vectors 505

new and emerging diseases 499

OIE reportable 503—504

wild population decline and significance

506

zoonotic 501

‘virgin soil’ epidemics 101 virus neutralization test (VNT) border disease virus 150 bovine viral diarrhoea 156 classical swine fever (CSF) 161 Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) 178 virus neutralization test using indirect immunoperoxidase technique (VNT-IIP), rabies 95

‘virus of white-tailed deer’ 10

Visna/maedi virus 223

vole(s)

Anaplasma infection 364

Bartonella infections 432

Borrelia reservoir host 352 brucellosis 321, 323 cowpox 204, 205

Ehrlichia muris infection 365

herpesvirus infections 21

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447

Ljungan virus infection 179

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection 259

Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) 142 orthopoxvirus 204

plague 299

Puumala virus (PUUV) infection patterns and 243

staphylococcal disease 436 tuberculosis 289

tularaemia 304, 305

Yersinia enterocolitica infection 294

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis reservoir 295 vulture(s)

anthrax dissemination 330

Clostridium botulinum toxin antibodies

421

Coxiella burnetii infection 410

Mycoplasma infections 378

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130

W

wader(s), low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 39, 40, 41, 42 wagtail(s), West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130

wallaby, pestivirus infections 146 wapiti, contagious ecthyma 205 warbler(s), West Nile virus (WNV) infection 130, 131

war nephritis 241 warthog(s)

African swine fever virus infection 253, 255

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170 wasting, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causing 71 wasting disease

diseases causing in birds 509

diseases causing in mammals 508 water

contamination

cyanobacteria 477, 478

Francisella tularensis 308

eutrophication indices 480 waterbird(s)

as influenza A virus reservoirs 37, 38, 39-41, 40, 41

ecology affecting prevalence 41 environmental factors affecting 42

Salmonella prevalence 387

tuberculosis 275

see also seabird(s); waterfowl waterbuck, Coxiella burnetii infection 409 water buffalo, malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) 10

water buffalo herpesvirus (Bubaline herpesvirus 1) 5, 14 waterfowl

aspergillosis 456

avian cholera see avian cholera

botulism 418, 423

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxaemia 424 cyanobacterial toxicosis 477 botulism vs 479

see also Anseriformes; waterbird(s) weasel(s)

canine distemper 102

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection 283, 285 plague 299

Pneumocystis infections 469

Weil’s disease see leptospirosis

WELYSSA, rabies detection 94—95

West Caucasian bat lyssavirus (WCBV) 87 western blotting, yersiniosis 297

Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) 257-258

Western roe deer papillomavirus (CcaPVl) 226, 229, 230

Western tick-borne encephalitis virus (W-TBEV) 139

epidemiology 139-140

West Nile disease see West Nile virus (WNV)

infection

West Nile fever see West Nile virus (WNV)

infection

West Nile virus (WNV) 129

antigens, immunohistochemistry 133, 133

genome 129

infection route and spread 132

strains and lineages 129, 130

structure 129

transmission 132, 134

viraemia 131, 132, 133

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 129-135

aetiology 129

antibodies 134

clinical signs 133-134

detection 133

diagnosis 134

epidemiology 129-132 environmental factors 131 geographical distribution (Europe) 129-130, 130

host factors 130-131

role of affected species 131-132

extra-label vaccination 134

human infections 129, 133

immunity 132-133

management, control and regulations 134-135

passive immunity 132 pathogenesis and pathology 132-133 public health concern 135 significance/implications for animal health

135

transmission 132, 134

treatment 134

whale(s)

aspergillosis 456

cetacean pox 204

coronavirus infections 239

herpesvirus infections 18, 19

influenza A 53, 54

morbillivirus infections 106, 107 pathogenesis and pathology 111, 111 pathology 110-111

Mycoplasma infections 379 white-nose syndrome (in bats) 473-474

see also Geomyces destructans

wigeon(s)

avian paramyxovirus infections 60

Brachyspira infections 441 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) 46, 48

low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) 40 wild birds see bird(s) wild boar

Actinobacillus infection 446 African swine fever virus infection 253, 254

clinical signs 254-255

management and control 255

Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection 364 Aujeszky’s disease

epidemiology 5-7

features 8

Aujeszkys disease virus 7 behaviour patterns 7 Brucella abortus 319 Brucella suis 320 brucellosis 318, 322, 326 Chlamydophila abortus antibodies 343 Chlamydophila psittaci reservoir 338 circovirus infections 71-72

see also post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) classical swine fever 157-158, 159, 160 control and eradication 162, 164 oral immunization 162-163 coronavirus infections and 239 Coxiella burnetii infection 409 encephalomyocarditis 177 Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection 445 Escherichia coli vector 382 foot-and-mouth disease 172, 175 Haemophilus parasuis infection 446 hepatitis E virus infection 250 influenza 55

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospiral infections 403 listeriosis 413, 415

Malassezia infections 464 malignant catarrhal fever 10 Mycobacterium avium infection 275 Mycobacterium bovis infections 266, 267 detection 272

pathology 269, 270, 271 Mycobacterium bovis reservoir 266 Mycoplasma suis infection 379 Pasteurella infections 311 population dynamics

Aujeszky’s disease effect 10 post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) effect 72 Porcine parvovirus (PPV) infection 187-188, 511

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infections 256

poxvirus infections 207 Rhodococcus equi infection 438

salmonellosis 392, 393, 394

swine vesicular disease (SVD) 176

Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) 140

Torque teno virus (TTV) infection 258-259

tuberculosis 266, 267

venereal infections, Aujeszky’s disease virus

7

Yersinia infections 295

see also pig(s); individual diseases wildcat(s) (Felis silvestris silvestris)

Feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection 235,

235

Feline herpesvirus (FHV) 22

feline immunodeficiency 220

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection 296 wildebeest, malignant catarrhal fever 10 wildlife-related new and emerging diseases (WiREDS) 499-500

Q fever (Coxiella burnetii infection) 411-412

tularaemia 303

wild mammals

Campylobacter detection in 399 diseases by clinical presentation 507-508 foot-and-mouth disease and 169 herpesvirus infections 4-36 see also Aujeszky’s disease

Pasteurella infections see Pasteurella infections

retroviruses 219-222

see also specific topics/animals/infiections winter dysentery 239 wolf (wolves)

Aujeszky’s disease 10 canine distemper 102, 103

Canine parvovirus 2 (CPV2) infection 182

Lawsonia intracellularis infection 447 leptospire reservoir host 403

World Animal Health Information Database (WAHID) classical swine fever (CSF) epidemiology 157

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) 170

World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) avian chlamydiosis diagnosis 341 Escherichia coli O157 identification 384 ‘listed’ disease

leptospirosis 407 mycoplasma infections (contagious agalactia) 373

see also reportable diseases

Newcastle disease definition 64

rabies diagnosis 94

reportable diseases see reportable diseases World Trade Organization, Sanitary and

Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement 125 wren(s), Avipoxvirus infections 193

Wright stain

Anaplasma and Ehrlichia species 369

Dermatophilus 439-440

X

xenodiagnosis, Lyme borreliosis 356 Xenopsylla cheopsis (rat fleas) 364

Y

yak(s), bluetongue 125 yato-byo see tularaemia yeast(s)

characteristics 462

as opportunistic pathogens 462

yeast infections 462—465

candidal 462—463

cryptococcal 463—464

Macrorhabdus ornithogaster 472

Malassezia infections 464—465

public health concern 465

Yellow fever virus (YFV) 128, 129, 144

Yersinia 293

characteristics 293

infections 293—302

Y. enterocolitica see yersiniosis

Y. pestis see bubonic plague

Y. pseudotuberculosis see yersiniosis

O antigen of lipopolysaccharide 296 outer proteins (Yop) 293, 296 antibodies to 293, 295

virulence 293, 296

Yersinia enterocolitica 293—298

detection 297

geographical distribution 293, 294 hosts 294, 295

human infection 295

infection route and spread 296 infections see yersiniosis serotypes 293, 294 transmission 295-296 see also yersiniosis

Yersinia pestis 293, 298

characteristics 298

detection 300 epidemiology 298-299 growth requirements 299 host susceptibility categories 298-299 infection see bubonic plague transmission 299

virulence factors 299

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis 293-298

in animal species 294, 295

in birds 294-295

detection 297

geographical distribution 293-294 hosts 294-295

human infection 294, 295

infection route and spread 296 infections see yersiniosis latent infections 295

reservoirs 295

serotypes 293, 294

transmission 295-296

see also yersiniosis

yersiniosis 293-298

acute, subacute and chronic forms 297

aetiology 293

antibodies in 293, 295, 297 clinical signs 297

diagnosis 297

epidemiology 293-296 environmental factors 295 geographical distribution 293-295 hosts 293-295

role of wild animals 295

fulminant 296

immune evasion in 296

immune response 296

management, control and regulations

297

pathogenesis and pathology 296-297 public health concern 297-298 significance/implications for animal health

298

surveillance 297

transmission 295-296

treatment 297

Z

zearalenone 484

zebra(s), anthrax 330

Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain 265, 271, 279

Zoonoses Directive (Council Directive 92/117/EC) 297

zoonotic infections 501—502

Anaplasma infection 370

arenaviruses 259

avian influenza virus 52, 53

Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) 329, 334

Bartonella infections 433-434

Borrelia burgdorferi 348, 357

Brachyspira 441

brucellosis 318, 326

Campylobacter 400, 401

Chlamydia and Chlamydophila 336, 341-342

cowpox 205

Coxiella burnetii 409, 411-412

Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever

248

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae 445

Escherichia coli 384

Escherichia coli O157:H7 384

Francisella tularensis (tularaemia) 303, 307-308

hantavirus infections 242, 246

hepatitis E virus infection 250 herpesviruses 4

Leptospira infections 402, 403, 407

Listeria monocytogenes 415 —416

Ljungan virus infection 179

louping ill 138

Lyme borreliosis 348, 357

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus 260 lyssaviruses 86-87, 90, 97 marine brucellosis 326

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis status 287-288

Mycobacterium bovis 274

Mycobacterium microti 289

Mycobacterium paratuberculosis 287-288

Mycoplasma phocicerebrale 379

Pasteurella multocida 316

prion diseases and 496 psittacosis (ornithosis) 341-342 rabies (lyssavirus infection) 86-87, 90, 97

rickettsiales infections 363, 370

Rift Valley fever 247 salmonellosis 386, 390, 391 sealpox (parapoxvirus) 203-204 Staphylococcus 435

Tick-borne encephalitis virus 139, 142 tick-borne relapsing fever 358 Trichophyton mentagrophytes infection (ringworm) 471

West Nile virus (WNV) infection 135

Yersinia enterocolitica 297-298

Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague) 300 zooprophylactic hosts 352 zygomycoses 469

KAROLY ERDELYI’ AND J. PAUL DUFF²

¹Central Agriculture Office, Veterinary Diagnostic Directo­rate, Budapest, Hungary

²Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLA DoWS), Great Britain Wildlife Disease Surveillance Partnership, Penrith, Cumbria, UK

The squirrel adenovirus (SqAdV) is a novel tentative adeno­virus species in the Mastadenovirus genus of the Adenoviri- dae family, most closely related to guinea pig adenovirus(^{* 1 2}7). The virus was first detected by negative contrast scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and characterized phyloge- netically based on the hexon gene nucleotide sequence¹-¹⁷). SqAdV was isolated in mouse L cells, but the maintenance of the isolated strain on subsequent passages was unsuccessful.

DOLORES GAVIER-WIDEN^{* 1} AND MARIE-PIERRE RYSER-DEGIORGIS²

¹National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Uppsala, Sweden

²Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiol- ogy Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

The family Coronaviridae belongs to the order Nidovirales and includes the subfamily Coronavirinae, containing the genera Alphacoronavirus (previously known as group 1 coronaviruses), Betacoronavirus (group 2) and Gammacoro­navirus (group 3). Alpha-, Beta- and Gammacoronavirus are further divided into different viral species⁽¹⁾. A fourth genus, Deltacoronavirus, has been proposed to include novel coronaviruses detected in wild birds⁽²⁾. Among the Betacoronaviruses, the species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related (SARSr) coronavirus includes the virus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome in humans (SARS-CoV) and SARS-CoV-related viruses identified in bats and wild carnivores. Since the severe SARS outbreak in early 2003, many new viruses of the family Coronaviri- dae have been identified in diverse host species, including birds, humans and other mammals.

Coronaviruses are 80—220 nm, spherical, enveloped, and have large (20 nm long) club- shaped spikes, called

MARIE-PIERRE RYSER-DEGIORGIS

Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiol- ogy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) belongs to the genus Alphacoronavirus, along with FCoV, TGEV and mink and ferret coronaviruses (CoVs). PEDV causes a disease similar to TGE in domestic pigs, characterized by vomiting and acute watery diarrhoea. Outbreaks have been mainly reported from Europe and Asia⁽³¹⁾ and may result in serious losses. Porcine haemagglutinating encepha­lomyelitis virus (PHEV) is a member of the genus Betacoro­navirus, together with Bovine coronavirus (BCoV), Equine coronavirus, Mouse hepatitis virus, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related (SARS) soronavirus, and other mamma­lian CoVs. PHEV causes vomiting and wasting disease or encephalitis in domestic piglets. It is a globally widespread infection, sometimes causing severe economic losses(³²). The European wild boar has not been reported to be sus­ceptible to PEDV or PHEV infection so far.

BCoV and closely related viruses (now included in the unique species Betacoronavirus 1) are found worldwide and cause respiratory and enteric infections in cattle — includ­ing calf diarrhoea, winter dysentery (WD) and bovine respiratory disease complex — and hemorrhagic diarrhoea in wild or feral ruminants, including water buffalo in Italy⁽³³’³⁴⁾. Wild ruminants are suspected to play a role as reservoirs for BCoV-like viruses that are able to infect cattle. CoVs similar to BCoVs have also been detected in dogs, birds and humans with clinical disease⁽³³⁾.

The genus Gammacoronavirus includes mainly avian viruses (Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), the closely related Turkey coronavirus (TCoV), Pheasant coronavirus (PhCoV) and IBV-like viruses detected in wild birds), but recently discovered viruses from beluga whale (Delphinapterus

5. wastewater from poultry holdings or slaughterhouses and sewage effluent should be excluded from wild areas

ALESSANDRA GAFFURI^{* 1} AND PAUL HOLMES²

¹Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Department of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy

²Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency Diseases of Wildlife Scheme (AHVLA DoWS), Great Britain Wildlife Disease Surveillance Partnership, Shrewsbury, UK

Salmonellosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Salmonella. Salmonella are Gram­negative, non-spore-forming rods that are aerobic or fac­ultatively anaerobic; most species are motile. Salmonella are not very resistant to physical or chemical agents and are destroyed by heat, during common cooking proce­dures, pasteurization and ordinary disinfectants. The genus belongs to the Enterobacteria family and its nomen­clature and classification have been changed and restruc­tured multiple times. Currently the genus Salmonella includes two species: S. enterica and S. bongori. Salmonella enterica is divided into six subspecies, which are identified by a Roman numeral and by a name; each of these subspe­cies includes different serotypes, classified on the basis of the somatic and flagellar antigens. The subspecies are: S. enterica subsp. enterica (I), S. enterica subsp. ialamae (II),

CAROL U. METEYER^{* 1} AND GUDRUN WIBBELT²

¹USGS National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wiscon­sin, USA

²Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Wildlife Diseases — Pathology, Berlin, Germany

White-nose syndrome (WNS) is named for the visible growth of fungus on the muzzle of hibernating bats. Within 2 years of emergence in 2007, this disease had spread 900 km along the eastern USA and affected seven bat species(³⁰). In 2010 WNS was identified along 1500 km of cave habitat from Ontario, Canada to Tennessee in the USA, and bat mortality estimates exceeded 1 million.

The visible fungal growth on bats with WNS is Geomy- ces destructans, a recently identified obligate psychrophile in the phylum Ascomycota. Geomyces destructans colonizes the skin of bats, and in North America, causes ulcerations on wing membrane, muzzle and ears.

In Europe white fungus on the muzzles of single live bats has been noted at least since the 1980s. Geomyces destructans has been confirmed on six species of European bats (Myotis myotis, M. dasycneme, M. daubentonii, M. brandtii, M. blythii, M. mystacinus) in Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Switzerland, Slovakia, the Netherlands and Ukraine, with historic photographic evidence ofwhite fungus on hibernating bats in several other European countries ⁽³¹’³²⁾. The genetic sequence ofEuropean and US isolates of G. destructans at the ITS and SSU genes are identical. However, disease or mortality associated with

G. destructans has not been confirmed in European bats (disease reported at time of book publication).

The microclimate of affected cave hibernacula, as well as the body temperature of the bats hibernating in these caves, provides an optimal host for infection of glabrous skin by G. destructans.

Currently both bat-to-bat transmission and mechanical dissemination of the fungus by humans are thought to

KJELL HANDELAND’ AND TURID VIK0REN²

¹Department of Animal Health, Section of Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

²Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway

Ergotism refers to disease conditions associated with inges­tion of ergots produced by the fungus Claviceps purpurea. Ergots occur in the seed heads of grasses and cereals during late summer, and contain pharmacologically active alka­loids that stimulate vasoconstriction, which in turn may lead to thrombosis and ischaemic necrosis (gangrene). Although gangrenous ergotism is a well-known disease in domestic mammals and poultry, reports in wildlife are restricted to single cases in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from England and Norway, and multiple moose (Alces alces) cases from Norway^{* 1 2}-⁷’⁸).

Although a browsing ruminant, Norwegian moose are known to eat the upper part of mature, tall grasses during the late summer and autumn. This grazing behaviour and high cutting level of the moose, compared with that of other wild cervids in Norway, suggests that moose are at greater risk of ingesting ergot-containing seed heads. Wild grasses are commonly infested with ergots in Norway, and their alkaloid content has been demonstrated through chemical analyses¹-⁹).

Affected moose display multiple distal limb (Figure 42.1) and ear-tip lesions. Whereas lesions observed in moose found during the autumn present as dry gangrene with a prominent demarcation line between viable and dead tissue, those found during the winter show advanced open lesions or loss of the distal part of limbs and ears.

A definite diagnosis of ergotism based on toxin identi­fication is not possible because of the time lag between ergot ingestion and the manifestation of gangrenous lesions. Thus, the diagnosis is presumptive, relying on gross pathology — specifically, the presence of typical peripheral dry gangrene and exclusion of differential diag-