Index

Abenakis 27

Acadia 27

Acadians 27, 133

“accommodation” movements 21

Adena and Hopewell peoples 16, 132

Africa 68, 84, 87, 88, 102, 103, 119, 102, 120, 135 see also Ethiopia; South Africa; West African traditions

Africans 132

African Americans 61, 69, 112–113, 120–123, 131

and black nationalism 121

and evangelical Protestantism 120

and Holiness 118, 120

and hoodoo 87

and Islam 121–123

and militant religions

and Pentecostalism 118, 120

and racial identity 120–123

and racial militancy 120–123

and racial tension 65, 84, 85, 86, 87

and voodoo 87

Baha’i 127

Baptist 84–85, 86, 87, 120

Black Hebrews 121

Buddhist 109

Episcopalian 85, 86

Free Black Methodist 84–85

Hebrews 121

Methodist 64, 84, 84–85, 86, 87, 120

Muslim 102, 103, 121–123

Presbyterian 85, 86–87

Roman Catholic 53, 87

slaves 33, 53, 68, 69, 85–86, 102

see also Black Hebrews; Moorish Science; Nation of Islam; United Negro Improvement Association

African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church 84–85, 86, 87, 133

African Methodist Episcopal Zion (AMEZ) Church 85, 86, 87, 133

African Orthodox Church 121, 135

African slave trade 102

African Union First Colored Methodist Protestant Church 86

Alabama 60, 119

Alaska 28–29, 98, 99, 128, 133, 134

Albania 98

Albanian Americans 102

and ethnic identity 99

and ethnic tension 99

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99, 101

Muslim 103

Albany (NY) 47, 78

Aleutian Islands 29, 98

Algonkians 12

Alibamons 27

Ali, Husayn 125–126

Ali, Noble Drew (Timothy Drew) 122

alii 19

Allen, Richard 84

aloha 19

Amana Church Society 79

Amana colony 79, 134

American Baptist Home Mission Society (ABHMS) 66

American Bible Society 66

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) 66, 67, 68, 133

American Christian Missionary Society 71

American Home Mission Society (AHMS) 66, 133

American Muslim Council 103

American Muslim Mission 123, 135

American Revolution 30, 31, 33, 37, 38, 39, 43, 44, 49, 55, 56, 57, 84

American Sunday School Union 66

American Tract Scoiety 66

American Unitarian Association 72, 133

Amish 50, 51, 129, 131, 132

Amman, Jakob 50

Amsterdam (Netherlands) 52

Anabaptists 50–51

Andover Seminary 62, 68, 72

Anglican Church 30, 31, 32–33, 36, 57, 132

disestablishment of 39, 56, 57, 132

Anglicanism 32–33, 37, 56, 58, 72, 121, 129

Anglicans 37, 56, 57, 58

Antigua 121

Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America 99

Apaches (Mescalero) 21

“Apostolic Faith” movement 118

Appalachia 118

Appalachian Mountains 31, 64, 66

Arab Americans 102, 103

Muslim 103

Arctic 14

Arizona 25, 83, 103, 132

Arkansas 27, 70

Armenian Americans

and ethnic identity 99

Eastern Orthodox 99

Asbury College 64

Asbury, Francis 44, 45

Asia 11, 68, 69, 88, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 111, 119, 134, 135

Asia Minor 100

Asian Americans 102, 103, 131

and Pentecostalism 118, 119

Asian religions 61, 74, 113, 124, 125 see also Buddhism; Confucianism; Daoism; Hinduism; Jainism; Shintoism; Sikhism

Assemblies of God 113, 119, 135

Association of Pentecostal Churches 117

Atlanta (GA) 87, 94, 123

Atlantic Ocean 22, 29, 30, 32, 34, 48, 52, 56, 94

Augustinians 24

aumakua 18

Australia 125

Austria-Hungary 92

Austro-Hungarian Americans

Jewish, 94

Roman Catholic, 92

Avalon colony 52

Azusa Street revival 118, 119, 134

Baha’i faith 124, 125–127, 134

Baha’u’llah see Ali, Husayn

Balkans 102

Baltimore (MD) 44, 45, 54, 87, 91, 94, 133

Baptism (denomination) 31, 68, 114, 132

Baptist missionary activity see missionary activity

Baptists 10–11, 31, 32, 33, 37, 42–43, 44, 56, 57, 60, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 73, 84–85, 86, 87, 120, 122, 129, 130, 131, 133 see also African Americans

Bardstown (KY) 91

Bath Co.

Bavarian Americans Jewish 94

beat generation 110

Beaver Island 82

Beissel, Conrad 56

Belavin, Tikhon 98

Belleville (VA) 121

“Benevolent Empire” 60, 66, 68

Beringia 12, 14, 18

Bering Sea 10–11, 12, 28, 128

Bering, Vitus 28

Berkeley (CA) 111

Berks County (PA) 51

Bethlehem (PA) 51

Bible Presbyterian Church 114

Bingham, Hiram 68

Bitterroot Valley 67

Blackfoot (Native Americans) 67

Black Hawk 20, 133

Black Hebrews 121

Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna 74

Bombay 68

Book of Mormon 80

Boston (MA) 47, 72, 73, 74, 76, 77, 85, 91, 123

Boudinot, Elias 67

Brannan, Sam 82

Brazil 52

Brethren (Dunkers) 50, 51, 56, 132

British 22

Brook Farm 73, 133

Brooklyn (NY) 95, 96

Brush Run Church 70

Buddha’s Universal Church 109

Buddhism 74, 88, 89, 104, 108–111, 127, 134

Americanization of 109, 110, 111

“ethnic” 108, 108–109, 111

“export” 108, 110–111, 111

Jodo Shinshu (True Pure Land) 109, 134

Mahayana 108, 109

Nichiren Shoshu 109–110

Rinzai 110, 111

Soto 110, 111

Theravada 108

Vajrayana (Tibetan) 108, 135

Zen 110–111, 135

Buddhist Churches of America (BCA) 109, 135

Buddhist Mission of North America (BMNA) 109, 134

Buddhists

African American 110

Chinese American 108, 108–109, 111, 134, 135

Japanese American 108, 109–110, 111

Korean American 111

Latino American 110

Tibetan American 108, 111

Vietnamese American 111

white American 108, 110, 110–111

Buddhist Society in America 111

Buffalo (NY) 73, 79, 92, 102

Bulgaria 98

Bulgarian Americans

and ethnic identity 99

and ethnic tension 99

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99

Bulgarian Eastern Orthodox Church 99

Burma 68

“burned-over district” 62–63, 74, 78, 80, 116

Byelorussian Americans Eastern Orthodox 101

Caddos 21

Cahokia 16

Cajuns 27

California 25, 61, 66, 67, 73, 74, 76, 79, 82, 90, 93, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 110, 111, 113, 120, 125, 127, 131, 133

Calvert family 52, 132

Calvinism 31, 35, 42, 56, 58, 112

Calvinists 38

Cambodia 126

Cambodian Americans Baha’i 127

Cambridge Platform 35

Campbell, Alexander 70

Campbell, Thomas 70

Campbellites 81

camp meetings 62, 64, 116

Cane Ridge revival 62, 64, 70, 133

Cape Cod 41

Caribbean 24, 87, 88, 119

Carolinas 39, 42, 50, 60, 62, 70, 118 see also North Carolina; South Carolina

Carter, Jimmy 115

Cartwright, Peter 64

Catholic Church see Roman Catholic Church

Catholicism see Roman Catholicism

Catholics see Roman Catholics

Cayuse 68

Cedar Rapids (IA) 102

Ceylon see Sri Lanka

Central America 93

Central Conference of American Rabbis (CCAR) 94

Channing, William Ellery 72

Charles I 34, 52

Charleston (SC) 47, 52, 57

Chauncy, Charles 58

Cherokees 16, 51, 66–67

Chicago (IL) 73, 74, 76, 77, 89, 92, 94, 102, 104, 110, 114, 121, 122, 127

Chief Joseph 20, 134

China 68, 108, 110, 111

Chinese Americans Buddhist 108–109, 111, 134, 135

Choctaw 27

“Christian Connection” 70

Christian Science 76–77

Christian Science Theological Seminary 77

Churches of Christ 70

Churches of God 131

Church of All Religions 105

Church of Christ, Scientist 76, 134

Church of England 30, 34 see also Anglican Church

Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) 117, 134

Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 113, 119, 134

Church of God and Saints of Christ 121, 134

Church of God in Christ 118–119, 134

Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints see Mormonism

Church of Scientology 125, 135

Church of the Brethren 51

Church of the Higher Life 77

Church of the Nazarene 117, 134

Cincinnati (OH) 70, 91, 94

circuit system 64

“City of James” 82

“civilization find” 67

civil rights 113

Civil War 68, 86, 116

Cleveland (OH) 92, 94

Cold War 113

College of New Jersey 58 see also Princeton College

College of Rhode Island (Brown) 42

colonization

English 24, 27, 30–31

European 10–11, 12, 22–29, 89, 128

French 22, 24, 26–27, 30, 31, 128, 132

Russian 22, 25, 28–29

Spanish 19, 20, 22, 24–25, 26, 29, 30, 102, 128, 132

Colored (Christian) Methodist Episcopal (CME) Church 86, 87, 134

Colored Cumberland Presbyterian Church 86

Colored Presbyterian Church 86–87

Colored Primitive Baptists 86

Columbian Exposition of 1893 89

Columbia River Valley 67

Columbia University 110

Columbus, Christopher 132

Comanches 21

Commandment Keepers Congregation of the Living God 121, 135

Commerce (IL) 81

commercialization 60, 78

communal experiments 61, 63, 78–79 see also names of specific communal experiments

Communism 99, 102, 124

communitarianism 73

Community of True Inspiration see Amana colony

Confucianism 109, 111

Congregationalism 31, 34, 36, 37, 42, 58, 62, 68, 76, 129, 130, 133

Congregationalists 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 56, 58, 60, 66, 72, 129 “New Light” 58

see also Separate Congregationalists; United Church of Christ

Connecticut 33, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 57, 58, 62, 64, 66, 68, 78, 129

Connecticut Valley 56, 73

Conservative Baptist Association of America 114

Constitution 31, 60

Continental Congress 55

Cook, James 19

Council on American Islamic Associations 103

counterculture 110, 113, 124, 131

Creeks 16, 51

Cuban Americans Roman Catholic 93

Cumberland Gap 62

Cumberland Presbyterian Church 62, 133

Dakotas (Native Americans) 67

Dakotas (states) 129

Daoism 89, 109, 111

Davenport James 57, 58

Davies, Samuel 57

Dayton (TN) 115

Dearborn (MI) 102

Delaware 39, 47

Delaware Valley 39, 41, 42, 47, 56, 129

Denver (CO) 77

Deseret 82

Desert Southwest 16

De Smet, Pierre-Jean 67

Detroit (MI) 91, 92, 94, 102, 122

Disciples of Christ 70–71, 114, 129, 131, 133

disestablishment 43, 60

dispensational premillennialism 114

diversity 10, 31 see also pluralism

Divine Science 77

Dominicans 24

Dresser, Julius A.

Dubuque (IA) 91

Dunkers see Brethren

Dutch 22

Dutch Lutherans see Lutherans

Dutch Reformed see Reformed

East 64, 66

Easter Island 18

Eastern Orthodoxy 98–101, 128, 131, 135

and Americanization 101

and ethnic identity 98, 99, 100, 101

see also Russian Orthodoxy; Greek Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodox 88

Albanian American 98, 99, 101

Armenian American 99

Bulgarian American 98, 99

Byelorussian American 101

Egyptian American 99

Greek American 98, 100

Native American 98, 99

Romanian American 98, 99

Russian American 98, 99, 100

Serbian American 98, 99

Syrian American 98, 99

Ukrainian American 98, 99

East Indies 102

East Jersey 41

Ebenezer (NY) 79

Economy (OH) 79

Eddy, Mary Baker 76, 77

Edwards, Jonathan 37, 56, 58

Egyptian Americans 102

and ethnic identity 99

Eastern Orthodox 94

Muslim 103

El Centro (CA) 107

Eliot, John 35, 132

emancipation 86

Emerson, Ralph Waldo 73

England 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 40, 44, 52, 56, 70, 72, 73, 78, 83, 114, 132

English colonies 30–59 passim, 128, 129, 132, 133

English colonization see colonization

Enlightenment 32, 72

Ephrata community 51, 132

Episcopal Church 57, 113

Episcopalianism 129

Episcopalians 60, 85, 86, 129, 131 see also African Americans

Erhard Seminars Training (EST) 125

Erie Canal 62–63

Eskimos 14

Ethiopia 120, 121

ethnic identity

Albanian American 99

and Eastern Orthodoxy 98, 101, 135

Armenian American 99

Bulgarian American 99

Egyptian American 99

German American 90, 91

Greek American 100

Irish American 90

Italian American 92

Jewish American 94, 95, 96

Latino American 93, 113

Polish American 92

Romanian American 99

Serbian American 99

Syrian American 99

Ukrainian American 99

ethnic tension 55, 88

and Albanian Americans 99

and Bulgarian Americans 99

and Eastern Orthodoxy 98

and French Americans 90

and German Americans 90, 92

and Greek Americans 100

and Hispanic Americans 90, 93

and Irish Americans 90, 91, 92, 93

and Italian Americans 92

and Jewish Americans 52, 94, 95

and Muslim Americans 103

and Polish Americans 92

and Romanian Americans 99

and Russian Americans 99, 100

and Serbian Americans 99

and Syrian Americans 99

and Ukrainian Americans 99

Etiwanda (CA) 109

Europe 10–11, 22, 31, 67, 81, 88, 92, 94, 102, 134

Evangelical Association 64

“Evangelical Empire” 65

Evangelicalism 31, 37, 57, 59, 62, 131

evangelical Protestantism see Protestantism

Evanston (IL) 127

evolution 112, 114, 115

“Falasha” Jews 121

Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (USA) 125, 135

Fard, Wallace D.

Farrakhan, Louis 123

Far West 79, 117

Fayette (NY) 80

Federation of Islamic Associations 103

fertility 14

fertility rites 16

Filipino Americans Roman Catholic 93

Finney, Charles Grandison 62, 133

Fire-Baptized Holiness Church 119

First Amendment 31, 133

First Church of Christ, Scientist 76

First Moravian Church 51

First Zen Institute of America 111

Flatheads 67, 68

Florida 24, 74, 87, 103, 113 see also Peninsular Florida religious subregion

Ford, Arnold J. 121

Fox, George 40

Fox, Kate 74

Fox, Margaret 74

France 30, 132

Franciscans 24, 25

Free Methodist Church 116

Frelinghuysen, Theodore 56

French American Roman Catholics 53, 90, 91

and ethnic tension 90

French and Indian War 41, 58–59

French Roman Catholic Louisiana religious subregion 130

French Roman Catholics 26–27 see also French Catholic Louisiana religious subregion

French colonization see colonization

French Reformed see Reformed French Revolution 27

Fruitlands community 73

Fundamentalism 112, 114–115

Gaiwiio 21

Galegina see Boudinot, Elias

Galveston (TX) 92

Ganiodaio (Handsome Lake) 21, 133

Garvey, Marcus 120, 121

General Association of Regular Baptists 114

General Conference (Methodist) 64

Georgia 32, 36, 51, 56, 66, 67, 118

German Americans 56, 57, 129, 130, 132

and ethnic identity 90, 91

and ethnic tension 90, 92

Brethren 50, 51, 56, 132

Jewish 94

Lutheran 48, 49, 132, 133

Methodist 64

Pietists 79

Reformed 48, 49, 51, 132

Roman Catholic 53, 90, 91 see also Amish; Lutheran; Mennonites; Pennsylvania German religious subregion; Reformed; Roman Catholics; Texas German religious subregion

German idealism 73

German Reformed Church 49, 133

Germantown (PA) 48, 50, 51, 56, 132

“German Triangle” 91, 94

Germany 50, 51, 73, 79, 83, 125

Ghost Dance 20, 21, 134

glebes 32

Glorious Revolution 41, 55

Gloucester (MA) 73

Graham, Billy 115, 135

Great Awakening 31, 33, 37, 39, 42–43, 44, 56–59, 64, 72, 73, 132

Great Britain 125

Great Lakes 14, 26, 27, 88, 91, 92

Great Migration 112–113

Great Plains 14, 16, 21, 67, 112

“Great Revival” see Cane Ridge revival

Great Salt Lake Basin 82

Greece 98

Greek Americans and ethnic

identity 100

and ethnic tension 100

Eastern Orthodox 98, 100

Greek Archdiocese of North and South America 100–101, 135

Greek Archdiocese of the United States 135

Greek Orthodox 98, 100–101

Green Corn ceremonies 16

Guale (Georgia) 24

Haiti see Saint Domingue

Handsome Lake see Ganiodaio

Harlem (NY) 92, 113, 120, 121, 122, 123

Harmony (PA) 79, 133

Hartford (CT) 122

Harvard College 35, 37, 58, 72, 132

Harvard Divinity School 73

Hasidic jews see Jews

Hawaii 12, 18–19, 68, 83, 93, 104, 109, 132, 133, 134 see also Sandwich Islands

“haystack prayer meeting” 68

Hazelwood Mission 67

Hebrew Union College 94

heiaus 18, 18–19

Henry VIII 30

higher criticism 112

Hinduism 73, 74, 88, 89, 104–106, 107, 127

“ethnic” 106

“export” 104–106

Westernized 104–105

Hispanic Americans

and ethnic tension 90, 93

Roman Catholic 109

see also Latino Americans

Hispanic Roman Catholic region 93

Holiness 112, 116, 116–117, 117, 118, 119, 120, 130

Holiness Church of Camp Creek 119

Holiness Church of Christ 117

Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity see Unification Church

homosexuals 113

Honolulu (HI) 103, 111

hoodoo 87

Hopis 16

Hopkins, Emma Curtis 77

Houston (TX) 103, 118

Hubbard, L.

Hudson River Valley 47, 48

Huguenots see French Reformed

Hurons 26—27

Hutchinson, Ann 36

Idaho 83

Illinois 27, 70, 100, 119

immigration and immigrants 10, 36, 39, 56, 69, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 119, 120, 124, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135 see also “new” and “recent” immigration

Independence (MO) 68

Independent African Methodist Episcopal Church 87

India 66, 68, 74, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108

Indiana 50, 70, 79

Indian (Asian) Americans 102, 104–107

Hindu 104–106

Sikh 107

Indonesia 12, 18

industrialization 60, 74, 78, 88, 112, 116

institutionalization 112

International Apostolic Holiness Church 117

International Meditation Society 105

International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) 105–106, 135

“invisible institution” 86

Iowa 70, 79, 102

Iowa River 79

Iran 127 see also Persia

Iranian Americans 102

Baha’i 127

Muslim 103

Ireland 38, 43, 44

Irish Americans

and ethnic identity 90

and ethnic tension 90, 91, 92, 93

Roman Catholic 53, 88, 90, 91, 92, 134

Iroquois 12, 17, 21, 26–27

Islam 87, 102–103, 107, 122, 123

Americanization of 103

Shi’ite 126

see also Muslims; Nation of Islam

Israel 96, 102, 121

Israeli Americans Jewish 96

Italian Americans

and ethnic identity 92

and ethnic tension 92

Roman Catholic 92

Jainism 89

Jains 107

James I 34

Jamestown 32, 38, 132

Jamaica 120

Japan 108, 109, 110

Japanese Americans Buddhist 109–110, 111

Japanese Exclusion Act 109

Jarrett, Devereux 57

Jesuits 24, 25, 26–27, 53, 67, 133

Jewish Theological Seminary 94–95

Jewish Americans 24, 31, 52–53, 88, 131

and ethnic identity 94, 95, 96

and ethnic tension 52, 94, 95

Ashkenazic 52, 94, 133

Austro-Hungarian 94

Bavarian 94

German 94

Hasidic 95–96

Israeli 96

Lithuanian 95

Polish 94, 95

Romanian 95

Russian 94, 95

Sephardic 52, 94

South African 96

South American 96

Soviet 96

Ukrainian 95

Jews 31, 52, 132

Jim Crow 113

Joliet, Louis 27

Jordan 102

Jordanian Americans Muslim 102

“joss houses” 109

Judaism 94–97, 127

Conservative 94–95, 95, 96

Orthodox 95, 96, 121

Reform 94, 95, 96

and Americanization 94, 96

and ethnic identity 94, 95, 96

Judeo-Christian tradition 102

Judson, Adoniram 68

Judson, Ann Hasseltine 68

kachinas 16

kahunas 18, 19

Kamehameha I 19

Kamehameha II 68

Kansas City (MO) 77, 117

Kapleau, Philip 110

kapus 18, 19

Kennett, Jiyu 110

Kentucky 45, 60, 62, 70, 79, 82, 91

Khayru’llah, Ibrahim 127

Kiantone (PA) 74

King Philip’s War 35, 132

King’s Chapel 72

Kingston (Jamaica) 121

Kino, Eusebio Francisco 25, 132

Kiowas 21

Kirtland (OH) 81

kiva 16

Kodiak Island (AK) 28, 133

Korean Americans

and Pentecostalism 119

Buddhist 111

Lake Michigan 82, 129

Lanai (HI) 83

Lancaster County (PA) 50

Laos 126

Laotian Americans Baha’i 127

La Pointe (WI) 27

Latin America 11, 68, 69, 88, 119, 135

Latino Americans

and Baha’i faith 126

and Buddhism 110

and ethnic identity 93, 113

and Pentecostalism 119

and Roman Catholicism 93, 130

see also Hispanic Americans

Lawrence (KS) 121

Lebanese Americans 102

Muslim 102

Lebanon 102

Lee, Ann 78

Lee, Jason 67–68

Liberalism 37

Liholiho see Kamehameha II

Lithuania 95, 98

Lithuanian Americans

Jewish 95

Roman Catholic 92

Log College 39, 56, 57

lomilomi 18

London Missionary Society 66

Long Island 36, 38, 39, 57

Los Angeles (CA) 74, 77, 96, 103, 104, 106, 115

Louisiana 24, 27, 90, 128 see also French Catholic Louisiana religious subregion

Louisiana Purchase 90

Lower East Side 95

loyalism 44

Lubavitcher 96

Lutherans 31, 46–49, 60, 130

Dutch 47

German 48, 49, 132, 133

Swedish 47, 132

Lynn (MA) 76

Maine 27, 36, 41, 56, 78

maize agriculture 13, 16

Makemie, Francis 38

Malaysia 18

mana 12, 18, 19

Manchester (NY) 80

“manifest destiny” 61, 66

Manila 102

Manitou 12

Marquesas Islands 12, 18

Marquette, Jacques 27

Maryland 32, 33, 38, 41, 42, 44, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 64, 70, 84, 87, 129, 132

Mason, Charles H. 118

Massachusets (Indians) 35

Massachusetts 33, 37, 38, 42, 56, 57, 58, 66, 68, 72, 73, 78, 100

Massachusetts Bay colony 34, 36, 41

Massachusetts Supreme Court 72

Matthew, Wentworth A.

McGready, James 62

McGuire, George A. 121

Mecca 102, 122, 123

Mediterranean Sea 98, 100

meetinghouse (Puritan) 35

“megachurches” 115

Melanesia 12, 18

Memphis (TN) 118

Mennonite Church 51

Mennonites 31, 50, 51, 129, 131, 132

Mesoamerica 13, 16

metaphysical religions 73, 74–77, 113, 124, 125, 131

Methodism 44–45, 57, 116, 133 see also United Methodist Church

Methodist Episcopal Church 45, 133

Methodist Episcopal Church, South 86

Methodists 57, 58, 60, 62, 64, 65, 67–68, 70, 84–85, 86, 87, 116, 120, 129, 130, 131

African American 65

German 65

Mexican Americans

and Pentecostalism 118

Roman Catholic 88, 90, 93, 128

Mexicans 135

Roman Catholic 88

Mexico 21, 24, 25, 83, 90, 93, 130, 133

Miami (FL) 93, 96

Michigan 27, 70, 102

Micronesia 12, 18

middle colonies 31, 38, 56, 57

Middle East 11, 88, 102, 113, 134, 135

Midland religious region 129, 131

Midwest 41, 70, 71, 74, 76, 78, 88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 103, 112, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 122 see also Upper Middle Western religious region

Million Man March 123, 135

Mills, Samuel J. 68

Milwaukee (WI) 91, 94

Ministerium of Pennsylvania 49, 133

Minnesota 62, 67

missionary activity 66–69

African American 87

Anglican 33

Baptist 66

Buddhist 109, 110, 111, 134

Roman Catholic 24–25, 26–27, 67, 69, 93, 132, 133, 134

Christian 22

Hindu 104

Holiness 119

Jewish 96

Methodist 67–68

Moravian 51

Mormon 81

Pentecostal 119

Presbyterians 38

Protestant 19, 60, 66–69, 133

Puritan 35

Russian Orthodox 28–29

Unification church 124–125, 135

Mississippi 60

Mississippi River 27, 60

Mississippi Valley 20, 24, 26, 91, 128, 130

Mississippi Valley civilization 16, 132

Missoula (MT) 67

Missouri 68, 70, 81

Missouri Valley 20

modernism 112

modernization 112, 116

Montana 67

Moody, Dwight L. 114

Moon, Sun Myung 124, 125

Moorish Holy Temple of Science 122, 135

Moorish Science 121–122

Moravian missionary activity see missionary activity

Moravians 50, 51, 57, 132

Mormon cultural-religious region 83, 130

Mormon exodus 80, 82

Mormonism 63, 80–83, 133, 134 see also Mormon cultural-religious region

Mormons 134

“Mormon War” 81

Moscow (Russia) 99

Mountain Cove (VA) 74

Muhammad, Elijah 122–123

Muhammad, Warith Deen 123

Murray, John 73

Muslims 24, 88, 89, 102, 103, 132

African American 102

Albanian 102

and ethnic tension 103

Arab 102, 103

Egyptian 102

Indian 102

Iranian 102, 103

Jordanian 102

Lebanese 102

Pakistani 102

Palestinian 102

Polish 102

Shi’ite 103

Sunni 103

Syrian 102

Turkish 102

Yugoslavian 102

see also Islam; Nation of Islam

Nantucket (MA) 41

Nashville (TN) 91–92

Natchez (Indian tribe) 27

National Baptist Convention (NBC) 87, 134

National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness 116, 134

National Conference of Unitarian Churches 72–73

National New Thought Alliance 77

National Roman Catholic Council for Hispanic Ministry 93, 135

National Spiritualist Association of Churches 74, 134

Nation of Islam 122–123, 135

Native American Church 21, 135

Native Americans 12–21, 31, 33, 35, 41, 51, 61, 66, 69, 113

and racial identity 20–21, 113

and racial tension 20–21, 22–23, 24–25, 29

Baha’i 127

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99, 128

removal of 67

Roman Catholic 25, 53, 90, 91, 128, 130

see also individual tribal names

Native American religions 10–11, 12–21, 128

compared with European religions 22

Nauvoo (IL) 81

Navajos 17

Nazism 95

Near East 88, 102, 134

Negev 121

Neolin 20

Neshaminy (PA) 39, 56

Netherlands 34, 50

New Age religion 77, 113

New Amsterdam 47, 52, 132

Newark (NJ) 122

New Brunswick (NJ) 47

New Brunswick presbytery 39

New England 19, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42, 43, 45, 54, 56, 57, 60, 62, 66, 67, 68, 70, 72–73, 78, 129, 130, 132, 133 see also New England religious region

New England religious region 129

Newfoundland 52

New Hampshire 35, 36, 37, 62, 76, 78

New Harmony (IN) 79

New Haven (CT) 35, 41

New Hope colony 82

“new” immigration 88, 92, 98, 102, 134 see also immigration and immigrants

New Jersey 38, 44, 47, 49, 56, 78, 84 see also East Jersey; West Jersey

New Mexico 25, 74, 79, 90, 132

New Netherland 47, 52, 132

New Orleans (LA) 27, 87

Newport (RI) 52

“New Side” Presbyterianism see Presbyterianism

New Spain 24, 132, 133

New Sweden 47, 132

“New World” 22

“New Thought” 77, 134

New York (city) 29, 44, 47, 52, 66, 74, 85, 87, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 104, 106, 109, 111, 113, 116, 121, 134

New York (state) 32, 36, 42, 47, 48, 54, 60, 62, 63, 66, 70, 74, 78, 80, 81, 95–96, 110, 116, 129

New Zealand 125

Nez Perce 20

Niagara (NY) 114

Nichiren Shoshu of America (NSA; Nichiren Shoshu Academy) 109, 135

North 84–85

North Carolina 32, 41, 45, 49, 66, 70, 115, 119, 122 see also North Carolina Piedmont religious subregion

North Carolina Piedmont religious subregion 130

Northampton (MA) 56

Northeast 14, 65, 66, 73, 74, 76, 78, 88, 91, 92, 94, 96, 98, 102, 103, 112, 116, 120, 122

northern hunting religions 13, 14–15, 128

North Korea 124

Northwest 67, 68

Nova Scotia 27, 133

Noyes, John Humphrey 78

Nyingma Meditation Center 111

Obookiah, Henry see Opukahaia

Ohio 50, 60, 62, 70, 78, 79, 100

Ohio Valley 16, 20

Ojibwas 14

Oklahoma 21, 67, 119

Oklahoma City (OK) 119

Olcott, Henry Steel 74

“Old School” Presbyterianism see Presbyterianism

“Old Side” Presbyterianism see Presbyterianism

Oneida 78, 134

Opukahaia 68, 133

Oregon 66, 68

Orenda 12

Original Hebrew Israelite Nation 121

Orthodox Church of America (OCA) 99, 135

Orthodox Presbyterian Church 114

Osages 14

Ottawa’s 27

Ozark mountains 91, 118

Pacific Basin 103

Pacific coast 60

Pacific Northwest 14

Pacific Ocean 10, 12, 18, 22, 28, 68, 88, 91, 93, 103, 104, 109, 128, 131

Paiute 20

Pakistan 102

Pakistani Americans 102

Muslim 102

Palatinate 48

Paleolithic religion 12, 14, 18

Palestine 68

Palestinian Americans 102

Muslim 102

Palmer, Phoebe 116

Palmyra (NY) 80

Papagos 16

Parham, Charles F.

Parker, Quannah 21

Pasadena (CA) 74

Paul I, Czar 29

Pawnees 14, 16, 20

Peninsular Florida religious subregion 130

Penn, William 41, 48, 50, 132

Pennsylvania 33, 39, 41, 45, 48, 50, 51, 53–54, 56, 57, 60, 70, 72, 74, 79, 84, 91, 92, 98, 100, 129, 132, 133 see also Pennsylvania German religious subregion

Pennsylvania German religious subregion 129

Pentecostal Holiness Church 119, 135

Pentecostalism 93, 112, 113, 116, 117–119, 120, 124, 130, 131, 134

Pequot War 35

Persia (Iran) 125 see also Iran

peyote religion 21, 134

“Peyote Way” 21

Philadelphia (PA) 38, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66, 73, 84, 85, 91, 92, 121, 122, 129, 132

Philadelphia Baptist Association 42, 132

Philippines 102

Pietism 56

Pietists 56, 57, 79

Pilgrim Holiness Church 117, 135

Pilgrims 34

Pilot Point (TX) 117

Pimas 16, 25

Pittsburgh (PA) 79, 122

Plan of Union 62, 66, 133

pluralism 31, 37, 46, 52, 88, 89, 90, 92, 111

Plymouth (MA) 34, 41

Point Loma (CA) 74

Poland 95, 102

Polish Americans

and ethnic identity 92

and ethnic tension 92

Jewish 94, 95

Muslim 102

Roman Catholic 92

Polish National Roman Catholic Church 92, 134

“Polonias” 92

Polynesia 12, 18, 132

Pontiac’s uprising 20, 133

Pope 20

Portugal 52, 102

Potato Famine 91

Prabhupada, Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami 105

“praying Indians” 35, 132

Presbyterian church 39, 86–87, 113, 133

Presbyterianism 31, 32, 38–39, 114, 124, 133

“New Side” 39, 57, 58

“Old Side” 39

Presbyterians 32, 33, 56, 58, 60, 62, 66, 68, 70, 85, 86–87, 129, 132 see also African Americans

Presbytery of Philadelphia 38, 132

Priestley, Joseph 72

Princeton College 57 see also College of New Jersey

Princeton Seminary 114

Prophet, the see Tenskatawa

Protestant Empire 66

Protestantism 30, 98

conservative 69, 112, 113, 114–115

evangelical 93, 120, 130

liberal 37, 61, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 112, 113

Protestant Methodist Church 64

Protestants 30, 31, 59

“protracted meetings” 65

Providence (RI) 36

psychoanalysis 112

psychological potential movements 113

Pueblo Revolt 20, 25, 132

Puerto Rico 132

Puerto Ricans Catholic 93

Puritanism 33, 34–37, 66

Puritan migration 34, 36, 42, 132

Puritan missionary activity see missionary activity

Puritans 10, 31, 38, 42, 53

Putney (VT) 78

Quakerism 40–41

Quakers 31, 36, 40–41, 129, 130, 132, 133

Quebec 26, 132

Queen’s College (Rutgers) 47

Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary 95

Rabbinical Assembly of America 95

racial identity

African American 120–123

Native American 20, 21

racial tension

and African Americans 65, 84, 87, 120–123

and Native Americans 20–21, 22–23, 24–25, 29, 90

Rapp, George 79

Rappites 133

Raritan Valley 56

Reagan, Ronald 115

“recent” immigration 88, 135 see also immigration and immigrants

Recife (Brazil) 52

Reconstruction 86

Reformation 73

Reformed 31, 46–49, 51, 56

Dutch 47, 56, 132

French 47

German 48, 49, 51, 132

Reformed Zion Union Apostolic Church 86

regionalism 10, 128–131

regional tensions 70, 115 see also sectional tensions

Religious Science 77

“relocation” centers 109

Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 82

Republican Methodist Church 64

republicanism 54, 59, 61, 69

restorationism 70–71, 81

“revitalization” movements 20–21

revivalism 33, 39, 49, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62–63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 73, 129

Rhineland 79

Rhine Valley (Germany) 48, 50

Rhode Island 31, 36, 42, 132

Rice, Luther 68

Riggs, Mary 67

Riggs, Stephen P. 67

Rio Grande Valley 25

Rocky Mountains 129

Roman Catholic Church 30, 132 see also Roman Catholicism; Roman Catholics

Roman Catholicism 20, 24–27, 46, 68, 88, 90–93, 98, 133

and Americanization 92–93

and ethnic identity 90, 91, 92, 93

see also French Catholic Louisiana religious subregion; Roman Catholic Church; Roman Catholics; Spanish Roman Catholic religious region

Roman Catholics 31, 52–55, 61, 67, 69, 88, 129, 130, 131, 132

African American 53, 87

Austro-Hungarian 92

Central American 93

Cuban 93

English 52–55, 90

Filipino 93

French 26–27, 53, 90, 91

German 53, 90, 91

Hispanic, 109

Irish 53, 88, 90, 91, 92, 134

Italian 92

Lithuanian 92

Mexican 88, 90, 93, 128

Native American 25, 53, 90, 91, 128

Polish 92

Puerto Rican 93

Spanish 24–25 see also Roman Catholic Church; Roman Catholicism

Romania 95, 98

Romanian Americans

and ethnic identity 99

and ethnic tension 99

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99

Jewish 95

Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America 99

Ross 29

Russia 74, 95, 98, 99, 134

Russian American Company 29

Russian Americans

and ethnic tension 99, 100

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99, 100

Jewish 94, 95

Russian colonization see colonization

Russian Orthodox 22, 28–29, 98–99, 100, 133

Russian Orthodoxy 128, 133, 134

Russian Revolution 95, 99

Sabbathday Lake (ME) 78

Saint Domingue (Haiti) 87

Salem (Winston-Salem, NC) 51

Salem witch trails 36

Salish 67

Salt Lake City (UT) 83

San Bernardino (CA) 83

San Diego (CA) 25, 74

Sandwich (Hawaiian) Islands 68 see also Hawaii

San Francisco (CA) 25, 29, 73, 74, 82, 92, 98, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 134

San Francisco Zen Center 111, 135

San Joaquin Valley 82

San Juan (PR) 132

Santa Elena (Port Royal, SC) 24

Santa Fe (NM) 25, 92

Santa Monica (CA) 109

Sasaki, Shigemitsu 111

Saudi Arabia 102

Savannah (GA) 52, 56, 57

Saybrook 35

Scandinavia 83

science, authority of 74

Scientology 124, 125

Scopes trial 115, 135

Scotch-Irish 32, 38, 39, 48, 56, 62, 70

Scottish 56

Scranton (PA) 92

Seattle (WA) 103

Second Great Awakening 59, 60, 62–63, 64, 66, 78, 84, 116, 133

sectional tensions 64, 68, 86 see also regional tensions

Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) 104–105, 135

Separate Baptists 43, 57, 58

Separate Congregationalists 43

Separatists 34

Serbia 98

Serbian Americans

and ethnic identity 99

and ethnic tension 99

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99

Serbian Eastern Orthodox Church 99

Serra, Junipero 25, 133

Seymour, William J. 118

Shakerism 63

Shakers 78, 133

Shaku, Soyen 110

shamans 13, 14

Shasta Abbey 111

Shenandoah Valley 39

Shi’ite Muslims see Muslims

Shintoism 89, 111

Siberia 12, 14, 18, 132

Sikhism 88, 107, 134

Simons, Menno 50

Sino-American Buddhist Association 109

Sioux 12, 14

Dakota 67

Lakota 20

Oglala 20

sipapu 16

Sisters of Charity 55

Sitka (AK) 29, 98, 133

slave rebellions 85, 133

slave trade 102

slavery 86

see also African Americans; African slave trade; emancipation; Reconstruction

Smith, Emma 82

Smith, Joseph Jr. 80, 81–82, 133

Smith, Joseph III 82

Smohalla 20, 134

Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (SPG) 33, 84, 132

Society for Universal Baptists 73

Society of Friends see Quakers

Sonoma (CA) 25

South 54, 57, 65, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 85–87, 112, 114–115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 122, 127, 133

regional identity in 112, 115

see also Southern religious region

South Africa 96

South America 96

South Carolina 24, 32, 36, 45, 119

South Dakota 67

southern agricultural religions 13, 16–17, 128

Southern Baptist Convention 113, 115, 134

Southern religious region 130, 131

Southwest 17, 83, 88, 93, 113, 116, 128 see also Desert Southwest; Spanish Roman Catholic religious region

Soviet Union 96, 113

Spain 24, 30, 52, 102, 132

Spanish-American War 93

Spanish Roman Catholic religious region 130

Spanish Roman Catholics 24–25 see also Spanish Roman Catholic religious region

Spanish colonization see colonization

Spanish Empire 24, 133

Spiritualism 63, 74, 122, 134

Sri Lanka (Ceylon) 68, 74

Steams, Shubal 43

Stockton (CA) 107

Stoddard, Solomon 56

Stone, Barton 62, 70

Strang, James Jesse 82

Students’ International Meditation Society 105, 135

St. Augustine (FL) 24, 132

St. Lawrence River 26

St. Lawrence Valley 26

St. Louis (MO) 67, 73, 91

St. Mary’s mission 67

St. Paul (MN) 92

suburbanization 113

Sunbelt 93, 96, 113, 115, 119

Sunni Muslins see Muslims

Sutter, John 29

Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro 110

Suzuki, Shunryu 111

Swedish Protestants 22

Swedish Lutherans see Lutherans

Switzerland 50

Synod of New York 39

Synod of Philadelphia 39, 132

Syria 98, 102

Syrian Americans 102

and ethnic identity 99

and ethnic tension 99

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99

Muslim 102

Tahiti 12, 18

Tecumseh 20, 133

television ministries 115

temple mounds 16

Tennent, Gilbert 56, 57, 58

Tennent, William Sr. 39, 56

Tennessee 45, 60, 62, 66, 119

Tenskatawa (the Prophet) 20, 133

Texas 21, 24, 25, 70, 91, 93, 103, 117, 119 see also Texas German religious subregion

Texas German religious subregion 130

Texas hill country 82, 91

Theosophical Society 74, 134

Theosophical Society of America 74

Theosophists 104, 108

Theosophy 74–76

Thoreau, Henry David 73, 134

Thurston, Asa 68

Tibet 108, 111

Tlingits 14

toleration 36, 52, 54

Topeka (KS) 117

Touro synagogue 52

trans-Appalachian West 39, 49, 62, 66, 70

Transcendental Club 72, 133

Transcendentalism 73

Transcendentalists 104, 108

Transcendental Meditation 105

transportation 60, 112

Trungpa, Chogyam 111

trustee conflicts 90

Tuesday Meeting for the Promotion of Holiness 116

Tulku, Tarthang 111

Turkey 68, 102

Turkish Americans Muslim, 102

Turner, Henry 87

Turner, Nat 85, 133

Ukraine 95, 98, 99

Ukrainian Americans

and ethnic identity 99

and ethnic tension 99

Eastern Orthodox 98, 99

Jewish 95

Underground Railroad 85

Uniate Christians 99, 100

Unification Church 124–125, 135

unihipili 18

Union Church of Africans 85

Union of American Hebrew Congregations 94, 134

Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations in America 95, 134

Union of Orthodox Rabbis 95

Unitarianism 72–73 see also Unitarian-Universalists

Unitarian Universalist Association 73

Unitarian-Universalists 129, 131

United Brethren in Christ 64

United Church of Christ 113 see also Congregationalism

“United Evangelical Front” 60

United Lodge of Theosophists 74

United Methodist Church 113 see also Methodism

United Nations 127

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) 120–121, 135

Unity School of Christianity 77

United Society of Believers in Christ’s Second Coming see Shakerism; Shakers

United Synagogue of America (United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism) 95, 135

Universalist Church of America 73, 133

Universalism 72, 73 see also Unitarian-Universalists

Upper Middle Western religious region 129–130, 131

urbanization 60, 74, 78, 112, 116

Utah 83, 130, 134 see also Mormon cultural-religious region

“Utah War” 83

Vajradhatu 111, 135

Vedanta Society 104, 106, 134

Veniaminov, Ivan 29, 133

Vermont 78

Vesey, Denmark 85

vestries 32

Vietnam 127

Vietnamese Americans

Baha’i 127

Buddhist 111

Vietnam War 113

Vincennes (IN) 91

Vineland (NJ) 116

Virginia 32, 36, 39, 41, 42, 44, 49, 50, 52, 57, 60, 62, 70, 74, 115, 129

vision quest 14

Vivekananda, Swami 104

voodoo 87

Wabash River 79

Waiilapatu 68

Wakan 12

Walden Pond 73, 134

Wales 42

Walla Walla (WA) 92

Wallingford (CT) 78

Wanapum 20

Washington (state) 20

Washington, DC. 109

Watergate 113

Watervliet (NY) 78

Webb, Alexander Russell 102

Wesley, John 44

Wesleyan Church 64, 117

Wesleyan Methodist Church 116

West 60, 64, 66, 68, 73, 88 see also Desert Southwest; Far West; Midwest; Southwest; trans-Appalachian West; west coast; Western religious region; westward expansion

west African traditions 84, 87

West Coast 88, 93, 98, 108, 109, 122, 125

Western religious region 130, 131

West Indies 40, 87

West Jersey 41

westward expansion 60, 74, 78, 80, 129

Wheaton (IL) 74

White Cloud 20

Whitefield, George 56, 57, 58, 132

Whitman, Marcus 68

Whitman, Narcissa 68

Wight, Lyman 82

Willamette River Valley 67

Williams College 68

Williams, Roger 36, 42, 132

Wilmette (IL) 127

Wilmington (DE) 85

Wilson, John 21

Winchester, Elnahan 73

Winthrop, John 34

Wisconsin 27, 62, 70, 82

Wise, Isaac Mayer 94

witch trials 37

Wodziwob 20, 134

women 66, 76, 113

women’s rights 41, 63, 113

Worcester, Samuel A. 67

World Christian Fundamentals Association 114, 135

World’s Parliament of Religions 89, 104, 110, 127, 134

World War I 99, 114

World War II 11, 93, 96, 99, 102, 113, 115, 119

Wounded Knee massacre 20, 134

Wovoka 20, 134

X, Malcolm (Malcolm Little) 122, 135

Yale College 37, 58, 62, 133

“Yankee migration” 60, 62, 73

yoga 104, 105

Yogananda, Paramahansa 104

Yogi, Maharishi Mahesh 105

York (ME) 56

Young, Brigham 82

Yugoslavian Americans Muslim, 102

Zelinsky, Wilbur 129

Zen Buddhism see Buddhism

Zen Meditation Center 110

Zen Mission Society 110

Zinzendorf, Ludwig Nikolaus von 51, 57

Zodiac colony 82

Zoroastrianism 89, 127

Zunis 16