Bibliographic Essay

A thoughtful approach to understanding ritualisation is set out in Richard Bradley Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe (London: Routledge, 2005). The main themes relating to archaeological interpretations of conflict and violence are presented in Lawrence H.

Background material on the European Iron Age can be found in the following: Barry Cunliffe, The Ancient Celts (Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2nd edition, 2018); Julia Farley and Fraser Hunter (eds.), Celts: Art and Identity (London: British Museum Press, 2015); John R. Collis, The Celts: Origins, Myths, Inventions (Stroud: Tempus, 2003). Useful classical accounts can be found in Julius Caesar, De Bello Gallico; Paulus Orosius, Historia Adversus Paganos; Tacitus, Germania; Strabo, Geographia; and Lucan, Pharsalia.

For Iron Age hill forts see Ian Ralston, Celtic Fortifications (Stroud: Tempus, 2006). The ‘symbolic' interpretation of hill forts is best elucidated in Mark Bowden and David McOmish, ‘The Required Barrier', Scottish Archaeological Review 4 (1987), 76-84, and their follow-up article ‘Little Boxes: More About Hillforts', Scottish Archaeological Review 6 (1989), 12-16. An attempt to integrate violence and symbolism in relation to these monuments is presented in Ian Armit, ‘Hillforts at War: From Maiden Castle to Taniwaha Pa, Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 73 (2007), 25-38, to which a rejoinder was issued by Gary Lock in ‘Hillforts, Emotional Metaphors and the Good Life: A Response to Armit', Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 77 (2011), 355-62.

Detailed treatments of Iron Age human remains can be found in Rebecca C.

A good general account of the Scandinavian weapon deposits is provided in Jorgen Ilkjsr, Illerup Adal: Archaeology as a Magic Mirror (Moesgard: Moesgard Museum, 2000). The major Gaulish sanctuaries are discussed in detail in P. Arcelin and J.-L. Brunaux (eds.), Gallia 60, Dossier: Cultes et sanctuaires en France a l'Äge du Fer (2003), 1-268.

Current thinking on bog bodies is most accessibly available in Christian Fischer, Tollund Man: Gift to the Gods (Stroud: History Press, 2012) and Miranda Aldhouse-Green, Bog Bodies Uncovered (London: Thames & Hudson, 2015). A provocative attempt to interpret bog bodies and other human remains in relation to broader human attitudes to death and the dead is contained in Timothy Taylor, The Buried Soul (London: Fourth Estate, 2002).