LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTO CREDITS

1. Gold funerary mask from Grave IV (Grave Circle A) at Mycenae, 16th century BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Department of Collection of Prehistoric, Egyptian, Cypriot and Near Eastern Antiquities.

2. Bronze Age fresco from Akrotiri on Thera (Santorini). West House, Room 5 (detail), 16th century BCE. Ephorate of Antiquities of the Cyclades. Photo: Picture Art Collection/Alamy.

3. Lyre Player and Bird Fresco from the Throne Room of Nestor’s palace, Pylos, c. 1300 BCE. Watercolour reconstruction by Piet de Jong. Illustration from Mabel L. Lang, The Palace of Nestor at Pylos in Western Messenia II: The Frescoes (Princeton, NJ: University of Cincinnati and Princeton University Press, 1969). Reproduced by courtesy of The Department of Classics, University of Cincinnati.

4. Clay tablet PY Eq 213 inscribed in Linear B from the palace of Pylos, c. 1200–1180 BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Department of Collection of Prehistoric, Egyptian, Cypriot, and Near Eastern Antiquities. Photo: DEA/G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/Getty Images. Caption information courtesy of John Bennet. Reproduced by permission of the Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund.

5. Marble funerary statue of the Kore Phrasikleia, 550–540 BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Department of Sculpture Collection. © Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports, Archaeological Receipts Fund (NAM inv. no. Γ 4889).

6. Phrasikleia Kore. Full polychromy restoration, displayed at Gods in Color exhibition at the Legion of Honor, San Francisco, 2017. Photo: Wikimedia Commons/R. Mathaler, CC BY-SA 4.0.

7. Marble funerary statue of the Kouros Kroisos, found at Anavyssos, Attica, c. 530 BCE. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Department of Sculpture Collection.

8. Skyphos with scene of courtship by the Amasis Painter, c. 540 BCE. Musee du Louvre, Paris. Photo: © RMN–Grand Palais (Musee du Louvre)/Les frères Chuzeville.

9. Riace warrior, bronze, Statue A, c. 460 BCE. Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Reggio Calabria, Italy. Photo: Luisa Ricciarini/Bridgeman Images.

10. Salamis viewed from the Propylaea, Acropolis, Athens (Lucky/Alamy).

11. Marble relief (Block V) from the East Frieze of the Parthenon. © The Trustees of the British Museum, London.

12. Head of Philip II, King of the Macedonians, ivory carving from the Royal Tomb, Vergina, Greece, 4th century BCE. Archaeological Museum, Thessalonica. Photo: G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini/ Bridgeman Images.

13. Head of Alexander, 325–300 BCE, found at Giannitsa. Archaeological Museum, Pella. Ephorate of Antiquities of Pella, Hellenic Ministry of Culture and Sports. Photo: Ministry of Culture and Sports Archaeological Resources Fund.

14. Alexander confronts Darius III at the Battle of Issus (mosaic from Pompeii, 1st century CE). Museo Archeologico Nazionale, Naples. Photo: Zev Radovan/Bridgeman Images.

15. Panel thought to show the story of the Trojan Horse, Gandhara School, Pakistan, 2nd–3rd century CE. © The Trustees of the British Museum.

16. Portrait bust of Cleopatra VII, c. 40–30 BCE, Altes Museum, Berlin. Photo: Bridgeman Images.

17. Sphinx discovered in the submerged royal quarters of Alexandria’s eastern harbour, 1st century BCE. National Museum of Alexandria, Egypt (283, SCA 450). Photo: Christoph Gerigk © Franck Goddio/Hilti Foundation.

18. The Arch of Hadrian, Athens, photo by Braun, Clement & Cie, negative c. 1869; print c. 1890. J. Paul Getty Museum, Malibu, CA. 87.XM.99.3.

19. Jerash, Jordan. Photo: The author.

20. Marble relief representing part of a leg with an inscription dedicating it from Tyche to Asclepius and Hygieia as a votive offering.

21. Papyrus 46, c. 175–225 CE, containing part of Saint Paul’s First Letter to the Corinthians. Folio 40, beginning 1 Cor. 2:3–3:5. Image courtesy of the University of Michigan Papyrology Collection.

22. Emperor Constantine, monumental head, 4th century. Capitoline Museums, Rome. Photo: Peter Horree/Alamy.

23. The interior of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, from the western gallery. Image © Dumbarton Oaks, Image Collections & Fieldwork Archives, Washington, DC. Photo: Robert Ousterhout, BF.S.1979.10232.

24. Emperor Justinian, detail of mosaic dating from the 6th century, church of S. Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna. Photo: Bible Land Pictures/Alamy.

25. Mosaic panel depicting the Empress Theodora and her retinue, 547, from San Vitale, Ravenna. Photo: Wikimedia Commons/Petar Milošević.

26. Mosaic cross from the period of iconoclasm, apse of the Church of Saint Irene, Constantinople. Photo: Yasin Karabacak.

27. Late Byzantine icon (c. 1400) showing the ‘Triumph of Orthodoxy’, detail. © The Trustees of the British Museum.

28. Alexios I Komnenos, Byzantine school, 12th century. Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatican City. Photo: Granger/Bridgeman Images.

29. John II Komnenos, Byzantine school, mosaic, 12th century from the east end, South Gallery, Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. Photo: G. Dagli Orti/De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images.

30. Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine school. Facsimile of manuscript in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana. Bibliothèque des Arts Decoratifs, Paris. Photo: De Agostini Picture Library/Bridgeman Images.

31. The sack of Constantinople in April 1204, miniature from Croniques abregies commençans au temps de Herode Antipas by David Aubert, 1401–1500, Bibliothèque de l’Arsenal, Paris. Ms-5090 reserve fol 205r (photo: BnF).

32. Theodore Metochites, donor portrait, c. 1316–1321, mosaic in the Kariye Camii (formerly Church of the Chora), Istanbul. Photo: Gezmen/Alamy.

33. Frankish warriors in the Peloponnese, detail from a historiated initial letter in Juan Fernandez de Heredia, The Chronicle of Morea, c.1393. Biblioteca Nacional de España, Madrid, MS 10131, fol. 183r.

34. George Gemistos Plethon, detail from fresco, The Cavalcade of the Magi, 1459, by Benozzo Gozzoli. Palazzo Medici Riccardi, Florence. Photo: Bridgeman Images.

35. Sultan Mehmed II. Ottoman school, 15th–16th century. Topkapı Palace Library, Istanbul. Photo: Werner Forman/UIG/Leemage/Bridgeman Images.

36. The siege of Candia from the Atlas Van Der Hagen, pub. by N. Visscher, c. 1680. Photo: Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague.

37. Phanariot with Armenian costume, 1818–1820, by Gerasimos Pizzamanos. Historical Archives, National Historical Museum, Athens.

38. The Caryatids, Saint Pancras Church, Euston Road, London. Photo: Michael Jenner/Alamy.

39. The Reception of King Otto in Front of the Theseion, Athens, by Peter von Hess, 1839. Neue Pinakothek, Munich. Photo: Leonard de Selva/Bridgeman Images.

40. Greek Independence Day, Sydney Opera House, Australia. Photo © Nick Bourdo.

41. The Parthenon Eurozone, cartoon, 2012. © Andy Davey.

42. I wish you could learn something useful from the past, street art by Dimitris Taxis, 2013, in Kerameikos, Athens. Photo: Julia Tulke, http://aestheticsofcrisis.org.

43. The new National Library of Greece, Stavros Niarchos Foundation Cultural Center, Athens, opened 2017. Photo: National Library of Greece. © NLG Nikos Karanikolas.