Index
Entries starting with the Old Norse letter thorn (P) are filed after Z.
Aaron 80
Abacan 226
abalone 196, 232
Abbas, Shah of Iran 705, 706
Abbasids 164, 170, 173, 364,366
‘Abdu’l-‘aziz, Sa‘id 291-2
Aborigines 8-9, 10 and first Dutchmen in
Australia 736, 737, 741
Tasmanian 742 voting rights in
Australian states 733
Yolpu 10
Abu Dhabi 62
Abu Mufarrij 176, 177, 178, 179
Abu Zayd Hassan of Siraf 156, 172
abzu 56, 66
Acapulco 616, 619, 621, 623, 624, 630, 631, 642, 648, 701, 706
Aceh, Sumatra 689 Achilles, SS 865, 866
Achnacreebeag 308
Adam of Bremen 367, 393 Adams, William (Miura
Anjin) 631, 632, 691-2
Aden xviii, 51, 105-6, 180-82, 185, 187, 265, 266, 267, 598, 600-601, 604, 605
Admiralty Islands 10
Adulis 104, 115, 123 adzes 15
Aegean 83, 85
naval warfare 595
Syros island 873
Afghanistan 54, 57, 59, 202
lapis lazuli 62 Afonso de Lorosa, Pedro
576-7
Afonso V of Portugal 504,
.
5O5, 506, 5O7 Afriat, Aaron 839 Africa 500-503 boats 502 and China 265-7 coastal exploration byVivaldi brothers 471 and copper 503 east xx, 61, 62, 90, 104, 109, 122,123,162, 182, 254, 540, 545-6 see also Eritrea; Ethiopia/Ethiopians;
Madagascar; Mauritius;
Mozambique; Somalia; Austronesians on coast of 132; Axum see Axum; coast 47, 61, 132; and East Indies 548-9; and Madagascar 759; and the Portuguese 540, 543, 545-6, 547, 548-9; sorghum 114 gold see gold: African Greek settlers 841 Horn of 266 Maghrib 478, 839, 885 mulatto population 503 and Muslims 500, 502 Operation Torch in north
Africa 890 and the Portuguese 465,
476, 490,501-14, 540, 543, 545-6, 547, 548-9; and the Danes
718-19; and gold 471-4, 501, 502; and slavery see slavery/ slaves: and the Portuguese; and Swahili Coast 545-6 pottery/ceramics 492 raiders 548 and the slave trade see slavery/slaves south 514, 566, 569, 578 see also Cape of Good Hope; and da Gamba 539-40 South see South Africa sub-Saharan 465, 472, 501, 834, 840; gold 472, 501; slaves 471, 583-4
trade see trade: African trans-Sahara caravan traffic 475, 834 west 398, 500, 501-7, 702 see also Elmina; Ghana; Guinea; and the Danes 712, 716, 717-22; and Dominican DNA 583; Dutch in 686; Gold Coast 686, 718-19; and maize 752; Mina coast 506-8; Mogador as a gateway to 840; Portuguese trading stations 683, 753-4; and the Swedes 716-17
Agamemnon, SS 865 Agatharchides of
Knidos 97 Agricola 344
agriculture/farming
Dutch 675-6 Hawai'ian 26-7 Icelandic 385 irrigation see irrigation Mesolithic 305 Neolithic 307 in Pacific islands 12 tools 221
agronomy, Lapita 12 Aguado,Juan 528 Ahab 82
Ahaziah, son of Ahab 82 Ahutoru, Tahitian prince
811-12,813 Ainus 797, 809 aircraft 898
anti-aircraft guns 889 effect of safe jet traffic on passenger shipping across oceans 879-80, 898-9
limitations as cargo vessels 901
and Second World War
887, 888, 889, 891 airlines 898-9 airships 898 Ajanta caves, India 129 Ajax, SS 865 Akkad 57, 62 Akkadian 55 Ala-uddin, sultan 689 Alagakkonara of Ceylon
262-3 Aland 874 Aland Islands 366, 873-6 Alaska 254, 255, 399, 786,
791, 795, 797, 903 and the Russians 804,
805-6, 807-8, 809, 816, 903 Albuquerque, Afonso de
598-9, 600-601,
602 -3, 606 Alca^ovas, Treaty of 505 Alcatrazes 491 alder 339 Aleppo 598 Aleutian Islands 786, 793,
797, 804, 805 Alexander VI, Pope 407,
537
Alexander the Great 46, 89,
90, 93, 282, 289 Alexandria 93, 99, 115,
188, 265, 266, 495, 544, 567, 594, 603, 838, 872
and Indian Ocean 96, 103,187
library 97
and the spice trade 595, 600, 601, 604, 669 steam packet between England and 848-9
and Suez Canal 848-9,
851
taxation by Mamluks in 595
and Venetians 460, 601 Alfonso V of Aragon 512 Alfonso VIII of Castile 471 Alfred, king of Wessex 357, 361
Alfred Holt & Co.
see Blue Funnel LineAlgarve 467, 468, 477, 478, 485, 497-9
Algeciras 475, 478 Algeria 477
Ali, Muhammad, of Egypt 848, 849
Alkaff family 823-4 Allure of the Seas 900 Almeida, Francisco de 547, 568, 600, 602
Almohad caliphs 175, 468 almonds 114, 178, 429,
492, 839 Almoravids 501 aloes 153, 194 Als island 342 Alva, Fernando Alvarez de
Toledo, 3rd Duke of 673
Amalfi 243 Amazons 581 amber 337-8, 339-42, 472
Baltic 337, 338, 441, 701 beads 339
Jutish 337, 339 and North Sea 337-8,
339 ambergris 180, 467, 766 Amboyna island 615,
689-90, 714
massacre 690 Ambrose, Christopher 455 American Revolution
721-2
and Boston Tea Party 784
Americas see Central America; North America; South America; United States of America
Ammianus Marcellinus 347 Amoy 826
‘Amr ibn Kultum 94 Amsterdam 643, 673, 674, 676, 677, 679, 682, 702, 780,839
archives 634 Armenians 708 immigrants 677 Long-Distance Company
684
New Christians of 693, 700, 708
and New Julfans 706, 708
Portuguese merchants in 684, 685, 705
printing press 708
Sephardim 701, 702, 704 amulets 179, 398 Amun-Ra (god) 76 Amundsen, Roald 871 Amur River 801, 806 Anatolia 54 anchorites 381, 413 Anconi of Kilwa 547 Ancuvannam 183 Andalusia 467, 505, 656
silks 623 Andamans 43, 260-61 Andouros 111 Andrew of Bristol 570 Angkor, Cambodia 50, 158, 249-50
Angkor Wat temples 140 Angles 344, 347, 348, 352 Anglesey 313, 377
under Norse rule 378 Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 357-60
Anglo-Saxons 347, 349-50, 352, 357, 363
Anglo-Saxon England 347, 349, 355-6, 357-62
literature 318, 348, 349-51, 366-7
shiPPing 349-51
trade 355
and Vikings 357-62 Ango, Jean the Elder 562 Ango, Jean the Younger 562 Ango family of Dieppe 562 Angola 503, 593, 701 Angra, Azores 488 750, 751, 752
Annals of Ulster 372 Annam 239, 255, 260 Anne (cog) 460
Annia family 116
Annunciada 545 Ansip, Andrus 419 Antarctic Ocean xxii, 655 Anthony of Padua, St 697 anti-aircraft guns 889 anti-Semitism 697, 700, 855, 884
Antigua 768 Antilles
Greater 520 see also Cuba; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico
Lesser 520, 767-8,
772 see also Barbados; Trinidad
Antiochos III 94 Antwerp 438, 441, 545,
600, 606, 643, 669-76, 701, 880 banks 673
Bourse 669, 672
Charles V and the banks of 673
and copper 672
English decline in trade with 673
English Merchant Adventurers in 669, 672-3
and Hansards 673 merchants in 672-3;
from Bruges 668-9 and the Portuguese 545,
600, 617, 668, 669, 672, 673
printing 672
and the rise of the Dutch 669-76
and silver 668, 672
and south German businessmen 672
and the Spanish 673 spice market 579, 600, 614, 615, 617, 668, 669-72
and Venetians 669-70, 672
Aotea 38
Aotearoa see New Zealand apples 114
Aqaba, Gulf of 73, 88
Aquinas, Thomas 499, 680 Arabia 52, 71-3, 76, 82, 85 aridification 52 Hadhramawt 128 incense 94, 115
Indian embassies to rulers of south Arabia 129
and opium 825
Sabaea 96
south Arabian pottery
88, 129
and Thaj 94
Zheng He in 265
Arabian Gulf see Persian/
Arabian Gulf
Arabian Nights 171
Sinbad the Sailor 133, 156-7, 171
Arabs
of Arabia 52 see also Arabia; and Mouza 105
Bosi see Bosi/Po-ssu
of Egypt 5 2
invasion of Persia 170
and Madagascar 132
merchants see merchants:
Arab
pan-Arabian alliance attempts 605
pirates 130
ships 130, 131, 545-6,
549
in Singapore 823-4
Six-Day War (1967) 896
and Sri Vijaya (Zabaj) 155-8
and Thaj 94
Aragon 468
and Algeria 477
Aran Islands 382
Arawaks 520, 521 see also
Taino Indians
Archangel 677-8, 706 Arctic 655-60
ice 339, 655, 657, 660, 661, 664
Arctic Ocean xxii, 655-67,
801
and the Danes 666-7
and the Dutch 660-61
and the English 657-60, 662-6
and Muscovy Company 659-60, 662 Arellano, captain 615-16 Arezzo 120
Argentina 880
Arguim 501, 502
Argyre 134
Arikamedu 116, 119-21 Arison, Ted 899-900 Aristotle 90
Armenians 619, 705-8, 789, 823, 841, 873
Armitage, David xx
Armorica
axes 320
Veneti 330 aromatics 47, 71, 76, 79,
93, 97, 99, 157, 239-40, 273 see also incense; perfumes aromatic woods 80, 233,
278, 648 see also sapanwood
Arosca, king 559
Arrian 90-91 arsenic 185
Arsinoe 88 artichokes 170 asbestos 139 Ascension Island 755 ascorbic acid 573
Ashab Mosque 244 Ashikaga shoguns 219,
220, 231
Aso, Mount 196 Aspinall, William 852
Assyrians 55, 61, 323 Astakapra/Hathab 129 Astor, John Jacob 796 astrolabes 544
Atlantic Ocean Almohad-Portuguese battles in 468
Atlantic Bronze Age 303, 314-25
Atlantic historians/‘Atlantic history' industry xx, 299
Bristol sailors in 463 businessmen funding transatlantic voyages 525-6
and ‘Celts' 302 container shipping
901-5
and the Danes 712 Dias's discovery of link with Indian Ocean
514,536,537 ‘extensions' see Baltic;
Caribbean; North Sea in First World War 882 Iron Age 325-38 islands 481-96, 501-2,
745-58 see also specific islands by name;
Macaronesian see Macaronesia Madagascar as link
with Indian Ocean
758, 780
Atlantic Ocean - cont.
and Mediterranean see Mediterranean: and Atlantic Ocean
and Mesolithic cultures
3o4-7
Muslim fleets in 465-7 and Neolithic
communities 299,
307-14
passenger traffic across
860,869
Portuguese and Spanish sparring for control 526
and ‘processual’ archaeologists 301 promontory forts 328-9 and Pytheas 334-8 sea level changes 303 and Second World War
890
tides 306, 336
and Tordesillas Treaty
537
trade see trade: Atlantic trade networks see trading networks: Atlantic
transatlantic air services
898-9
transatlantic cables 864 transatlantic trade routes
562-4, 606
transatlantic voyages to reach the ‘Indies’ 517, 522-35, 537, 550-64, 566-8, 571-2
and ‘the Western
Seaways’ 299
winds xv, 302, 304, 333, 389, 538, 558, 735-6, 751
Atlas Mountains 468 Atlasov, Vladimir 800
Atrahasis 67 aubergine 178
Aubert, Jean 562
Audun 401-2
Augsburg 672, 675 Augustinians 615, 640
Augustus Caesar 102, 106 Aurora 839
Australian continent 6,
727-44
Aborigines see
Aborigines
and Alanders 875 on Dieppe maps 733-4 the Dutch and ‘New Holland' 733, 735-43 and the English 737 New Guinea see New
Guinea
New South Wales 813
Pleistocene 6-7
and the Portuguese 733, 734,735
and Second World War
887
Spanish search for southern continent
729-32
stone fish traps 9 Tasmania 7, 741-2, 743 Terra Australis
speculation 718 Austrialia del Espiritu
Santo 732
Austronesian languages 3-4, 12, 16, 27, 131
Austronesians, and Madagascar xxi
Avalokitesvara statue 159 Avienus 332-4
Aviz dynasty 469, 474 Axelson, Eric 514 axes 7, 194, 312, 810
Armorican 320
Carp's Tongue 324 currency 320 ‘median-winged' 319-20 Mycenaean copper axe
314
palstave 319, 320 socketed 320
Axum 104, in, 122, 123, 130
coins 167
pottery 115, 167
Ayaz, Malik 602
Aydhab 175-6
Ayla (Aqaba-Eilat) 115, l67
Ayutthaya/Ayudhya 276-9, 290, 706
‘Azafids 475 Azambuja, Diogo de 508,
509
Aznaghi 50i Azores xxi, 47i, 486-8,
593, 745, 750-52, 840
and Atlantic/global trading networks 750-5i, 752
and the English 750-51 and Flemings 481
Jews 840
and New England
750-5I slaves 497 wheat 752 wine 75i
Aztecs 6i8, 635
Bab al-Mandeb 180
Strait 78, i04 baboons 76
Babylon 88, 9i, 93 Babylonia 47, 50, 85, 94
Cyrus's conquest of 85 great flood myth 56, 67 world map 50
Babylonians 50, 55 bacalao 752
Bach Dang 228 Badang (giant) 288
Baffin Island 393, 399, 407,
663 Baghdad i70, i72, i73,
i88, 84i
Bahadur Shah of Gujarat
605 Bahamas 527, 554 depopulation 53i, 582 and piracy 765 trade network 520
Bahrain 52, 54, 65, 66, 67,
244, 598, 599
Qala'at al-Bahrain 65-6 Baioes 323-4
Baitan 382
Balboa, Juan Nunez de 565 Balboa, Vasco Nunez de
563
Balboa (town), Panama 858 Baldridge, Adam 760-6i Bali i46, 280
Baltic 299, 303, 342, 353,
364 amber 337, 338, 44i, 70i conquest and
transformation in i3th century 420-22 and the Danes 42i, 7i3,
7i4, 7i5-i6, 72i-2 ‘Drive to the East' 4i8,
425
and the Dutch 675, 676,
677, 685, 686 and England 367, 452-3 exotic goods 7i6 Hansa members 433-6 herring 430, 436, 45i, 674 and ‘Mediterranean of
the North' 4i5 see also
Hansa, German
merchants 367
and North Sea xxii, 365, 366
paganism 421-2 pitch 721
and Russia 802, 807, 809 rye 420, 428, 439, 444, 675, 676, 682
and silver 3 64
and the Swedes 421, 422,
677
tar 721
trade see trade: Baltic Viking raids 362, 365 Vitalienbruder harassment 447
‘Wendish’ 433 Baluchistan 91 bamboo 12, 122 bananas xxiii, 12, 620 bandits 138, 175-6, 262 Banks, Joseph 3, 743, 812 Bantam, Java 688, 689 Bantam island 736 Bantus 131, 132 Baranov, Alexander 816 Barbados 701, 749, 761-2, 766, 767-8, 769, 772, 774
Bridgetown see Bridgetown, Barbados
workers on Panama Canal 859
Barbar 66 Barbarikon 107, 108, 124 Barbarossa, Hayrettin 607 Barbary Company 657 Barbary corsairs 607, 718, 764, 782
Barcelona 440, 455, 470, 475
Bardi family 526, 533 Barents Sea 658, 678 Barentsz, Willem 660-61,
678
barges 343-4 Baribatani 182 bark boats 9 barley 58, 62, 70, 92, 381, 385, 390, 444, 562 Barros, Joao de 508, 509 Barus160,164 Barygaza 103, 105, 107-8, 124, 128, 138, 185-6 Basques 455, 459, 708 sailors 404, 469, 477,
570
ships 459, 470
Basra 172, 598, 604, 606, 831
Batavia 738-41, 743
Batavia/Batavians 345, 690, 692, 736, 818, 823
steamship link with Singapore 868
Bates, Edward 861-2
Bates, Sir Percy 886
Bayeux Tapestry 371
Bayonne, France 685-6,
701
bdellium 71, 106, 107 beans 177, 246, 492, 604, 643-4
mung 114
soya 648
bears 408
fur/skins 406, 408 polar 391, 397, 401-2, 408, 534
Beaujard, Philippe 132
Beauport monks 562
Bede 353
Bedouins 595
beef 112, 590, 591, 664 beer 431, 432, 462, 664,
760, 761, 901, 902 beetroot 431
Behaim, Martin 572 globe 525, 572, 655
Beijing 254, 261, 265, 267, 636, 827
Beirut 495, 544, 567, 594, 601, 604, 669
Belem 480
Belfast 869-70, 899
Belgium
Flanders see Flanders railways 880
Belitung wreck 162-4, 165 ben Yiju, Abraham 182, 184-6
ben Yiju family 184
Bencoolen, Sumatra 761, 820
Bengal 255, 269, 562 opium poppy fields 825
Benin 506
Benin City 506
Bensaude, Elias 840
Bensaude family 840 benzoin resin 153 Beowulf 318, 348, 350-51, 366-7
Berardi, Giannetto 525
Berbers 468, 472, 836
Muslim Tuareg 500
Sanhaja 501 slaves 502 Berenice (daughter of
Herod Agrippa) 113 Berenike Troglodytika xviii, 52, 78, 103, 110-23, 179 Bergen 390, 391, 403, 415,
461, 721
Bryggen (wharves) 443, 445, 446
and Hansards 418, 419, 443-6
Norwegian community in 443-4 women 446 Bering, Vitus 802-3 Bermuda 766 Bertoa 560-61 beryl 99, 118 Beth-Horon 83 Beukelszoon, Willem 430, 436
Bevin, Ernest 893 Bezborodko, Alexander
Andreyevich 805 Bia-Punt 79 Bianco, Andrea 524 Bibby, Geoffrey 65-6 Bible 79-84, 761, 771 Bickley, John 714 Bidya 93 Bilal 181 Bilgames 56 birds see also chicken;
falcons; ostriches; parrots catching 310 domestic 12
Birger of Sweden 422 Birka, Sweden 354, 355,
364, 365, 366, 367, 426
Bismarck, Otto von 418 Bismarck archipelago 12,
14, 15 bitumen 54, 67, 68 Bjarni Herjolfson 410 Black Death 123, 403, 405,
432, 454, 473, 675 Black Sea 346, 423, 524 grain trade 872 and the Greeks 872 and Russia 802, 809 Blue Funnel Line 866, 867,
882, 887 and Second World War
890-91 Blunth, Edward 559
BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) 898-9
and Cunard 899 boats/ships 575, 611, 868 at Aceh, Sumatra 689 African 502
Alander 874-6 alder 339
American 785, 786-91, 792, 795, 8i7; battleships 856, 857, 859; Perry's ‘black ships' 846, 847; whalers 845
Arab 130, 131, 545-6, 549
Armada de Molucca
570-73, 574-8 and armed convoys 888 Armenian 706-7 Austronesian, with outriggers 4, 16, 133 barges 343-4 bark 9
Basque 459, 470 and Berenike 111 Bermudian 766 bitumen-sealed 54, 67-8 ‘black ships' of Macau/ Great Ship of Amacon 641-2
British: English see boats/ ships: English; in First World War 882-3; in Hawai'i 815, 817; and Nootka Sound 794; and the Russians 794; and search for North-West Passage 795; steamships 826, 860-61, 864-9, 881, 882-3; in Victoria Harbour 826
Bronze Age 319 buzas 390-91 of camphor wood 227-8 canoes see canoes caravels 483-4, 503, 508-9,510-11, 512, 513
carracks see carracks Castilian 456
Catalan 471 catamarans 16, 133, 134, 742
Chinese 137, 206, 244, 245, 247-8, 254, 255, 258-60, 268, 282, 622, 629; fireships 637; junks see junks: Chinese; Treasure Ships 254, 259, 260, 266, 267
Chumash 28 clinker-built 343, 349, 368-9
coal supply ships 861, 865, 888
Cochin 543 cogs 354, 426, 428-9, 451, 456, 460, 484 container ships xviii, 880, 895, 897, 901-5, 908 see also containerization with copper keel sheathing 815
coracles 331 cruising 868, 879, 899-900
currachs 331, 382 dhows see dhows diesel-engined 884, 885 dismantled, with reuse of wood 122-3
Dutch 675, 678, 683, 740, 748; in Baltic 675, 676, 685; early arrivals in Australian waters 736, 738-42; in Indonesia 724; merchant fleets 668, 685, 883; naval vessels 685; sunk by privateers from Dunkirk 685; VOC vessels 736, 738-41
Egyptian 73-4, 96; royal fleets 77
elephantegoi 111 English 557, 678; Bristol ships 458-9, 463-4, 522, 532, 750; at Sao Miguel in 17th century 750; slave ships 762; sunk by privateers from Dunkirk 685
Filipino 622, 628 fireships 637 in First World War 881-3 flat-bottomed 343, 354,
800
Flemish 456 Florentine 456 French 557, 860 Frisian 354
Funanese 142-3 funerary barges 73-4 galleons see galleons;
Manila galleons galliots 641 Genoese 454 German 875, 876; in
Second World War 888, 890; U-boats 881, 882, 888, 891 gold model 331 Gotlandish 368 and the great flood 67 Greco-Roman 109, 124 Greek 109, 872-3 Hansa 420, 428-9, 451 Hawai'ian European-
style fleet 815 hide 67 Hiram's ships 73, 80-81,
85 Hoq cave image 129 Indonesian 134, 285 insurance costs 685 in Iron Age 321 Japanese 212, 214,216,
224, 225, 227, 629, 693; ‘barrel ships' 652; junks 628, 637; in Second World War 888; and vermilion seals 629, 632, 652; warships 883 Javanese 285, 548, 549,
606 junks see junks kayaks 399 knqrrs 371, 385, 390-91 Korean 206, 650-51 Lapita 15-16 ‘Lascars' manning
European ships 841 with leg irons 554 limewood 339 liners 860, 869, 882, 885,
907 see also cruising and cruise lines/ industry log-boats 321 Macanese ‘black ships'/
Great Ship of Amacon 641-2, 644, 645-6, 647
Majorcan 454 Malay 134, 139, 142-3 Mamluk fleet 598 Maori 742 Marinid warships 478 merchant fleets see
merchant fleets/navies
Mesopotamian rivercraft
331
Mongol 223, 226, 227-8 Muslim fleets 465-7 Neolithic 321-2 Norman 561 North Sea 342-4; small ships used in warfare 342, 348
Norwegian 870-71 oak 339, 354, 369 oil tankers 897 Omani 68, 831-2 Ottoman 549; Indian
Ocean fleet 605 P&O numbers during and after Second
World War 896 passenger shipping across oceans affected by safe jet traffic 879-80, 898-9
in Persian Gulf 54, 67-8,
93 ploia megala from
Barygaza 106 Polynesian 15-16, 19, 24,
731,810-11 Portuguese 468, 470,
507, 513, 514, 601, 609-10, 628;
Almeida's fleet 600, 602; avoiding customs duties 745; caravels 483-4, 508-9, 510-11, 512, 513; carracks 370, 641, 643, 646-7, 679; with da Gama 537-8, 539; and expropriated ships in expedition to Ceuta 476-8; flotilla off Bantam island 736; privately owned ships in South China Sea and Moluccas 606; ‘ship of the captain of Malacca' captured by Lancaster 688 and Pytheas 335 rafts, balsa wood 29 reed 28, 67-8 Roman fleets 344, 346 royal yachts 369, 816-17 Russian 794, 802, 807-9;
in Hawai'i 815; at
Okhotsk 806; shitik (sewn boats) 800, 803 sailing ships 321, 865-6;
Alander 874-6; clippers 860, 866; elephantegoi 111; windjammers 860, 875, 876
Scandinavian 339, 342-3, 347, 357, 360-61, 365, 368-71 in Second World War 888-91, 896
Seleucid 93 sewn-plank 68, 131 shares in 428 in Singapore 823 six-oared 397 skin-boats 411 slave ships 510, 511, 560, 757-8, 762
Solomon's ships 73, 81, 82, 85
Spanish: Armada defeat by English 627, 676; armed merchant fleets 704; and Drake 665; harassing Lady Washington and Columbia 793; treasure ships 665, 673, 686, 764-5, 851 steamships xviii, 824, 841, 848-9, 860-61, 864-73; British 826, 860-61, 864-9, 881, 882-3; and Conference System 866-7, 868; and globalization 877, 878; iron/steel-clad 826, 864, 868-9, 882-3; paddle-driven 846, 867, 868, 873; screw-driven 868-9 submarines see
submarines
Suione 342-3 Sumerian 57
Sutton Hoo ship 349 Swedish 875
Thai 278 treasure ships see treasure ships
uxer 474
Venetian galleys 669-72 Venetic 330-31
Viking 347, 357, 360-61, 365, 368-7i, 376-7, 467
for war: American battleships 856, 857, 859; of Augustus i06; in Beowulf 351; British 361, 815, 817, 881, 882-3; canoes 21, 342; English 361; German 888, 890 see also U-boats; Japanese 883; Marinid 478; in North Sea 342, 348; Omani 831; Ottoman galleys 549; Portuguese 601; Russian 794; Viking 369, 376
whalers 459, 845 wooden-shelled, covered in hide 321, 331
wrecked see shipwrecks Bobadilla, Francisco de 529 Boccaccio, Giovanni 472,
473
Boeing aircraft 898-9 ‘Bog People' 339 boilers, copper 721 Bolton, William 749-50 Bombay (Mumbai) xxix,
604
Muslims 789
Boothby, Richard 759 Bordeaux 458-9
Bordelais 458
Borneo 142, 160, 238 Bornholm 339, 342 Borobodur 133,164, 280 Bosau, Helmold von 424 Bosca, Joan 506
Bosi/Po- ssu 147, 161-2,
170
Boston, England 447, 450,
452
Boston, Massachusetts 780, 785, 792, 904
Boston Tea Party 784 bottle gourds 29 Bougainville, Louis de
811-12
Bounty 31
Boxer, Charles 606 bracelets 540, 754
brass 503, 505, 507
gold 509
silver 548
Brahmins 140, 144
and Faxien 145-6
and Kathasaritsagara
143
Brandenburg
Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia 713, 715-16
and Guinea 716 brandy 803 brass 104, 506, 511, 754,
778
bracelets 503, 505, 507 Brattahlid, Greenland 397, 400
Braudel, Fernand xx Brava 266
Brazil xxiii, 553
and Cape Verde 752
and the Dutch 686, 705, 748, 772
and the French 557-60, 561
and Hamburg 880
and Portugal 541, 542, 560-61, 584, 704; and the Dutch 705; Portuguese discovery 517; and Portuguese merchants avoiding customs duties 745; trade 560-61, 748 slave trade/economy 490, 553, 560, 748
sugar 745, 748, 753 trade see trade: Brazilian Tupi Indians 553, 560, 561
Tupinamba Indians 519 and the Verrazanos 563-4 brazilwood 560, 561, 676 bread 50, 400, 620, 648
cassava 582, 585 fish meal 92 sago 576 breadfruit 12
Bremen 426, 433, 445, 449, 676
cog 428-9 Bremerhaven, German
Maritime Museum 428 Brendan, St 381-2, 383 Brian Boru 379-80 bribery 155, 181, 214, 362, 507, 623, 638, 751, 855 gold bribes 207, 782-3 silver bribes 782-3
Bridgetown, Barbados 768, 769
museum 900
Bristol 453, 457-64, 524, 774, 875, 885, 887 air raids 891 merchants 534, 657 ships 458- 9, 463-4, 522, 532, 750
Britain see also England/ English; Scotland; Wales
Admiralty 866, 888, 889 and Alanders 875 and American Revolution
721-2
BEF, Second World War
889 Board of Trade 850-51 Bronze Age 316, 320, 322 and China: Canton trade
709, 814, 825; First
Opium War 826, 827; and Hong Kong 639, 826-8, 893; Second Opium War 827; steamship operations 866-7; Treaty of Nanking 826, 827; and the Treaty Ports 827-8 Christianization 347, 349 circular villages 321 and Cyprus 851 Diodoros the Sicilian on
the early Britons 336 and the Dutch 820-21,
822 see also England/ English: and the Dutch; and Second World War 888 and the Falklands 795 and First World War
881-3 and France see France:
and Britain/England and Germany see
Germany: and Britain and Gothenburg (Little
London) 723 grain imports 881 and Hawai'i 816 and Hong Kong 639,
826-8, 893 and India see India: and
the British/English Iron Age 328 Jacobites 723 and Java 820 labour relations 896, 897 and Macau 806
Malay Straits Settlements
822
and Malta 849, 851 Mediterranean power
and influence 851 and Melaka 818 merchant fleets/Merchant
Navy 871, 873, 883, 889
Merchant Shipping Act 861-2
and Morocco 657, 838-9,
840
naval tradition/power 418, 826, 881 see also Royal Navy
Neolithic 309, 313
and Nicaragua 851
and Nootka Sound 794
North-West Passage prize offer 813
and Norway 871, 888
and Oman 831; Moresby Treaty 832, 833
and the Pacific islands 810-11, 812-13
and Panama Canal 851 and Penang 820, 821,
868
and the Portuguese
841 see also England/ English: and Portugal
and raiders 346-7 Roman Britannia 344,
345, 346-7, 348, 355-6
Royal Air Force 889
Royal Navy see Royal Navy
and rubber 892
seamen's strikes 896, 897 and Second World War
887-91
shipbuilding 869, 896 and Singapore see
Singapore: and Britain/ England
and slavery 347, 829, 831, 832, 841
and Spain see Spain/ Spaniards: and Britain/ England
and Suez Canal 848-9, 850-51, 896
and sugar trade see sugar: and Britain/ England
and the Swedes 725
and tea 724, 725, 726 tilting land 304
trade see trade: British and the USA see United States of America: and Britain
and Vancouver Island
791 Britannic, RMS 870 British and North
American Royal Mail Steam Packet
Company (Cunard)
860-61, 868-9, 882, 884-5 see also Cunard
British Expeditionary Force 889
British India Steam Navigation Company 868
British Institute of Persian Studies 172
British Museum 50, 55, 174,812
British Overseas Airways Corporation see BOAC
Brittany 301, 302
Bronze Age 316, 319, 320 Celtic language 330 and Cornwall 328 fishermen 562 and Germanic raiders
345, 346
Iron Age 326, 328
Mesolithic 306
Neolithic 308-10, 312,
313
promontory forts 328
Brock's 889
Broighter, County Derry 331 bronze 58, 97, 108, 160, 164-5, 185
in Atlantic lands 316 in Bronze Age 314, 317,
319-20
Buddhist staffs 164 Chinese bronzes 141 figurines 58, 326, 332 ingots 320 payment in amber for bronze goods 338 weapons 316, 317,
319-20
brooches 326, 353
Brookes, John 737
Brouwer, Hendrik 736, 738
Bruges 343, 355, 433, 438-9, 440, 441-2, 465, 469-70, 674 and Maximilian of
Austria 668-9 merchants moving to
Antwerp 668-9
Brunei, Borneo 576 bubonic plague 123, 403,
405, 432
Buddhism
Avalokitesvara statue 159
Borobodur temple complex 164
bronze staffs 164
Buddha relics 263 Buddha statues 146, 152-3, 164,194,277, 366
and Ceylon 166, 257, 263 and China 43, 137, 142, 144- 6, 152, 166, 208-9, 215, 245, 263, 267
Far Eastern Buddhist desire for fundamental texts 152
and Funan 142
Great Collection of
Buddhist Sutras 234 and Greek culture 90 Hinayana 203 Hinduism interwoven
with 293
and the Indian Ocean
43-6, 118
in Japan 43-6, 146, 198, 199-200, 202, 215, 229,649,654; and Ennin 202-9, 210-11; and fisherfolk 213; and persecution 646 Korean 166, 194, 198 Lotus Sutra 199-200, 215 Mahayana 199-200, 203 and Majapahit 280 monasteries 118, 128, 163, 205, 208-9, 218, 235, 236, 245, 646 and moneylending 214 persecution of Buddhists: in China 208-9; in Japan 646
Scripture of the Dragon-King of the Sea 205
and Socotra 128
spread along trade routes xx, 146, 166
and Sri Vijaya 152, 154 and tea 215, 216 temples 154, 164, 642, 647, 649
trade encouraged by 236 and Vietnam 142, 144 Zen see Zen
Budomel, king 503 Bueno de Mesquita,
Benjamin 772-3 Buenos Aires 700 Bugi pirates 819, 823 Buka 11
Bukhara 258 Burgos, Laws of 531 burial see also tombs
in boat-shaped graves 342, 368
boat burials 348-9, 350-51, 364, 368, 369
goods 65, 312, 349, 369 Herjolfsnes graves 404, 405, 406
mass 405 mounds 65, 313 on Orkney and Shetland
372
practices 312, 325, 348-9; and cremation 317
in Ribeira Grande 491 rites 319
royal burials 287 of slaves 491 urn burials 317
Viking 368, 372
Burma 121, 706, 708
Bushmen 539-40 butter 381, 399, 444, 445,
462, 487, 664, 752 clarified 104 dishes 715
Butterfield and Swire 866
Buxhovden, Albert von 420 b-uzas 390-91
Buzurg 186
Byzantine Empire 167, 601 Byzantine army 362
cables, intercontinental 864, 877, 907
Cabo Frio, Brazil 560
Cabot, John 464, 517, 522, 523, 525-6, 532-5 discovery of North
America 413, 532-5; and Newfoundland
413, 522, 533
and Japan 532
Cabot, Sebastian 533-4, 557, 565, 658, 661, 662
Cabral, Pedro Alvares 541-2, 560, 602
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez 517, 580 -81
Cacheu-Sao Domingos 503 Cadamosto/Ca' da Mosto,
Alvise 484, 485, 488, 502-3
Cadiz (Gadir) 81, 83, 322, 323, 332, 335, 370, 617, 764-5
and New Julfans 706, 708
Caesar, Julius 328, 330, 331
Gallic Wars 328 caffeine 711, 784 see also coffee; tea
Cai Jingfang 242-3 Cairo 171, 173, 175, 265,
500,898
Chinese ceramics in 174 as city of Babylon 88 Jews 124, 536
Old Cairo see Fustat
Teldo in 595-8 Caithness 373, 376, 379 Calafia, mythical queen
581
Calais 455
Calcutta (Kolkata) 707, 832
Armenian printing house 708
^aldiran, battle of 599 Caledonian Canal 848 Calicut 51, 52, 261, 262, 265, 267, 269, 540-41, 542, 543
California 517, 580-81, 806, 808, 846
gold 852-3 Callao, Peru 729 Calvinists 660, 693, 708, 741-3, 769, 825 Cambodia 140, 244, 648-9, 653
Khmer kingdom see
Khmer kingdom/kings
Cambridge Economic History of Europe xxiv
Cambridge University archaeologists 490, 491 camel caravans 94, 475,
840 camels 99, 266 cameralism 725 Camoes, Luis de 276
Lusiads 276, 296, 479 Campbell, Colin 723-4 Campbell Clan 404 camphor 147, 153, 184, 220, 547, 569
cloves 184
ships of camphor wood 227-8
Canaanites 81
Canada 399, 408, 565, 661, 845, 874, 882
boundary with USA 794 Canary Islands 465, 471-4, 481, 488, 501, 502, 518-19, 527, 593 and Castile 504, 505 and Havana 592 slaves 473-4, 486, 497, 499
sugar 589-90 suspected secret Jews in 697
wine 592, 688 Canberra, S S 899 candelabra 194 Candish, Thomas see
Cavendish, Thomas Canggu Ferry Charter 280 Cannanore 542, 598 cannibalism 156, 520, 526, 530, 559, 560, 563, 663, 729-30, 809
Canning, George 460 cannon 265, 457, 542, 546, 558, 602, 608, 737, 742, 756, 788, 815 canoes
Alaskan art of canoeing 797
fleet from Hawaiki 37 Maori 742 outrigger canoes of Torres Strait 9, 10
Polynesian 24, 731, 810-11; Tahitian 21
Taino 521-2
war canoes 21, 342
Cansino, Diego Alonso 491 Cantabrians 455, 470 Cantino Map 535
Canton see Guangzhou/ Canton
Canton 867
Canynges, William 460 Cao, Diogo 507, 511-14 Cape Horn xv, 572, 727, 785, 791-2, 793, 807, 845, 851, 857, 875
Cape of Good Hope 47, 254, 514, 537, 558, 567, 577, 617, 665, 687, 703, 707, 794, 845
Cape Verde Islands xxi, 483, 488-92, 558, 578, 579, 593, 631, 745, 752-5
and Atlantic/global trading networks 752-5
and Brazil 752
and the Castilians 505 Columbia in 792-3 Creole 491 and the Dutch 683, 753 and East Indies 752-3,
754
horse-breeding 489, 502
Moroccan Jewish settlers
841
mulatto population 748
New Christians 491,
702, 754
Nossa Senhora da
Concei^ao 490
Nossa Senhora do
Rosario 490-91
and the Portuguese 488-92, 702, 748, 753, 754, 841
salt 489, 683, 752
and slavery see slavery/ slaves: and Cape Verde
and the Spanish 754 car ferries 899 Caramansa 509-10 Carausius 346 caravels 483-4, 503, 508-9,
510-11, 512, 513 Carbon 14 dating 30, 38,
78, 312, 354, 381 cardamom 99, 153, 157, 178 Caribbean xxiii, 299,
520- 23, 555-6, 763-79
Antilles see Antilles
and Bermuda 766 and Columbus 270, 520,
521- 2, 523-4, 527-8, 529, 530-31
cotton 522, 588 and the Danes 711-12,
716, 720-22, 772
Dutch raids in 772 and the English 764-5, 766-79
ethnic complexity of pre-Columbian 520 -21
European migration to 766-7
gold 531, 553, 555, 582, 588-9
Jamaica see Jamaica
Kettler in 719, 720 pearls 701 pleasure cruises 868,
899 -900
privateers/buccaneers 763-5, 772, 773-6, 778, 779
slaver y 490, 491, 583-5, 592, 593, 720-21, 767, 769, 777 and the Spanish 520, 553, 582-93, 634, 764-5, 767, 768, 770-71; and gold 531, 553, 555, 582,588-9; and Jamaica 771, 773 sugar 582, 589-90, 766, 768-9
Tainos see Taino Indians
Tobago conflict 719 trade network 520, 527 see also trade: Caribbean
treasure ships 763, 764-5 and the USA 856, 857,
858
West Indies see West Indies
Carleton, Mary 778 Carletti, Antonio 618-20, 621, 639, 640, 643, 647, 648-9
Carletti, Francesco 618-22 Carlsborg fort, Guinea 717,
718 carnelian 54, 57, 59, 64 Carolinas 17, 761 Carolingian dynasty 354 carpets
Indian 548
Persian 598 carracks 370, 643, 646-7,
679
and galleons 641 Cartagena de las Indias, Colombia 697, 701, 753
Carthage/Carthaginians 81, 91, 115, 323, 331, 335
Cartier, Jacques 661 cartographers/cartography
471, 514, 524,525, 554, 556, 558, 570, 572, 607-10, 660, 744 Carvajal, Antonio
Fernandez 769 cash 178 see also coins
Chinese 153, 172, 188, 207, 214, 218, 240, 242, 244, 245, 249, 266-7
in Japan 214 Caspian Sea 364 cassava/manioc 521, 588, 752, 756
bread 582, 585 cassia 80, 104
wood 99
Castanheda, Fernao Lopes de 512
Castile/Castilians 456-7, 465, 468, 469, 474, 475, 555
attack on Sale 471
and the Canaries 504,
505
cloth 491
and the Genoese 528
and Morocco 477
navy 528
and the Portuguese 476, 477, 478, 479, 489, 504-5, 571 castration 832 see also eunuchs
Catalans 415, 429, 454, 471, 473, 474, 491, 609, 669
world maps 500 catamarans 16, 133, 134,
742
catfish 112
Cathay Company 662, 664 Cathay Pacific 867 Catherine II, the Great
804, 805-6
Catherine of Aragon 534, 656
cattle 352, 399, 404, 405, 486, 675, 730, 759, 764, 766
on Cuba 591
on Hispaniola 590-91
Moroccan 839 cauldrons 317, 318 Cavendish, Thomas 687,
727, 756
caviar 682
Cavite 626
Cebu 575-6 cedar 73, 78, 80, 81, 122,
259
Celtic languages 317, 330 Celts 302, 363
Celtic Christianity 379, 380
‘Celtic’ identity 329-30
in Iceland 386
mixed marriages between Scandinavians and
375-6, 380, 386
and Norwegian sovereignty 378-9
Vikings and Celtic armies 379
Central America 565, 617, 851-2, 853 see also
Costa Rica;
Guatemala; Honduras;
Nicaragua; Panama and gold 565, 589 and Panama Canal xviii,
847-8,849,851-9 and Spain 577-8
Centurion, Gaspar 588 ceramics see pottery/
ceramics
Ceuta 431, 468, 470, 471, 474-9, 7O1,839 and the Portuguese
476-9, 501
Ceylon/Sri Lanka xxix, 46,
111, 118, 122,185, 254, 261, 724
Bosi in 147
and Buddhism 166, 257,
263
and China 262-3 and the Danes 713-14 and the Persians 147 and Ptolemy 118, 119,
727
and the Romans 102,
103, 727
and silk 147 and Sri Vijaya 152 as Taprobane 109
CGT (Compagnie Generale Transatlantique) 885, 886
Chagres, River 855, 858 Champa 239, 245-6,
249 -50, 260 Chancellor, Richard 658,
659, 666
Chang Pogo xxx, 204, 208,
209 -11
Changan 199
Changle 268
Changsha 163
Charibael 104 Charlemagne 354, 365
Charles II of England 720,
764, 772, 773, 774
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor and king of
Spain 453, 556, 569, 570, 575, 577, 578, 579, 590, 611-14 and banks of Antwerp
673
Charles Martel 352 Charlotte, Queen 820 Chatillon, Reynaud de 187
Chauci 344-6
Cheddar 317
cheese 381, 399, 487, 493, 675, 752, 777
Chelmsford 345 Chen Zu-yi 261 Cheng Ho see Zheng He Cheng Hoon Teng temple,
Melaka 258 chert 15 chicken 38, 112, 132, 558, 574
chickpeas 177, 588 Chile 880
China/Chinese
and Africa 265-7 books 215, 245, 246 and Britain see Britain: and China
bronzes 141
and Buddhism 43, 137, 142, 144-6, 152, 166, 208-9, 215, 245, 263, 267
Bureau of Ortaq Affairs 249
ceramics see pottery/ ceramics: Chinese and Ceylon 262-3 and Champa 239, 245-6 Chin dynasty 239, 248-9 and Christianity 627, 640, 645, 695 cloths see cloth: Chinese coins/cash 138, 153, 172, 188, 207, 214, 218, 221, 229, 240, 242, 244, 245, 249, 266-7 Confucianism see Confucianism copper 238, 242 cultural influences on neighbours 189, 199-200, 215, 234, 235
and the Danes 709, 712, 714, 725
and the Dutch 823
and European chinoiserie 710, 715
and European weapons 644
and France see France: and China and Funan 139-44 and furs 785-6, 791, 792-6, 797, 806 and gold 216 Grand Canal 254 Han dynasty 135-6, 138-9, 190, 198 herbs 660 imperial court 142, 154,
163-4, 189, 198, 215, 216, 233, 236, 239-40, 241-2, 244, 248, 250 incense 286 and India see India: and
China industrial development
907-8 and Iraq 185 iron ore 242 and Japan see Japan/
Japanese: and China and Java 163-4, 188, 244, 260, 262, 268-9, 280-81, 286-7 Jesuits in 640 jewels 562 and Korea 189, 191, 192, 198, 210, 236, 239, 244, 245, 287, 650 luxury of elite 188 magnetic compass 243,
256, 370 and Malaya 135-6,
138-9, 144, 147 and Manila 620-21,
622-6, 715, 780; foundation story 618 medicine 278 and Melaka 254, 286,
293-4, 295, 636 men taking Filipino
wives 625
Mercantile Shipping and
Transportation Bureau 248
merchant fleets 248 merchants: Chinese merchants see merchants: Chinese; foreign merchants in China 238, 243-4 and Mexico see Mexico:
and China Ming dynasty 213,
219-20, 229, 238, 251-71, 278, 281, 286-7, 289, 293-4, 617, 624, 643, 650; voyages under Zheng He xvii, 254-5, 256-69, 280-81, 293, 622, 636 and the Moluccas 574 and Mongols see
Mongols: and China
Muslim communities/
mosques 244, 258 naval wars 239 navy 136, 238, 239, 245,
260, 261
and North America
780-96 and Norway 871 ‘One Belt, One Road'
project 908 and opium see opium paintings 230 Pax Sinica 293 People's Republic of
China 639, 892-3,
907-8
and Persian Gulf 171-2 and Philippines 574, 614,
617, 618, 620-21, 622-6 piracy 293, 625, 867 porcelain see porcelain:
Chinese
port superintendents
154-5
and the Portuguese
606-7, 627-8, 636-7,
638-42, 643-4, 652 pottery see pottery/
ceramics: Chinese
Qin Empire 136
Qing Empire 801 religious eclecticism 263 Republic of China 892-3 and Russia 800, 801,
802, 806
and Ryukyu Islands
231-2, 234, 614 sailors 135, 233, 625,
642, 732
‘Seven Warring States' conflict 136 shipbuilding 247, 259-60 ships see boats/ships:
Chinese; junks:
Chinese
and Siam 262, 278 silk see silk: Chinese and the Silk Road xx,
135-6
and silver 220, 623,
624-5, 643, 696 and Singapore 286,
288-9, 822-3 skins 107 Song dynasty 149, 154,
165, 213, 221, 224,
228, 239-50, 273, 622; Song culture 222;
Southern 221, 222,
238
and South China Sea see South China Sea: and China
Southern Song dynasty 221, 222, 238
and the Spanish 622-8, 652,806
and spices 545, 574, 606, 643
and Sri Vijaya 149-52, 153-6, 161, 273
and sugar 238 superiority beliefs/claims 221, 236, 256; as a moral force 256
and Sweden 725, 726
Tang dynasty 142, 154, 160, 170,192,198, 200, 201, 203, 206-11, 215, 216; pottery 158, 163, 172
taxation see taxation: Chinese
tea 215, 246, 768, 781, 790
trade see trade: Chinese and tribute 142, 236, 238, 257, 262, 270, 281, 293, 622
urban growth 242 and the USA 709, 781, 787-96, 893
and Vietnam 136, 139-44, 245, 257 voyages under Zheng He xvii, 254-5, 256-69, 280-8i, 293, 622, 636
Wu dynasty 136-7, 142 Yuan dynasty 213, 218, 219, 221, 228, 248-9, 259
Yueh kingdoms 135-6 chinoiserie, European 710, 715
Chios 872-3 Chirikov, Aleksei 803 Ch'oe (agent of Chang
Pogo)210 Ch'oe-I 222
Choiseul, Etienne Francois, Duc de 812
Chola Tamils 174, 273 Chonen 215
Christian IV of Denmark 666, 713, 717
Christianity
anchorites 381, 413
Armenian 707 Augustinians 615, 640 Britain's Christianization
347, 349 Calvinists 660 Celtic 379, 380 and China 627, 640, 645,
695
Christian trading republics emerging 173 Christians vs Muslims in
Spain 423, 468, 477 Church in Norway 390 crusades see crusades Dominicans 554, 582,
640,652-3 in Faroe Islands 383 forced conversion of Jews
to 537 Franciscans see
Franciscans in Frisia 352 in Greenland 397, 400 Iberian Christian-
Muslim conflicts
467-8 in Iceland 386-7 incense use 71 and the Inquisition see
Inquisition Irish monks 381-3,
386-7
and Japan 628, 630, 632,
640, 643, 644, 645-6,
648, 653-4, 692, 693, 694, 695; Japanese converts on Kyushu 654; missionary activities 628, 630, 640, 643, 644, 645-7; persecution of Christians 628, 630, 632, 646, 647, 648, 654 Jeronymites 589 Jesuits see Jesuits Karelian Christianization
422 and Korea 695 Lithuania's
Christianization 437 London Missionary
Society 813 missionary activities 33;
across North Sea 352-3; in China 640, 645; in Hawai'ian islands 24; by Jesuits 628, 640, 643, 644-7; and silk trade 645-6
Muslim governments' relationship with Christians 836-8
Nestorians 160 and Orkney 375-6 papacy see papacy persecution of Christians see also Inquisition; Protestants in Netherlands under duke of Alva 673 and piracy 761 Portuguese New
Christians (of Jewish origin) 494, 503, 537, 609, 672, 673, 685, 698, 699-701, 702-3, 704-5, 708, 712, 749, 754, 769-70, 840; of Amsterdam, in Macau and Manila 693; in Cape Verde 491, 754; on St Thomas Island
720
Protestant see Protestantism/ Protestants Red Sea and Jewish-
Christian confrontation 130, 166-7 Russian Orthodox 420, 427, 437 and Ryukyu Islands 695 Scandinavia's
Christianization 361 and Socotra 129, 130 Syrian Christians 841 and Vietnam 695 and the Vikings 367 Christiansborg fort 718,
721 chronometers 16, 731, 812 Chryse 110, 134, 135 Ch’uan-chou see
Quanzhou Chulan 282-3 Chumash Indians 28, 580 Churchill, Winston 891 Chuzan 229, 231-4 Cidade Velha see Ribeira
Grande cinnamon 92, 99, 194, 542, 543, 569 bark 615
Cinque Ports 456-7 Cirebon wreck 162 cisterns 99, 180 citron 178
Ciudad Trujillo 586 see also Santo Domingo, Hispaniola
clams 14
Cleopatra II of Egypt 97 Cleopatra 816-17 climate change xxii global warming 908 cloak pins 319, 324 Clontarf, battle of 379-80 cloth
American 833, 839 barafulas 754 bark-cloth 21, 810
Castilian 491
Chinese 107; nankeen 790, 809, 816; silks see silk: Chinese
coarse 588 cotton 106, 109, 128, 184, 504,540,624, 715, 724 see also cotton; American 833; calico 635, 690, 714, 717; Lancashire 866; Manchester 839, 873
as currency 754
Dutch 678; broadcloth 631
Egyptian 104
English 451-2, 459, 461, 669, 749, 750, 839; and Bristol 457-8; and Ragusans 456
fine 58, 107, 363, 454, 457, 588 see also silk
Flemish 439, 440, 451, 470, 491
Florentine 453-4
French 470 hemp 194
Indian 107, 635, 715; calico 635, 690, 714; cotton 715; and the Danes 714, 715 linen 373, 444, 457, 540, 548, 624
at Lo Yueh 135 luxurious purple textiles 106
Mercers 669 and Norway 391 Okinawan 234 at Omana 106
Portuguese 754 and Ragusans 456 satin 233 silk see silk
Ubaid 53, 54
woollen 353, 400, 441, 451, 866
clothes 184
African 540
cotton 540
English 660, 663
Greenland costumes at
Herjolfsnes 404
linen 540, 548
at Qusayr al-Qadim 178 cloves xix, 153, 157, 233,
280, 429, 548, 569, 577, 578, 606, 611, 614, 684, 688, 714,
754
camphor 184
and Oman 829, 833 Clydeside 869, 891, 899 Cnut 361, 371, 375 Co-hong guild 789 coal 824, 841, 846, 860,
861, 884, 888
depots/bunkers 841, 846, 865, 884
supply ships 861, 865, 888
Welsh 884 cobalt 238
Cobh (Queenstown),
Ireland 875
Cobo, Juan 652-3
Cochin 261, 269, 547, 568, 598, 640
ships 543
cocoa 721 coconuts 12, 20, 29, 114,
132, 178, 185, 493, 574 cod 306, 399, 420, 430,
442, 462, 463, 522, 562, 752
tax on 562
Coen, Jan Pieterszoon 690, 713, 738, 739
coffee 95, 706, 709, 711, 715, 721, 725, 831, 832
Mocca 83 1 cogs (ships) 354, 426,
428-9, 451, 456, 460, 484
Coimbra 467 coins see also cash
Axumite 167
in Barus 160
billon 586
in Cape Verde 492
Chinese 138, 153, 172, 188, 207, 214, 221, 229, 240, 242, 249, 266-7
copper 153, 172, 200, 207, 218, 240, 242, 249
Frisian 353, 354 gold 164, 172, 352, 478,
687, 730, 803 Greek 326 on Hispaniola 586 hoards 345, 366 in Intan shipwreck 164 introduction to India 102 Islamic 364, 366 Javanese 164 on Nanhai I 165 Newport finds 459 Norse 410 Peruvian 777 Portuguese white royal coins 476-7 for Rhineland wines 367 Roman 107, 118,
120-21, 141 Ryukyu 232 of Sasanian kings of
Persia 118 silver 184, 200, 352, 353,
364,448-9,730,754;
American silver coins melted down for jewellery 754; billon alloy 586; dirhams 366; Maria Theresa silver dollars 833-4; and Port Royal 777 in Siraf 172 Spanish 586
C°logne 342, 344, 354,
427, 449 and Hansards 428, 433,
438, 441, 442, 444, 447, 448, 452 merchants of 449, 450 Venice Company 441
Colombia 592, 697, 777 and Gran Colombia/New
Granada 852 and Panama Canal 854,
857-8
Colombo, Domenico 525 Colon, Diego 555, 587 Colon, Luis de 771 Colon, Panama 854, 855,
858 Colu mba, St 382 Columbia 792, 793 Columbus, Bartholomew
586
Columbus, Christopher xvii-xviii, 27, 254,
256, 463, 464, 483, 514, 517, 525-6, 533, 537 _
Bobadilla’s arrest of 529 Book of Prophecies 729 in Bristol 524 and Cape Verde 490 and cotton 588 crusade strategy 523 and de la Cosa 554 earth size calculation 537 and gold 524, 528, 529,
531, 588, 589
and Iceland 410, 524 andJapan 524-5, 537 lack of supplies hindering circumnavigation of world 523
and Madeira 486
and New World 46, 517,
521, 582, 585, 586, 588, 589; 1st voyage
522, 523-4, 526-7, 532; 2nd voyage
527- 8; 3rd voyage
528- 9; 4th voyage
529- 31; and Bahamas 527; Caribbean islands 270,520,521-2, 523-4, 527-8, 529,
530- 31; Hispaniola 520,521,527-8, 529, 530 531, 582, 585, _ 769; and Taino Indians 521-2, 527, 528, 529, 530-31, 537; and the term ‘Indies’ 46, 517
and Pane 521
and Perestrello family 524, 525
and Piri Reis 610
and sugar trade 525, 589 and transformation of
Atlantic navigation 582 and Vespucci 526
Columbus, Diego (Diego Colon) 555, 587
Columbus, Ferdinand 523 Columbus family see also Colon, Colombo 550-51, 555
Comoros archipelago 131 compasses
magnetic 243, 256, 370 sidereal 17
Conference System 866-7, 868
Confucianism 200, 208, 256 and trade 236
Congo, River 512, 513 Constans II, Byzantine emperor 172
Constantinople 115, 485 fall to Turks 460, 594 as Mikelgard 362 Ottoman court 456 Venetian trade with 601
containerization 901-5
container ports 897, 904-5, 907
container revolution 880 container ships xviii, 880, 895, 897, 901-5, 908
Cook, Captain James 3, 5,
31-2, 733, 743-4, 785-6, 791, 792, 809, 8i2-i4
death 814
journals 791, 807
and the Russians 804 Cook Islands 29 Copenhagen 701, 712, 713, 714, 715, 718, 721, 724
Atlantic trade 721-2
Baltic trade 721-2 copper 47, 58, 106, 135, 164, 477
and Africa 503
and Antwerp 672
Atlantic arc and copper ores 320-21
boilers 721
and China 238, 242 coins 153, 172, 200, 207, 218, 240, 242, 249
and Dilmun 65, 69
and Indians 108
ingots 60, 242
and Japan 692, 847
keel sheathing 815
and Magan 57, 67, 68
Mycenaean axe 314 nickel content 58 and Oman 58, 61 oxidized 217 plates 183, 794
and the Portuguese 672
Sardinian 324
Sumatran 160
and Venice 672
Welsh 302
Copts 52 coracles 331 coral 153, 754
Corcos, Abraham 837, 838 Corcos family 836, 837
cordage 178
Cordoba 170, 175
Cormac ui Liathain 382
Cornelisz, Jeronimus
739-41
Cornwall 302, 308, 322, 326, 330, 336 and Brittany 328 promontory forts 328 tin 302
Corsica 331
Corte Real, Gaspar 534
Corte Real family 534-5, 662
Cortes, Hernan 565, 580, 587, 611
Cosa, Juan de la 553-4 Cossacks 801
Costa (cruise company)
900
Costa Rica 529
cotton 106, 109, 128, 184, 504, 540, 715, 724, 754
American cloth 833 calico 635, 690, 714, 717 Caribbean 522, 588 Chinese 624 and Columbus 588 Egyptian 185
Lancashire cloths 866 and Liverpool 865 and Manchester 839, 873 and the Portuguese 635
Courthope, Nathaniel 690
Cousin, Jean 558
Couto, Diogo do 641
Coventry 458
Covilhä, Pero da 536, 545
Cowasjee, Framjee 824 cowries 14
shells 495, 506, 511
Crawford, Harriet 61 cremation 317
Creole 491
Cresques family 480
Crete 70, 83
Minoans 322
crocodiles 12
Croker Island 10
Cromwell, Oliver 691, 719, 756, 764, 769-70, 772, 773
Cromwell, Richard 756
Crosby, Alfred xxiii
Crown Jewels 450 cruising and cruise lines/ industry 868, 879, 899-900, 907
crusades
and economic warfare against Islam 501, 523, 537, 546
and gold 481
Henry V's crusading
Military Order (Order of Christ) 481, 485, 497, 501, 749 northern 420-21 Second Crusade 423, 468 Third Crusade 449 and trade 422; and
Mediterranean trade centres 420
CSCL Globe 905 Cuba 521, 527, 554, 555,
565, 587, 591-3, 769,
774
American occupation 856 and Columbus 523 and the Dutch 683, 772 Havana's pre-eminence
within Spanish Indies
59I
sugar 59I and US war with Spain
856
Cunard 867, 882, 885-6,
899
British and North
American Royal Mail
Steam Packet
Company 860-6I, 868-9, 882, 884-5 joint transatlantic air
service with BOAC
899
Second World War and
Cunard ships 889-90 White Star merger 886 Cunard, Samuel 860 Cunliffe, Barry 307, 335 Curasao 709, 766, 772 Curonian raiders 422 currachs 33I, 382 currants 682, 873 currents xv
Gulf Stream xv Kuroshio xv down Labrador coast
464 Mediterranean 322 Pacific 16 Red Sea 5I South Equatorial 16
Cushing, John 790
Cutty Sark 866 Cyprus 70, 83, 91, 323, 324 and Britain 851 cloak pins 319 and Ottomans 604
Cyrus the Great 85
Da Mosto, Alvise see Cadamosto/Ca' da Mosto, Alvise
Da Qin 148-9
Dabra Damo monastery 130
Dai Viet 228
Daia 58
Dair al-Bahri 76 dairy goods 66, 308, 432, 442, 487, 593, 675, 749
Dalma 54
Damascus 170, 423
Dana, Richard Henry Jr:
Two Years before the Mast 791-2
Danegeld 362
Daniel, Glyn 312
Danish Asiatic Company
712
Danish East India Company 667, 713 see also United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company)
Danish West India Company 667, 719, 720, 721
Dante Alighieri: Divine Comedy 472
Danzig xxii, xxix, 425, 431, 433, 438, 441, 447, 452, 470, 685 merchants of 453
Daoism 295
Dardanelles 857
Darien Company 722-3
Darien Scheme 722-3 Darius Hystaspis 88, 95
Dartmouth 468
Dashi 153, 162, 266 date palms 53
dates 53-4, 68, 177, 178, 187
and the ‘Muscateers' 831
Dauphin Map 734
Davila family of Segovia 588
Davis, John 665-6, 688 Davis Strait 655
Day, John 463, 533
Dazaifu, Japan 197 de la Fosse, Eustache
506-7, 511
Dee, John 664 deer 273, 276, 306, 310, 552 hides 278
Dehua 247, 289 Delano, Warren 790 Delaware River 717 delftware 778
Delos 98, 99 Denisovans 8
Denmark/Danes xxii, 306, 339, 342, 343
African population ruled by 716
Angles 347
and Arctic Ocean 666-7 and the Atlantic 712 and the Baltic 421, 713, 714, 715-16, 721-2 boats/ships 339, 343 and Brandenburg- Prussia 713
and the Caribbean 711-12, 716, 720-22, 772
and Ceylon 713-14
and China 709, 712, 714, 725
and Curonian raiders
422
Danish coastal empire 425, 724
Danish siege of Stockholm 436
and the Dutch 685-6, 713, 718
East India Company see Danish East India Company; United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company)
and the English 714, 718, 720
and the French 720 global trading network 709
and Guinea 712, 716, 721 and Hansards 424-5 and India 712, 714, 715 and Kurland 715-16 Lübeck and the Danes
424-5 merchant fleets 724 merchants 712, 719 and Morocco 836 National Museum 398 and Norway 712 and the Portuguese
718-19 rock carvings 322 shipwrecks 357 and slavery 709, 712, 716, 720, 722
and Spain 685
and the Swedes 724
and Thirty Years War 714 trade see trade: Danish Vikings see Vikings and west Africa 712, 716, 717-22
West India Company 719, 720, 721
and West Indies 711-12, 713, 716, 720-22
Dent, Thomas 824 Depression, Great 883-4,
886
Deshima Island 197, 691, 692, 693-4, 695, 808, 846
Deutsche Lufthansa 898
Dezhnev, Semen 800 dhows 131, 134, 171, 545-6, 549
Oman's ancestors of 68 Dhu Nuwas (Yusuf) 166-7 diamonds 99, 141, 703 Dian Ramach of
Madagascar 759-60 Dias, Bartomeu 514, 536, 537, 538-9
Dicuil 337, 381, 386 Diderot, Denis 811
Dieppe 558, 561
Ango family 562
maps 733-4
diesel engines 884, 885
Dilmun 56-61, 64-9
and copper 65, 69
and Indus Valley 66-7 Dingier, Jules 855 Dinis of Portugal 469, 470 Diodoros the Sicilian 111,
338
and Pytheas 336
Disko Island 397, 408 Disraeli, Benjamin 850, 861 Diu, Gujarat 546, 600, 601, 602, 604-5, 831
DNA analysis 12, 26, 27, 132, 317, 347, 386, 491
Dominican Republic 583 dockworkers 901 dodo xxi
Doggerland/Dogger Bank
303
dogs 12, 38
hunting dogs 75, 273
Dollinger, Philippe 419
Dolphin 810, 811 Dominican Republic 527, 583, 586-8 see also Hispaniola
DNA analysis 583
Dominicans 554, 582, 640, 652-3
Dordrecht 439
Dorestad 353-4, 355
Dorset Eskimos 398-9
Dorset Island 408
Dover Strait 321, 346
Drake, Sir Francis 490, 517, 617, 631, 665, 687, 704, 727, 730, 753, 770, 795
Drax, Sir James 768 Dreyer, Edward 254, 259 Drummond Hay, John 838 Drumont, Edouard 855 dry-stone house
foundations 321
Dublin 361, 379, 875 Dubrovnik
and Ottomans 603 Ragusans 81, 455-6 dugongs 9, 10, 112 Dunkirk 685
Dunkirk II Marine
Transgression 345
Dutch see Netherlands/ Holland and the Dutch
Dutch East India Company see VOC (United East India Company)
Dutch West India Company (WIC) 683, 686
Duyfken 736
dyes 50, 194, 323, 473 see also sandalwood indigo 107, 717, 754 orchil 474, 502 woad 455, 459, 488
Ea-nasir 60-61, 65, 68 Eanes, Gil 501
Earth Mother 312
East Anglia 304
East China Sea 198, 250
East India Company, Danish 667, 712, 884
East India Company, Dutch see VO C (United East India Company)
East India Company, English 688, 689, 691, 723, 755, 760, 761,
780, 781, 817, 820, 824, 831
and Boston Tea Party 784
and New Julfans 707 opium trade 825-6 and Singapore 819-20, 821
tea export monopoly to America 784 East India Company, Swedish 723-6 East Indies xxi, 134, 156, 723-6, 752 see also specific countries of south and southeast Asia
Austronesians from xxi and Cape Verde 752-3, 754
and Danish East India Company see Danish East India Company; United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company)
Dias's discovery of route to 514, 536, 537
and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the East Indies/Indonesia
East Indian crew stop-overs: in Azores 751; in Cape Verde 752-3
and Egypt 88, 98, 99, 116 see also India: and Egypt
and the English 657, 687-90 see also East I ndia Company, English
Indonesia see Indonesia/ Indonesians
Magellan's attempt to reach 569-76
Malaya see Malaya/ Malays
and North America
780-96
Philippines see Philippines
and the Portuguese see Portugal/Portuguese: and East Indies/ Indonesia
and Russia 802
East Indies - cont.
and south-east Africa
548-9
and the Spanish 567-81; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons
Spice Islands see
Moluccas/Spice Islands spice trade see spices/
spice trade and Swedish East India
Company 723-6 wider area covered by term 46, 781 Easter Island 3, 27, 29-31 ebony 47, 57, 76, 78-9,
106, 122, 233, 265 Edo, Japan 644, 652, 653,
693, 695, 807, 846 see also Tokyo
Edo Bay 846 Edward I of England 450,
456, 469
Edward I I of England 450 Edward I I I of England 450,
454-5
Edward IV of England 507 Edward VI of England 658 eels 14
Eendracht 736 Egbert of Wessex 360 Egede, Niels 405
Egeria 117 eggs? 178, 179
Egil’s Saga 389 Egypt/Egyptians 46, 47, 91
Alexandrian Egyptians 99 and Berenike 111 and Chinese ceramics
174, 266 and East Indies 88, 98,
99, 116 see also India: and Egypt
emeralds 174 Fatimid Empire 160, 173 under Hatshepsut
75-6, 78 and India 182-3, 187-8 Mamluks see Mamluks merchants 181, 182, 265 and Mesopotamia 47, 70 and Ottomans 601-2,
603
and Persia 85
Ptolemies see Ptolemies and the ‘Sea Peoples' 79 shipping on Nile 70 ships see boats/ships:
Egyptian
and Six-Day War (1967) 896
Suez see Suez Canal trade see trade: Egyptian unification of Upper and Lower Egypt 70, 76 Eirik the Red 393, 396-7, 398, 400, 410
Eisai 216
El Dorado 553
El Pinal 627-8
Elcano, Juan Sebastian 569, 570 571, 577, 578, 579, 581, 617
Eleanor of Aquitaine 458 Eleanor 815
elephant birds 133 elephantegoi 111 elephants 59, 64, 93, 96, 104, 111, 170, 266, 278, 365, 542, 833 ivory see ivory: elephant tusks 135 see also ivory: elephant
Eliezer, son of Dodavahu
82
Elizabeth I 453, 657, 659, 660, 662, 663-4, 689, 731
1600 charter 691 Ellesmere Island 407, 408 Elliott, Charles 826 Elmina 493, 495, 508, 510 -11, 560, 561, 584, 585, 686
Elsinore see Helsingor Elyot, Hugh 534 emeralds 99, 174, 238 Empire Flying Boats 898 Empress of China 785, 786-90, 791
Endo, Shusaku: The Samurai 632
Enfantin, Barthelemy- Prosper 848
England/English
and Amboyna island 714 Anglo-Saxon 347, 349, 355-6, 357-62
Anglo-Saxon literature 318
Antwerp trade decline 673
and Arctic Ocean 657-60, 662-6
and Armenians 707 and Australia 737 and the Azores 750-51 and the Baltic 367, 452-3 and Barbados 767-8, 772 and Bermuda 766 Bronze Age 319
and the Caribbean
764-5, 766-79 cloth see cloth: English Crown Jewels 450 and the Danes 714, 718,
720
Darien Scheme and Scottish union 722-3 delftware 778 and the Dutch 682, 687-91; and Cromwell 769; Tobago conflict 719
and the East Indies 657, 687-90 see also East India Company, English
Englishmen in Prussia 451-2
and France see France: and Britain/England and Gambia 719 glassware 660 gold desired by 663-4 grain trade 389, 391, 444, 458
and Guinea 716 and Hansards 419,
447-53, 456, 458, 463 house of Tudor 534 and Iceland 461-3 and India see India: and
the British/English and Ireland 767 Italian bankers in 454 and Jamaica 765, 768,
769-79
and Jews 700, 769-70,
839
London see London and Madeira 484, 748-50
Magnus Intercursus treaty with Habsburg rulers of Flanders 669 merchants in: English merchants see merchants: English; Frisian merchants 353; Greek merchants 872-3; Portuguese merchants 469; under protection of Crown 469
and Morocco 657, 838-9,
840
Navigation Act (1651) 780,784
navy: and the AngloSaxons 361; RN see Royal Navy
Neolithic 309, 310; descendants from 317 and the New World 557, 766-7; and Manhattan Island/New Amsterdam 690, 717, 756
and the papacy 770, 771 piracy 452, 718, 763-5, 773-6
and Portugal 465, 474, 751-2; English merchants meeting Portuguese objections 464; and Madeira 484; Portuguese alliances 469, 474
privateers 405, 662, 730, 763, 764, 774-6 Protestant England 557,
730
and raiders 346-7 raising English flag in new lands 533
Royal African Company 760, 777
and Run 690, 714 and Russia 659 ships see boats/ships: English
silver 448-9, 451 and Spain see Spain/ Spaniards: and Britain/ England
and the spice trade see spices/spice trade: and the English
and St George 697 steam packet between England and Alexandria 848-9 and sugar 657, 768 trade see trade: English Viking raids 357-62 Virginia Company 766 wheat 389, 391, 444 wool 450, 453, 454, 456, 460
English Channel 299, 319, 321, 322
car ferries 899
defence by Cinque Ports 456-7
and Edward Ill’s wars in
450
Germanic raids 346 piracy 456 souterrains both sides of
329
English language 838 pidgin English 790
Enki (god) 56, 57
Enkidu 56
Ennin (Jikaku Daishi) 202-9,210-11
Enrique (Sumatran servant/ interpreter) 568, 570, 574, 575 environmental oceanic damage xxiii, 908
Eratosthenes 334
Eridu 56
Erie Canal 848
Erik of Pomerania 436-7, 461-2
Erikson, Gustaf 874, 876 Eritrea 71-3, 79, 122, 182 ermine 427, 428
Ertebolle 306
Eskimos
Dorset 398-9
Inuit 398, 399-400, 404, 405, 406-7, 408, 411
Esmeralda 543-4
Esmerault, Jean de 486
Espoir 557-60
Essaouira see Mogador
Essomericq, son of Arosca 559
Estonia 420, 421, 428 Estonian raiders 422
Ethiopia/Ethiopians 130, 166-7, 512, 536, 540 Axum see Axum
Etruria 120
Etruria, SS 869
Etruscans 326, 331, 334-5, 338
Etzion-Geber 80, 82, 83
Eudaimon Arabia (Aden) 105-6
Eudoxos of Kyzikos 97-8
Euergetes I I 97
Eugenie of France 859 eunuchs 99, 255, 258, 267, 268, 270, 293, 832
Euphrates 50, 52
European Union 419
Evans, James 766-7
Evans, Jeff 20 exoticism
exotic animals 76, 136, 255, 256 see also specific animals exotic goods, luxuries and foods xix, 68, 114-15, 136, 174-5, 186, 215, 236, 238, 278, 280, 366, 617, 649, 660,682,693, 716, 780-81 see also aromatics; carnelian; ebony; emeralds; ivory; lapis lazuli; silk; spices/ spice trade; sugar
exotic information 322 Exquemeling, Alexandre
774, 775
Ezekiel 81-2
Fabian, William 507 falcons 398
Faleiro, Rui 570 Falkland Islands 666, 791,
795
Falmouth, Cornwall 848-9,
875
Fan-man/Fan Shiman 140,
143, 144 Fan Wenhu 226 fans 216, 234 farming see agriculture/
farming
Faroe Islands 380-81, 383, 386, 387, 444, 712, 721
Farquhar, William 819, 821, 822, 828
Fatimid Empire 160, 173 Faxien (Shih Fa-Hsien)
144-6
Fei Xin 256-7, 259, 261, 264, 269
Felixstowe 880, 904-5, 907 feng shui 243, 289 Ferdinand I I of Aragon, king of Castile 464, 489, 505, 522, 527, 529, 530, 534, 555-6, 567-8
Fernandes, Valentim 493,
494
Fernando de Noronha island 560
Ferrand, Gabriel 148 Ferrer, Jaume 474, 500,
501
Fetu people 718 Fez, Morocco 175, 471,
475, 834, 837 figs 470, 491, 493, 756 Fiji 11, 14, 19 Filipino language 131
Finland 421 Finno-Ugrians 421-2 furs 428 Karelians 422
Finney, Ben 20 First World War 881-3
and Belfast 870 fish 11, 28, 35, 39, 66, 68, 74, 91, 112, 180, 213, 303, 306, 352, 381, 429, 431, 502, 803 bones 54,92 cod see cod deep-sea 34 dried 432, 442, 793 farms 26, 280 flounder 306 freshwater 306 garfish 284, 285 herring see herring hooks 9, 15, 24, 28, 39 Japanese diet of 196 Norwegian stokffish 463 parrot fish 14 pelagic 9 plastics in fishy food chain 908
pounded fish meal 92 raw 91, 92 salmon 196 sauce, garum 112, 116, 120
shellfish see shellfish stock depletion 908 and Torres Strait islanders 9, 10 traps 9 tuna/tunny see tuna fishing
and Japanese ‘People of the Sea' 213 Norway's access to fishing grounds 712 overfishing 908 pelagic fishing from bark boats 9
tunny 54 Fitch, Ralph 598, 640-41 Flanders 173, 240, 353,
355, 430, 431, 451 Antwerp see Antwerp and the Azores 481, 488 cloth 439, 440, 451, 470,
491
and the Dutch 682, 685 and grain trade 428 and Hansards 433, 439 and Madeira 486 and Madeiran sugar 485 Magnus Intercursus treaty between England and Habsburg rulers of 669
and Mina 506-7
and Portugal 469-70,
474
ships 456
and sugar trade 486 flax 176, 178, 444 flesh-hooks 317, 318 Floki Vilgerdarson 384 Florence/Florentines 440, 564
banks/bankers 450, 454 and Bruges 438 businessmen backing long sea voyages 525, 545, 564
cloth/wool 453-4, 460 merchants 618-22 Savonarola's revolution
526
ships 456
Flores 7
Florida 554, 565, 592, 857
Miami 899-900, 902 Florida 580 flounder 306 flour 63, 176, 177, 444,
445, 491, 493
sago 15 wheat 620, 624, 648
Formosa Island see Taiwan
Fortin, Mouris 559
Fowey, Cornwall 462 France
anti-Semitism 855
Antwerp banking loans
673
and Brazil 557-60, 561
and Britain/England: Edward I I I 's wars 450, 454; and Henry VIII 557; Henry V's wars 477; and Panama Canal 851; and Suez Canal 849, 850, 896
Brittany see Brittany
Bronze Age 314, 316-17, 319
and China 709; Canton occupation 827
cloth 470
and the Danes 720
and the Dutch 818 and the Falklands 795 Franco-Ottoman alliance
603
and Germany, Second
World War 888
and Guinea 561 Habsburg rivalry 672 Huguenots 676, 696, 697 Italy invaded by 526 and Madagascar 557 merchant navy 888 and Milan 559-60 and Morocco 561 and Naples 559-60 Napoleonic Wars 712, 789, 818
Neolithic 309, 313 and Newfoundland 562 Normandy see
Normandy/Normans and the Pacific islands
811-12
and Panama Canal 848, 851, 854-5, 858
Pondicherry rulership/ base 119, 707 see also Pondicherry
and the Portuguese 561-2
Scandinavian raids on northern France 348 and Second Crusade 423 and Second World War 888
and Spain 676, 795
and St Thomas 720
and Suez Canal 848-50, 896
tin 324
trade see trade: French
trade routes affected by La Tene culture 332, 334-5
wine 458-9, 675 Francis I of France 562, 563, 661
Franciscans 537, 640, 645, 648, 653, 731, 838
and Jesuits 653
Francisco de Vitoria, archbishop of Mexico City 701
frankincense 47, 71, 76, 80, 104, 106, 107, 153, 243 duty 273
Japanese purchases of 194
Franklin, Sir John 565, 845 Franks 345, 346, 348, 352, 354, 361
and Vikings 360
Franz Joseph of Austria 859
Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor 418, 424
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 398, 418, 425, 475
Frederick II of Denmark 666
Frederiksborg fort 718, 721 Freneau, Philip 786-7 Freydis 412
Frisia/Frisians 344, 348, 351-5, 674
Frisian language 352 and Haithabu 366 and Vikings 360 Vitalienbruder in East Frisian islands 437 Frobisher, Martin 662-3, 664-5, 666
Frobisher Bay 663 Fuerteventura 472, 473 Fuggers banking house,
Augsburg 579, 672, 673
Fujiwara clan 217
Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 215
Fukoaka see Hakata (Fukoaka)
Funan, southern Vietnam 137, 139-44
and Buddhism 142 and China 139-44 ships 142-3 and Zhenla 146-7
Funchal, Madeira 484,
749, 750
Museum of Sacred Art 485
funerary barges 73-4 furs/fur trade 194, 198, 367, 440, 441, 712, 797 bear furs 408 in Canton 806 and China 785-6, 791, 792-6, 797, 806 ermine 427, 428 Finnish 428 and Hawai'i 816 North American/US 785-6, 791-6, 816 Russian 365, 420, 422, 423, 427, 428, 786, 804, 806; and England 659
sea otter 785, 786, 806, 808, 809 and the Spanish 806 taxation 804
Fustat (Old Cairo) xx, 160, 174, 175, 182
Ben Ezra synagogue 175 Chinese pottery at 179 Genizah documents 174,
175-6, 182, 184
Jews of 176 merchants 175, 181, 184,
187
Gabriel 662-3
Gadir see Cadiz Galapagos Islands 28-9 Galicia 301-2, 304, 459,
461, 470
Bronze Age 317 citanias 329 megalithic culture 312
Neolithic 312 rias 751 rock carvings 322
Galicians 455 galleons 29, 771, 777
and carracks 641
Manila see Manila
galleons
Santo Andre 751 Gallia Belgica 344-5, 346 galliots 641 Galloway 328 Gama, Gaspar da 541-2 Gama, Vasco da xvii-xviii,
490 514, 519, 522, 537-41, 602, 755 Gambia 719 Ganges 110, 121 Gannascus 344-5 Gardar, Greenland 397,
400, 407
Gardar Svavarsson 384 garfish 284, 285
garnets 141 garum sauce 112, 116, 120 Gascony 458, 459
Gatun lake, Panama 858 Gaul/Gauls 115, 330, 331,
332, 335, 336, 345, 346 Gaza 122, 167 gazelle skins 323 Gdansk see Danzig Geer, Louis De 717 Genizah documents 174,
175-6, 182, 184 Genoa/Genoese 188, 415,
420, 461, 465, 470, 471, 525, 703-4
bankers 590, 703
and Bruges 438
and Castile 528 and Ceuta 475, 478 East India Company funding attempts 704 and Indian Ocean 703-4 investors in sugar trade 589-90
and Lisbon 470
and London 455 and Madeira 481, 486 merchants 470, 475, 682 and Mogador 836 and Portugal 470, 485 ships 454 and silver from New
World 611
and slave trade 503, 588,
777
and St George 697
and wool 454-5
George, St 697
George, Prince Regent, later George IV 820
George 463
Germaine de Foix 556 Germanic languages 347, 352
Germanic raiders 344-7 Germany
Antwerp and south German businessmen
672
bankers 450, 579, 590, 672, 673, 675, 703
Brandenburg see Brandenburg and Britain: and First
World War 881-3; and naval power 418, 881; and Second World War 887-91
Bronze Age 317, 319,
320
and First World War 881-3
and France, Second World War 888
German Democratic Republic 418-19, 422-3
German Hansa see Hansa, German heavy industry exit points 880 internecine warfare in 1620s and 1630s 686 and Italy see Italy: and
Germany
Germany - cont.
and Japan, Second World War 887, 888
Jews 422, 886
Low German language see Low German language
Luftwaffe 889 and Madeira 486 merchant navy 882, 883 merchants see merchants:
German
Military Orders 420-21 mines 882,889
naval ambitions 418, 881, 887
Prussia see Prussia and Second Crusade 423 and Second World War 887-91
Slav wars with 423 and Thirty Years War 714 trade see trade: German transatlantic air service
898
and Urnfield Culture 317 and the USA: and First
World War 882; and US immigration policy 885
Gerrha 94, 95
Ghana 492, 716, 718 see also Elmina
ghee 104
Ghent 355
Gibraltar 90, 322-3, 335, 475, 656, 801,851 and Morocco 839-40 Strait of 323, 324, 454, 467, 470, 475, 477-8, 857
Gilbert, Humphrey 662 Gilgamesh 55, 56 ginger 12, 99, 118, 188, 429, 542, 574, 615, 64O
ginseng 194, 786 giraffes 255, 259, 265, 266,
269 glaciers 304
Glasgow 869, 874, 875, 889 glass beads 288, 521, 554,
754
Glob, P.V. 65-6, 306, 339 global warming 908 globalization 877-9 debates concerning origins of xvi-xvii, 877 global economy and First World War 882-3 and trade routes xvi-xvii, 877
and transatlantic wheat trade 878 globes 525, 556, 572, 652, 655, 661-2 glottochronology 131-2 Gluckstadt 701, 712, 717-18, 721
trade with Guinea 719 Gluckstadt Company 718 Glueck, Nelson 83 Goa 52, 508, 546, 599, 600, 605, 606, 617, 621, 634, 642, 645, 648, 652, 759
Inquisition in 703
Jesuits 645 goats 404, 489, 730
meat 752
milk 752 skins 473, 756, 839 Godfred of Denmark 360,
365 Godijn, Louis 676 Godmanchester 346-7 Goitein, S. D. 174 Gokstad ship 369 gold 57, 76, 106, 244, 505, 540, 547, 588, 640, 717
African 471-4, 475, 481, 484, 496, 500-501, 506; Guinea/Mina coast 507, 508, 509-11; ‘River of Gold' 471, 473, 474, 484, 496, 500, 502, 511 artefacts found in
Broighter 331
Aztec 635
bars 509 from Bia-Punt 79 boat model 331 bracelets 509 bribes 207, 782-3 bullion famine 500-501 Californian 852-3 Caribbean 531, 553, 555, 582, 588- 9
and China 216
of Chryse and Argyre
134
coins 164, 172, 352, 478, 687, 730, 803
and Columbus 524, 528, 529,531, 588, 589
and crusades 481 dust 207, 216, 475, 510, 531, 840 and economic warfare against Islam 501, 537, 546
and El Dorado 553, 590 and encomienda system 531
English ambitions for 663-4
‘fool's gold' 664-5 of Funan 140 and Hispaniola 531, 582 Inca 635
ingots 156
and Japan 194, 216, 221, 232, 524, 847
leaf 216 mining 174 and the Moluccas 611 and Oc-eo 141 of Ophir 80-81, 82 in Philippines 574 and the Portuguese 471-4, 501, 502, 506, 507, 508, 509-11, 546, 548, 560, 635, 652; funding imperial expansion 511; gold funding imperial expansion 511
of Ptolemy's Syria 97 in Red Sea 176 Roman 108 and Russia 801, 802,
803
and Singapore/Temasek
286
and slavery 582 and Sofala 548 and Solomon 81 and the Spanish 531, 553, 555, 582, 588-9, 729
and Sri Vijay a 153 tribute 546 Viking raids on 362 Welsh 302
Golden Hind 665 Gomes, Diogo 488 Gomes, Fernao 504, 506 Gonneville, Binot Paulmier de 557-60
Gonville Hall, Cambridge 669
gooseberries 114 Gothenburg 717, 722, 723,
724, 725 archipelago 726 ‘Little London' and the
British 723
Reformed Church 723
Gotland 353, 357, 366, 367, 368, 418, 419, 423, 424, 425, 427, 437, 448
Bronze Age 368
Gotlanders’ Saga 368
Gouvea, Francisco de 653 Graf Spee 888 grain trade xix, 57, 104, 106, 238, 276, 352, 432, 442, 444, 47O, 860 see also barley; maize; millet; rice; rye; wheat
Alander 874-6
Black Sea 872 British imports 881 and Ceuta 475, 478 and the Dutch 428, 675, 676-7
English 389, 391, 444, 458
grain surpluses 50 and Hansards 428, 429 and Iceland 390-91 Santo Domingo imports from Spain 587-8
Spanish 587-8
Gran Canaria see Grand Canary
Gran Colombia 852
Granada 475, 476, 477, 485 Grand Canary (Gran
Canaria) 472-3, 501, 505
grapes 114 graves see burial; tombs Gray, Robert 793, 794 Great Britain see Britain
Great Britain, SS 864
Great Chronicle of London
533
Great Collection of Buddhist Sutras 234
Great Depression 883-4, 886
Great Eastern, SS 864 Great Gift 773
Great Northern War 802 Greece/Greeks
Alexandrian Greeks 99 and Berenike 111 Buddhism and Greek culture 90 coins 326
Greco-Roman merchants see merchants: Greco-
Roman/‘Roman'
Greek pirates 130
Greek towns in northern Italy 334-5
and Hellenization 46, 93 Ionia see Ionia maritime trade from 19th century 872-3
Massalia and Greek travellers 331-2
Mycenaeans see Mycenaeans and Persia 85 pottery 94, 323 settlers in Africa 841 ships 109, 872-3 and Socotra 129-30 trade routes of Bronze
Age Greece 314 Greek language 111 of Socrotans 130 Greene, Daniel 795 Greenland xix, xxi, 362, 380, 393-409, 721 Black Death in 405 Christianity 397, 400 Corte Real's rediscovery 534
Eastern Settlement 397, 399, 400, 404, 406
Eskimos: Dorset 398-9; Inuit 398, 399-400, 404, 405, 406-7 falcons 398 hunting 397 and Iceland 393-8, 400-402 named Labrador 534-5 Norse discovery and settlement 393-402, 403-7, 655 and Norway 712 paganism 400 Southern Settlement 397 trade 398, 402-4, 407, 408
Western Settlement 397, 404, 408
women 406 Greenlanders’ Saga 407, 409, 410-11, 413 Greifswald 418, 426 Gresham, Sir Thomas 669 Gresham College 669 Grijalva, Juan de 614 Grim Kamban 380 Grimaldo, Juan Francisco de 588
Grotius, Hugo 679-82, 773, 822
Guadeloupe 768
Guam 573-4, 856 Guanches 472, 488 Guangdong 159 Guangzhou/Canton xxix-xxx, 136, 138, 147, 149,163, 164, 172,199, 240, 243-50, 636-7, 640, 642, 723, 725, 814
and the British 709, 814, 825
‘Canton System' 789 and Empress of China 785, 786-8
and the French 827
and furs 806
Hoppos 789 merchants in 824, 825 and New Julfans 706 North American trade with 786-91
and opium 825-6
and West Indies 711-12 Guatemala 581 guavas 644 Guorio, wife of Forfinn
Karlsefni 411, 412, 413 Guoroo Crovan 378 Guorum 361 Guerra, Luis 553 Guerra brothers 553 guilds, merchant 183, 184,
213, 249, 355, 669, 789 Guinea 504-8
and the Brandenburgers 716
coast 489, 490, 504, 505-12, 545, 669, 702, 712, 716, 718; Carlsborg fort 717, 718
and the Danes 712, 716,
721
and England 716
and France 561
and the Portuguese 504-8, 754
scramble in 17th century for 716-19
and the Spanish 754
and the Swedes 716, 718 trade see trade: Guinea trading stations 716 Guinea Bissau 504 Gujarat/Gujaratis 51, 602, 604-5
Diu see Diu, Gujarat Gulden Zeepaert, ’t 741 Gulf Stream xv
gum arabic 839
Gunnbjorn Ulf-Krakuson
396
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 716, 717
Gwadar, Oman/Pakistan
829
Gypsies 46
Habsburgs 439, 604, 703
Angra's Spanish Habsburg fortifications
752
and France 672
Magnus Intercursus treaty between England and Habsburg rulers of Flanders 669
and New Christians 702, 704-5
Portuguese
1640 rebellion 705
and Säo Felipe, Cape Verde 753
southern Netherlands transfer from Spanish to Austrian Habsburg rule 722
in Spain 614, 764-5 Hacho, Mount 474, 475, 478 Hadhramawt, south Arabia
128
hairstyles 170
Haithabu 365-7, 371, 421 Haiti 527, 685 see also
Hispaniola
Hakata (Fukoaka) 196, 212, 224, 652
Hakata Bay 196, 197, 215, 216-17, 223, 224, 225
Hakluyt, Richard 658 Hakusuki, battle of 192
Halley, Edmund 750 Hallstatt culture 326, 330,
331-2
Hamburg 424, 437, 445, 449, 673, 676, 702, 712, 880
Chilehaus 880
and Portuguese Jewish merchants 701
and Second World War
891, 892
Sephardim 701 trading links with South
America 880
Hamburg-Amerika Line
869
Hamilton, Alexander 818-19
Hamwih (Southampton)
353
Hangzhou (Quinsay) 221, 224, 226, 238, 239, 240, 245, 248, 250
Hannibal 845
Hanoi 138
Hans, king of Denmark 464 Hansa, German xxii, 403, 415-31, 432-46, 668 and Antwerp 673 Baltic members' importance 433-6 and Bergen 418, 419, 443-6
and Bruges 433, 438-9, 44O,441-2
cogs 426, 428, 451 and Cologne 428, 433, 438, 441, 442, 444, 447, 448, 452
Diets (Hansetage) 420, 432-6, 437, 453
and the Dutch 425, 428, 668, 674-5, 676, 683; conflict with Spain 685 and England 419, 447-53, 456, 458, 463
‘Hanseatic League' 419, 432-3, 452
and herring 674 and Iceland 461-3 Kontor 440, 444, 445, 446, 447-8
and Norwegians 442-6 and Portugal 431, 477 post-plague ‘Hansa of the Towns' 432-6
Prussian members 452 and Teutonic Order
420-21, 428, 436, 437, 441, 452
trade routes 424-5, 438 HAPAG 881, 885, 886, 891, 904
Harald Fairhair 362-3, 373, 380, 384, 385-6, 389, 401, 402
Harald Hardrada 361-2, 377, 378
Harali 57
Harappa 63
Harland, Edward 870 Harland and Wolff
shipyard, Belfast 870, 899
Harold Godwinsson 362 harpoons 28,304, 399 Harris, William xxiii Harrison, John,
chronometer 812 Hartog, Dirk 736 Harun ar-Rashid 170, 365 Hasekura Tsunenaga 632 Hastings, Francis Rawdon-
Hastings, ist
Marquess of 821 Haswell, Robert 793 Hathab/Astakapra 129 Hatshepsut/Hashepsowe,
Queen 75-6, 77, 78, 82 Havana xviii, 591-3, 617,
701, 754
Hawai'ian islands xxiii, 3,
20-21, 25-7, 810, 813-17, 859 agriculture 26-7 first settlers 24 Kaua'i 25, 814, 815 and Mäori language 132 and Marquesas 24, 30 O'ahu 24, 25, 814, 816 pineapples 859 sweet potatoes 29 and the USA 816, 817,
856, 859
Hawaiian Citizen 903 Hawaiki 5, 33, 34, 35-6,
37-8 Hayam Wuruk of
Majapahit 280 Hayes' Island 739-40 hazelnuts 114 Hazor 80
Heaney, Seamus 351 Hebrides 328, 377, 378
Viking raids 372 Hedeby see Haithabu Heian see Kyoto/Heian Hekataios 88 Hellenization 46, 93 Helluland 409 Helsingborg 425 Helsingor (Elsinore) castle
713
Helsingor narrows 685 hemp 194
Henriques, Moses Josua
719
Henry I of Schwerin 425 Henry I I of England 458 Henry I I I, Holy Roman
Emperor 402
Henry I I I of England 450,
469
Henry I V of England 452
Henry V of England 476,
477
Henry VI, Holy Roman
Emperor 449
Henry VII of England 526,
532-3, 534, 557 Henry VIII of England
557, 656
Henry the Impotent, king of Castile 504-5 Henry the Lion 424, 425,
427 Henry of Navarre 676 Henry the Navigator,
Prince Henry 431, 465, 469, 476, 478, 479-80, 481, 484, 485, 499, 501,5o2,5O3, 514 and the Azores 487, 488 Belem statue 480 and Madeira 484, 485 hens see chicken Herjolfsnes, Greenland 404, 405, 406, 4i0 Hermapollon 112-13 Herodotos 88-9, 90, 334 herring 306, 420, 426, 428,
429-30, 436, 451, 562 Baltic 430, 436, 451, 674 and the Dutch 668, 674,
683, 685
North Sea 430, 436, 674 Heyerdahl, Thor 27-30,
299, 727 Heyn, Piet 686 Heysham, Robert 749 Heysham, William 749 hides see skins/hides Hideyoshi Toyotomi 628,
629, 630, 646-7, 649, 651-3
Dutch merchants in
650-51 Himilco 333 Himyar 122, 123, 166-7 Hindenburg 898 Hindostan, SS 865, 867 Hinduism/Hindus 109,
183, 548 Brahmins see Brahmins Buddhism interwoven with Hinduism 293 and Madagascar 759 and Majapahit 280 and Melaka 293, 295 Oman and Hindu merchants 834 and the Portuguese 547,
548, 606; Portuguese
Christianizing mistakes over images 541
and Socotra 128
and Vietnam 144
Vishnu statues 159 Hine-te-aparangi 32, 34 Hippalos 102, 109 Hirado, Japan 692, 693-4 Hiram, king of Tyre 73, 80 Hispaniola 491, 555, 582-6, 656, 768-9,
770
cattle 590-91
and Columbus 520, 521, 527-8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 585, 769
and the Dutch 683
gold 531, 582 and Havana 592 hides 590, 591 salt 588
Santo Domingo see Santo Domingo, Hispaniola
sugar 582, 589-90, 768-9
Tainos 520, 521, 527-8, 529, 530, 531, 582, 583
Hitler, Adolf 887, 888 Hjprleif 384-5
Hoedic 306, 308 Hojeda, Alonso de 534,
550, 551, 552, 554 Hokianga nui a Kupe 33 Hokkaido 191 Hokule’a 20
Holocene period 303, 304 Holt, Alfred 864-7, 868 shipping company see
Blue Funnel Line hominids, early, in Flores 7 Honduras 591, 592 honey 194, 389, 391, 444,
470
Hong-wu 256, 260 Hong-xi 267
Hong Kong 637, 639
and Blue Funnel Line
867, 891
and Britain 639, 826-8, 893
Chinese bazaar 827
Chinese settlers 827 Club 827
as a container port 904, 907
and the Depression 886 merchants 789-90, 808, 824 and Mizrahi Jews 841 opium trade 827, 828 P&O office 892 and People's Republic of
China 639, 892-3, 907 and pirate raids 867 and Second World War
887, 892; and post-war period 892-3
and the USA 893 Victoria Island 826, 867 Wallem shipping company 890
Hong Kong and Whampoa Dock Company 905
Honolulu 903 Hopewell 706
Hoppos, Canton 789 Hoq cave, Socotra 128 Horace 170
Hormuz 8, 254, 264-5, 267, 269, 598-9, 604, 606, 608, 610, 634
Strait of 52, 62, 166, 598, 634
Horrea Piperataria 114 horses 220, 404, 489, 581, 652, 730 horse-breeding on Cape Verde 489, 502
and yellow fever 855 Horta, Azores 750-51 horticulture, Lapita 12-13 Hotu Matu'a 30 houses
circular 321, 324, 329 in circular villages 321 with dry-stone foundations 321
Inuit 399
Madeiran 484 merchant 425-6, 443, 445-6, 838
oblong 321
of timber and wattle 366 Howqua (Hong merchant)
790
Huang Chao 172 Hudson, Henry 665 Hudson Bay 408, 557, 658, 664, 665, 666-7
Huelva 319 Huguenots 676, 696, 697 Hull 447, 451, 462, 871 human sacrifice 367, 368, 730, 809, 810
Humboldt, Alexander von 852
Hundred Years War 469
Hung Wu-ti 219, 220 hunting 302, 304, 306-7,
397, 399
in Greenland 397 grounds 404, 406, 794 by Ming emperors 256 seals 399 turtles 105 whales see whales/ whaling
Hussein, sultan of Johor 821-2
Hutchison Ports 905 Hygelac 348
Hyksos 75 Hyogo 218
Iberia xxii, 305 see also Castile/Castilians; Catalans; Galicia; Portugal/Portuguese; Spain/Spaniards Atlantic culture of 324-5 Bronze Age 316, 322 Christian vs Muslim struggle in 12th century 467-8 circular villages 321 Iron Age 330 Neolithic 308-9, 313 pin-brooches 326 roundhouses 329 ships in Mediterranean from Atlantic Iberia
470
and Spanish Reconquista 468, 477
swords 318-19 visitors to London 455
Ibn al-Muqaddam 182
Ibn Battuta 248
Ibn Hawqal 171
Ibn Iyas 595
Ibn Sab'in 475
Ibrahim Pasha, Pargali 603, 607
ice 303-4
Arctic 339, 655, 657, 660, 661, 664
glaciers 304 receding 908
Ice Age 303-4
‘Little Ice Age' of 17th century 767
Iceland xix, 362-3, 383-8 Black Death in 403, 405 and Bristol 461-3 and Columbus 410, 524 and England 461-3
and Greenland 393-8, 400-402
and Hansards 461-3 and Norway 712 paganism 387-8, 400,
407
sagas 370, 380, 384, 386, 387-8, 396, 444; Egil’s Saga 389, 391;
Orkneyinga Saga 311, 363, 364, 373, 375, 376 tallow 721 trade 390-92, 461-3 vaftmal cloth 390-1, 403 Ictis island 336 Ideal-X 902-3 Idrisi, Muhammad al- 130, 157-8, 471-2,475 leyasu Tokugawa 629,
630-3I, 632, 653-4, 692, 693-4 iguanas I2 Iki island 224 Imari wares 650 Imhof family and banking house 672 Imma 353 immigration see migration Imperator 885 Imperial Airways 898 Incas 29, 6I8, 635, 727 incense 7I-3, I22, 243 see also frankincense; myrrh
Arabian 94, II5 Assyrian 80 Chinese 286 in Jewish Temple 80 and the ‘Muscateers’ 831 stands/vessels 80 Sumerian 80
Inchcape, James Lyle
Mackay, 1st Earl of 884
India
Ajanta caves 129 and Armenians 706, 707, 708
and the British/English 690-91, 714, 851 see also East India Company, English; and Armenians 707
Buddhist monasteries
118, 128 Cabral in 542 carpets 548 and China 125, 137,
138-9, 144-6, 147,
152, 161, 282-3 see also Indo-China
cloth see cloth: Indian coastal ethnic/religious diversity in 9th century 183.
coins introduced to 102 da Gama in 540-41 and the Danes 712, 714,
715
diamonds 703 and Egypt 182-3, 187-8 da Gama in 543
Goa see Goa
Gujarat see Gujarat/ Gujaratis
as interchange point between trade networks 187
and Japan 152 luxury of elite 188 mail sent with P&O 867 and Malaya 282
and Mediterranean 108 merchant guilds 183, 184 merchants from see merchants: Indian
Mughal invasions 604-5 Muslims in 183, 261 de Nova in 542 and Oman 831, 832 and Ottomans 603, 605 pepper see pepper: Indian and the Portuguese 540-43, 604-5, 606
‘Roman’ merchants and southern India 52
Romans in 118 and silver 188 and Sri Vijaya 161 steamship link with
Persian Gulf 868
Tamils see Tamils trade see trade: Indian and Vietnam see
Vietnam: and India and West Indies 711-12 wine imports 116 Zheng He in 261
Indian Ocean 43-69, 103 and Abbasid rise 170 and Alexandria 96, 103, 187
and American ‘Red Sea men’ 781-2
and British India Steam Navigation Company 868
and Buddhism 43-6, 118 control struggle over 594-610
Dias's discovery of link with Atlantic 514, 536,
537 _
‘extensions' xxii; Red Sea see Red Sea; South China Sea see South China Sea
and the Genoese 703-4
Greco-Roman xviii
and Gujarat 602 historic exit points 46-7 and the ‘Indies' 46, 99,
517
and ‘Lascars' 841 as link between
Mediterranean and South China Sea 338
Madagascar as link with Atlantic 758, 780
Magellan's experience of 568
maritime network 43, 90,
93, 124, 125, 147, 167-70, 279
Mediterranean interaction 98, 116, 117, 124, 167-70, 338, 517
Melaka as link with South China Sea 272, 295, 569, 636 monsoons 50, 51, 52, 96, 102, 171, 182, 546 navigation 117 and Ottomans see Turks/
Ottomans: and Indian Ocean
Pacific Ocean contrasted with 43
of the Periplous 103-10, 116, 119, 124, 125-8, 134
and Persian Gulf see Persian/Arabian Gulf
piracy widespread through 707
and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and Indian Ocean
Ptolemy's view of 89, 105, 496, 727
and Red Sea see Red Sea ‘Silk Route of the Sea'
xx, 265; and Singapore 281-9
Singapore as link with South China Sea 272 Spice Islands see Moluccas/Spice Islands spices in Indian cuisine 714-15
and Strait of Malacca see Melaka (Malacca): Strait of Malacca
tides 103, 107
trade see trade: Indian Ocean
trade routes see trade routes: Indian Ocean and the Turks see Turks/ Ottomans: and Indian Ocean
and the USA 781-2,
795
winds 51, 110 see also monsoons
and Zheng He's voyages 254-5, 256-69, 280-81, 293
‘Indies'
areas covered by term in Middle Ages 46, 517, 523
Columbus and the term
46, 517
East Indies see East Indies; Indonesia/ Indonesians
spice trade see spices/ spice trade transatlantic attempts to reach 517, 522-35, 537, 550-64, 566-8, 571-2
West Indies see West Indies
indigo 107, 717, 754
Indike 120 Indo-China 137, 147, 249-50 see also Cambodia; Vietnam and Fan-man's conquests
144
Faxien's voyages 144-6 and Sanskrit 144 Indonesia/Indonesians 6, 43, 147 see also East Indies; Malaya/Malays and Buddhism 166
Bugi pirates 819, 823
Chola and Indonesian trade 273
and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the East Indies/Indonesia
Federation of Malaya and Indonesian Republic 893-4
and Madagascar 132-3
merchants 10, 132, 165 Moluccas see Moluccas/
Spice Islands
and the Portuguese see Portugal/Portuguese: and East Indies/ Indonesia
and Ryukyu Islands 232 sailings between India and China 125 spice trade with Madagascar 132-3 Sumatra see Sumatra and Vietnam 143 Zabaj 155-8 see also Sri Vijaya, Sumatra
Indus River 50, 53, 68, 88, 106 - 7
Indus Valley and civilization 53, 62-9 and Dilmun 66-7 see also Dilmun
pottery 62, 63 seals 63-4
and Sumer 62 trade with Mesopotamia 66-7, 69 industrialization 861, 865, 869-70, 896, 907-8 infant mortality 307 Ingolf Arnarson 384-5 ingots
bronze 320 copper 60, 242 gold 156 silver 165 tin 164
Ingstad, Anne Stine and Helge 413
Innocent VIII 513 Inquisition 491, 592,
656-7, 673, 685, 699, 700, 703, 705, 707, 708, 730, 749, 754, 769, 770, 775
Intan wreck 164-5 Inuit 398, 399-400, 404,
405, 406-7, 408, 411, 663
Ionia 82, 85 Ionian Islands 682, 872,
873 Ipswich 353 Iran see Persia/Iran
Iraq 68, 85, 164, 598 Chinese trade with 185 Ottoman government of
831
Sumer see Sumer/ Sumerians
Ubaid 53-4
Ireland
Bronze Age 316, 320 circular villages 321 currachs 331,382 and the English 767 Irish Free State: and
Second World War 888-9; and the USA 885
Irish monks 381-3, 386-7
linen industry 457 migrants fleeing famine 860
monuments 301 and Orkney 311-12 and the potato 752 promontory forts 328 trade 457 and U S immigration policy 885
Viking raids 361, 372, 379-80, 381
Irian 280
Irish Channel 312
Irish Sea 313
iron 97, 104, 133, 142, 158, 185, 408, 807, 888 aboard SS London 861 early ironmaking 316 and Greenland 398, 408,
4i3
and Iceland 391-2 magnetized 243 and Marianas 619-20 nails see nails
and Norsemen 408
ore 242
pyrites 664-5
Spanish 455 steamships 826, 864, 868-9, 882-3
Swedish 724 technology 314-16
irrigation 50
on Hawai'i 25, 26 Irvine, Charles 723 Isaac the Jew 186-7 Isabella of Castile 464, 489, 504-5, 522, 527, 529, 534, 582
death 530, 555
Isadora, Aelia 111
Isbister, Orkney 311 Isfahan 705-8
Isidore of Seville 135, 409 Isis 122
Iskandar Shah 282, 285,
290
Islam/Muslims xx, 94, 546
Abbasid dynasty 164,
170
and Africa 500, 502 Almohads 175, 468 in Bombay 789 caliphate rivalries in 8th century 170
in China 244, 258
Christians vs Muslims in
Spain 423, 477
coins 364
and the crusades see crusades
dirhams 366
European struggle against Muslim power 46 see also crusades
forcible conversion of
Jews 181
Indian 183; in Calicut
261
and interest payments
837
and Ma Huan 269-70 and Madagascar 759 and Malaya 282 Mamluks see Mamluks and Melaka 291-2, 293,
295
merchants see merchants: Muslim
‘Moors' 292, 465-7, 537, 540 541, 569, 617, 707
Muslim fleets 465-7
Muslim pilgrims 866
Muslims of Persian origin in 9th century 184
and Pasai 276
and Portugal see Portugal/Portuguese: and Islam
‘purity of blood' doctrine and hiding of Muslim ancestry 696
in Quanzhou 244
and Red Sea closure to non-Muslims 187 relationship between Muslim governments
and Jews/Christians
836-8
Shi‘ite 173, 599
in Spain see Spain/ Spaniards: Muslim (al-Andalus)
spread along trade routes 146, 166
and Sri Vijaya 147
Sunnis see Sunni
Muslims
and Tengah/Muhammad 291-2,293
and Zheng He 257-8 tslendingabok 398 Ismail Pasha 849-50 Israel, Jonathan 674, 686 Israel, Six-Day War (1967)
896
Israelites
and incense 80
and Jewish Temple 80, 81 Italy 115, 240 see also
Sicily; Tuscany
bankers 450, 454, 532, 590, 703; in England 454
French invasion 526
and Germany: landward connections 441, 442; and Second World War
889
Greek towns in northern
Italy 334-5
and London 454-5
merchants see merchants:
Italian
migrants fleeing poverty
860
and Ottomans 601
and Second World War
889
wars with Charles V 611
Zheng He in 254-5
Ivan III of Russia 677
Ivan IV, the Terrible
659-60, 677
Ivar Bardarson 403-4 ivory 505, 547, 717, 840
craftsmen 503
elephant 47, 59, 61, 62,
63, 76, 105, 107, 118, 121, 122,153,233, 265, 278, 323, 324, 398, 405, 833
and the Omanis 829,
831 833
and the Portuguese 501, 504, 635 and the USA 833 walrus xix, 385, 391,
397, 4O4, 4o8
Izu islands 230
Jackson, Andrew 852 Jacob 782-3
Jacobites 723
Jacobsz, Ariaen 738-9
Jakarta see Batavia/ Batavians
Jamaica 520, 530, 749, 761, 769-79
and the English 765, 768, 769-79
Jews 773
Miami ferry service 900 and Panama Canal workforce 853-4, 855
Port Royal 765, 769-79 silver 777, 778 and slave trade 777 and the Spanish 771, 773 sugar trade 777, 779 Jambi 160, 273, 279, 287 James I of England 690 James I I of England 777 James III of Majorca 473 James of Bruges 488 church in Azores 491 Jamestown, Virginia 557, 766
Jan Mayen Island 396 Jang Bogo see Chang Pogo Jansz/Janszoon, Willem
736
Janus Imperiale 454 Japan/Japanese 6,
190-209, 212-29
Ainus 797 archers 211, 230 armour 211 artists 200
Ashikaga shoguns 219, 220, 231
bakufu 212, 217, 222, 223, 225, 229
and ‘barbarians' 847 on Behaim's globe 525 bonzes (religious teachers) 647
Buddhism see Buddhism: in Japan
and Cabot 532
and Carletti 621, 647, 648-9
cash 214
Ceremony of National Purification 199 and China 135, 152, 188, 189-90, 192, 197, 198-209,212-21, 228-9, 235, 236, 251, 287; and Hideyoshi's assault on Korea 650-51; Hideyoshi's conquest plans 646; Japanese mercenaries in Manila garrison vs Chinese 626; and Philip Il's plan to invade China 627; trade 201-2, 212-20, 228, 638, 647, 649
and Christianity see Christianity: and Japan
coal 846 and Columbus 524-5, 537 and copper 692, 847 daimyos (warlords) 644,
646, 647, 650, 654
and the Dutch see Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and Japan
early ethnic variety 191 and European technology
847
and European weapons
644
and First World War 883 and Germany, Second
World War 887, 888 and gold 194, 216, 221,
232, 524, 847 guilds (za ) 213 Iki 224 imperial court 191, 193,
194, 196, 197, 200, 203, 205, 209, 213, 214, 215, 217, 222, 223, 228-9
and India 152 inflation 214
Inland Sea 199, 204, 212, 218, 232,652 inter-clan battles 219,
230
and Java 220 junks 628, 637 kami-kaze pilots 229 kaolin 650
and Korea 190, 191-9, 200, 204, 223, 225, 646, 649-51
Kyushu see Kyushu island lacquered boxes xix, 216 and Macau 635, 638, 639, 642,644,654
and Manila 622, 628-30, 632, 633
Meiji regime 847, 883, 888
mercenaries 626, 628-9 merchant fleets 883, 896 merchants 189, 221, 616, 629, 630, 649
and Mexico 630-31 Ministry of Commerce 847
Mongol attacks on 221, 222-8
paintings 198 paper 200, 201, 213, 743 pearls 216, 221 peasants 213
‘People of the Sea' 213 and Philippines 617, 622,
628- 30, 632, 633, 648, 652-3
Polo's account of 221 and the Portuguese 606-7, 628, 630, 632, 635-8, 639, 642, 647, 653, 654, 692-3; and access to Chinese silk 652; and Dutch 692-3; and Hideyoshi 646-7; and Jesuits 644, 646-7; translation of Portuguese sailing manuals into Japanese 644
pottery see pottery/ ceramics: Japanese power fragmentation in 14th century 230, 231 and rice 808, 847 and the Russians see
Russia: and the Japanese and Ryukyu Islands
229-30, 232, 614 sake 212
samurai 223-4, 225, 644, 649
on Schoner's globe 572 seafaring 199 and Second World War
887-8, 890, 891
Shikoku island 218 shipbuilding 212, 896 ships see boats/ships:
Japanese shogunate abolition
(1868) 847
Japan/Japanese - cont.
Shoso-in imperial treasury, Nara 194, 207, 217
and Siam 220 and silk 194, 200, 201, 628, 630, 633, 847 silver 638, 641, 642, 647, 801, 847
and the Spanish 627,
629- 30, 632, 633, 652-3; and Dutch 692
Takashima 227
and tea 215-16, 230, 649, 847
trade see trade: Japanese Tsushima see Tsushima island
and the USA 846-7; and Second World War 888
and Vietnam 632 wako pirates 218, 219, 220, 222, 637, 638
and Waldseemüller 556 and Wallem 872
Japan current xv Japan Sea 6, 43, 198, 200 Jardine, William 824, 825, 827
Jarlshof, Shetland 372 Java/Javans 7, 113, 154, 162, 272, 279-81, 287, 689, 736
Batavia see Batavia/ Batavians
and Britain 820 and China 163-4, 188, 244, 260, 262, 268-9, 280-81, 286-7
and the Dutch 688 and Japan 220 Majapahit kingdom 279-81, 284-5, 287, 290
merchants 292
and Mongols 228, 272, 279
and Norway 871 Paramesvara and Javan rule over Sumatra 287, 289-90
Polo and ‘Great Java' 272, 280, 734 and the Portuguese 578 and Ryukyu Islands 233 ships 285; junks 548, 549, 606
and Singapore/Temasek 284-5, 286, 288, 289 spice merchants in 250 and Sri Vijaya 159, 160, 272-3, 279-80, 287
trade 163-4 Jefferson, Thomas 792 Jeffreys, George, 1st Baron 777
Jehosaphat 82 Jelling, Jutland 353 Jenkinson, Anthony 659-60, 706
Jeronimo de Jesus de Castro 653
Jeronymites 589
Jerusalem 460, 523, 531, 537
Temple 80, 81, 728 and Third Crusade 449
Jesuits 628, 640, 642, 643, 644-7, 648, 653 and Franciscans 653
jet 141 jewellery 141, 265 see also specific gemstones
American silver coins melted down for 754 bracelets see bracelets brooches 326,353 Crown Jewels 450 Lapita 15 necklaces 56, 102
Jews 52, 96
Adeni 181
of Alexandria 99 anti-Semitism 697, 700, 855, 884
in Azores 840 bankers 450, 855 of Cairo 124, 536
in China 238 and citron 178 and England 700,
769-70, 839 and flax 176, 178 forced conversion: to
Christianity 537; to Islam 181
French anti-Semitism 855 of Fustat 176
Genizah documents 174, 175-6, 182, 184
German 422, 886
Gibraltar settlement 656 impurity laws and eastern drinking vessels 174, 187
and the Inquisition 699, 700
in Jamaica 773
Khazars 171
London's Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue
700, 838
Majorcan 480 in Manchester 839 in Mangalore 186 merchants 175-6, 181, 183, 184, 238,354, 697-702, 834, 841
Mizrahi 841
Moroccan 697, 836-8, 840 -41
Muslim governments' relationship with 836-8
of Persian origin 184 and the Portuguese 536, 537, 697, 699-700,
701, 702, 717-18, 772-3, 838, 840 see also Christianity: Portuguese New Christians (of Jewish origin); children from Portugal sent to Sao Tome 493, 494
‘purity of blood' doctrine and hiding of Jewish ancestry 696
Red Sea and Jewish- Christian confrontation 130, 166-7
Sephardic see Sephardim and silk 176 in Singapore 823 in Spain 698
suspected secret Jews: in the Canaries 697; in Havana 592
Tabernacles Feast 178
Yemenite 181, 182 Jian-wen 251
Jiddah 595, 598, 602 Jikaku Daishi (Ennin)
202-9,210-11 Jingdezhen 174
Joao I of Portugal 476, 477, 484
Joao II of Portugal 494, 496, 508, 512, 513, 514, 527, 537
John, king of England 449, 469
John I of Portugal 469 John, Prester 46, 512, 523, 536, 540
Johnson, Lyndon B. 903
Johor 239, 679,818, 821 Jon Gronländer 405-6 Jordan 83
Josephus 135 Jourdain, John 689, 690
Jtj (wife of Parekhou) 77 Juana la Beltraneja 505 Juana the Mad, queen of
Castile 555
Julfa 706 see also New
Julfan merchants Jungdezhen 649 junks xx, 134, 137, 233,
234, 575, 637
Chinese 135, 217, 243,
246, 247, 259, 270,
278, 621, 622, 623,
624, 625, 628, 636,
638, 781, 867
Japanese 628, 637
Javanese 548, 549, 606
Melakan 643
and the Portuguese 636, 637, 642, 643 Jutes 344, 347, 348 Jutland 685
battle of 882
Ka‘aba, Mecca 163, 171 Kahiki 25
Kaiana, Hawai'ian prince
814-15
Kaifeng 238 Kalevala 366
Kalinga 288
Kalpe see Gibraltar Kamakura 212, 214, 215,
217, 223, 224, 229 Kamara (Puhar) 119 Kamaran Island 601 Kamchatka Peninsula 800,
802, 803, 807 Kamehameha I of Hawai'i
814, 815, 816, 817 Kamehameha II of Hawai'i
816-17
Kane 123
Kane (god) 26
Kangp'a see Chang Pogo Kanton, near Stockholm
725 kaolin 650 Karachi 63, 91 Karelians 422 Karl Hundason, king of the
Scots 376 Katharine Sturmy 461 Kathäsaritsägara 143 Kattigara 121, 143
Kaua'i 25, 814, 815 Kaundinya 140, 141 Kaupang, Norway 353, 355, 365, 39O
Kawano Michiari 224-5 kayaks 399
Keats, John 565 Kedah 152, 161 kelp 196
Kemal Reis 607, 610 Kempe, Margery 452 Kendrick, John 792, 793,
794
Ken'in (Buddhist monk)
202 Kennedy, John F. 903 Kent 360 Ketill the Fool 386 Kettler, Jacob 719, 720 Khazars 171 Khmer kingdom/kings 140-41, 158
and Champa 249-50
and Song China 244 Kholmogory 660 Khubilai Khan 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 228, 247, 248, 263, 272 Ki no Misu 204 Kidd, William 761 Kiev/Rus 365, 367, 423 Kilwa 131, 176, 543, 546, 547, 568 Kim Yang 211 kingfisher feathers 135, 139 King’s Mirror 399, 400 Kingston Bay, Jamaica 771, 778, 855
Kiribati Islands 14, 31, 614 Kiritimati 31
Kish/Qays 173-4, 180 Klysma 102, 117 knives 194 knqrrs 371, 385, 390-91 Koch, John 330 Kodiak Island 793, 805 Kofuko-ji monastery,
Nara 235 Koguryo, Korea 192, 194 Kola Peninsula 658-9 Kolkata see Calcutta Kollam 183-4 Komr 158
Kon-Tiki 27, 28 Kongo slaves 493, 503 Konstantin of Novgorod
427 Koptos 78, 111, 112, 113, 116
Korea
and Buddhism 166, 194, 198
celadon 232
and China 189, 191, 192,
198, 210, 236, 239, 244, 245, 287, 650
and Christianity 695
House of Li 219
and Japan 190, 191-9, 200, 204, 223, 225, 646, 649 -51
Kim dynasty 193
Koguryo kingdom 192, 194
Koryo 219, 222, 223 merchants 189, 207; merchant communities from Quanzhou 245 and Mongols 222, 249 navy 650-51
North 193
Paekche kingdom 192,
194
Parhae kingdom 194, 197-8
and Red Sea 117
and Ryukyu Islands 232,
234
ships 206, 650-51
silk 244, 247
Silla kingdom 192-3, 194, 195, 197, 198,
199, 204, 211 slaves 210
tea bowls 649 trade 194, 198, 216, 630 Korokan, Japan 196-7 Koryo, Korea 219, 222, 223 Kos, Greek island 116 Kosh, Socotra 129 Kosmas Indikopleustes 130 Kowloon 828
Kra Isthmus 137, 144, 273 Krakatoa 119
Kronstadt, Baltic 807, 809 K ruzenshtern, Johann-
Anton von 806-9 Kulami 182
Kumiai Indians 28 Kunemura 232
Kupe, Polynesian navigator 32 - 6
Kuril Islands 797, 803, 804 Kurland 715-16, 719 Kuroshio current xv Kuwait 54, 67
Kuy (war-god) 26 Kwalluk 194
Kylsant, Owen Philipps, ist
Baron 883-4
Kylsant Royal Mail 883-4 Kyoto/Heian 212, 216-17,
218, 223, 228, 644 Minamoto assault
on 230
Tofuku-ji monastery 218 Kyushu island 191, 195,
196, 197, 204, 208,
215, 216-17, 218, 220, 652 see also Hakata (Fukoaka) and Hideyoshi 646 Japanese converts to
Christianity 654 pirates (wako ) 218
La Gomera 589
La Isabela 528, 585-6, 588
La Navidad 585
La Perouse, Jean-Francois de Galaup, comte de 809, 812
La Tene culture 326, 330,
332, 334
Labrador 464, 533, 557 Greenland given name of
534-5 lacquer 220 boxes xix, 216, 703
Lady Hughes 788
Lady Washington 792, 793 Lagash 64, 65
Lagos, Algarve 497-9, 502 Lancaster, James 687-9 Langdon Bay, Kent 319 -20,
321 Lanzarote 471, 472, 473 Laodicea 108, 122 lapis lazuli 57, 59, 62, 107,
194, 202, 238
Lapita people/culture
11-16, 19 agronomy 12 boats 15-16 horticulture 12-13 pottery 12, 14 trade 15
Lapps/Sami 373, 655 larch 408
Las Casas, Bartolome de
554, 582, 584, 585, 591 Las Coles 585
Lasa 265
Latin 111-12
Latvia 420, 422
peasants 719
Lavenham 453
Lavrador, Joäo Fernandes
534 Lazarus, Emma 860 Le Havre 562, 564 lead 333, 640 Leander 807 leather 455, 839 Lebanon 81, 91 Ledyard, John 785 Lee Kuan Yew 894 Legazpi, Miguel Lopez de
615, 616, 618 Leif Eiriksson (Leif the
Lucky) 400, 407, 410, 411, 413
Leisler, Jacob 782-3 lemons 573, 752
juice 688 lemurs, giant 133 leopards 99, 266
skins 323 Lesseps, Ferdinand de 849,
854 lettuce 643 Leuke Kome 115 Levant Company 691 Levant trade 460-61 Lewis, Bernard 836 Lewis, David 13 Lewis chessmen 397 Liang shu 137 Libelle of Englyshe Polycye
455 Libya/Libyans 73, 79, 90 Liefde, De 631, 691 life expectancy 307 Lima 697 Limahon 625, 627 limes 573, 752 limewood 339 Limyrike 109 Lin Feng/Limahon 625, 627 Lin Zexu 825-6 Lindisfarme 360, 364, 372 linen 373, 444, 457, 540,
548, 624 Linnaeus, Carl 725 lions 99, 259, 266, 269, 276 skins 323 liquorice 194 Lisbon xxii, 370, 468, 469,
470, 476, 477, 487, 510, 545, 600, 606, 617, 648, 676, 701, 840 archives 594, 634 businessmen funding transatlantic voyages 525
Castilian siege of 476 and the Dutch 677, 682-3
investors 561, 703 and Madeiran sugar 485 shipbuilding 484 and spices 682-3, 684 unloading of cargoes in transit to avoid customs in 745, 751 Litany of Oengus 381 Lithuania 437, 452 Liubice 423 Liujiagang 268, 270 Liverpool 864, 865, 866, 868, 871, 873, 874, 875, 880, 885, 887
air raids 891
post-war recovery of shipping companies 897
and Second World War 891, 892 Livonia/Livs 420-21, 441 Livorno 619, 676, 682, 700, 772, 838, 872 Lixus 323 Lloyds 861 Lo Yueh 135 Loaisa, Garcia Jofre de 579 lodestones 243, 370 Lomellini family 470 London 419, 438, 780, 885
air raids and damage 891, 892, 896
and Bensaude 840 and Bristol cloth 458 cosmopolitanism 455 Genoese in 455 and Greek merchants
872-3
and Hansards 447-8, 449, 450, 453
and Italians 454-5
and Navigation Act (1651) 780
New Christians of 700, 708
and New Julfans 706
Port of 454, 839, 880, 891, 892, 896, 897; docks 904
post-war recovery 897
Royal African Company 760
Royal Exchange 669 Royal Society 792, 820 and under-sea cables 864 Sephardim 701
Spaniards in 455
Spanish and Portuguese
Synagogue 700, 838
Steelyard and the
Hansard Kontor
447-8, 453
tax exemptions 455
Viking raid on 360 and wool 454
London, SS 860-61 London Missionary Society
8l3
Long Melford 453 Longe, William 456 longitude, fixing 16, 731, 812 Loos, Wouter 740 Lopes Pereira, Manuel 704 Lopez, Fernando 755-6 Lopius, Marcus 793
Lothal 63, 64
Lotus Sutra 199-200, 215 Louis the Pious 337
Louis XI 459
Louis XII 559-60 Louis XIV 720 Louisiana, USS 859
Love Boat 900
Low Countries
Flanders see Flanders Netherlands see
Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch and Portuguese
merchants avoiding customs duties 745
Portuguese sugar imports
669
and Spain 673, 685 see also Netherlands/
Holland and the
Dutch: and the Spanish Low German language 426
Middle Low German 423 Lu-Enlilla 58-9, 65 Lu-Meslamtae 59 Lu Xun 138
Luanda, Angola 593, 701 Lübeck 418, 419, 422, 423,
424-6, 427, 429, 440-4i,444,445,447, 449, 450, 452, 470
Alt-Lübeck 423
Bone-Cutter Rebellions
440
and Hansa Diets 432, 433, 436, 437
herring 430
Lübeckers in England
449-50 marzipan emporium 429 New Council 440-41 salt 430-31
Society of the Circle 440,
442
Lucca 454
Lucena, Vasco Fernandes de 513
Lucian of Samosata 102
Lucqua (Hong merchant)
808
Luftwaffe 889
Lüneburg Heath 431
Luo Mao-deng: The Grand Director of the Three Treasures Goes Down to the Western Ocean 254, 259,265
Lusitania, RMS 882 luxury goods 58, 75, 82, 139, 192, 199, 215, 217, 232, 349, 420, 427 see also specific goods by name
Arctic 412, 414, 415 Chinese customs rates on
241-2,273
European demand from new colonies in mid-16th century 588 exotic luxuries see exoticism: exotic goods, luxuries and foods
and German Hansa 420, 427
and Hawai'i 816
Japan and Portuguese luxuries 647
Mediterranean 672 and Russia 802
Luzon island 616, 618, 622 ceramics 652
Lvov 708 lychees 246-7
Lydia 85
Lynn, England 447, 449, 451-2, 462
Steelyard 453 lynx 306 Lyons 562
Ma Huan 256-7, 261, 264-5, 269-70, 280
Maasvlakte 897
Mabuchi Kamo 847 Macaronesia 481-96,
745-55 see also Azores; Canary Islands; Cape Verde Islands; Madeira
Macassar 10
Macau (Macao) xviii, xxix, 592, 617, 627-8, 634, 638-42, 648, 709, 725, 787, 808, 826
‘black ships' of Macau/ Great Ship of Amacon 641-2,644,645-6, 647
and the British 806 and gambling 907 and Japan 635, 638, 639, 642, 644, 654
Jesuits 645 and New Julfans 706 opium trade 827 and the Portuguese 638-42,643-4, 787; New Christians 703 silk 640 and silver 763 and tax 639 and the USA 806
Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 1st Baron 722
mace 611, 684, 703, 781 Macnin, Meir 839 Macnin family 836 Macpherson, W. J. 847 Mactan 576
Madagascar xxi, 43, 131-3, 158, 162, 542, 548, 549, 758-62
and east Africa 759 and English East India Company 760, 761
French claims to 557 and Hinduism 759 and Islam 759 as link between Atlantic and Indian Ocean 758, 780
Malagasy language 3,
132 and piracy 760-61 and the Portuguese 759 rice 759 and slavery 760, 761-2,
780
Madanela Cansina 491-2 Madeira xxi, xxiii, 5, 459, 464, 471, 483-6, 488, 545, 593, 745, 748-50
Caribbean and Brazilian sugar plantations' effect on 748 and the English 484, 748-50
Madeira - cont.
Genoese in 481, 486 rabbits in Porto Santo 486 settlers at end of 15th
century 486 shipbuilding 484 slaves 486, 497 sugar xxiii, 464, 485,
486, 501, 561, 562, 748, 749 timber 749 and the West Indies 749 wheat 484, 486 wine 748, 749-50 wood 484, 485, 749
Madras (Chennai) 706, 707
Madrid 632, 686, 699, 701,
703,704
MMbngte 375
Maersk 905
Maes Howe 310, 311
Magan 58-9, 61, 62 and copper 57, 67, 68
Magellan, Ferdinand 5, 39,
517, 563, 568, 569-76,
609, 617, 655, 735
Magellan, Strait of 572,
579, 687, 731 Magellanica 716, 717, 727 magnetism 243 magnetic compass 243,
256, 370
Magnus, Olaus 655 Magnus Barelegs 377, 378 Magnus Erlendsson 377-8 cult of St Magnus 379
Magnus VI Haakonsson of
Norway 444
Mahan, Alfred Thayer
856-7, 858
Mahdia 184 Maimon, David ben 175-6 Maimonides, Moses 175 Maine, USS 856, 857 maize 588, 643, 752 Majapahit 279-81, 284-5,
287, 290
Majorca (Mallorca) 471,
473
Jews 480
ships 454
Majoreros 472
Majos 472
Malabar Coast 184, 186,
187 malabathron 75, 109 Malacca see Melaka
(Malacca)
Malagasy language 3, 132
Malagueta pepper 504, 5O5, 5O7, 511, 669
Malaren, Lake 364 malaria 13, 853, 854, 858 Malaspina, Alejandro 795 Malay Annals xxiv, 134, 158, 276, 282, 284, 287, 288, 289, 290-91, 294, 295
Malaya/Malays xx, 52, 125, 135, 162, 239, 240, 273 see also Indonesia/Indonesians
and Buddhism 166 Bugi pirates 819, 823 and China 135-6, 138-9,
144,147
Federation of Malaya: and Indonesian Republic 893-4; Singapore’s expulsion 895
as Golden Chersonese
110,121-2 independence movement
893
Indian cultural influence on 282
and Islam 282 language 131, 820, 822 Melaka see Melaka
(Malacca) and Red Sea 84 and rubber 824, 868,
888, 892, 893-4 sailings between India
and China 125 as seafaring nation 134,
283 ships 134, 139, 142-3 Singapore see Singapore Straits Settlements 822 tin 164, 868
Malayu 160 see also Jambi
Malcolm, king of the Scots 375
Malfante, Antonio 501 Mali empire 500
Malindi 266
Malinowski, Bronislaw 15 Mallorca see Majorca Mallorca, Jaume de 480 Malmo 425
Malmsey wine 455, 748
Malocello, Lan^alotto 471, 472
Malta 312, 849, 851
Malvinas see Falkland Islands
Mamluks 536, 537, 594-8 and Diu 600, 601, 602 fleet 598 navy 600, 602
and the Portuguese 595, 598, 600, 602
and Red Sea 265, 595, 598, 600-601
and spice trade 595
and Turks 600 Venetian-Mamluk treaties and relations 595-8, 600
Man, Isle of 308, 328, 376, 378
Viking raids 372 Manchester 865
and Bensaude 840
cloth 839, 873
Jews 839
Manchester Ship Canal
865 Mandinga 502, 503 Manevic, Ivan 455-6 Mangaia 29 Mangalore 184-6, 831 mangos 185
Manhattan Island 690, 756
New Amsterdam 717 Manigraman 183 Manila 592, 620-26, 642, 648
and Acapulco 623, 624, 630, 648, 701, 706
Armenians 706-7
Carletti in 620-22 and the Chinese 618, 620-21, 622-6, 715, 780
foundation story (Chinese) 618
and the Japanese 622, 628-30, 632, 633
and Macau 628
and Mexico 623, 780 New Christians 703 and New Julfans 706-7 and Second World War
891
and silver 635, 763
and slavery 697
Spanish settlers 620-21, 622, 625, 626
and Sultan Soliman
617-18
Manila galleons 3, 39, 518, 615-18, 620,623,624,
630- 33, 665, 687, 701, 813
and Acapulco-Manila link 623, 624, 630, 648, 701, 706
and circumnavigation routes 617
and Japanese mercenaries vs Chinese 626
and New Julfans 706 manilhas (brass bracelets) 503, 504 manioc see cassava/manioc Mansa Musa of Mali 500 Mansfield, Edward 774 Mansur, sultan of Tidore 568, 576
Manuel I of Portugal 523, 537, 538-9, 541, 542,
544, 546, 547, 548, 560 569, 571, 602, 703
Mäoris 5, 19, 38-9, 744
and earliest Dutchmen in New Zealand 742
and Hawai'ian language 132
stories of coming to Aotearoa 32-8 mapmakers see cartographers/ cartography marble 115, 492 Marchionni, Bartolomeo
545, 561
Marconi, Guglielmo 864 Marcus Julius Alexander
113
family in
Margaret of Austria 578 Margaret of Denmark 436-7
Marguerite of Navarre 562 Maria Theresa, Holy
Roman Empress 722 Marianas (‘Islands of
Thieves') 574, 619-20 Mariehamn, Aland Islands 874, 876
Marienburg 420 Marinid dynasty 475
warships 478 maritime safety 860-63, 870
Markland 408-9, 410, 414 Marquesas Islands 24, 30, 731, 807
Marrakesh, Morocco 834, 836, 837
‘Marramitta' (Malagasy slave cook) 761
Marseilles 707, 872 Marshallese people 17-18
Martinique 768
Martyr, Peter 521 Maru (god) 38
Marxism 418
Mary I of England 654,
656, 662
Mary II of England 782 marzipan 429
Mas Afuera island 791, 795 Massalia 331-4, 335, 336,
338
Mas‘udi, al- 124, 157 Matheson, James 824, 825,
827
Matsuda, Matt 811
Matthew 532
Mauritius xxi, 5, 43, 712,
724, 761, 831
Maurits, Prince,
Stadhouder 660, 692 Maximilian of Austria
668-9
Mayflower 767
Mazarin, Cardinal Jules 720 Mazu see Tianfei/Mazu
(sea goddess) McKinley, William 856,
857
McLean, Malcolm 901-4 Meares, John 814
Mecca 177, 180, 187, 258,
269, 595, 598, 604
Ka‘aba 163, 171 and the Turks 602
Medici family 439, 542
Ferdinando de' Medici
619
Medina 187, 602, 604
Medina Sidonia, dukes of
656 Mediterranean xx, xxiii,
85, 115, 166, 415 and Atlantic Ocean
322-5; Avienus' Mediterranean perspective 332-3; links with Atlantic networks 470, 517 and Berenike 115-17 Black Death/bubonic
plague 123, 432
and Black Sea slave trade
524
Bronze Age 314, 319,
322-5
cables 864
currents 322
Greek merchant shipping 872-3
Habsburg naval power 604
and India 108 interaction with Indian
Ocean 98, 116, 117, 124, 167-70, 338, 517 luxuries 672 Mahan on 857 and Ottomans 604, 607 parallels with Song
China 247 reawakening with rising
Fatimid power 173 salt 475 ships from Atlantic Iberia
470
Spanish merchants in 455 trade networks see trading networks: Mediterranean
Viking raids 370 winds 322, 324
‘Mediterranean of the North' between Baltic and North Sea 414
‘megalithic' culture 308, 310-13
Megiddo 80
Mehmet II 601
Mekong, River 141 Mela, Pomponius 134-5 Melaka (Malacca) xviii, xxix, 148, 158, 255, 261, 264, 271, 272, 273-6, 281, 289-96,
568, 569, 598, 617, 627, 643, 709
Albuquerque's capture of 603, 606, 636
and Alexander the Great 282, 289
and Britain 818
Cheng Hoon Teng temple 258
and China 254, 286, 293-4, 295, 636
Daoists in 295 and the Dutch 818 founding legend 818 and Hinduism 293, 295 and Iskandar 282, 287, 289, 290-91
and Islam 291-2, 293, 295 as link between Indian
Ocean, Spice Islands and China 272, 295,
569, 636
Melaka (Malacca) - cont. Madagascan trade 548 and New Julfa 706 and Ottomans 577, 607 and Paramesvara 255, 264, 287, 289, 290, 293 and pirates 292, 293, 736 and the Portuguese 234, 295-6, 568, 569, 606, 634, 636, 736; New Christians 703
and Ryukyu Islands 232, 233, 234
and Siam 293-5
and Singapore 285, 289, 822
St Paul's Hill 291, 295
Strait of Malacca 47, 121, 137, 145, 152, 155, 162, 220, 273, 279, 292, 295-6, 606, 736, 818; and Singapore 281-2, 286, 290
and tribute 295
and Zheng He's voyages 257, 260, 261, 262, 264, 269, 293, 636 Melanesia 3, 6, 9, 10, 11,
12, 732, 797
and Lapita people 11 Melilla 536, 839 Meluhha 56, 57, 61-2, 63, 64, 68
Melville, Herman:
Moby-Dick 845-6 Menard, Louis 320 Mendana, Alvaro de
729-30, 731,733 Mendonca, Cristovao de
735
Mendoza, Antonio de 580 Menezes, Tristao de 577 Mer Island 10
Mercator, Gerard, world map 572, 657-8, 661, 728
Mercers 669 Merchant Adventurers,
English 669, 672-3 merchant fleets/navies
Alander 874-5
Allied tonnage lost in
Second World War 888
American 856-7
British 871, 873, 883,
889
Chinese 248
Danish 724
Dutch 668, 685, 883 Egyptian 96 French 888
German 882, 883 Greek 870, 872-3 Japanese 883,896 Kurland 719 Norwegian 870-71, 888 Seleucid 96 Spanish 704 Swedish 871 Tahitian 813 merchant guilds 183, 184,
213, 249, 355, 669, 789 merchant houses 425-6,
443, 445-6, 838 Merchant Shipping Act,
British 861-2 merchants
American 795 in Antwerp 668-9,
672-3
Arab 94, 105, 165, 171, l83, 249, 519, 540, 824, 831, 833; Dashi 153, 162, 266 in Baltic 367 in Barus 160 of Barygaza 106 of Bordeaux 458 Bosi 147, 161-2, 170 Bruges merchants moving to Antwerp 668-9
from Cairo 181 Canaanite 81 and Carolingian dynasty
354
China's foreign merchants 189, 243-4, 806
Chinese 135, 139, 201,
212, 215, 219,239, 240, 242-3, 245, 246, 617; assimilated Jewish merchants 238; in Canton 824, 825; communities from Quanzhou in Korea and Vietnam 245; Hong merchants 789-90, 808, 824; in Java 271; and Macau 639; in Philippines 616, 622, 623; and Siam 278; in Sri Vijaya 273; in Sumatra 271 coal merchants 841 of Cologne 449, 450 confiscation from xviii Danish-Norwegian 712, 719
of Danzig 453
Delian 98
Dutch 677, 686, 717, 745; in Japan 197, 650, 693-4
Egyptian 181, 182, 265 in England, under protection of Crown 469
English 452, 457, 458-64, 534, 656, 657, 752; Bristol 534, 657; in Canton 814; coal merchants 841; and the Danes 712; in Japan 691-2; at Kholmogory 660; in Madeira 749 fleets of see merchant fleets/navies
Frisian 353
fur merchants 806 Fustat/Genizah 175, 181, 184, 187
German 420, 426, 443, 717; Hanseatic see Hansa, German
in Gibraltar 840 Greco-Roman/‘Roman', in Indian Ocean 52, 105, 106, 108, 110, 118, 133, 142
Hanseatic see Hansa, German
and Havana 592 houses 425-6, 443, 445-6
Indian 110, 117, 604, 606; Gujarati 604; in Muscat 831; and Oman 831, 833, 834; and Socotra 128-9; Sumatra-bound 183 Indonesian 10, 132, 165 Italian 188, 470, 475, 562, 595; Florentine 618-22; Genoese 470, 475, 682; Tuscan 682; Venetian 594, 682
Jamaican 778
Japanese 189, 221, 616, 629, 630, 649
Javanese 292
Jewish 175-6, 181, 183, 184, 238, 354, 697-702, 834, 841
Korean 189, 207
Malayan 165 in Manila 622, 629 meeting points xix, 66-7, 99, 107, in, 160, 181-2, 243-50, 438-9, 752, 834 see also specific trading centres
Mexican 642 middlemen in shipping agencies 896 in Mogador 834, 838 Muslim 153, 162, 183-4, i86, i87, 292, 293, 500, 543, 575, 838; and Africa 500; in Atlantic waters 467; in Mogador 838
Nabataean 94, 99 and North Sea 351-2 Obodrite 365 Persian/Iranian 183, 249;
New Julfan 705-8 in Persian Gulf 64,
172-3
in Philippines 616, 622 Phoenician 81, 322-3 Portuguese 576-7, 606, 616, 684, 697-8, 699-705, 745; in Amsterdam 684, 685, 705; in Antwerp 673; in Brazil 745; and Cape Verde 490, 491; and Ceuta 476; and China 625, 636-8; and Crown monopoly on spice trade 606; and England 469; and Inquisition 770; and Japan 637-8, 642, 647; Jewish 697-702, 838; in Macau 642; and Sao Tome 492; and slavery 490, 491
Portuguese customs duties avoided by 745 and Quanzhou 243-50 Ragusan 455-6 in Ribeira Grande 491 routes favoured by see trade routes
Russian 422, 423, 804, 805-6
Scandinavian 367 Sirafi 171 slave-merchants 266, 490, 491, 753, 754, 777 see also slaver y/ slaves
Sogdian 135-6
Spanish 455, 553; of
Seville 589
spice merchants 103, 116, 250; spice route's merchants of different origins 52
and Sri Vijaya 154, 164
Sumerian 59
Swahili 833
Tamil 244
taxation on see taxation: on merchants
trading licences 634
of Ur 60
Varangian 364, 423 in Whampoa Island
788-9
wine 457, 458-9 mercury 244, 366, 640 Merino sheep 475 Mersa Gawasis 78 Mersey 891 see also
Liverpool Mesolithic cultures 304-7 Mesopotamia
and Egypt 47, 70
Iraq see Iraq
and Persian Gulf 47 pottery 64
and Red Sea 47 rivercraft 331 Seleucids see Seleucids
Sumer see Sumer/ Sumerians
trade with Indus Valley 66-7, 69
and Ubaid culture 53 Mexico 3, 531, 643
and China 592, 620-21, 624, 633; Chinese silks 592, 621, 623-4, 780 and Havana 592, 617 and Japan 630-31 and Manila 623, 780 merchants 642 and New Julfans 706,
707
Philippine link through Manila galleons see Manila galleons
route to Spice Islands 580-81
silver 592, 619, 624, 635, 707
Spanish conquest/New Spain 590, 591, 611, 614, 616, 635; and the Philippines 617 trade see trade: Mexican and the USA 846
Mexico City 619, 620, 701, 703
Miami 899-900, 902 Mic-Mac Indians 413, 562 Michael 662, 664 Micronesia 3, 6, 797 Middelburg 431, 465, 640, 675
Midgardr serpent 371 migration
and diffusionist approaches to cultures 301, 312
Dutch commerce producing flood of immigrants 677 of Europeans to Caribbean 766-7
Great Migration from Hawaiki 37
Jewish immigrants: in Azores 840; in Cape Verde 841
from Korea to Japan 191 between Melaka and
Singapore 822
to North America from late 19th century 869
Polynesian 13-14
Portuguese migrants 696 and religious beliefs 19 with rising sea levels
345-6
and shipping companies 869
and trading diasporas 705-8, 838-9
and transatlantic passenger traffic 860, 869
US immigration restrictions 884-5
and Viking raids 362 Mikelgard 362 see also Constantinople
Miksic, John 158 Milan, Gabriel 720-21
Milan 470, 559-60 millet 50, 246, 491, 754
Milton, John 770 Mimana 192
Mina coast 506 -8 Minamoto clan 217, 230 Mindelo, Cape Verde 841 Mindoro island 616
mines 882, 889
Mingzhou 240
Minnagar 107 Minoans 322 mirrors 194 Mitchell, David 691 Mizrahi Jews 841 Mleiha 61 moa 12, 39 Mogadishu 265, 266-7 Mogador (Essaouira) xxix,
90, 323, 326, 467, 834-40, 841
islands off 502 mohair 682 Mohawks 781 Mohenjo-daro 63, 64, 66,
69 Moluccas/Spice Islands xix,
12, 132, 143, 160, 166, 171, 182, 276, 280, 295, 567, 643
and China 574
Dutch in 684-5, 688, 689-90
and the English/EIC 687-90, 756
and Magellan-Elcano voyage 568-79
Mexican route to 580-81 and Ottomans 607 and the Portuguese 568-81, 606, 611, 614
and the Spanish 567-81, 606, 611, 614 Mombasa 540, 546, 547, 568, 759, 829,831,833 Mon-Khmer people 139-40 Mongols
attacks on Japan 221, 222-8
and China: attacks on southern China 224; and fall of Quanzhou 247; and Yong-le 267; Yuan rule 218, 221, 228, 248-9, 259
and Java 228, 272, 279 and Korea 222, 249 ships 223, 226, 227-8 and tribute 223, 279 and Vietnam 222, 228 Monmouth Rebellion 777 Monmu of Japan 192 monsoons 50, 51, 52, 96, 102, 171, 182, 261, 546
and Sri Vijay a 149 Montaigne, Michel de 730 Montesinos, Antonio de 582
Montserrat 767-8 monuments, stone 59, 301
Neolithic 310-13
Moor Sand, Devon 319-20,
321
Mo'orea 20
Moors see Islam/Muslims
More, Sir Thomas: Utopia 521, 550
Moresby, Fairfax 832 Moresby Treaty 832, 833 Morga, Antonio de 624,
629
Morgan, Sir Henry 764, 774-5, 847
Morison, Samuel Eliot 495-6
Morocco 323, 324-5, 431, 464, 467, 468, 471, 475, 479
and Britain/England 657, 838-9, 840
and Castile 477 cattle 839 and the Danes 836 and France 561 and Gibraltar 839-40 Jews 697, 836-8, 840-41 leather 839
Marinid dynasty 475 Mogador see Mogador and Portugal 479, 536, 657; and Ceuta 476-9 and sugar 839 and tea 839 trade 511, 561, 657, 834-40
Morris, Robert 785, 786 Morse code 864
Moscow 677 Moselle wines 675
Moshulu 875
Mother Goddess 312 Motya 83
Mouza 105
Mowje (Indian in Muscat) 831
Mozambique 546, 548, 563 Mozarabs 467
Mughals 604-5 Muhammad ibn Abdallah, Muhammad I I I of Morocco 834-6, 839 mules 839
Muli'eleali 25 mullet 26
Mumbai see Bombay Munakata shrine 191 mung beans 114
Munk, Jens 666-7 Muqaddam, ibn al- 182 Muscat 598, 829-32, 834 Muscovy 800, 804
trade 659, 678 Muscovy Company 659-60, 662, 691
Musi, River 158 musical instruments 202 musk 186, 194, 640 musk oxen 408 muskets 721 Muskett (Benjamin Bueno de Mesquita) 772-3 Muslims see Islam/Muslims Mussolini, Benito 889 Muziris, India 112, 114,
138
Muziris Papyrus 112-13 Mycenaeans 314, 322
warriors 83
Myngs, Christopher 774, 776
Myos Hormos 96, 103, 112, 113, 115, 117, 122-3, 179
as Qusayr see Qusayr al-Qadim myrrh 47, 71-3, 75, 76, 80,
99, 104, 153, 266
Nabataeans 79, 94, 99, 111, 129
and Socotra 129 Naddoo 384 Nadezhda 807, 808 Nagasaki 232, 628, 630, 646, 648, 652, 653, 691, 692, 694 Naha, Okinawa 232 nails 123, 343, 349, 369, 492, 806, 810, 811 Nakhom Si Thammarat
163 Namibia 539 Nancy 795 Nanhai I wreck 165 Nanjing 142, 260, 262,
267, 636
Bao-en temple 267 Nanking, Treaty of 826, 827
Nanna (god) 58 Nansen, Fridtjof 871 Nantes 346
Nantucket 845 Naples 555, 559-60, 703 Napoleonic Wars 712, 789,
818
Nara, Japan 196, 197, 200, 202, 203, 204, 207, 217
Kofuko-ji monastery 235 Shoso-in 194, 207, 217 Todaiji temple 194, 202 nard 107, 109
Narva, Baltic port 677 narwhal 397
tusks 695
Nasrid dynasty 475 Navarre 468
Navidad, Mexico 615 Navigatio Brendani 382 navigation
and chronometers 16, 731, 812
Columbus and transformation of Atlantic navigation 582 compasses see compasses English Navigation Act (1651) 780, 784
European assumptions of superiority 731
and fixing longitude 16, 731, 812
free navigation rights and trade rights 679-82, 822
Frisian 354-5
Indian Ocean 117 and knowledge of winds 51
long-distance navigation made possible by archipelago stoppingplaces 751; Cape Verde 752-3
Manila galleons creating circumnavigation routes 617
mythology of Prince Henry's school of 479-80
Pacific: and Chinese magnetic compass 243; navigational antiquity 6-8; pause with cessation of Lapita expansion 19; Polynesian 16-19, 39; revival by 5th century ad 20
Piri Reis' book on 607-10
Polynesian charts 17 and ‘scientific' aspects of early circumnavigation 809
skills: Austronesian
133-4; European, in
Pacific 573; Italian 489; Japanese 631;
Philippine 615;
Polynesian 16-19, 573, 731, 812-13 by stars 17, 18 translation of Portuguese sailing manuals into Japanese 644
Nazis 437
Neanderthals 304 Nearchos 90-92, 93
Necho of Egypt 89 necklaces 56, 102 Needham, Joseph 243
Science and Civilization in China 254
Neira, Moluccas 688
Nelson, Horatio 851
Nelson, Kenneth 890 Neolithic peoples 9, 12, 63 of Atlantic coasts 299,
307-14
body sizes 307 ‘Neolithic Revolution'
307
stone monuments 310-13 Nereids 92
Nernar, Norway 396 Nestorians 160
Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch xix, 320, 336, 352, 353, 673, 682, 689-90
Amsterdam see
Amsterdam
and Antwerp 669-76 and Arctic Ocean
660-61
and Armenians 708 and Australia (‘New
Holland') 733,
735-43
and Ayutthaya 278 and the Baltic 675, 676, 677, 685, 686
and Brazil 686, 748, 772;
and the Portuguese
705
and Britain see Britain:
and the Dutch
and Cape Verde 683,
753
and the Chinese 823 cloth 631, 678 and Cuba 683, 772 and Curasao 766, 772 and dairy goods 675 and the Danes 685-6, 713, 718
Dutch East India Company see VO C (United East India Company)
Dutch West India Company (WIC) 683, 686
and the East Indies/ Indonesia 678, 682, 684-5, 688, 689-90, 724, 818, 820, 821, 822, 823, 892 see also VO C (United East I ndia Company) and the English see England/English: and the Dutch
farming 675-6 and the Flemings 682,
685
and France 818 and grain 428, 675, 676-7
and Hansards see Hansa, German: and the Dutch
and herring 668, 674, 683, 685
and Hispaniola 683 immigrants in Dutch cities 677
and Japan 691-5, 846; and Dutch luxuries 647; Dutch merchants in Japan 197, 650, 691-5
Malay Straits Settlements 822
and the Mediterranean 676, 682
and Melaka 818 merchant fleets/navy 668, 685, 883
merchants see merchants: Dutch
and Middelburg 675 and New Zealand 742-3, 744
and North America 783-4
ocean route struggle/ supremacy 5, 667, 679-91
and pepper 678 piracy 676, 679, 682 porcelain imports xix Netherlands/Holland - cont. and the Portuguese 674, 705, 751-2; and Japan 692-3; and Melaka 818; New Christians in Bayonne 685-6; and St Helena 756; and trade see trade: Dutch- Portuguese struggle in and Red Sea 892 resistance to Philip II of Spain 654
Revolt of 1572 673 rise of the Dutch: installation in Japan 691-5; merchant fleets 668; naval and commercial power 674-8; and rise of English trade 687-91; shift of commercial power from Antwerp to Amsterdam 668-73; on world stage from end of 16th century 682-7
Rotterdam investment 880
and St Helena 757 and salt 674, 675, 676, 683, 685
‘Sea-Beggars' 673 and Second World War 888
ships see boats/ships: Dutch
southern transfer from Spanish to Austrian Habsburg rule 722 and the Spanish 627, 660, 685-7, 700; and Curasao 772; and Japan 692; and Philip II 676-7; Philip Il's temporary ban on Dutch trade 676-7; Philip III's ban on Dutch trade 683, 684; Spanish government in the Netherlands 675; Twelve Years Truce 677
and spices 678, 684, 688, 736
and the Swedes 718, 724 tiles 640 trade see trade: Dutch and Venezuela 683, 684 and west Africa 686
and West Indies 683,
686,783-4
Neva 807, 808
New Amsterdam 717
New England xxi
New Granada 852 New Guinea 6-7, 9, 13,
733, 736, 743
Papua New Guinea 9
and Solomon Islands 10 and Torres Strait islanders 9
New Hazard 815-16
New Julfan merchants 705-8
New South Wales 813
New York 780-81, 790, 846, 880, 903
Port Authority 902
Statue of Liberty 860,
879
New Zealand (Aotearoa) 3,
20
discovery stories 31-8 and the Dutch 742-3,
744
Maori xix, 32-9 see also Mäoris
moa 12, 39
and Polynesia 32-9 settlement 5
sweet potato 29
and Tasman 742-3, 744
Te Papa (National
Museum) 38, 814 Newby, Eric 875 Newfoundland xxiii, 463,
534, 557, 752
and Cabot 413, 522,533
and the French 562
Grand Banks 562 Newport 459 Nicaragua 774, 851-2, 854,
856
Nicobar Islands 269 Nioaros 390, 397 Niederegger family 429 Niger, River 500, 506 Nigsisanabsa 59
Nijdl’s Saga 342 Nikanor archive 113
Niklot 424
Nile 70, 78, 102, 111, 177, 266, 898
catfish 112
Nile Delta 79
Darius' channel through
88
Nina 553
Ningal (goddess) 59 Ningbo 638, 826 Nissim, Abu'l-Faraj 184 Nobunaga Oda 646, 647, 649
Noli, Antonio da 488, 489, 609
Nombre de Dios, Panama 591, 847
Nootka Convention 794 Nootka Sound 794 Normandie 886 Normandy/Normans 361, 474, 558-9, 562
Bronze Age 319, 320
Lower 308 pirates 562 sailors 558-9 ships 561 Norn dialect 379 Noronha, Fernao de 560, 561
Norsemen xix, xxi-xxii
Christianization of Greenland's Norse settlers 397
and Greenland 393-402, 403-7, 655
and Iceland 383-8
mixed marriages between Celts and 375-6, 380, 386
Norse settlement across northern Atlantic 380 -92
and North America
409-14
paganism 364, 367, 379, 383, 387-8
trade with America 414
Viking see Vikings voyages northwards from
Greenland 407-9 North-East Passage 565-6, 657, 659, 661, 666, 800, 805 North-West Passage 535, 563, 565, 657, 661-7, 794-5, 813-14 North America
American Revolution see American Revolution
Azores and New England 750-51
bibles 761
Cabot's discovery of
532-5
Cabrillo and California 580-81 and China 780-96 and the Dutch 783-4 Dutch and English agreement over Manhattan Island 690, 756
and East Indies 780-96 and furs 785-6, 791, 816 and Indian Ocean
780-96
Jamaica and English colonies in 777
Jamestown as English foothold in 766 migration from late 19th century to 869 native Americans 781, 793, 816, 884 neutrality in Napoleonic
Wars 789
and Norsemen 409-14 Ponce de Leon’s discovery 554 and porcelain 780, 781, 784
ships see boats/ships: American
and the Spanish 554; and Casa de Contratacion
555
and tea 781, 783-4, 789 trade see trade: North
American
USA see United States of America
wheat 878
North Pole 373, 657-8 North Sea
and amber 337-8, 339 and Baltic xxii, 365,
366 defence patrols 346 and Edward III ’s wars
450 herring 436, 674;
interruption of herring flow to Flanders 430 and lowering sea levels
303
and ‘Mediterranean of the North’ 415 see also Hansa, German merchants 351-2 raiders 339-72 see also Vikings
ships see boats/ships: North Sea
terpen (mounds above waters) 344, 352
trade see trade: North Sea
Vitalienbruder harassment 447 Norway 304, 342
and Britain 871, 888
Church 390 dairy production 442 and Denmark 712 and Greenland 712 and Hansards 442-6 under Harald Fairhair
363, 380, 385-6, 389 and Iceland 712 kingdom re-creation (1905) 871
merchant navy 870-71, 888
and the Orkneys 372, 373-8
and Second World War 888, 890
shipping network 871 ships 870-71 shipwrecks 357 stokffish 463 trade see trade:
Norwegian
Vikings see Vikings Norwegian Caribbean Lines 899-900 Norwegian Cruise Line
900
Notke, Bernt 426 Nova, Joao de 542, 545, 547, 548
Novaya Zemlya 658, 659, 661, 801
Novgorod 367, 419, 423, 427, 440
Peterhof 427 ‘ntyw 71 Nubia/Nubians 73, 78 Nunes da Costa family 701 nuraghi (Sardinian stone towers/castles) 312, 324, 326 nuraghic culture 324 Nuremberg 672, 675 nutmeg xix, 233, 568, 578, 611, 614, 684, 688, 690, 703, 714, 781 trees 690
Nuyts, Pieter 693 Nydam, Denmark 343
O’ahu 24, 25, 814, 816 oak 78, 331, 339, 343, 354,
369
Oakland, California 904 Obearea, Polynesian queen 811
Obodrites 365 obsidian 12, 15, 39, 54-5 Oc-eo 141-2, 143
ocean currents see currents ocean ecology xxii, xxiii Ocean Steamship
Company, Liverpool 864,865-7 octopuses 21, 32, 34 Odessa 872
Ohanessi, Mateos ordi 706 oil xix, 76, 106, 177, 470, 888
and diesel engines 884, 885
olive 115, 116, 120, 467, 492, 493, 510, 839
palm 493
sesame 57, 59, 104 tankers 897 whale 721
Okhotsk 803, 804, 806 Okinawa 220, 229, 230, 231, 232, 234
Okinoshima island 191 Olaf the Tranquil 443 Olaf Tryggvason 375, 383,
400
Olivares, Gaspar de Guzman, Count-Duke of 704, 705
olive oil 115, 116, 120, 467, 492, 493, 510, 839
jars 120 olives 114 Olmen, Ferdinand van 464, 496, 537
Olympias, Aelia 111 Olympic, RMS 870
Oman 52, 53, 67, 68, 106, 598, 829-34
boats 68
and Britain 831, 832, 833 and cloves 829, 833 and copper 58, 61 and India 831, 832 and ivory 829, 831, 833 and Magan see Magan Moresby Treaty 832, 833 Omani ‘empire’ 829
and Pakistan 62 pirates 829 and the Portuguese 829-31, 832
ships 68, 831-2 and slavery 829, 831 Oman - cont. sultans of 829 trade with Zabaj 156 and the USA 833 and Zanzibar 831, 832-4
Omana 106
Omura Sumitada 642-3, 644
onions 58-9 onyx 107 opals 141 Ophir 73, 80-81, 82, 135, 728-9 see also Punt opium 796, 824, 825-6, 827, 828
First Opium War 826, 827
Second Opium War 827 oranges xxiii, 246-7, 574 orchil 474, 502 Order of Christ 481, 485, 497, 749
Order of the Knights of the Holy Ghost 732
Order of the Temple 481, 501
Oregon, USS 857, 859 0resund 424, 425, 438 Orient Company 868 Orkney Islands xxii, 304, 321, 326, 328, 347, 372-9, 386, 444 Christianization 375-6 and Ireland 311-12 Neolithic 310-12, 372-3 Norn dialect 379 Norse character 379 and Norway 372, 373-8 and Vikings 372, 373-9 Orkneyinga Saga 311, 363, 364, 373, 375, 376
Oro cult 21
Oronsay 305-6 O'Rourke, Kevin 877-8 Ortaqs 249
Ortelius, Abraham 664 world map 728
Orthodox Russians 420, 427, 437
Oscar II 872 Oseberg ship 369, 376 Ostend Company 722, 723 Ostergotland 342 ostraka 112
ostriches 266, 269 feathers 840
Ottomans see Turks/
Ottomans
Ovando, Nicolas de 529,
_ 555, 586-7
Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo
Fernandez de 553 oysters 14, 196
P&O (Peninsular and
Oriental Steam
Navigation Company) 865, 867-8, 882, 899 and airlines 899 and seamen's 1966 strike
896
and Second World War 890, 892; and recovery 896
Pa'ao 25
Pacific languages 3-4
Pacific Ocean 3-39, 565 container shipping 903 currents 16 English entry to 665,
687, 730-31
and English-Spanish conflict 665, 687, 730-31
‘extensions' see Japan
Sea; South China Sea;
Yellow Sea
Hawai'i see Hawai'ian islands
Indian Ocean contrasted with 43
island farming 12
island settlement process
5-6
Lapita culture see Lapita people/culture as largest ocean 3 and Magellan-Elcano
voyage 573-4 maritime culture 5 navigation see
navigation: Pacific northern 616, 786,
797-800, 803-9
Philippines see
Philippines
Polynesia see Polynesia/
Polynesians and the Russians 791,
800-809
and Second World War
888, 891
South China Sea see
South China Sea as ‘South Sea' xx Spain and Pacific islands
6l4,728-33 trade see trade: Pacific and the USA 785, 791-5, 845-6
winds see winds: Pacific Paekche, Korea 192, 194 paganism
Baltic 421-2
in Greenland 400 in Iceland 387-8, 400,
407
Norse 364, 367, 379, 383, 387-8
‘northern crusades' against 420-21
Slav 423-4
of Tainos 527
Pakistan 50, 53, 62, 67, 598, 829
Palembang, Indonesia 147, 148, 152, 155, 158-60, 161, 232, 261, 267, 269, 271, 272-3, 283 and Paramesvara 289-90 and Singapore 285
Palermo 73, 184
Palermo Stone 73-4 palm oil 493
palm wine 574, 688, 754
Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount 826, 852
Pan-Atlantic Steamship Company 902-3
Pan American Airways 897-8
Panama 29, 529, 591, 701, 730, 764-5, 774, 846, 847
American settlement of Colon 854, 855, 858
Canal xviii, 847-8, 849, 85I-9
coast 529
Darien Scheme 722-3 Gatun lake 858
Indians 529 railway 852-4 and war between Britain and Spain 85i
Panama City 775, 847, 853
Pane, Ramon 52i
Panpan i46 panthers 99
Panyu i35 papacy 423 and the Canaries 474 and the English 770, 77i world division into
Spanish and
Portuguese hemispheres 533, 537, 541, 57O,579, 611, 680 papayas 644 paper 185,194, 559, 588
Japanese 200, 201, 213, 743
money 240, 249, 262, 624
Papey island 386 Papua New Guinea 9 papyri 71, 74, 94, 111, 112
Muziris Papyrus 112-13 Paramesvara 255, 264, 287, 289-90, 293
Parekhou 77 Parhae, Korea 194, 197-8
Paris 855
Parker, Daniel 785, 786 parrot fish 14
parrots 216, 220, 543, 560, 561
Parsees 824, 834
Parthians 93
Pasai 276, 292, 293
Semudera-Pasai 273-6, 279, 292
Passat 876 passenger shipping 860,
869, 899-900
Patagonians 572 Paterson, William 722 Patna 121
Paul I of Russia 805, 806 Paul II, Pope 485
Paviken, Gotland 366 peaches 114 peacocks 220
feathers 233
Pearl Harbour 891 Pearl River 627, 636, 638, 640, 787, 789, 826, 867, 893, 908
and the British 826, 867 pearls 54, 59, 109, 135, 139, 540,701,813
of Funan 140
Japanese 216, 221
and the ‘Muscateers’ 831 Pedro, Prince, duke of Coimbra 469, 487 Pelgrom de Bye, Jan 740 Pelican (later Golden
Hind) 665
Pelsaert, Francois 738-9, 740
Pemba 132, 267, 831 Pena Negra 323-4
Penang 820, 821, 865, 866, 868
penguins 558 Peninsular and Oriental
Steam Navigation Company see P&O
Penn, William 770 pepper 50, 71, 99, 109, 147, 178, 181, 188, 218, 220, 232, 234, 246, 247, 248, 276, 278, 280, 724, 756
aboard Witte Leeuw 756 bell peppers 644 black 113-14, 178 and the Danes 714 and the Dutch 678 English East India Company factory, Bencoolen 761, 820 green 461
Indian 595; Indo-Roman trade 113-14, 115; south Indian 113, 569
Indo-Roman trade 877 long 108
Malagueta 504, 505, 507, 511, 669
peppercorns 114, 438 and the Portuguese 504, 505, 511, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544-5, 595, 600, 669
and the Venetians 544, 545
warehouses (Horrea Piperataria ) 114 Perestrello, Bartolomeu 483, 485
Perestrello family 524, 525 Perez, Manuel Bautista 701 Perez de Castrogeriz,
Andres 455 perfumes 52, 71, 99, 140, 161, 166, 170, 178,
278
and ambergris 180, 467 Periplous (source of
Avienus) 332
Periplous (Kosmas Indikopleustes) 130
Periplous tes Eruthras thalasses 103-10, 116, 119, 121, 124,125-8, i34
Perry, Matthew C. 846,
847
Persia/Iran 52, 54, 65, 68, 82, 85, 92, 96, 164
Arab invasion of Persia
170
Bosi see Bosi/Po-ssu
and Caspian Sea 364 and Ceylon 147 cobalt 238 coins of Sasanian kings 118
fashions 170
Great Sophy 599 and Greece 85 and Hormuz 599 merchants see merchants:
Persian/Iranian
and Ottomans 599, 604 Persian carpets 598 Persian Empire 85
and Phoenician trade 323 and Portugal 599 pottery 159, 164 Safavid shahs 705, 706,
707
Sasanid Persia see Sasanid Persia/Empire silk 706 silver 188, 364
Siraf see Siraf
Persian/Arabian Gulf 8, 47, 51, 52, 56, 61-2 boats 54, 67-8, 93 and China 171-2 and Kish 173-4 and Ottomans 604,
606
and Red Sea 166,
173-4
Seleucid fleet in 93 steamship link with India
868
and Strait of Hormuz see Hormuz: Strait of trade 46, 53-4, 170-73 trade routes see trade routes: from Persian Gulf
Peru 531, 580, 581 coins 777 and Mendana 729, 731 Philippine link through
Manila galleons 617 see also Manila galleons
silver 592, 619, 624, 635, 672, 678, 696, 700, 715, 724-5, 763 and the slave trade 701 Spanish conquest 590, 611, 635
Pessart, Bernt 715
Peter I, the Great 800, 802,
806
Peter IV of Aragon 473 Peter the Deacon 117 Petra 79, 94, 96, 167 Petrarch 473 Petropavlovsk 807 Pevensey, England 346 Philadelphia 780, 790 Philip I of Spain 555 Philip II of Spain 582, 614, 615, 616, 618, 621, 627, 642, 652-3, 654, 656, 676, 700, 703, 730, 732
Philip III of Spain 625, 626, 630, 682, 683, 684, 692
Philip the Bold, duke of Burgundy 439 Philippa of Lancaster 469 Philippines 3, 244, 574-6,
729
American occupation 856 and China 574, 614, 617, 618, 620-21, 622-6
and Japan 617, 622, 628-30, 632, 633, 648, 652-3
merchants in 616, 622, 623, 629
and Norway 871
and Peru 617
and South China Sea 908 and the Spanish 570, 614-15, 634; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons; treatment as extension of Mexico 617 Philipse, Frederick 760-61 Philo (admiral) 96 Phoenicians 81, 83, 89-90,
91, 322-3, 330, 502, 834
Piacenza 470 Piailug 17
Pico, Azores 751 Picts 347 pidgin English 790 Pidyar 182
Pigafetta, Antonio 570-71, 572, 573, 574, 575, 576, 622
Piggott, Stuart 63 pigs 12, 552, 591, 730, 810,
811, 813 pilgrimage/pilgrims xv, 239, 459, 460, 461, 469
in Japan 652
Muslim 866 route through Syria to Mecca 595
Pimienta, Francisco Diaz 592
pin-brooches 326 Pina, Rui 494 pine 73, 78, 343, 371
nuts 207 resin 153 pine marten 306 furs 428
pineapples, tinned 859 Pinzon, Vicente Yanez 553 pirates/piracy xviii, 68, 130, 138, 140, 155, 172, 187, 192, 198, 218, 391, 455, 559, 562, 621 see also privateers; raiders in Bahamas 765 Barbary corsairs 607, 718, 764, 782
Bugi pirates 819, 823 Caribbean 763-5, 772, 773-6, 778, 779 and Chang Pogo xxx, 204, 208, 209-11 and Chen Zu-yi 261 Chinese 293, 625, 867 Chinese naval suppression of 239, 245
and Christianity 761 Dutch 676, 679, 682 English 452, 718, 763-5, 773-6
English accusations of German piracy 450 in English Channel 456 Germanic 344-6, 450 and Hansards 433, 436 and Havana 592 Indian Ocean's widespread piracy 707
Karelian 422
Kish as a pirate kingdom
173 licensed piracy 765, 775-6 and Madagascar 760-61 and Melaka/Malacca
Strait 292, 293, 736 Norman 562 North Sea 339-56 Omani 829 Orang Laut ‘Sea People'
290 Portuguese 470
prize money 776
and ‘The Pure Theory of the Muggery' 765
and Singapore/Temasek 286
Vitalienbruder 436, 437,
447
wako pirates 218, 219, 220, 222, 637, 638
Pires, Tome 234, 292, 296, 546, 636, 706
Suma OrientaI 289-90 Piri Reis 607-10 Pisa/Pisans 188, 415, 420, 454, 460
pistachios 178
Pitcairn Island 31 pitch 721
Pithom 96
Pizarro, Francisco 581, 611 Plancius, Petrus 660 plantains 493, 756, 815
Plantijn, Christoffel 672 plastics, in oceans 908
Plimsoll, Samuel 861-2
and Plimsoll Days 863 Plimsoll line 863
Pliny the Elder 71, 95, 103, 108, 116-17, 334, 336, 337, 338
plums 114
Plymouth 360, 687 pneumonic plague 432 see also Black Death
Po, Fernando 507
Poduke 119,121
Poland 452 polar bears 391, 397,
401-2, 408, 534
Polo, Marco 43, 110, 124, 216, 221, 226-7, 228, 249, 255, 256, 259, 260-61, 272, 636
book of travels 247-8, 259, 729
and ‘Great Java' 272, 280, 734
Polybios 94, 334, 335 Polynesia/Polynesians 3-6,
11, 12-14, 133, 728, 729, 732, 797
boats 15-16, 19, 24, 731, 810 -11
and Europeans in 1760s and 1770s 809-13
and free love 809-10
Hawai'ian settlers and links 24, 26 see also Hawai'ian islands languages 3, 131, 615 and Lapita culture see
Lapita people/culture as maritime folk 4 maritime technology 39 migration 13-14 mythology 140 navigational skills 16-19,
573, 731, 812-13 and New Zealand see
Maoris; New Zealand open societies 21 pottery 14 in ‘Remote Oceania' 14 sailors/navigators xxi, 3,
5, 12, 16-19, 27, 29 second expansion phase
15, 29 sibling rivalry 13-14 and South America 27-9 and Spanish sailors 728,
731,732 stratified societies 21 Tahiti see Tahiti/
Tahitians
‘Theory of Relativity'
(etak ) 18 tools 15, 16, 24 Pomare I of Tahiti 813 Pomeranians 423 Pommern 876 Ponce de Leon, Juan 554,
555-6, 565 Pondicherry xviii, 119, 121,
707 see also
Arikamedu
porcelain xx, 184, 187, 710 blue-and-white 218, 238,
289, 818 Chinese xix, xxi, 153,
160, 163, 165, 174, 187, 227, 229, 238, 239, 247, 267, 617, 640, 649, 715; aboard Witte Leeuw 756; celadons 174, 179, 216, 217-18, 232, 247, 289; and Gothenburg 725; and Hawai'i 816; and Mexico 592; and Morocco 839; and North America 780, 781, 784; in Philippines 574, 622, 623; in Port Royal 778; and Singapore 288-9 cobalt-blue (Shonzui )
649
Dutch imports xix
Japanese 649-50,839
Korean 649
and North America 780, 781, 784
and Russia 802, 809
and Ryukyu Islands 231, 233, 234
white 154, 163, 174, 227, 289
pork 112
Port Arthur 872
Port Royal, Jamaica 765, 769-79
Port Said 849, 851
Portchester 346
Portinari family 438
Portland, Dorset 360
Porto 467, 468, 469, 477
Porto Bello, Panama 764-5,
774
Porto de Ale 702
Porto Santo 483, 485, 486
Porto Seguro 687 Portugal/Portuguese 52,
387, 459, 465, 467-80, 636
and Africa see Africa: and the Portuguese
Algarve see Algarve and Angola 593 and Antwerp 545, 600, 617, 668, 669, 672, 673 and Australia 733, 734,
735
Aviz dynasty 469, 474 and the Azores 487-8,
840
and Brazil see Brazil: and Portugal
and Britain 841 see also England/English: and Portugal
Bronze Age 316, 317,
319,323-4
and Bruges 469-70
and the Canaries 472-4 and Cape Verde 488-92, 702, 748, 753, 754,
841
and Cartagena de las Indias 697
and Ceuta 476-9, 501 and China 606-7, 627-8, 636-7, 638-42, 643-4, 652
citanias 329
cloth 754
and control of Atlantic
526
and copper 672
Cortes (parliament) 485 and the Danes 718-19 and the Dutch see
Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Portuguese; trade: Dutch-Portuguese struggle in and East Indies/
Indonesia 536-49,
568-81, 635, 679-80 and England see
England/English: and Portugal
and Flanders 469-70,
474
and France 561-2
and Genoese 470, 485 and gold see gold: and the Portuguese
and Guinea 504-8, 754 Habsburg rulers 705, 753 and Hansards 431, 477 in Havana 592 and Hindus 541, 547,
548, 606
and Hormuz 598-9, 604,
634
and India 540-43,
604-5, 606
and Indian Ocean 47,
124, 536-49, 569, 594, 595-601, 604, 702, 832; aspirations 511-14; Ottoman- Portuguese conflict
549, 594, 599-607, 610
and Islam 512, 523, 537, 541, 546-7; Iberian Muslim struggle with Portuguese Christians in 12th century 467-8; and Muslim sultans in Moluccas 606
and Italian navigational skills 489
and ivory 501, 504, 635 and Japan see Japan/
Japanese: and the
Portuguese and Java 578 Jews see Jews: and the
Portuguese
langados (‘thrown ones')
503, 753-4
and Macaronesia
481-96
Portugal/Portuguese - cont. and Macau see Macau: and the Portuguese and Madagascar 759 and Madeira 483-6 and Mamluks 595, 598, 600,602 megalithic culture 312 and Melaka see Melaka (Malacca): and the Portuguese merchants see merchants:
Portuguese migrants 696 and Mogador 834 and the Moluccas
568-81, 606, 611, 614 monuments 301 and Morocco see
Morocco: and Portugal national monarchy restored (1640) 705 Neolithic 309, 312 New Christians see
Christianity: Portuguese New Christians (of Jewish origin) and the Omanis 829-31,
832
Order of Christ 481, 485, 497, 749
and Ottomans 600,
602 -3, 607 papal global division and
Portuguese rights 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 680 and Persia 599 piracy 470 Portuguese empire 508 pottery 492 rebellion of 1640 against
Habsburgs 705
and Red Sea see Red Sea: and Portugal
and Ryukyu Islands 234, 636
and St Helena 755-6 salt 683 and Sao Tome 481-3, 492-5, 506
Sao Tome and Jewish children from Portugal 493, 494
sea route dominion 5 ships see boats/ships: Portuguese
and silver 640-41, 668, 672, 700
and slavery see slavery/ slaves: and the Portuguese
Socotran occupation 598 and South China Sea
63 6; and privately owned Portuguese ships 606
and the Spanish 526, 533, 537, 567-81, 611, 614, 700, 751-2; and Cape Verde 754; Castilians 476, 477, 478, 479, 489, 504-5, 571; and China 627-8; diaspora in Madrid 703, 704; and Guinea 754; and New Christians 704-5; and papal division of the world 533, 537, 541, 570, 579, 611; Philip II of Spain succeeding to throne of Portugal 621, 627, 642, 700; played against each other by Spice Islands rulers 606; Portuguese independence with 1640 rebellion against Habsburg rule 687,
754
and spices see spices/ spice trade: and the Portuguese
Strait of Hormuz control
634
and sugar 669, 697 and Sumatra 578 and Tangier 479 taxation see taxation:
Portuguese tiles 640 trade see trade:
Portuguese
trading stations in west Africa 683, 753-4 unloading of cargoes in transit to avoid Portuguese customs duties 745, 751 wine 459, 469, 647
Po-ssu see Bosi/Po-ssu
Postan, Sir Michael (‘Munia’) xxiv potatoes xxiii, 752, 815 Potosi, Peru 696, 700, 763 pottery/ceramics 454
Abbasid 164 at Achnacreebeag 308 African 492 amphorae 115, 116,
119-20 south Arabian 88, 129 Axumite 115, 167 in Barus 160 on Belitung shipwreck
163 from Berenike 115 bitumen-sealed
earthenware 68 in Cape Verde 492 Chinese 153, 159, 163,
164, 176, 179, 186, 217, 230, 242, 244, 247, 725, 781; and Africa 267; and Egypt 174, 266; global reach of 877; at Hakata 196, 216-17; and Japan 649; Jian bowls 215; and Mexico 592; and North America 780, 781, 784; and Philippines 574, 614, 622; porcelain see porcelain: Chinese; and Ryukyu Islands 232; and Siam 278; and Singapore 288-9; and Spain 617; Tang pottery 158, 163, 172; white pottery (hisoku ) 216-17 on Cirebon wreck 162 delftware 778 Eritrean 78 Greek 94, 323 Indus 62, 63 Japanese 232; porcelain
649-50, 839 Jordanian 83 and Kon-Tiki expedition
28
Korean 649 Lapita 12, 14 Luzon ceramics 652 Madagascan 133 Mesolithic pottery 304 Mesopotamian 64 from northern Moluccas
12 on Nanhai I 165 through ‘Near Oceania'
14 Nubian 78 at Palembang 160 Persian 159, 164
Phoenician 323
Polynesian 14 porcelain see porcelain Portuguese 492 and Punt 78 at Qusayr al-Qadim 179 in Red Sea 176 through ‘Remote
Oceania' 14-15
Rhenish 353, 404
Roman 107 rouletted ware 115 and Ryukyu Islands 232 Seleukeian 94-5 of Silves 467 and Singapore/Temasek see silk
Sirafi 172
Spanish 586
Sudanese 78
Sumerian 61
Taino 586
tea bowls 216, 230, 649 Thai 232
Ubaid 53, 54
Vietnamese 232
Yemeni 78
Pottinger, Sir Henry 826 Pound, Ezra 350
Powell, John 767
Praia, Cape Verde 490, 631, 753, 792-3
Praia da Vitoria, Terceira 488
Praise-of-the-Two-Lands 73
Principe 506 printing
in Antwerp 672
Armenian printing houses 708
Ottoman refusals 608 presses 608, 708
Priuli, Girolamo 544 privateers
in Caribbean 763-5, 772, 773-6, 778, 779
from Dunkirk 685
Dutch ‘Sea-Beggars' 673 English 405, 662, 730, 763, 764, 774-6
Vitalienbruder 436 promontory forts, Atlantic 328-9
prostitutes 823
male temple prostitutes 82 Protestantism/Protestants
317, 645
in Antwerp 672
Calvinists 660, 693, 708, 74I-3, 769, 825 and England 557, 730, 770
Huguenots 676, 696, 697 in Madeiran English community 749 persecution in
Netherlands under duke of Alva 673
Reformed Church in
Gothenburg 723
Prussia 420, 428
Denmark and Brandenburg-Prussia 713, 715-16
Englishmen in 45I-2
Hansa members 452
Prynne, William 769 Psenosiris, son of Leon II2 Ptolemais Theren I04 Ptolemies 93, 94, 95-8,
II0 -II
army 96
and Berenike ii0-ii
Ptolemy I Soter 95, 96
Ptolemy II Soter 96, 98 shipbuilding III, 260 Syria under 94, 97 Ptolemy (Alexandrian geographer) 121, 122, I35, 345, 524, 536 and Ceylon II8, II9, 727 and the Indian Ocean 89, I05, 496, 727 and Kattigara 143 world map 727
Pu Hesan (Abu Hassan/ Husain) 245
Pu Luoxin (Abu'l-Hassan)
243
Pu Shougeng 242, 247
Puerto Rico 520, 555, 769, 900, 903
and the USA 856
Puhar II9, I2I
Pula Run see Run, Moluccas
Punt 47, 73, 74, 75, 76-9 trade with Egypt 47
Punta de Araya 683
Puteoli II6
Pyongyang 650
Pyrrhus 891
Pytheas of Marseilles 331, 334-8
Qala'at al-Bahrain 65-6
QANTAS 898
Qatar 52, 54
Qayrawan 173
Qays see Kish/Qays
Qian Hanshu 138-9
Qing Empire 801
Qingjing (mosque) 244
Qos 78
Quanzhou (Zaytun) xviii, xix, 187, 224, 226, 234, 238, 243-50, 265, 278, 638
Quechua Indians 29
Queen Elizabeth, RMS 886-7, 889-90, 899
Queen Elizabeth 2 (QE2 ) 899
Queen Mary, RMS 886-7, 889-90, 899
Queen Mary 2, RMS 900
Queensland 9, 10 Quentovic 353, 354, 355
Quevedo, Francisco de 704
Quilon 183-4
Quinsay see Hangzhou
Quiros, Pedro Fernandes de 731-2
Quoygrew, Orkneys 373
Qus 177
Qusayr al-Qadim 52, 78, 112, 123, 177-8 see also Myos Hormos documents from Shaykh's
House 176-9 sheikh of 176, 178, 179,
187
rabbits 486
radio waves 864
R^dwald 349
Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford 281-2, 819-21, 822, 823, 824-5, 828
Ragusa/Ragusans 81, 455-6
Raiateans 13 raiders xix, 13, 104
see also bandits; pirates/piracy
African 548
Bedouin 595
Castilian 457
Curonian 422
Estonian 422
Frankish 346
Germanic 344-7
North Sea 339-72 see also Vikings
Pict 347 raiders - cont.
and raiding culture 351, 362,364
Scot 347
and sea defences 345-7 slave-raiders 554, 559 Viking see Vikings railways xx, 865, 880
Chinese ‘One Belt, One
Road' project 908
and globalization 877
Panama railway 852-4
US 790; containers and
US railroad companies 901
Rainbow Serpent 10 Raleigh, Sir Walter 731, 765-6
Ralli family 873
Ramisht of Siraf 171, 173, 180, 185
Rangoon 871
Rapa Nui see Easter Island
Rapa Nui (Easter Island) 3,
29-31
Ra's al-Junz 68 rats 572
Pacific 10, 12, 24, 38 Ravenser 447 Rawalpindi 890 ‘Red-Med' canal 95-6 Red Sea xxii, 8, 46, 102, 103-4, 166-7, 398, 603, 892
and Bab al-Mandeb 180
cables 864
ceramics in 176
closure to non-Muslims
187
currents 51
highway 70, 111-13, 166 - 7, 181-2, 187, 517, 594, 600, 605-6, 634, 672
and Jewish-Christian confrontation 130, 166-7
and Mamluks 265, 595, 598, 600-601
and Ottomans 601, 602, 603, 604, 605, 608
and Persian Gulf 166, 173-4
pirate raids 187
and Portugal 600-601, 604; and Mamluks 598, 600-601; Portuguese blockade 546, 601, 634, 672
Qusayr see Qusayr al-Qadim
Roman outstations 122 straits to Indian Ocean 180
trade see trade: Red Sea winds 51, 52, 117 Reinach, Jacques de 855 Reinel, Pedro 609 Reischauer, Edwin 205 religion see also specific religions by name crusades see crusades eclecticism/syncretism 263, 293
and migration 19 pagan see paganism and trade 144-6 Rene II of Naples 556 Renfrew, Colin 322 resins 47, 75, 79, 106, 132, 143, 147, 153, 165, 337 benzoin 153, 156 gum-resins 71 see also frankincense; myrrh Reunion 43, 761, 831 Reval 421 Reykjavik 385
Rezanov, Nikolai Petrovich 807, 808
Rhine 344, 352, 353, 897 barges 343-4
Rhenish pottery 353, 404 Rhine-Maas estuary 677 Rhineland wine 353, 367, 448
rhinoceros 266 horn 104, 105, 121, 135, 139, 155, 242, 278, 695; pills from 199 Rhodes 99, 115, 122 rhubarb 153, 184, 194 Ri Sanpei 649-50 Rias Baixas 304 Riau islands 239, 821, 823 Ribe, Denmark 354 Ribeira Grande (Cidade Velha) 490-91, 492, 578, 584-5, 631, 753 Riberol, Francisco 590 Ricardo, David 825 Ricci, Matteo 645 rice 50, 106, 114, 132, 153, 177, 187, 213, 214, 246, 276, 281, 441, 491, 648, 652, 752, 803
and Japan 808, 847 Madagascan 759
and Majapahit 280
Norway's ferrying of 871 wine 286, 648
Richard I of England 449
Richard II of England 436
Richard III of England 462 Riga 420, 433, 438, 440, 470
Rikyu 649
R io de Janeiro 701
Roanoke, North Carolina 765-6
Roaring Forties xv, 735-6
Roberts, Dr (Columbia surgeon) 792
Roberts, Edmund 833 Robinson, Alan 737 Ro^a do Casal do Meiro 324
rock carvings 321, 322 Rode, Hermen 426 Roebuck 758
Roger I I of Sicily 472
Rognvald, earl of Orkney 364
Rolf, Norse ruler of Normandy 373
Roman Empire 121, 122, 166
cost of Mediterranean trade with Indies 116 -17
fall in the West 348
goods found in Oc-eo 142
outstations in Red Sea 122 and raiders 347 Roman Britannia 344, 345, 346-7, 348, 355-6 Romans 99-102
clothing brought through Indian Ocean 108
coins 107, 118, 120-21, 141
fleets 344, 346
gold 108
Greco-Roman merchants see merchants:
Greco- Roman/‘Roman'
in India 118
Indo-Roman trade 52, 110 -23, 877
pottery 107
and raiders 344-7
silver 108
Rome 99, 109, 115
Horace on 170
Horrea Piperataria 114
Roosevelt, Theodore 856, 857, 858-9
Rosenkrantz, Herman 713 Roskilde ships 370-71 Rostock 418, 423, 425, 426 Rostovtzeff, Michael 98 Rotterdam 880, 891, 892,
897, 9O3, 9O4
Rouen 701 roundhouses 321, 324, 329 Roupinho, Fuas 468 Royal African Company
760, 777
Royal Air Force 889 Royal Caribbean Lines 900 Royal Danish Baltic and
Guinea Trading Company 721-2
Royal Dutch shell 897 Royal Exchange, London 669
Royal Navy 573, 773, 789, 826, 866, 881
and Belfast 870
in Second World War 889
and the slave trade 829 Royal Society of London 792, 820 rubber 824, 868, 888, 892, 893-4 rubies 141 Rügen island 425 Rugians 423 rum 761, 778 Rumi, Yaqut ar- 177 Run, Moluccas 690, 714,
756 runes 443
rune stones 368 Rus see Kiev/Rus Russell, Sir Peter 479 Russia
Admiralty 806
and Alaska 804, 805-6, 807-8, 809, 816, 903
and the Baltic 802, 807,
809
and the Black Sea 802, 809
boats see boats/ships: Russian
brandy 803
and China 800, 801, 802, 806
and the East Indies 802
and England 659
and furs 365, 420, 422, 423, 427, 428, 659, 786, 804, 806
and gold 801, 802, 803
Great Northern War 802 and Hansards 428
and Hawai'i 816
and the Japanese 808; Russo-Japanese War ( 1904-5) 871-2
luxury goods 802 merchants 422, 423, 804,
805-6
migrants fleeing persecution 860
Muscovy see Muscovy naval power 802
Orthodox 420, 427, 437 and the Pacific 791,
800 -809
and porcelain 802, 809
and Sannakh islanders
804
ships see boats/ships: Russian
and silk 802
and spices 801
and the Swedes 802 trade see trade: Russian warships 794 wax 427, 428, 678 Russia-America Company 805, 808, 817 rye 426, 428, 442, 677
Baltic 420, 428, 439, 444, 675, 676, 682
Rye, England 456 Ryukyu Islands 220,
229-34, 244, 277, 614, 636
and Christianity 695
Chuzan 229, 231-4
Saavedra, Alvaro de 580 Sabaea 96
Sabas 97 sabres 220
Safavid shahs 705, 706,
707
Safed, Galilee 608, 701 saffron 132, 492
Saga of Eirik the Red 400, 407, 409, 410,
412-13 sago 576 Sagres 479-80 Sahul 7 Said bin Sultan, Sayyid
293, 833-4
Said Pasha 849 Saimur 171
Saint-Die, Lorraine 556
Saint-Domingue see Santo Domingo, Hispaniola
St Helena xxi, 5, 745, 755-8, 809 and the Dutch 757 and English East India Company 755, 756-8 and the Portuguese 755-6 slaves on 756, 762
St John Island 638
St Kitts 767
St Mary's Island (off N-E coast of Madagascar) 760-61
St Paul island, Indian Ocean 795
St Paul's School 669
St Thomas, Virgin Islands 720-21
Sainte-Croix island, West Indies 721
Sakai 219, 230 sake 212, 652 cups 198
Sakhalin island 808, 872 sakimori 195
Sal island, Cape Verde 489, 683
Salawesi 280
Salazar, Antonio de Oliveira 480, 513
Saldanha, Antonio de 546 Sale, Morocco 467, 471,
475
Rovers 718
Salem 790
Salim ‘son of the cantor' 181
salmon 196 Salonika 838 salt 135, 180, 213, 246, 320, 322, 352, 429, 441, 463, 477, 588, 808
Capeverdian 489, 683, 752
and the Dutch 674, 675, 676, 683, 685
Mediterranean 475 Portuguese 683 as preservative 108, 116, 430-31, 489, 674, 683, 752
from Sal 489, 683 Spanish 683
Venezuelan 683, 684, 685 Saltykov, Fedor
Stepanovich 801
Samarkand 255
Sami/Lapps 373, 655 Samoa 11, 14, 19, 21 samurai 223-4, 225, 644,
649
San-fo-chi 153
San Antonio 572
San Francisco 851, 852,
903,904
Bay 581, 853
San Francisco 630
San Pedro/Pablo 616
San Salvador 581 sandalwood 81, 153, 157, 578, 791, 796, 813, 815, 816, 817
Sanfoqi 149
Sanhaja Berbers 501
Sanlucar de Barrameda 656 Sannakh islanders 804 Sanskrit 107, 128, 129,
141, 144, 149, 159-60
Sansom, Sir George 190 Santa Barbara Channel 28 Santa Casa de Misericordia
640
Santa Catarina 679, 682
Santa Cruz islands 731
Santa Luzia citania 329
Santa Maria 254, 526-7, 585
Santa Maria island 487-8
Santiago, Cape Verde 490, 492, 497, 631, 753
Santiago, Cuba 592, 774
Santiago de Compostela 459, 469
Santiago 504
Santo Andre 751
Santo Domingo, Hispaniola 586-8, 591, 593, 709, 768-9, 770
Welser bank 590
Zona Colonial 587
Sao Felipe, Cape Verde 753
Sao Jorge da Mina see Elmina
Sao Miguel 487, 745, 750
Sao Pedro 544
Sao Tome 481-3, 492-5, 506, 560
and the Dutch 683 mulatto population 493 as place of exile 481-3,
493 slavery 481-3, 493, 495,
497, 510, 511 sugar 493
sapanwood 232, 233, 234, 278
sapphires 99, 115, 118, 141 ‘Saracens' 508
Sarangani island 614 Sarapis (god) 112, 114, 122 Sarawak Steamship
Company 892 Sardinia 324, 326 Sargon of Akkad (Sargon the Great) 57-8, 65 Sargon of Assyria 65 Sarhat, Israel di 707 Saris, John 632 Sarmiento de Gamboa,
Pedro 729, 730, 731 Sasanid Persia/Empire 141, 147, 167
Sasanian kings 118 Sassoon, Frederick 827 Sassoon family of Bombay 823
Sataspes 89, 90 Satavahana Empire 105 satin 233
Satingpra 244 Satsuma 652 Saudi Arabia 53, 93-4 Savonarola, Girolamo 526 Saxons 344, 345, 346, 347,
348
Sayf ad-din of Hormuz 598 Scandinavia 170-71,
342 see also Denmark/ Danes; Norway; Sweden
brooches 353 as centre of interconnected global operations 711
Christianization 361 exotic luxuries reaching 366
Margaret and the three realms of 436-7 merchants 367 mixed marriages between Celts and Scandinavians 375-6, 380, 386
Norsemen see Norsemen pagan Scandinavian women in Faroes 383 ports serving as northern European distribution centres 722 raiders from 347-8, 356-72 see also Vikings
Scandinavians in Haithabu 366
shiPs 342-3, 347, 357, 360-61, 365, 368-71 and the tea trade 725 Scharnhorst 890 Schauenburg, Adolf von 423 Scheldt, River 361, 673, 676, 897
Schleswig 423 Schoner, Johannes 572 Schottun, Richard 452 scimitars 318 Scotland 302, 304, 887
brochs (small castles) 326
Darien Scheme and Scottish union with England 722-3
Jacobites 723
Jamaica and Scottish Highlanders 772 ‘megalithic' culture 308 monuments 301 Neolithic 310 to Orkney 304 Scot raiders 347
Scottish Company of the Indies 722
scurvy 573, 616, 666, 687, 688, 752, 793 ‘Sea-Beggars', Dutch 673 Sea-Land Service 903-4 sea levels 6, ii
falling 52, 303 rising ii, 20, 303, 339, 345; and Dunkirk II Marine Transgression 345 sea otters 785, 808
fur 785, 786, 806, 808, 809 sea slugs 232 Seacole, Mary 853 ‘ Seafarer, The' 350 Seal, Graham 733 seals (emblems)
Indus 63-4 round stamp seals 66 and Ryukyu Islands 233 for shipping bound for China 235
Sumerian 63-4 seals (mammals) 306, 404, 785, 79i
blubber 408, 797 seal-hunting 399 skins 397, 502, 785, 79i seaplanes 898 seaweed i96, 232, 306
Sebag family 836 Sebastian of Portugal 479, 621, 700
Second World War 887-91, 896
and Belfast 870 Seeley, Sir John 765 Seine, River 319, 321,
332, 369
Seleucids 93
Syria under 94 Seleukeia 94-5 Selim I 603, 607 Selman Reis 603-4, 607 Semudera 264, 267, 276, 279
Semudera-Pasai 273-6, 279, 292
Seneca 337, 531 Senegal 702, 708
Seoul 650 Sephardim 698-700, 701,
717, 768, 834, 838, 840 of Amsterdam 701, 702,
704
Serer people 500, 502, 503 Serrao, Francisco 568-9, 571-2, 576, 606
Serrao, Joao 571, 576 sesame
Indian 114
oil 57, 59, 104 Severn, River 361 Seville 370, 467, 507, 528, 532, 561, 586, 617, 618, 623, 676, 696
archives 594, 634 businessmen funding transatlantic voyages 525, 588
Casa de Contratacion
555
and the Dutch 677
and Havana 592 investors 703 and Japan 632 merchants 589 and Santo Domingo 590 and silver 635 slaves 583-4
trade with Americas 703 shagreen 648-9 Shama (African village)
508 Shamash (sun god) 60 Shanghai 244, 826, 827, 866, 871, 872, 893 sharks 14
fins 232
skins 648-9
Sharp, Andrew 19
Shaw, Samuel 787 Sheba 82
Queen of 81 sheep 372-3, 381, 385, 400, 404, 486, 489, 730
Merino 475
Shelikov, Grigory Ivanovich 805-6
shellfish 11, 28, 196, 306, 310, 323, 373, 701
Shenzhen 907-8 Sheppey, Isle of 360 Shetland xxii, 328, 372,
373, 377, 379, 386
Norn dialect 379 Shih Chong 137-8 Shi‘ite Muslims 173, 599 Shikoku island 218 Shinto 191, 200, 205, 206, 207, 208, 214, 228-9
shrines 205, 228, 647 shipbuilding
Alander 874
Belfast 869-70, 899
British 869, 896 and Cabrillo 581
Chinese 259-60; in
Quanzhou 247
European assumptions of superiority 731
in Funan 140
Japanese 212, 896
at Lisbon 484
Madeiran 484
at Okhotsk 806
Ptolemaic 111, 260 shipowners 111, 182, 244, 861-2, 872
Arab 105
of Bristol 460, 461, 463
Chinese 241
Dutch 717
Greek 873, 895
in Ionian Islands 873
Korean 209
Portuguese 470, 504 safety requirements 861-3
shipping safety 860-63, 870 ships see boats/ships shipwrecks xviii, xx, xxii, 162, 172, 230, 554-5, 617, 874
off Australian coast 735, 737, 738-41, 743
Batavia 738-41, 743
Belitung 162-4, 165
Cirebon 162
Esmeralda 543-4 in Far North 804
Intan 164-5
Nanhai I 165
Quanzhou 247 salvaging 776 Sinan 217-18 Viking 357, 360 Shoso-in, Nara 217 Shunten 230 Siam 220, 229, 232, 233, 262, 267, 270, 648-9, 706
and Ayutthaya 276, 277-8
and China 262, 278
Gulf of 139
and Melaka 293-5 and Singapore 289 under Thai rulers 279 trade 233, 277-8 and tribute 277, 295 Siberia 399, 408, 800-803, 804, 805 Sicily 182, 186, 475, 485 sickles 324 Sidebotham, Steven 117 Sierra Leone 504 Sigismund of Luxembourg, Holy Roman Emperor 441
Sigtuna 422 Siguro, earl of Orkney 373,
375, 379 Siguro of Norway, ‘Jerusalem Traveller' 402
silk 99, 121, 136, 149, 170, 184, 187, 454, 547, 623, 687, 724
Armenian 707
and Bosi 147
Byzantine silver plate 349 and Ceylon 147
Chinese 108, 153, 163, 170-71, 172, 220, 239, 242, 244, 562, 633, 642, 643, 701, 707; and Japan 638, 652; in Manila 617, 623, 624, 707, 715; and Mexico 592, 621, 623-4, 780; and North America 780; and the Portuguese 652; and Quanzhou 247, 278; and Siam 278; and the Spanish 617, 623
silk - cont.
Christian missionary activities and the silk trade 645-6 and Hansards 429 and Japan 194, 200, 201, 628, 630, 633, 847 Jews' interest in 176 and Julfans 706 Korean 244, 247 Macanese 640 Persian 706 and Russia 802 and Ryukyu Islands 231 screens 641-2 and Singapore/Temasek 286 and Sofala 548 and the Swedes 724, 725 turbans 540
Silk Road xx, 135-6, 170,
199
and Buddhist texts 146 Chinese ‘One Belt, One
Road' 908 and ‘Polar Silk Route'
proposals 908 silkworms 630 Silla, Korea 192-3, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 204, 211 silver 81, 97, 135, 170-71,
244, 365, 477, 547, 713, 715 aboard Batavia 738, 739,
740, 743 American 611, 616, 624,
707, 754, 769;
Mexican 592, 619, 624, 635, 707;
Peruvian 592, 619, 624, 635, 672, 678, 696, 700, 715, 724-5, 763; silverware 816; and the Swedes 724-5 and Antwerp 668, 672 and the Baltic 364 billon alloy 586 bracelets 548 bribes 782-3 bullion 188, 354, 364, 477, 500-501, 619, 624-5, 635, 647, 763 and Charlemagne 354 and China 220, 623, 624-5, 643, 696 of Chryse and Argyre
134 coins see coins: silver
English 448-9, 451
of Funan 140 hack (weighed) 60, 68, 153,364,39O,648 and India 188 ingots 165
Iranian 188, 364 and Jamaica 777, 778 Japanese 638, 641, 642, 647, 801, 847
and Macau 763
and Manila 635, 763 mines 170, 364, 449, 635, 700, 763, 802
of Porto Bello 774-5
and the Portuguese 640-41, 668, 672, 700
Roman 108
and Seville 635 in Shetlands 372 Siberian 801-2 ‘Single Whip' taxes and silver payments 624
and the Spanish 81, 635, 696
and Sri Vijaya 153
Sterling 449
and the Swedes 724-5 of Tartessos 81, 322 tribute 360
and the Varangians 364 and Venice 672 Viking raids on 362 Silver City Airways 899 Silves 467, 468 Simla, SS 867 Sinan wreck 217-18 Sindbad the Sailor 133, 156-7
Singapore 272,818-24, 828
and Ayutthaya 290
Batavian steamship link 868
and Britain/England 287-8, 821-2, 828, 893; and East India Company 819-20, 821
and China 286, 288-9, 822-3
as a container port 904 ethnic diversity 822-4 expulsion from
Malaysian Federation 895
Fort Canning 281, 287-8, 289, 291
History Museum 288
and Java 284-5, 286, 288, 289
and Majapahit 280 and Melaka 285, 289,
822
and Norway 871 P&O office 892 and Palembang 285 Peranakan families 823 previously Temasek 279, 282, 283, 285, 286
and Raffles 281-2 rubber 824, 893-4 and Second World War 887, 892; and post-war period 893-6
and Siam 289 and ‘Silk Route of the
Sea' 281-9 and slavery 823 and Sri Tri Buana story
283-4, 287
and steamships 868 and Strait of Malacca
281-2, 286, 290
Tan Tock Seng Hospital
823
trade 288-9, 824-5, 826 and the UN 894-6 and Vietnam 286
Singapore Stone 288 Singhasari 279
Sinthos see Indus River Siraf 156, 164, 171-2, 184 Sitka, Alaska 807-8 Skania 430
Skara Brae 310-11, 321 skins/hides 353, 470,
795 see also furs/fur trade
bear 406 boat construction with hides 67, 321, 331
Chinese 107
Cuban 591 deer hides 278 and the Dutch 683 gazelle 323 goat 473, 756, 839 from Hispaniola 590,
591
leopard 323 lion 323
Merino sheep 475 seal 397, 502, 785, 791 tiger 194, 278 walrus 398 whale 91
Skradings
Inuit see Inuit in Vinland 411-13 Skuldelev ships 370-71 Skye 382
Skylax 88, 90 skyr 399 slavery/slaves 106, 108, 128, 185, 410, 513, 545, 581, 708
Anglo-Saxon 347 in Angola 503 Arab slavers (Dashi ) 266 and Atlantic islands 481, 483
and the Azores 497 Bantu slaves 131 and Barbados 767 Berber slaves 502 and Bermuda 766 Brazilian 490, 553, 560, 748
and the British 347, 829, 831, 832, 841 burials 491 and the Canaries 473-4, 486, 497, 499 and Cape Verde 489, 490, 491, 492, 497, 502, 503, 504, 584, 593, 702, 753-5, 756, 841
Caribbean 490, 491, 583-5, 592, 593, 720-21, 767, 769, 777 and castration 832 Danish slave trade 709, 712, 716, 720, 722 female slaves 137-8, 347, 379, 386, 553, 823 and Frisians 344 and the Genoese 503, 588, 777 and gold 582 and Guinea Bissau 504 in Iceland 386 in Jamaica 777 Kongo slaves 493, 503 Korean slaves 210 and Liverpool 865 in Madeira 486, 497 Malagasy 760, 761-2, 780
and Manila 697 of Mina coast 507 native American slaves 816
and Oman 829, 831 and the Portuguese 489, 490, 491, 492, 497-9, 502-4, 510 511, 547, 560, 584, 700,701, 753-4, 841
and the Royal Navy 829 on St Helena 756, 762 and Sao Tome 481-3, 493, 495, 497, 510, 511
Shih Chong's female slaves 137-8
and Sierra Leone 504 and Singapore 823 slave-merchants 266, 490 491, 753, 754, 777
slave-raiders 554, 559 slave ships 510, 511, 560, 757-8, 762
slave trade xix, 153, 473, 483, 489, 490, 491, 492, 497-9, 503, 505, 524, 560, 583-5, 588, 593, 697, 701, 709, 716, 722, 749, 753-5, 777
and the Spanish 490, 491, 492, 503, 505, 531, 552, 553, 554, 582, 583-5, 592, 593, 777
sub-Saharan 471, 583-4 and sugar trade 582, 584, 589, 749, 762, 768, 831
Taino 531
and the Vikings 347 Welsh slaves 379 in west Africa 500 and West Indies 841 Slavs 366, 418, 421-2, 423
‘Drive to the East' 418, 425
in GDR 423
German wars 423 Slovenia 338 Smaragdus, Mons 115 Smith, Adam 825 smuggling 109, 181, 231, 249, 619, 686, 751, 776, 783-4, 894 Smyrna 676, 701, 838 snails, edible 112 Snefru 73 Snorri 413 Society 758 Society Islands 20, 21, 25 Socotra 75, 125-31, 132,
598
Hoq cave 128 pirates 130 trade 130-31
Sodre,Vicente 544 Sofala 157-8, 546, 548 Sogdian merchants 135-6 Soliman, Rajah 617-18 Solis, Juan de 567-8 Solomon 73, 80-81, 82 Solomon Islands 3, 10, 11, 728-30, 731
Somalia 62, 71, 79, 96, 167, 182, 266
Sopatma 119 Sorbians 423
Sorensen, Marie Louise 492 sorghum 114
souterrains 329
South Africa trade 841, 874, 880
South America see also specific countries by name
Cape Horn see Cape Horn
Columbus's ‘discovery' of 528, 532
Gran Colombia 852 and Hamburg 880 maritime highway to
Caribbean islands 521
New Granada 852 and Polynesians 27-9 and the Spanish 28-9, 522-3,550-56; and Casa de Contratacion 555; and gold 553; loss of northern colonies 852; and slavery 553, 554; Vespucci and the ‘Antipodes' 550-53 trade with northern
European ports 880 South China Sea xxii, 6,
43, 121, 125, 136, 148, 240, 679
and China 240, 822; Chinese claims/control 136-7, 238, 908; and Pax Sinica 293; Quanzhou trade 244-50
Melaka as link with Indian Ocean 272, 295, 569, 636
and Mongol rule 279 and the Portuguese see Portugal/Portuguese: and South China Sea shipwrecks 162-5 Singapore as link with Indian Ocean 272
South China Sea - cont. and smuggling 894 trade see trade: South China Sea
trading empires 131, 133; Sri Vijaya see Sri Vijaya, Sumatra
and Wu Chinese 137, 142 and Zheng He's voyages 254-5, 256-69, 280-81, 293, 636 South Equatorial Current 16
Southampton 454-5, 458, 885, 887
air raids 891 as Hamwih 353 Southern Ocean see
Antarctic Ocean Souyri, Pierre-Francois 235
soya beans 648 Spain/Spaniards
and Aden 182 and African coast 471 amphorae 115 Andalusia see Andalusia and Antwerp 673 and Armenians 707 Basques see Basques and Britain/England 557, 656; Armada 627, 676; and the Caribbean 764-5, 770-71; and Cromwell 769, 770; and the Inquisition 656-7; and Jamaica 773-9; and licensed piracy 765, 775-6; and Nootka Sound/ Convention 794; and the Pacific 665, 687, 730-31; Panama and war between 851; resistance to Philip I I of Spain 654; tussles between English and Spanish sailors hitting Antwerp trade 673 Bronze Age 319, 323-4 and Cape Verde 754 and the Caribbean see
Caribbean: and the Spanish
Castilians see Castile/ Castilians
Catalans see Catalans and the Chinese 622-8, 652, 806
Christian reconquest 477; and battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468
Christians vs Muslims in 423, 477; battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468 coins 586 and control of Atlantic
526 and Cuba 565, 856 and Denmark 685 and the Dutch see
Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Spanish
and East Indies see East Indies: and the Spanish and the Falklands 795 and France 676, 795 Frankish raids in 346 and Galapagos Islands 28 Galicia see Galicia and gold 531, 553, 555,
582,588-9,729 and Guinea 754 Habsburg dynasty 614,
764-5
and Hispaniola 528, 555 Italian wars of Charles V
611
and Jamaica 771, 773 and Japan see Japan/
Japanese
and the Spanish Jews 698 and Low Countries 673,
675 see also Netherlands/Holland and the Dutch: and the Spanish
Manila galleons see Manila galleons
Manila's Spanish settlers 620-21, 622, 625, 626 merchants see merchants:
Spanish
and Mexico see Mexico: Spanish conquest/New Spain
and the Moluccas 567-81, 606, 611, 614
Morgan and the Spaniards of Panama 775
Muslim (al-Andalus) 170, 369, 464, 465-7, 468, 698; battle of Las Navas de Tolosa 468; Granada as last Muslim kingdom 476,
477; and surrender treaties forged with Muslim princes 547 navy 627, 676, 856 Neolithic 309, 313 and the Netherlands 627 and Nootka Sound 794 and North America see
North America: and the Spanish nuraghic culture 324 and Pacific islands 614,
728-33
and Panama 591, 851 papal global division and
Spanish rights 533,
537, 570, 579, 6H, 680 and Peru 590, 611, 635 and the Philippines see
Philippines: and the Spanish and Polynesian islands
728, 731, 732 and Portugal see
Portugal/Portuguese: and the Spanish pottery 586 rock carvings 321 and Ryukyu Islands 614 salt 683 search for southern
continent 729-32 ships see boats/ships:
Spanish
and silver 81, 635, 696 and slavery see slavery/
slaves: and the Spanish and South America see
South America: and
the Spanish
Spaniards in London 455 and spices see spices/
spice trade: and the
Spanish swords 318 tin 324 trade see trade: Spanish and the USA 856 and Vancouver Island 791 Viking raids 370, 465 wine 459, 633
Spanberg, Martin 803 Spanish Inquisition see
Inquisition spears 104, 321, 342, 736,
793
Spencer Bay, Australia 875 Spice Islands see Moluccas/
Spice Islands
spices/spice trade xxi, 93,
99, 114-15, 125, 143, 147, 161, 166, 175, 184, 187, 272, 279, 454, 540, 733 see also specific spices at Aceh, Sumatra 689 and Alexandria 595, 600,
601, 604,669 Antwerp market 579,
600, 6I4, 6I5, 6I7,
668, 669-72
and the Azores 745 and Beirut 495, 544, 567,
594, 60I, 604, 669 and China 545, 574, 606,
643
and Columbus 523 cost of spices 181 and the Danes 714-15 and the Dutch 678, 684,
688, 736 and the English 173,
688-90, 737; EIC 820 and German banking
houses 672
and German Hansa 420,
429
in Horrea Piperataria
114
and incense-making 80 and Indian cuisine
714-15
Indo-Roman trade 52,
113-16, 877
and Malacca Strait 220 and Mamluks 595 and the ‘Muscateers’ 831 and the Philippines 622 and the Portuguese 523,
537, 542, 543, 544-5, 546, 563, 567-8, 569, 599-601, 605, 617, 635, 700, 751; and Antwerp 668, 669, 672; Lisbon market 682-3, 684; and the Moluccas 568-81, 606, 611, 614; and pepper 504, 505, 511, 540, 541, 542, 543, 544-5,
595, 600, 669
and Red Sea 52, 170-71,
594, 600, 603, 605-6,
672
and Russia 801
and Ryukyu Islands 231,
232, 233
and Semudera 276 and the Spanish 566-81, 606, 617; and the Moluccas 567-81, 606, 611, 614; and the Philippines 615 see also Manila galleons; search for southern continent 729
spice routes 52, 170-71, 173, 523, 594, 606, 617, 672
and Sturmy 460
taxation of spice traffic 181, 187
and theories about Indonesians and Madagascar 132-3
and transatlantic attempts to reach the Indies 517, 522-35, 537, 550-64, 566-8, 571-2
and the Turks 602, 603 undermining of Muslim economies by diversion of 523, 537, 546
and Venice 595, 675 spinning 414 Spinola family 470 Spitsbergen 396, 655, 661 Sri Lanka see Ceylon Sri Vijaya, Sumatra 133, 147, 148-65, 187, 243, 250
and Buddhism 152, 154 and China 149-52, 153-6, 161, 273
Chola’s attack on 273
and India 161
and Java 159, 160, 272-3, 279-80, 287 merchants 154, 164 and monsoons 149 as Zabaj, and the Arabs 155-8
Stamford Bridge, battle of
377 Staraya Ladoga 365, 367 starlight navigation 17, 18 Statue of Liberty 860, 879 steam power
and globalization 877
and the railways 854
and shipping 848-9, 860-61, 864-73 steel 104 stegodons 7 Sterling silver 449 Stettin (Szczecin) 423, 452 Stiles, Ezra 785 Stockholm 418, 421 archipelago 364-5 Danish siege 436 and Vitalienbruder 436
Stortebeker, Klaus 437 Strabo 96, 98, 99, 106, 118,
121, 334, 335, 336-7
Stralsund 425
Stuart, Charles Edward, ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie'
723
Stuart, James Francis Edward, the ‘Old Pretender' 723
Sturmy, Robert 460-61 submarines 883, 887
German U-boats 881, 882, 888, 891
Sudan 78, 174
slave castration in Coptic monastery on Mount Jebel-Eter 832
Suez Canal xviii, 848-51, 857, 859, 866, 867 closure (1956) 896 nationalization 896 sugar xxiii, 104, 118, 154, 238, 429, 454, 459, 485, 5oo-5oi, 545, 676, 717, 718, 772
Barbadian 768
Bermudan 766 Brazilian 745, 748, 753 and Britain/England 657,
768, 881
and the Canaries 589-90 cane i2
Caribbean 582, 589-90, 748, 766, 768-9
Columbus and sugar trade 525, 589
Cuban 59i
the Danes, and sugar from West Indies 721 equipment for manufacturing 721 and Flanders 486, 669 global reach of sugar trade 877
and Hispaniola 582, 589-90, 768-9
Jamaican 777, 779 from La Gomera 589 Madeiran xxiii, 464, 485, 486, 501, 561, 562, 748, 749 mills 486, 589, 749 and Moroccans 839 sugar - cont.
and the ‘Muscateers’ 831 plantations 582, 683,
748, 749, 768, 774, 777, 831
and the Portuguese 669,
697
and Säo Tome 493
and slavery 582, 584, 589, 749, 762, 768,831
and tea trade 768, 839 Sugawara no Michizane 201 Suione boats 342-3 Sulayman of Basra 171-2, 183-4,185
Süleyman the Magnificent/ Lawgiver 603, 604, 605, 607
Süleyman Pasha, Hadim
605, 608
sulphur 391
Sumatra 147, 149, 157, 159, 233, 244, 261, 264, 269, 273, 279, 606, 740, 821
Chinese piracy off 293 copper 160
East India Company base in 831
E I C pepper factory, Bencoolen 761, 820
Lancaster in 689
Palembang see
Palembang, Indonesia
Paramesvara and Javan rule 287, 289-90
and the Portuguese 578 Sri Vijaya see
Sri Vijaya
and Thailand 279
tin 160
Sumbal, Samuel 836
Sumer/Sumerians 46, 47,
50, 55-70
boats 57
and Dilmun see Dilmun and Indus Valley 62 literature 55 myths 55, 56, 67
pottery 61
seals 63-4
trade 57-62
Sunbay (slave girl) 553
Sunda (Pleistocene island bridge linking south-east Asia to Sahul) 7
Sunda Strait 606, 736, 787, 821, 868
Sunni Muslims 295, 594,
705
Turks 599
Surabaya 268-9
Surat (Armenian merchant)
706
Suryavarman II 244 Sutton Hoo ship burial 349 Svantovit (god) 425
Svein Asleifarson 363, 373 Svein Forkbeard of
Denmark 361, 375, 401-2
Sverre of Norway 444 Sveti Pavel 804 Swahili coast 519, 545-6,
831, 833
Swan Hellenic 900 Sweden xxi, 322, 342, 364-5, 426, 427 and west Africa 716-17 and Baltic conquest 421, 422, 677
boats 342, 365 and the British 725 and China 725, 726 and the Danes 724 and the Dutch 718, 724 and a ‘General
Commercial Company for Asia, Africa, America and
Magellanica ’ 716-17 global trading network
709
Gotland see Gotland
and Great Northern War
802
and Guinea 716, 718 invasion of Jutland 685 iron 724
rune stones 368 and Russia 802 and silk 724, 725 and silver 724-5 Swedish East India
Company 723-6 Swedish Vikings 362 and tea 709, 725, 871 trade 709, 722, 724-6,
871
Varangian merchants from 423
sweet potato 12, 29, 37, 493
Swift, Jonathan: Gulliver’s Travels 693
Swire, John 866-7 Swire family 867
Switzerland 889
Sword Brethren 420, 421 swords 233, 342, 740
Atlantic Bronze Age 317-19
Carp's Tongue 318
Mongol 227
Ryukyu 233, 234 scimitars 318 of Yavanas 114
Sydney 813
Syria 70, 79, 598
Mamluks 265 under the Ottomans 594, 601
under Ptolemies 94, 97 and Second Crusade 423 under Seleucids 94 and Ubaid 54
Syros island 873
Szczecin (Stettin) 423, 452
Tacitus: Germania 342-3, 344, 345
T'aeryom of Silla 193, 196, 197
Tahiti/Tahitians 20, 21, 25-6, 810-12, 813
Raiateans 13
Taino Indians 518-19, 521-2, 527, 528, 529, 530-31, 537, 555, 582-3, 585, 588, 591, 592
Taira clan 217, 230
Taiwan 6, 208, 278, 653, 693 prehistoric culture 11-13 and Republic of China 892-3
and South China Sea 908
Taizu 239
Takashima island 227
Takeno Joo 649
Takezaki Suenaga 223-4, 225-6
Tale of Genji 194, 198, 215 ‘Tale of the Shipwrecked
Sailor' 74
Talepakemalai 15
Tallinn 421, 433, 438, 439 tallow 381, 473, 678, 721 Talmud 80
Tamemoto no Minamoto
230
Tamil language 112
Tamils 52, 160, 183
Chola 174, 273 merchants 244 in Singapore 823
Tan Tock Seng 823 Tanegashima 637 Tangier 479
battle of 484 Tannenberg, battle of 452 Tantalus 891 Taprobane 109 see also
Ceylon
tar 721 taro 25, 178 Tarragona 346 Tarshish 81, 82
Tartessos 81, 322, 330, 332 Tartu 438
Tasman, Abel Janszoon
31-2, 741-3 Tasmania 7, 741-2, 743 Taunton cottons 750 Tavira 478, 479 taxation
in Alexandria 595 on Arctic shipping passing Novaya Zemlya 801
Chinese 239, 240; customs rates on luxury goods 241-2, 273; and Macau 639; from Quanzhou trade 244, 273; ‘Single Whip' taxes and silver payments 624 on cod 562 coffee import duties 831 customs to Portuguese at Indian Ocean stations 606
on Danish Sound shipping 801
English exemptions 455 on fur trade 804 and Gibraltar 801 under Harald Fairhair
363
and Isaac the Jew 186 of Koreans by Japanese 192
Madeira's trade tax exemption 486
Mamluk 594, 595 on merchants xviii, 109, 450; and England's Carta Mercatoria 450, 469
of non-Muslims in Aden
181
Omani 833-4
Ottoman tax in Egypt 603
papal tax, ‘Peter's Pence'
403
Portuguese: on Asian shippmg 635, 751; avoidance in Cape Verde through using cloths as currency 754; customs duties avoided by Portuguese merchants 745; unloading of cargoes in transit to avoid 745, 751
‘Single Whip' and silver payments 624
of spice traffic 181, 187 on tea 725, 726, 784 and trade agreements 838-9 tea xxi, 207, 215-16, 230, 246, 649, 715, 724, 809, 816
‘Afriat Tea' 839 bowls 216, 230, 649 and Britain 724, 725, 726 bushes 725 ceremonies 216, 649 clippers 866 fake 710-11 gatherings 649 herbal 784 and Japan 215-16, 230, 649, 847
lodge 216
and New England 781 and the sugar trade 768,
839
taxes on 725, 726, 784 trade 706, 709-11, 725, 726, 790, 860; Danish 709, 715; English Tea Act and EIC 784; global reach of 877; and Moroccans 839; North American 781, 783-4, 789; Scandinavian pick of best teas 725; and sugar 768, 839; Swedish 709, 725, 871 teacups 715, 725 teak 106, 122, 642 Teide, Mount 472 Teixeira family 701 Teldo (Venetian messenger) 595-8 telegraph cables 864, 877,
907
Tell el-Kheleifeh 83
Tell Qasile 83
Temasek 279, 282, 283, 285, 286 see also Singapore
Tenerife 472, 488, 501, 505
Tengah/Muhammad 291-2, 293
Terceira, Azores 488, 504, 745, 750
Ternate 576, 577, 580, 606
Dutch in 684 sultan of 568
Tetouan, Morocco 839
Teutonic Knights/Order 420-21, 428, 436, 437, 441, 452
Thailand 113, 117, 137 and Ayutthaya 290 boats 278 ‘eaglewood' 278 merchants in South
China Sea 240 pottery 232 and Siam 279 and Sumatra 279
Thaj 93-5
Thames 807
Thames, River 360, 369
Theodoric, king of Metz 348
Thirty Years War 714
Thomas (cog) 456-7
Thomas, Hugh 627
Thomas Aquinas 499, 680
Thorne, Robert, the elder 534, 657
Thorne, Robert, the younger 657
Thorne family 657 Thousand and One Nights see Arabian Nights
Three Kings, battle of the 479
Thule 337
Tianfei/Mazu (sea goddess) 258, 261, 268, 823
Tibet 706
tides
Atlantic 306, 336 Brittany 328
English Channel 321 Indian Ocean 103, 107
Tidore 576-7, 580, 606
Dutch in 684 sultan of 568, 576
Tierra del Fuego 572, 718, 727
tigers 64
skins 194, 278
Tigris 50, 52
Timbuktu 500, 501, 509
Timor 578, 734
tin 108, 320-21, 324, 461 Atlantic tin trade 332-8 Cornish 302 in Haithabu 366 ingots 164
Malayan 164, 868
Sumatran 160
Tintam, John 507
Tirpitz, Alfred von 881, 887 Titanic, RMS 860, 870 Titus 113
Tlingits 808, 809
tobacco 643, 709, 717, 721, 766, 767, 772, 803, 840
Tobago, Caribbean 719
Todaiji temple, Nara 194,
202
Togen Eien 221-2
Toi 32, 35-6
Tokyo
Bay 846
as Edo see Edo, Japan
Toledo, Francisco de 730 Tolosa plains battle (Las
Navas de Tolosa) 468
Tomber, Roberta 116 tombs see also burial
chambered/vaulted 311, 324
monumental 59, 61 Neolithic 308, 309, 311,
312
Orkney 311 passage tombs 308, 313 royal 287
Sardinian 324
Tonga 19
Tongking, Gulf of 136 tools
axes see axes
farm 221
Mesolithic 304, 306 Polynesian 15, 16, 24 in Ro^a do Casal do
Meiro tomb 324 stone 53, 91, 304, 314,
316
topaz 141
Topia 553
Topsham, Devon 314 torpedoes 882, 890
Torres, Luis de 527, 731-3 Torres Strait 9-10, 733 Torsdesillas, Treaty of 537,
541,611
Torshavn 383 tortoiseshell 105, 109, 118, 121, 130, 135, 198 Tortuga island 773-4 Toscanelli, Paolo 524 Tostig 361-2, 377 trade
African 510-11, 592; between Gluckstadt and Guinea 719; South African 880; transSahara caravan traffic 475, 834
Anglo-Saxon 355 Armenian 705-8 aromatic see
aromatics; incense; perfumes
Atlantic: Angra as a nodal point 752; and Baltic 721-2; of Copenhagen 721-2; eastern Atlantic from Neolithic times xxii; and Greenland 398, 402-4, 407, 408; Muslim 467; Norse trade with North America 414; tin trade 332-8 at Ayla 167 Baltic 338, 339, 364-5, 366, 367, 418, 420, 427, 428; and Amsterdam 676; and Atlantic 721-2; and the Danes 713, 714, 715-16, 721-2; and the Dutch 675, 676, 677, 685, 686; of Veckinchusens 441 ‘Barbary’ 657 battle for control of maritime trade 526, 594-610, 667
Bermudian 766 Brazilian 560-61, 748, 880; slave trade/ economy 490, 553, 560, 748
British see also trade: English: Canton trade 709, 825; with Japan 846; opium 825-6, 827; strike disruptions 896; through Suez Canal 850-51
Buddhism’s attitude to 236
Caribbean 520, 521, 590; British blocking of trade with North America 780, 781, 785; contraband trade in Spanish islands 771, 772, 776; Havana 592, 617; Hispaniola 586; between Jamaica and the English colonies in North America 777; networks 520, 527; slave trade see slavery/ slaves: Caribbean
Chinese 236-50, 643, 709; Britain and Canton trade 709, 825; with Denmark 709, 712, 714, 725; and ethnic diversity in China 238; fur trade 785-6, 791, 792-6, 797, 806; with Hawai’i 815, 816; Hong downturn after Second World War 893;
Hung’s ban on Chinese merchants trading overseas 219, 220; and imperial court 154, 163-4, 216, 236 -8, 239-40, 241-2, 244, 248, 250; with Iraq 185; with Japan 201-2, 212-20, 228, 638, 647, 649; and Java 163-4; with Khmer Empire 244; with Mexico 592; Ming ban on private trade 257, 261; Ming restrictions on foreign trade 286-7, 289, 290; with Moluccas 574; networks 822-3; with North America/USA 709, 780-96; opium 825-6, 827; with Philippines 620-21, 622-5; porcelain see porcelain: Chinese; with Portugal 627, 636-7, 652; Quanzhou and ‘commercial revolution’ 239, 243-50; with Russia 801, 802, 806, 807, 808-9; with Siam 277; silk 108, 153, 163, 170-71, 172, 239, 242, 244, 652; with Siraf 171-2; Song liberalization 240, 273; South China Sea trade of Quanzhou 244-50; sucking away Chinese cash 188; with Sweden 725, 726; and tribute xix, 236, 257; women's investment 239
Chola 273 Christian trading republics emerging
173 coffee 95, 709, 711, 721,
725, 831 and Confucianism 236 and containers see
containerization copper see copper and crusade 420, 422 Cuban 772 Danish 667, 709, 711-19;
Baltic trade 713, 714, 715-16, 721-2; with China 709, 712, 714, 725; with India 712, 713, 714, 715; and neutrality in Napoleonic Wars 712; slave trade 709, 712, 716, 720, 722; spice trade 714-15; tea trade 709, 715; with West Indies 711-12, 713 Dutch xix, 197, 627, 674,
676; Amsterdam 677; and the Baltic 675, 676, 677, 685, 686; in Brazil 686, 748; cloth 678; with East Indies 678, 682, 684-5; and the English 687-91; in exotic goods 660; grain trade 675, 676-7; herring trade 668, 674, 683,685; intra-Asian trade 674; with Japan 694-5, 846; pepper 678; with Russia 677-8; and Sao Tome 683; and the Spanish 683, 876-7; spice trade 678, 684, 688, 736; and struggle for ocean route supremacy 5, 667, 679-91; in West Indies 683, 686
Dutch-Portuguese struggle in 677, 682-3; and Amboyna control 689-90; and Dutch global trade 678, 679-82; Dutch supplanting of Portuguese trade 668, 674; and Lisbon trade 677, 682 -3, 684; and ocean route supremacy 5, 667, 673-5, 677, 679; Philip Il's ban on Dutch trade 676-7; Philip I I I 's ban on Dutch trade 683, 684; and Portuguese trading stations in west Africa 683; and St Helena 756; and success of Dutch merchant fleets 668; and Viana do Castelo's ignoring of rules 686
Egyptian 70-79; Indian Ocean 70-79, 99-102; with Punt 47, 73, 75, 76-9; Red Sea trade 46, 79, 110-11, 594; and tribute 77
English 448-9, 451-2, 455-6; and Bristol 457-64; and the Dutch 687-91; grain trade 389, 391, 444, 458; with Hansa 419, 453, 458; with Portugal 700; with Russia 659; spice trade see spices/ spice trade: and the English; wine trade 457, 458-9
English Channel
319-20
exotic see exoticism: exotic goods, luxuries and foods exponential and transformative growth of maritime trade 880
free navigation rights and trade rights 679-82, 822
free trade 219, 419, 682, 804, 824-5, 826 French 562-3; Atlantic, from Neolithic times xxii; with China 709
Frisian 352-3, 355 fur see furs/fur trade German 173, 421 see
also Hansa, German; Gluckstadt trade with Guinea
719 and globalization see
globalization grain see grain trade Greek 872-3 and Greenland 398,
402-4, 407, 408 Guinea 504-8, 719, 754;
coast 489, 490, 504, 669, 717
Hanseatic 419-20,
426-8, 429-31, 432-46
Hawai'ian 815-17 Icelandic 390-92,
461-3 illicit, between
Portuguese and Spanish hemispheres 642
Indian 265; ‘country trade' 713, 715, 825; with Denmark 712, 713, 714, 715; and New Julfans 706,
707
Indian Ocean 47, 51-2, 53-4, 90, 99, 149, 238, 241; and Ceylon 118; and Dilmun 66-7; and Egypt 70-79, 99-102; between Gerrha and
Babylonia 94; between Mesopotamia and Indus Valley 66-7, 69; with North America 780-96; and the Omanis 832; and Periplous tes Eruthras thalasses 104-9, 124; and the Romans 52, 110, 877; and Singapore/Temasek 286; and Sri Vijaya 149; and Strait of Malacca 279 see also Melaka (Malacca): Strait of Malacca; Sumerian 57-62 Indo-Roman 52, 110-23,
877 intra-Asian 674, 871 Irish 457
trade - cont.
Japanese 189, 632-3, 647-50; with Britain 846; with China 201-2, 212-20, 228, 638, 647, 649; with the Dutch 694-5, 846; and imperial court 194; imports 194; in Inland Sea 652; with Korea 194, 198, 630; and Macau 638; masked as tribute xix; official/ unofficial distinction 235; with Philippines 629, 648; and Portuguese 652, 654; with Russia 846; with US 846-7
Javanese 163-4 Korean 194, 198, 216,
630 Lapita 15 Levant 460-61 in luxuries see luxury goods
between Madagascar and Melaka 548
and Majapahit 280 and mapmakers 471 Mediterranean centres and the crusades 420 merchant guilds 183, 184, 249
merchants see merchants Mexican: with China
592; with Havana 592, 617
monopolies 233, 277-8, 335, 441, 447, 506, 563, 600, 690, 695, 723, 773, 784 see also East India Company, English; VOC (United East India Company) Moroccan 511, 561, 657, 834-40
‘Muscateer’ involvement with European trade 831-2
Muscovy 659, 678
Norse trade with North America 414
North American see also trade: US : with Bermuda 766; Caribbean trade blocked by British 780, 781, 785; with China,
709, 780-96; fur trade 785-6, 791-6, 816; and Indian Ocean 780-96; with Jamaica 777; with the Norse 414; wheat trade 878 North Sea 353-5, 390, 430; networks 348, 444
Norwegian 390-92, 871-2; and Bergen 443-4; and Hansards 442-6; intra-Asian trade 871
Omani 829, 831-4 opium 824, 825-6, 827, 828
Orkney 373, 444
Pacific: Manila as hub of 618 see also Manila galleons; networks 795, 815-16, 817; role in island societies 15; and Spain 29; Torres Strait islanders 9-10; and the USA 785, 791-5 pearl 54 see also pearls in Persian Gulf 46, 53-4, I70-73
Philippine 614, 617, 620-2I, 622-5, 629, 648; with Manila galleons see Manila galleons
Phoenician 81, 83, 322-3 Portuguese 459, 469-71, 474, 563, 697-703; in Africa 510-11; with Brazil 560-61, 748; in calico cloth 635; with China 627, 636-7, 652; in cotton 635; and the Dutch see trade: Dutch-Portuguese struggle in; with England 700; and global trade networks 470-71, 617, 700-702, 703; and Havana 592, 754; and Japanese 652, 654; mastery of trade routes in all oceans 704; methods 634; and trading stations in west Africa 683
Red Sea 46, 79-84, 96, 174-82, 187; Egyptian 46, 79, 110-11;
Indo-Roman 110-23; as spice route 52, 170-71, 594, 600, 603, 605-6, 672 religion’s intertwining with 144-6 resin see resins role in Pacific island societies 15
Roman: Indo-Roman 52, 110-23, 877; pepper 113-16, 877
Russian 422, 427-8, 839; with China 801, 802, 806, 807, 808-9; with the Dutch 677-8; with East Indies 802; with England 659; fur trade see furs/fur trade: Russian; with Japan 846; and the northern Pacific 800, 803-9 sandalwood see sandalwood
Scandinavian ports serving as northern European distribution centres 722
Siamese 233, 277-8 silk see silk and Singapore/Temasek 286, 288-9, 824-5
Sirafi 171-2
Slav 423 slave see slavery/slaves: slave trade
Socotran 130-31
South American trade with northern European ports 880
South China Sea 137, 138, 140, 141-2, 145, 149, 162-5, 240; and Ayutthaya 278-9; networks 240, 617, 822; and Quanzhou 244-50; and Singapore 288-9; and Sri Vijaya 149
Spanish 455, 634-5; and Caribbean see Caribbean: and the Spanish; and Casa de Contratacion 555; and the Dutch 683, 876-7; fur trade 806; grain trade 587-8; and Havana 592, 617; inter-colonial 592;
methods 634-5; scorned by the nobility 696; between Seville and the Americas 703; slave trade see slavery/ slaves: and the Spanish Spanish inter-colonial
592 spice see spices/spice trade
Spice Islands 574 Sri Vijaya as intermediary between Indian Ocean and
South China Sea trade
149, 273
sugar see sugar Sumatra and Malay peninsula trading empires 131, 133; Sri Vijaya see Sri Vijaya, Sumatra
Sumerian 57-62 Swedish 709, 722,
724-6, 871 taxes and trade
agreements 838-9 tea see tea: trade tin 332-8 and tribute xix, 214, 236,
238, 257 see also tribute
Ubaidi 53-4
US: with China 709,
781, 784-96; fur trade 785-6, 791-6, 816; with Hawai'i 816; international trade of eastern ports 845; with Japan 846-7; and the Pacific 785, 791-5, 845-6; restrictions 879; whaling 845; wheat trade 878 Venetian 594, 595, 601,
675 Welsh 457 wine see wine between Zabaj and
Oman 156 trade routes xvii-xviii, 52 acceleration from 1490s
in linking oceans
517-19 between Alexandria and
India/Ceylon 103 around Cape Horn 785,
791-2, 793, 807, 845,
851,875
Atlantic ports to Indian Ocean 606
from Aydhab and Qusayr to Far East 179 battle for control of maritime routes 526, 594-610, 667 of Bronze Age Greece
314
Buddhism’s spread along xx, 146, 166
Caribbean 521 between China and India
125, 137, 138-9 described by Carletti 648 and Dilmun 61, 65, 66-9 Dutch struggle/ supremacy in ocean routes 5, 667, 679-91 between England and Alexandria 848-9 and globalization xvi-xvii, 879 Greco-Roman route linking Egypt with south India xviii, 106-10, 877 Hanseatic 424-5, 438 and Hormuz 598 Indian Ocean 124; to Atlantic ports 606; between Egypt and the Indies 99-102; ‘Silk Route of the Sea’ see Indian Ocean: ‘Silk Route of the Sea’; to South China Sea 255, 272, 338
Islam’s spread along 146, 166
between Macau and Japan 635
networks of see trading networks
overland xix-xx, 99; for amber 339-42; between Ayla and Gaza 167; and Hormuz 598; through Petra 167; Silk Road see Silk Road
across Pacific 29, 648 through Panama Canal 859
from Persian Gulf: in 8th century 170-71; to India 184
Portuguese mastery of oceanic routes 704 Red Sea highway 70, 111-13, 166-7, 181-2, 517, 594, 600, 603, 605-6, 634, 672 shifts in southern France with La Tene culture
334-5
Silk Road see Silk
Road
from Siraf to India
184 across South China Sea
138, 241, 250, 272, 606; to Indian Ocean 255, 272, 338
Spanish control of Pacific routes 29 spice routes 52, 170-71, 173, 523, 600, 606, 617, 672
and Strait of Gibraltar 470, 475 see also Gibraltar: Strait of through Suez Canal
849-51, 866 transatlantic 562-4,
606
across Yellow Sea 649 trade winds 16 trading diasporas
697-708 trading licences 634 trading networks Aden as nodal point in
global network 182 Alander 874-6 Armenian 705-8 Atlantic 302, 391-2; and
the Azores 751-2;
Bahama 520; between islands 488; links with Mediterranean 470, 517; and Manila galleons see Manila galleons and Ayutthaya 278-9 Bahama 520 between Baltic and
North Sea 366 Caribbean 520, 527 centring on the Azores
488
Chinese 822-3 and date palms 53 Dutch network in East
Indies 684-5, 688, 689-90, 821 exploiting Portuguese
control loopholes 745 trading networks - cont. global 182, 188, 594, 643; and Cape Verde 752-5; of the Danes 709; and European weapons arriving in Far East 644; and Hawai'i 815-16, 817; and introduction of alien plants 643-4, 752; and Portugal 470-71, 617, 700-702, 703; and Scandinavia as centre of interconnected global operations 711; of the Swedes 709 between Hamburg and South America 880
Hanseatic 444 between Iceland and
Norway 391-2
India as interchange point between 187 of Indian Ocean 43, 90, 93, 124, 125, 147, 167-70, 279 between Indonesia and
Malaya 147 and interconnection of oceans xxi
Japanese 647-8 Lapita 15, 19 linking Mediterranean to
Indian Ocean 167-70 and Madeira 748-50 and Manila 620-22 Mediterranean 322, 338;
and the Dutch 676, 682; links with Atlantic networks 470, 517
and Melaka 272, 295, 569, 636
North Sea 348, 444 Norwegian shipping network 391-2, 871
Pacific 795, 815-16, 817 Portuguese 470-71, 617, 700-705 of primary produce xix and Ryukyu Islands 231-4, 614
Sephardic 838, 840 and Seville 586 South China Sea 240, 617, 822 of Sri Vijaya and South
China Sea 148-65 and Sumatra 233 in Torres Strait 10
Tranquebar, India 713,
714, 715
Transoxiana 170 treasure ships 774 in Caribbean 763, 764-5 Chinese 254, 259, 260,
266, 267
Spanish 665, 673, 686, 764-5, 851
Trekh Sviatitelei 794 Trevor-Roper, Hugh xxiv Tri Buana 283-4, 287 tribute 21, 26, 77, 230 and China xix, 142, 236,
238, 257, 262, 270,
281, 293, 622 food tribute to chieftains
on Hawaiki 38 Frisian 360 in gold 546 and Japan 192, 213, 215 Korean 192 and Manila 618 and Melaka 295 Mongols' demand for
223, 279
from People of the Sea 213 Russian, on people of
Siberia 801 and Siam 277, 295 silver 360 and trade xix, 214, 236,
238, 257 from Zanzibar 546
Trier 342
Trieste 851, 872 Trinidad 521, 592
Trinidad 577 Trinity 463-4
Trinity College, Cambridge
905 Tristan da Cunha 755, 758 Triton 787
Trujillo, Rafael 586 Tryall/Trial 737
Tsushima island 191, 195,
204, 216, 218, 224 Korean invasion 223, 225 Mongol invasion 223 Tuamoto 26
Tuareg Berbers 500 Tudors 534
Tun-sun 144 tuna 196, 467 tunny-fishing 54
Tunisia 173, 182, 184, 186 Tupac Inca Yupanqui 727
Tupaia (Polynesian navigator) 16-17, 31, 812-13
Tupi Indians 553, 560, 561 Tupinamba Indians 519 Turks/Ottomans 318, 456, 536, 537, 601-10 and Basra 604, 606 Constantinople's fall to 460, 594 and Diu 602 and Egypt 601-2, 603 Franco-Ottoman alliance
603
and Hormuz 608 and India 603, 605 and Indian Ocean 601-10; Ottoman- Portuguese conflict 549, 594, 599-607, 6i° and Italy 601 and Mamluks 600 and Mediterranean 604,
607 and Melaka 577, 607 and the Moluccas 607 navies 566 Ottoman government of
Iraq 831 and Persian Gulf 604,
606
and Persians 599, 604 and the Portuguese 600,
602 -3, 607 printing refusals 608 and Red Sea 601, 602,
603, 604, 605, 608 ships see boats/ships:
Ottoman and the spice trade 602,
603
sugar supplies threatened
by 485
Sunni Turks 599 and Syria 594, 601 and Venetians 595, 603,
607
and Yemen 603-4 turquoise 99, 107 turtles 9, 10, 105, 112, 278 Tuscany 486, 682
Livorno see Livorno
Tyneside 869 typhoons 146, 176, 226,
228, 245, 620, 623, 637, 643
Tyre 81-2, 83
Tyrkir (German slave) 410,
411
U-boats 881, 882, 888, 891 U Thong 277
Ubaid 53-4
Ulf the Unwashed 342 ‘Umar, Caliph 167
Umm an-Nar 52, 61, 65, 67 Unalaska Island 793
UNCTAD (United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 901
UNESCO 908
United American Company 805
United East India Company, Danish (later Danish Asiatic Company) 712, 714
United East India Company, Dutch see VOC (United East India Company)
United Nations 894-6
Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 901
UNESCO 908
United States of America aircraft 898
American Standards
Association 903 anti-Semitism 884 boundary with Canada
794
and Britain 852, 864, 878
California acquired by
852
and the Caribbean 856, 857, 858
and China 709, 781, 787-96, 893
Colon settlement,
Panama 854
Congress 884, 885 container shipping 901-4 and Cuba 856 and Cunard 884-7 dockworkers 901 empire-building 856 and the Falklands 795 first generation millionaires 796
and First World War 882
Florida see Florida and Germany see Germany: and the USA and Hawai'i 816, 817, 856, 859
immigration policies 884-5
and Indian Ocean 781-2, 795
and ivory 833
and Japan see Japan/ Japanese: and the USA and Macau 806 merchant fleets 856-7 merchants 795 and Mexico 846 naval power 856 and Oman 833 and the Pacific 785, 791-5, 845-6
and Panama Canal
852-4, 856-9 and the Philippines 856 and Puerto Rico 856 racism 884 railway network 790 and Second World War
888, 890
ships see boats/ships: American
and Spain 856 trade see trade: U S US Virgin Islands 720 Vietnam War 904 whaling 845 wheat 878
Uperi 65 Uppsala 367 Ur 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64,
66, 69
Ur-Nammu 58 Ur-Nanse of Lagash 65 Urdaneta, Andres de 580, 611, 616
Urnfield Culture 317 Usipi tribe 344
Usque, Samuel 494 Usselinx, Willem 717 Uti-napishtim 56 Utrecht, Peace of 453 uxers 474
Uzbekistan 170
Vaaz brothers 703 Vajrabodhi 149 Valdemar I of Denmark
425 Valdemar I V Atterdag 425 Valencia 478, 485, 492, 532 Valignano, Alessandro di
645-6, 647, 653 Vancouver Island 786, 791,
793, 816 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 854
Vanuatu 14, 19, 732 Varangians 362, 364, 367,
423 Vardo/Wardhouse 666 Varthema, Ludovico di 569 Vaz, Tristao 483, 485 Veckinchusen, Hildebrand
von 438, 439 -40, 441-2
Veckinchusen, Sivert von 438, 439-41, 442
Vega, Lope de 704 vegetarianism 230 Velazquez, Diego 591
Velloso (Spanish landowner) 589
Venables, Robert 770 Veneti 328, 330-31 Venezuela 551-2, 590
and the Dutch 683, 684 salt 683, 684, 685 Venice/Venetians 188, 415, 420, 454, 470, 676, 701
and Alexandria 460, 601 and Antwerp 669-70, 672
Armenian printing house
708
and copper 672
and cruise ships 900 galleys 669-72 glassware 660, 688, 754 merchants 594, 682 and Ottomans 595, 603, 607
and pepper 544, 545
and silver 672
and the spice trade 595, 675
trade 594, 595, 601
Venetian-Mamluk treaties and relations 595-8, 600
Vera Cruz harbour, Austrialia del Espiritu Santo 732
Veracruz, Mexico 591, 617, 764, 847
verdigris 217
Verrazano, Giovanni da
562- 4, 661
Verrazano, Girolamo da
563- 4
Vespucci, Amerigo 517, 523, 525, 526, 550-53, 556, 560, 566, 610
and Cabral 542
and Columbus 526
and de la Cosa 553-4
Viana do Castelo, Portugal 469, 686
Viborg 422
Victoria, Queen 826, 850, 864
Victoria 571, 577, 578, 581 Victoria Harbour 826 Vienna 604
Vietnam 113, 136, 228 and Buddhism 142, 144 and China 136, 139-44, 245, 257
and Christianity 695 Funan see Funan, southern Vietnam
and Hinduism 144 and India 140;
Indianization 140, 144 and Indonesia 143 and Japan 632 merchant communities
from Quanzhou 245 and Mongols 222, 228 and Norway 871 pottery 232 Red River delta 146 and South China
Sea 908
and Temasek 286
War 904
Vikings xix, 243, 299, 347-8, 355, 356, 357-72, 465-7 and Anglo-Saxons 357-62
and Celts 375-6 and Christians 367 cult of the violent hero
363 and Franks 360 and Frisia 360 human sacrifice 367, 368 and Ireland 361, 372,
379- 80, 381
and mixture of Norse and Celtic culture 379 and Orkney 372, 373-9 paganism 364, 367, 379,
388 ships 347, 357, 360-61,
365, 368-7i, 376-7, 467
Swedish 362 ‘Viking diaspora' of Norse settlement
380- 92 and wine 367
Village of the Two Parts, Mina 509
Villalobos, Ruy Lopez de 6i4-i5, 728-9
Villena 323-4 vinegar 5i0, 588
Vinland 398, 409, 410-11, 4i4
Virgin Islands, US 720 Virginia 761, 766, 767 Virginia Company 766 Visby, Sweden 418, 419, 423, 424, 425, 426-7, 449
Vishnu statues 159 Vitalienbruder 436, 437, 447
vitamin C 573
Vivaldi brothers 471, 501 Vix 332
VOC (United East India Company) 677, 684, 685, 688, 692, 695, 713-14, 717, 723, 736 charts 741 ships 736, 738-41 and Tasman 743
Vorontosov, Alexander Romanovich 805
Vorwerk 880
Wadden Sea 354 Wadi Gawasis 78
Wagrians 423 Waldseemuller, Martin, world map 556, 728
Wales 302, 308, 330, 347 Anglesey see Anglesey Bronze Age 316, 317 copper 302 coracles 331 gold 302 promontory forts 328 trade 457 Viking raids 361 Vikings and Welsh slaves
379 wallabies 9 Wallace, Alfred Russel 158 Wallacea 7
Wallem, Haakon 872
Wallem shipping company 890
Wallis, Samuel 810, 811 walnuts 114 walrus 391, 397-8
hide 398 ivory 408 tusks/ivory xix, 385, 391, 397, 406
‘Wanderer, The' 350
Wando island 209-10
Wang Dayuan 279, 285-6,
289
Descriptions of the Barbarians of the Isles 285-6
Wang Gung-Wu 138, 139
Wang Hong 637
Wang Liang 207-8
Wang No 201
Wang Yuanmao 245-6 Wardhouse/Vardo 666 Warwick, Robert Rich, 2nd
Earl of 719 Washington, George 792 watercress 643 watermelons 178 Watson, Andrew xxiii wax 427, 428, 444, 470,
503, 678, 682 weapons
axes see axes
bronze 316, 317, 319-20 cannon see cannon from Danish colonial empire 721
European weapons arriving in Far East 644
of hardened wood 472
Japanese 213, 222,232
of raiders 342, 343 spears 104, 321, 342, 736, 793
stone 472
swords see swords
Wei 136
Welser family and banking house of Augsburg 589, 590, 672
Welwod, William 679, 681 Wends 423-4
Weng Chao 245
Wessex 319, 360 West India Company,
Danish 667, 719, 720, 721
West India Company, Dutch 683, 686
West Indies 781 see also Caribbean
Antilles see Antilles
Bahamas see Bahamas and the Canaries 592 Columbus and the term ‘Indies' 46, 517
cotton 588
and the Danes 711-12, 713, 716, 720-22 and the Dutch 683, 686, 783-4
Hispaniola see
Hispaniola
Jamaica see Jamaica and Madeira 749 mules sent from Morocco
to 839
and North American imports/smuggling 780, 783-4
scramble in 17th century for 719-21
and slavery 841
Spanish: Spanish involvement see Caribbean: and the Spanish; Spanish islands see Antilles: Lesser Antilles; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Hispaniola; Jamaica; Puerto Rico; Trinidad and sugar trade 721, 839 trade links with the East
711-12
West Indian workers on Panama Canal 853-4, 855 whales/whaling xxiii, 381, 385, 399, 661 ambergris 180, 467, 766 baleen whales 399, 661; Right whale 659, 661 massive decline in some species of whale 908 Sperm whale 845 and the USA 845 whale blubber 385, 408 whale bones 92, 310 whale meat 196, 323, 381, 385 whale oil 721 whale skins 91 whaling ships 459, 845 Whampoa Island 788, 816 Wharton, Samuel 781 wheat 50, 52, 70, 92, 187, 246, 442, 444, 461, 475, 492, 545, 648
American 878 Azorean 752 English 389, 391, 444 flour 620, 624, 648 globalization and transatlantic wheat trade 878
Madeiran 484, 486 in Qusayr 176-7
Wheeler, Sir Mortimer 103,
121 whisky 904 White Bulgars 171 White Sea 659, 666, 677-8 White Star 886 Wilem, Jan de 713 Wilfred of York 352 William III of England 782 William of Normandy 362 Willibrord 352 Willoughby, Sir Hugh 658,
666
Willoughby, Robert 748-9 Wilson, Woodrow 882 Winchelsea, England 456-7 winds
Atlantic xv, 302, 304, 333, 389, 538, 558, 735-6, 751 around Cape Horn 727, 792, 793
English Channel 321 essential knowledge for navigators 51
Indian Ocean 51, 110 see also monsoons
Mediterranean 322, 324 monsoons see monsoons Pacific 20, 614-15;
easterly 16; and journeys to South America 29; wind system 616, 813 Red Sea 51, 52, 117 Roaring Forties xv,
735-6
trade winds 16 typhoons see typhoons Windsor, Treaty of 469 wine xix, 106, 112, 115, 331, 432, 439, 444, 449, 491, 665 amphorae 119-20 Azorean 751 and Bristol 458-9 Canary 592, 688 English wine trade 457, 458-9
French 458-9, 675 Indian imports 116
Italian 104, 115, 116 Madeiran 748, 749-50 Malmsey 455, 748 merchants 457, 458-9 Moselle 675 palm wine 574, 688, 754 Portuguese 459, 469, 647 Rhineland 353, 367, 448 rice wine 286, 648 Spanish 459, 633 Syrian 104 and Winchelsea 457 Winsemius, Albert 894-6 Witte Leeuw 756 woad 455, 459, 488 Wolff, Gustav 870 Wolin 367 Wolof cavalry 502 wolves 306 women
of Bergen 446
Chinese men taking
Filipino wives 625
Chinese women investing in trade 239
enslaved 347, 379, 386, 553
Greenland 406
Hawai'ian 814, 815 labouring in Panama 858 maritime role xix
Neolithic body sizes 307 pagan Scandinavian women in Faroes 383
Polynesian 810 prostitutes 823 shipowners 111 slaves 137-8, 347, 379, 386, 553, 823 Wonders of India 186 wood 65, 414
in Algarve 467 aromatic/perfumed 80, 233, 278, 648 see also sapanwood
brazilwood 560, 561, 676 cassia 99
cedar 73, 78, 80, 81, 122, 259
from dismantled ships 122-3
driftwood 276, 380-81, 399, 408, 452, 661 fine/precious woods 57, 63, 106, 247 see also ebony; sandalwood; teak
Finnish timber 724 firewood 246
Inuit search for timber
399-400 larch 408 limewood 339 Madeiran 484, 485, 749 oak 78, 331, 339, 343, 354, 369
pine 73, 78, 343, 371
wood - cont.
Portuguese timber 484 sandalwood see sandalwood on Sao Tome 493 sapanwood 232, 233, 234, 278 teak 106, 122, 642 Thai ‘eaglewood’ 278 weapons of hardened
472 wool xix, 58, 352, 353,
448
and Calais 455
English 45O, 453, 454, 456, 460, 866 and Florence 454 and the Genoese 454-5 Merino 475
Taunton cottons, made of 750
woollen cloth 353, 400, 441, 451, 866
Woolley, Sir Leonard 60 World Heritage Sites 908 world maps 472, 556, 661-2, 745 see also globes
Babylonian 50
Catalan 500 de la Cosa 554
Dieppe maps 733-4
Hereford mappamundi 50 Mercator 572, 657-8, 661, 728
Ortelius 728
Piri Reis 607-10
Ptolemy 727 Waldseemuller 556, 728 ‘World Ocean’ xvi world wars see First World
War; Second World War Wurst 429
Wuzung 208 Wyse, Lucien Napoleon
Bonaparte 854-5
Xerxes 89
Xia Yuan-ji 267, 268 Xuan-de 267, 268, 270,
293-4
yams 12, 132, 493, 752 Yangtze River 136, 205,
259, 260, 268, 866 estuary 199, 245
Yangzhou 199, 206 Yanyuwa people 10
Yarhibol (god) 114
Yaroslav III of Novgorod
427 Yavan 82
Yavanas 114, 116, 118-19,
129 Yazd-bozed 161 yellow fever 853-4, 855,
858
Yellow Sea 6, 43, 200, 649 Yemen 62, 71, 73, 78, 166,
254, 595, 603-4 see also Himyar coffee trade 831 Jews in 181, 182 and Mouza 105 and Socotra 128 Zheng He in 265
Yepoti 145
Yi Sun-sin 651 Yijing 149, 160
Yin Qing 255, 293 Yokohama 846, 892
Yolpu people 10 Yomjang 211
Yong-le (Zhu Di) 251-4,
255-6, 257, 259,
263-4, 267, 281
York 353, 361 Yoshimitsu 235, 251-2
Ypres 440-41 Yucatan peninsula 592-3
Yueh people 135-7 Yunnan 257-9
Yusuf (Dhu Nuwas) 166-8
Zabaj 155-9 see also Sri Vijaya, Sumatra
Zacuto, Abraham 536-7 Zaikov, Potap 793-5
Zanj 182-3
Zanzibar 104-6, 131-3, 171-2, 176-7, 266-7, 546-7, 829-30, 841 and Oman 831, 832-4
Zanzibar City 833
Zarco, Joäo Goncalves 483-4, 485, 486
Zaytun see Quanzhou zebras 259, 266 Zen 215, 218, 222, 229 vegetarianism 230
Zenkan 230
Zhao Rugua 149, 152, 154, 155, 158, 184-5, 186, 266
Zheng He (Cheng Ho) xvii, xxix, 254-5, 256-69, 278, 280-81, 293, 622, 636
Zhengde Emperor 636 Zhenla 146-7
Zhou Man 267
Zhu Cong 245
Zimbaue 548
Ziryab 170
Ziusudra 56, 67 Zoroastrianism 170, 172,
183
Zoskales 104 Zuhri, az- 369-70
Zuider Zee 677 Zurara, Gomes Eanes de 484, 497-9, 502
Forfinn, Earl 376, 377
Forfinn Karlsefni 411,
412
Forkell the Far-Travelled
400
Forvald 411
More on the topic Index:
- Index
- Index
- INDEX
- Index
- Socioeonomic polarization
- Contents
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