Index

Note: Except in instances where people are more recognizable by first names, Arabic names are listed by last name.

'Abbasid 8, 9, 19-21, 30, 34, 44, 46, 48, 49, 52,

68, 72, 74, 77, 129, 221 'Abd al-Ralman III 77 al-Adnani, Abu Mulammad 211 al-Assad, Bashar 210 'Abdu, Mulammad 10 'Abdul 'Aziz, Sayyid Imam 10, 184-208, 224 'Abdullah, Najil Ibrahim 186 Abi Mu'adh, Sa'd b.

60, 61, 85, 126, 160, 220-222 Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man 8, 21, 22, 24-28,

33-35, 42, 43, 223

Abu l-Khiyar 81

Abu Qatada al-Filastini 224, 244

Abu Yusuf (Ya'qub b. Ibrahim al-An Ansari)

21, 22, 24, 27-29, 32, 43, 48 Abu Zahra, Mulammad 76, 119, 143-151 Afghanistan 142, 189, 209 ahlalaha 106 afa-at⅜6 ahla⅛atb Seecatal Otb ahla--a'y 25,,4.6 'A'isha 220-222 alal-bayt47, 49 AlfonsoVI 79 Algeria 186

Almohads 80. See also al-Muwallidun Almoravids 9, 75, 79, 80, 97, 100, 102, 107,

109 aman (safety pledge) 18, 29, 36, 37, 43-45,

58, 63, 104, 105, 116, 127, 146, 150, 151, 155, 177, 191, 193, 195, 197-201, 204, 206, 228, 237, 238, 241

al-Amin, Abu Musa Mulammad b. Harun al-Rashid (the Caliph) 20, 69 al-Andalus 9, 75-109

Ansar al-Islam 209 Arab Spring 142, 152, 160, 161, 203, 207, 210,

244

army 2, 13, 28, 31-33, 36, 37, 51, 59-64, 70, 72, 103, 111, 127, 129, 130, 156, 157, 177, 179, 191, 192, 195, 200, 209, 211, 212

Aslarism 114, 162

aslSeeusal,flqh

asma’ 98 assassins 111

'AtifSidki 152

Ata' b. AbiRabal 42

al-Azhar 9, 19, 134-152, 160-170, 188,

242-244, 249

'Azzam, 'Abdullah 184, 189

Baath party 209-211

Baghdad 21, 27, 29, 49, 76, 110, 111, 129, 209,

210

al-Baghdadi, Abu 'Umar 210

al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr 210, 211 baghy (rebellion) 7, 12-15, 23, 29, 39-42, 47,

49, 71, 72, 74, 93-99, 103, 105-107, 121-133, 153-155, 166, 179-181, 201-204, 213,,23,6,2.3,7.

Bakr, Hajji 212

bandits 13, 15, 94, 10, 101, 106, 131, 236 al-Banna, Hasan 167

BanuHashim 53

Banu l-Muttalib 48, 53

Banu ]-Nadr 17, 62, 193

Banu Qurayza 6, 145

Banu Taghlib 29

Barmakids 68, 69

Barzani, Mas'ud 232

bayat (night raids) 16, 62-64, 165, 193, 194 Bible 56, 66

al-Bin'ali, Turki b. Mubarak 10, 163, 184, 185, 213-220, 224

Bin Ladin, Usama 184, 188, 189, 190, 209 booty 13, 14, 31, 33-35, 37, 38, 44, 45, 48, 53,

57-59, 65, 70, 108, 124, 132, 156, 157, 181, 237, 241. See alsofay‘; spoils al-Buazizi, Mulammad 210

Buddhists 59

bugha (sing. baghl) 94, 95, 116, 126, 127, 153, 134,180. Seealsobaghy,rebeb,/ rebe‰n∙, taWtl, awa j∙,khuriij

Byzantines 20, 21, 29, 42, 59, 201 caliph, the/khalfa 12, 19, 27, 29-39, 42-44, 47-49, 70-74, 77, 78, 81, 93, 111, 123-125, 128, 129, 159, 160, 163, 197, 222 caliphate 19, 29-44, 50, 59, 73-76, 78, 81, 111, 127, 160-164, 208, 210, 221-223, 233, 237 Camp Bucca 211 captives 17, 20, 37-40, 42-45, 63, 64, 70-72, 90, 104-107, 126, 144, 145, 147, 148, 156, 173, 181. See also prisoners of war children 2, 16, 17, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 45, 59, 60, 62-64, 70, 71, 90, 102, 107, 120, 126, 144, 145, 153, 156, 173-175, 178, 179, 181, 191, 193-195, 197, 200, 203, 205, 231, 234 China/Chinese 59, 215 Chinggis KhSn 110, 111, 128 ChristiansZChristianity 9, 14, 29, 66, 69, 74, 75, 77-80, 87-93, 96, 100-103, 105, 107, 109, 112-114, 120, 125, 128, 129, 226-230, 236

combatants 1-4, 6, 7, 16, 62, 64, 174, 178, 193, 240. See also non-combatants; targeting

Companion/Companions 26, 26, 32, 40, 43, 51, 56, 58, 61, 83-5, 88, 89, 99, 101, 103, 107, 117, 124, 125, 131, 150, 153, 163, 199, 201, 217, 220-224

Constantinople 159

Cordoba 79-81, 89, 97, 105

Dabiq 10,189,219,214,220-233 al-DSkhil, 'Abd al-RalmSn 77 dalil 82.,84,83

Damascus 27, 111, 114-116, 128, 136 dar al-harb (territory of war) 33-39, 43-45, 65, 102, 104, 105, 197-201, 225, 226, 237 dar al-Islam (territory of Islam) 38, 39, 43, 44, 65, 102, 105, 150, 156, 202, 225, 226, 228

ddralkufr 202.

EgyptEgyptian 49, 111, 15, 116, 126, 127, 130, 134-142, 149-152, 158, 162, 164, 166, 169, 170, 181, 184-190, 199, 202, 203, 206, 207, 225-229, 235, 242, 243, 244

Esteemed Scholars' Authority (esa) 140 ethnic/ethnicity 21, 31, 56, 57, 66-68, 231, 232, 245

al-Fahd, NSsir 184, 200, 201

farT (legal subject matter. pl. furrt) 8, 12, 23, 24, 98, 99, 117, 118

Faraj, 'Abdul SalSm 187 fardayni3θ,202

130

Faruq (the king) 136 al-FStil, Mulammad 159 fatwa (pl.fatawa) 29, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 108, 115, 117-133, 141, 161, 164, 167-170, 175, 178, 192. 200, 202, 225, 226 fay 37 د. See also booty; spoils; acquisition of property

alf⅛alfllmilalwaln⅛al 82,90

Jitna (sedition) 121, 122, 124, 125, 130, 139 food 32, 66, 67

Franks, the 116

Free Officers 136 freedom (from slavery/captivity) 34, 43, 45, 58, 70, 71, 73, 104, 10. See also manumis­sion; slave/slavery

GhSzSn KhSn 112, 115, 116, 123, 126-129 Grand Shaykh of al-Azhar 19, 107, 135, 138-141, 149, 164, 168, 169, 188, 242

hadd (pl. hudud) 35, 36, 105, 132, 198 hadlth 26, 27, 38, 39, 46, 53-58, 62, 64, 67,

68, 83, 84, 88, 92, 94, 121, 124, 129, 130, 144, 145, 153, 156, 163-165, 168, 172, 192-194, 201, 215-217, 230, 231. See also sunna

a--hadιtha--muτsal 83

aI-Hakam b. 'Abd aI-Ralman 77

Iadmiyya 160, 16⅛ 164,, 217

Hamas 186

aI-HamIa aI-Imaniya (Faith Campaign) 209

Hanaft schooI 8, 21-23, 25-28, 32, 33, 35--7,

67, 72, 102, 120, 124, 195, 237

HanbaIi schooI 8, 9, 76, 113, 115-117, 120

Jad aI-Haqq, Jad aI-Haqq 'AIi 138, 139

Iaraj 171

IarbalmiItaawwildi 107.Seealso ta'wlf, t^c^ghy∙,t^t^gf^a

aHaadalmurr- 188

aI-Hasan alBasri 42, 43 hegemony 31, 55, 65, 70, 73, 74, 102-100, 186,

193

Hezbollah 186

Hijaz 49, 231

hijra (emigration) 39, 102, 225, 226, 228

Hindus 59

Iiraba 13, 15, 97, 100, 101, 127, 131, 132, 151, 153-154, 178, 213, 236, 238

Hisham b aI-Hakam b.

hukm (pI. ahkam) 83, 101, 117, 118, 181, 162, 192, 198, 223, 226

HuIegu 111, 112, 128

human rights 5, 203

aI-Husayn b. Ali b. Abi TaIib 201, 209

Husayn, Saddam 209, 210, 212

Ibn 'Abbas, 'AbduIIah 44, 45, 125, 219

Ibn 'AbduI 'Aziz, 'Umar 124

Ibn 'AbduI Wahhab, Mulammad 162, 163,

214, 217, 218

Ibn Abi Sufyan, Mu'awiya 123-124

Ibn Abi TaIib, 'Ali 26, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 56, 58, 72, 75, 116, 123, 124, 126, 180, 209, 221-223, 231

Ibn aI-'Arab! 114

Ibn aI-Ashraf, Ka'b 150, 151, 199

Ibn aI-Arqam, Zayd 215

Ibn BaIta'a, Hatib 101, 215, 216

Ibn Habib, Abu Marwan (the MaIiki jurist)

104, 105

Ibn HanbaI, Almad 116, 132, 133, 220

Ibn Hazm, 'Ali Almad 9, 13, 33, 40, 44, 45, 75, 81-97, 99, 102, 106, 109, 120, 124, 131, 141, 149, 154, 196-199, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 229, 236, 239, 241

Ibn aI-Khatab, 'Umar 56, 66, 67, 101, 106,

149, 159, 215, 220-223, 149, 159

Ibn Masud, 'AbduIIah 26

Ibn NaghriIa 82, 90, 91

Ibn aI-Qasim, 'AbduI Ralman 99-101,

104-107

Ibn Qayyim aIJawziyya, Shams aI-Dιn Abu

'AbduIIah 163, 196, 217, 231

Ibn Qudama, Muwafaq aI-Din 194, 215

Ibn Rushd, Abu I-WaIid (aI-Jadd) 9, 12, 14,

75, 80, 97-110, 123, 236, 239

Ibn Rushd, Abu I-WaIid (aI-Haftd) 14, 144,

173, 174

Ibn SahI, aI-Fal 68

Ibn SaIuI, 'AbduIIah 215

Ibn Tashfin, Yusuf 79, 80, 97, 103

Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi aI-Din Almad 9, 12, 15,

76, 77, 110, 112-133, 144, 154, 155, 162-165, 175, 192, 201, 202, 205, 210, 213, 214, 216-218, 220, 221, 226, 227, 231, 236

Ibn Yasin, 'AbduIIah 79

Ibn Zayd, Usama 130

Ibn Zaydun, Abu aI-WaIid Almad 79 Id Uaftctwaish 232 ‘idda (waiting period) 38 ijma' (consensus) 14, 26, 54, 66, 82-85, 117,

121, 124, 125. 147, 153, 164, 170, 171, 181, 208, 216, 218, 220, 223, 230 ijtihad (independent reasoning) 27, 51, 100,

109, 143, 147, 171, 172

iA^hti^a^ (juristic disagreement) 14, 156, 219,

235

IIkhanids 112, 123, 126, 127

‘illa (ratio legis, pI.

95, 100, 101, 103-107, 116, 127, 143, 148, 153, 156, 165, 179, 180, 221-223, 228 just/unjust im am 94, 95, 107, 153. See als^o1^a,'wιιl

immigration 1, 242 Indians 21, 59 internationaI Iaw/internationaI humanitarian

Iaw (ihl) 1-3, 16, 17, 165, 170, 181, 182,

238, 240, 242 iιιtij⅛da190

Iraq 27, 47, 49, 67, 111, 112, 142, 189, 207,

209-212, 220, 223, 226, 229, 232, 233, 245 IsIamic state (the poIity) 19, 46, 65, 68, 202,

239, 241

ISIS 1, 4, 5, 10, 17, 136, 141, 160, 162-165,

183-185, 193, 205-233, 241, 242, 244, 245 'isιa40

Israel/Israeli 138, 142, 149, 150, 151, 158, 169,

177-179, 186, 187, 206 'Issa, Ibrahim 139 istifada (common knowledge) 215 istihsan (juristic preference) 9, 26, 27, 35,

54,64,118,237. Seealso ray istishab (continuity) 85 istitaba (repentance opportunity) 104

Jabhat al-Nusra 212 al-JamS'a al-IslSmiyya 186, 187 aljamtalsaghlr 2.2 aljami' fItalabaltlm al-sharf 187, 188,

191-193, 202 al-Jazeera 168 Jerusalem 159 Jews/Judaism 66, 82, 87-93, 112,113, 114, 125,

132, 145, 150, 157-159, 190, 227, 229, 230 al-JihSd (militant group) 185, 187, 188 jihad 1, 5, 8, 13, 19, 20, 30, 31, 32, 34, 44, 46,

54, 55, 59, 65, 74, 76, 77, 80, 92, 102, 103, 108, 109, 113, 115, 116, 119, 121, 122, 124, 126, 128, 129, 131, 142, 143, 149, 150, 155, 157, 160, 165, 167, 172, 175, 177, 181, 183, 185, 188, 190-193, 201-203, 206, 212, 237, 238, 240, 244

jihadist 19, 174, 177, 187-189, 192, 197-200,

207, 209

Jizya (poll tax) 14, 20, 55-60, 65-70, 73, 74,

87-89, 107, 112, 114. 120, 121, 128, 159, 172, 199, 205, 208, 226-231 al-JulSni, Abu Mulammad 212 Jum'a, 'Ali 139, 158, 159 justice 14, 72, 87, 95, 96, 147-149, 165, 193, 217

!ajfara64,71. Seealso diyya kafir (infidel, pl. kuffar, n. kufr) 16, 20, 55, 56,

61, 74, 116, 123-126, 128, 130, 132, 133, 163,

164, 172-174, 180, 181, 183, 189, 191-193, 197, 202, 205, 209, 214-220, 222-227, 230, 225, 242.

KhawSrij, the (group rebelling against Caliph 'Al) 116, 124, 126, 131, 133

khawarij (as a legal category) 123, 124, 127, 128, 131, 180

khuruj 139. See also baghy; rebels/rebellion; khawarij

KhwSrizm 110

Kirkuk 232

KitabalAsl22-27,30-45,61-,73. Seealso al-ShaybSni

Kitab al-Bayan wa-l-tahsll 98, 99, 100-108 IK-ItabalIstihsan 26

K-ItabalMuhalla 81, 86-97 KitabalUmm 40, 5577

Kurdish Democratic Party (kdp) 232 Kurdistan 209, 232

kurh/ikrah (coercion) 36, 216, 219, 242

Law No. 103 Reorganizing al-Azhar and Its

Affiliated Institutions 137 legitimacy

ofaman 36

of groups/institutions 134, 162, 164, 167, 175, 176, 177, 181, 206, 212, 213, 234, 239, 241-245

of rebellion 39, 41, 42, 45, 73, 74, 97, 109, 177, 179, 201, 202

of ruler 95, 96, 109, 161, 162, 166, 176-178, 209, 236

liability 34, 42, 53, 64, 71, 98, 153

Libya 176, 227

madhhab (school of jurisprudence, pl. madaib)7,8,3,11,75,83,86, 98-100, 102, 147, 161, 236, 237

madhhabiya (se⅛ar⅛nism)141 tnag^haxi (yaids)4. Seealsobft magi/Magianism 55-59, 66, 67, 69, 87, 92, 120, 229-231. See also Zoroastrians; People of the Book; Persian

Malmud, 'Abdul Halim 149 al-Majlis al-AlS !i-l-Shu'un al-IslSmiyya (the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs) 134, 135, 142, 152-167

Majma' al-Buluth al-IslSmiyya (the Academy of Islamic Research) 135, 137, 139, 141-152,155, 169

Majmu'at al-fatawa 116-126, 129-133 malakataloymanι45. Seealso skavety MSlik 60, 61, 98-104, 106, 107, 123, 195

Maliki (school) 8, 9, 12, 32, 55, 75, 81, 98-100, 109, 116, 120, 123, 236, 237

al-Maliki, Nuri 210, 212, 224

Mamluk 111, 113, 115, 116, 127, 130, 133 a!-Ma'mun, Abu al-Abbas 'Abdullah b. Harun al-Rashid (the Caliph) 49, 69 al-Mansur, Abu 'Amir 77, 81 al-Mansur Lajin (Mamluk Sultan) 115 manumission 17, 35, 36, 64. See also freedom (from slavery/captivity); slavery maqasidal-sharΓa (objectives of the shara)i62.,i70

al-Maqdisi, Abu Mulammad 183, 209, 213, 224, 244

Mardin 126, 225, 226 martyrs/martyrdom 178 ma⅛mala17ι masa a176>, 178, 207

Maturidism 162

Maududi, Abu al-a'la 10 al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hasan 'Ali 151

Mecca 48, 49, 58, 59, 101 Medina 48, 199 m⅛na47,48 militants (Islamist) 1, 2, 9, 15, 18, 76, 123, 134, 138, 139, 142, 151-155, 162-166, 166, 174-177, 181, 183-234, 237-239, 241, 243-245

Miiibaraltawdwalji d183185 Mongke Khan 111

Mongols 9, 76, 77, 110-113, 116, 119, 122, 123-133, 132, 133, 202, 210, 219, 220, 225-227, 236, 237, 239, 241

monks 7, 58, 60-62, 112, 120, 121, 157, 173, 218 Morocco 186

mffadhdhin (prayer caller, pl. muadhdhinun) 116, 127

Mubarak, Husni 138-140, 166, 169, 203 mudabbc^ra45. ؛^؟^eal؛^o freefromskaveiy/ captivity; manumission; umm walad; slavery)

alMudawana 98,99,106 al-Muhajira, Summaya 230 Abu 'Abdullah al-Muhajir 185 al-Muhajir, Abu Hamza 210

Mulammad Khwarizm Shah 110 mula b (banδiy,p-'i. mulaibdn) 94,101. See also laia

muharram/haram (prohibited) 64, 103, 168 mιad169, 170, 173

Mulla 'Umar 198 aHqaddamat98,99 1ا^رل'١^ˆ^١^ˆ^،^ا^٧ Itawld li^-l-mu,'askaja^t 213,214, 217

mat 174

al-Murabt See Almoravids

muraja^tat (revisions/revisionist works) 155, 174, 177, 183-207, 235

Mursi, Mulammad 140, 166

Muslim Brotherhood 136-133,167-166, 175, 188, 202, 203, 207

muta^yawil (possessor of ta^twll) 41, 42. See also tawil

al-Mu'tamid b. 'Abbad 79 mutawatir/mutawatira (prophetic tradition with multiple chains of transmission) 84.Seeaso sumia adit

Mu'tazila 49

al-Muwalidun SeeAlmohads

alM atta'32,,6o,6ι

al-Muzaffar, 'Abdul Malik 77, 78, 81

Nabataeans 21

Naji, Abu Bakr 232

Nasir, Jamal 'Abdul 135-133, 151, 152, 168, 187 al-Nasir, Sultan 113, 115, 116, 126

NdwaqidalIsldm2ι4,2ι8

Nikephoros 20

9/11 attacks 142, 152, 178, 190 NizariIsmals 111 non-combatants 1, 6, 7, 14, 16, 151, 174, 178, 193, 240. See also combatants

North Africa 75, 79, 80

al-Nuqrashi, Malmud 167

occupation 149, 158, 209

old men 33, 45, 58, 60, 61, 68, 120, 144, 149, 178. See also target/targeting/targetable

Ottoman Empire 10

Pakistan 188, 189, 209

Palestine 149, 179

parias 78

People of the Book 14, 37, 39, 55-59, 66-70, 74, 87-93, 120, 121, 159, 226-231. See also Christians; Jews; magi

definition 55-55, 66, 67, 69, 74, 87, 89, 231

treatment 14, 55, 56, 57, 59, 66, 67, 70, 92, 93, 120, 121, 159, 226, 230. See alsojizya

Persian 21, 49, 52, 67-69, 201

political authority 9, 19, 30, 31, 35, 38-42, 71, 77, 96-98, 105-100,112-115, 239, 241

positivism 2-4, 10

prisoners of war 4, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 108, 145. See also captives

Property 14, 15, 17, 31, 41, 58, 59, 65, 67, 70, 71, 98, 104, 108, 124, 127, 132, 133, 146, 153, 156, 157, 177, 181, 195, 198, 204 acquisition 17, 41, 58, 59, 67, 70, 71, 104, 108, 124, 132, 146, 156, 157. See also booty; spoils; fay,

destruction 17, 31, 65, 127, 153, 157, 177, 181, 193, 204

Prophet Mulammad 6, 14, 16, 17, 21, 26, 43-45, 47-49, 51, 53-58, 60-62, 66, 69-71, 79, 82-84, 88, 89, 92, 101, 114, 117, 118, 121, 126, 129, 130, 131, 143-145, 150, 151, 154, 159-161, 163, 173, 193, 194, 199, 200, 208, 215-217, 222, 223, 224, 229

al-Qa'ida 10, 184-187, 201, 206-200, 212, 224, 227, 233

al-Qaradawi, Yusuf 136, 167-170,172-188, 243, 244

Qatar 166

٩at'ln٠7,i67

qiyas 9, 24-27, 50, 54, 56, 57, 67, 84-86, 101, 118, 125, 133, 144, 171, 197, 206

Qur'an 5, 14, 17, 26, 27, 31, 32, 43, 50-57, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 82-84, 86-89, 91, 94, 95, 112, 113, 117, 120, 124, 125, 145, 146, 150, 153, 154, 156, 163, 168-173, 192, 198, 206, 215, 218, 219, 221, 231, 237

QurayshZQurayshi 14, 49, 52, 68

Qutb, Sayyid 175

Rahda 221-223. See also Shi'a al-Rashid, Harun 12, 19, 20, 28, 47, 48, 73, 74 ra³y 46, 75, 84, 99, 236-237 rebels/rebellion 7, 12-15, 23, 29, 30, 39-42, 48, 71-74, 77, 93-98, 103, 105-100, 118, 123, 124, 153-155, 166, 175, 176, 179-182, 201-204, 233, 236

reciprocity 44, 71, 147, 196, 197, 204, 205 Reconquista 78 ridda (apostasy) 13, 15, 16, 65, 105, 121-133,

160, 163, 165, 166, 175-177, 201-204, 206, 214-227, 237, 245

Rightly Guided Caliphs 67, 120, 145, 159, 161, 180, 231

al-Risala (al-Shah's) 46, 50-55, 63, 67

Sadat, Anwar 137, 138, 187, 188

Salnun b. Sa'id b. Habib al-Tanukhl 99, 102,

104

al-Salwa al-Islamiyya 210 Salaftrefomiisni 172 al-Sarakhsi, Mulammad b. Almad b. Abt

Sahl 22, 23, 25, 26, 39, 197

Saudi Arabia 119, 186, 189, 219

Seville 79, 82

al-Shah, Mulammad b. Idris 6,8, 9, 12, 13,

19, 20, 28, 32, 33, 40, 45-74, 96, 120, 121, 124, 144, 148, 157, 161, 173, 174, 191, 192, 195, 196, 199, 200, 220, 228, 2321, 236, 237, 239, 241

Shah'! (school) 8, 9, 81, 113, 114, 116 shahada (creed of Islam) 92, 93, 128, 130 Shaqlab (battle) 116

Sharh al-Siyar (al-Shaybani) 22-24, 150, 153 sharΓa 82, 113, 121, 124, 125, 130-132, 143, 154,

162, 168, 170, 175, 201, 202, 217, 218, 239 Shayban (tribe) 28

al-Shaybani, Mulammad b. al-Hasan 8,9,

12, 19-47, 55, 60, 61, 63, 64, 70-74, 96, 105, 144, 191-193, 197-199, 225, 236, 237, 239, 241

Shi'a/Shi'i/Shi'ism 29, 111, 113, 114, 116, 119,

122, 128-133, 209, 210, 218, 220-225, 231 shirkv2¾, 154,, 218

shιtyya21

Sidqi, 'Atif 186, 195

⅛ighar9ι,237

al-Sisi, 'Abdul Fattah 141, 162

slavery 1, 12, 17, 33-37, 43-45, 48, 49, 64, 68,

70, 71, 73, 97, 104, 105, 108, 145, 148, 156, 160, 183, 208, 212, 216, 230, 231, 232, 234, 236, 241, 245. See also captives; prisoners of war

spoil 13, 31, 33-35, 38, 39, 44, 45. See also booty; fayد; acquisition of property spying 100, 101

Sudan 188, 189

SuftsZSufism 113, 115, 229 suicide operations 175, 178, 213, 237 sunna 26, 27, 46, 50-54, 56, 57, 82-84, 96,

117, 120, 131, 143, 169-177, 192, 206, 237 Sunni 7, 8, 11, 13, 46, 113, 116-118, 132, 140, 168,

209-212, 220, 223-226, 233, 236 Supreme Council of Armed ForcesZsCAF

(Egyptian) 140, 169 Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs See al-Majlis a!-'Ala li-l-Shuun al-Islamiyya SyriaZSyrian 28, 111, 112, 115, 123, 126, 127, 130,

136, 161, 162, 176, 179, 207, 210, 211, 212, 220, 226, 233, 245

al-Tabiun 27 tagtot217-219 tatfa (party state) 75 takflrl (a Muslim who commits takflr) 163,

164,21%. Seealsotakflr, rldda Talabani, Jalal 232 Taliban 175 Tantawi, Mulammad Sayyid 139, 169 Tanzania 190 taqlld 79,92,99102,109,147,235, targetZtargetingZtargetable 2, 6, 7, 13, 16, 31,

33, 34, 35, 55, 58, 60-64, 75, 108, 116, 120, n267120, 121, 126, 129, 132, 143-145, 147, 149-151, 155, 157, 165, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 183, 185, 190, 191, 193-199, 200, 201, 203-206, 212, 213, 215, 220, 224-226, 229,231,233,23S,243. Seealso bayat, tatarus; children; women; old men alTa'riya li Kitab al-Tabri'a 186, 190-208 tarjlh 110 tatarus (shielding) 16, 175, 177, 191, 237. See also bayat; targeting taWll 14, 41, 42, 71, 72, 74, 95, 106, 122, 124,

127,217. Seealso baghy-, bugha-, khaarij-, khurtj al-Tayyib, Almad 19, 139-141, 162, 164 Teguder 112 terrorism 3, 4, 15, 94-97, 131, 136, 141, 142,

151-155, 157, 158, 160, 162, 164, 178, 191, 193, 194, 196, 200, 207, 210, 238 i^f^c^gf^r(garrisoncity,pl. thughur) 20

Toledo 78, 108 Torah 56, 66, 158

Tunisia 210

Turks 59

al-Tusi, Nasir 128,129

types of conflict 13-16

ulama’ (scholars, sing. ‘alim) 30, 113, 176 Umayyad 28, 48, 77, 81, 112, 219 al-Umdafl idad al-Udda 187, 188, 191, 192, 194, 202

t,OT^w^^^alc^d !⅛eekwoman)⅛. Seealso ιr^t^c^c^t^t^cu^a

umma 31, 94

unbelievers 13, 14, 42, 59, 61, 86, 103, 121, 125, 138, 152, 156, 164, 180, 181, 191, 196, 200, 202, 212, 214-216, 218, 219, 223, 226, 231

United States 167, 170, 177, 190, 198-200, 203, 209, 211

U.S.S.R. 189

Usul al-Din 168

USdlal-Jiqh 8, 10, 11, 24-27, 46, 50-54, 67,

82-86, 89, 93, 95, 98, 99, 116-118, 169-171, 235, 237

al-'U⅛ aal-Mustakhraja 9⅛,99

violence 1-5, 13, 141, 142, 154, 155, 157, 158, 176, 181, 183, 186, 203, 232, 233, 235, 240, 242, 244

war 2-4, 6, 8, 11-13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 22, 31, 37,

39, 59, 69, 78, 104, 108-110, 120, 130-132,

143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 155-159, 166, 174, 178, 179, 190, 200, 201, 209, 211, 226, 227, 236, 237, 241, 242

WathlqattarshldaljihadflMisr-Wal alam155,, 185, 190-207

women 2, 16, 17, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43-45, 59, 60, 62-64, 66, 67, 70, 71, 90, 107, 120, 126,

144, 145, 153, 156, 157, 173-175, 178, 191, 193-195, 197, 200, 203, 230, 231, 234, 243, 245,. S^؛^eal؛^o targ,etZtarg,e⅛ngj targetable; children; old men

World Islamic Front Against the Jews and the Crusaders 190

Yazidis (sing. Yazidi) 4, 5, 229-232, 245 Yemen 46, 47, 57, 106, 188, 220

Zahiri school 8, 9, 75, 81, 82, 86, 87, 95, 174, 236

ant 117

al-Zarqawi, Abu Musab 209, 210, 232

Zaragoza 79

al-Zawahiri, Ayman 10, 76, 155, 178, 184-209, 212, 220, 224, 232, 233, 238 al-Zayat, Montair 187, 188

al-Zulayli, Wahba/al-Zuhili, Wahbeh 136, 170-182

Zoroastrians 209. See also magi

1 Hugh Kennedy ١٨?³³åïÂàñà³è³²å(³1Ìè8²؛ï³ World: TheRtse c^r^dFallof Isas Greatest Dynasty (Cambridge, MA: De Capo Press, 2004), 51-52.

2 For analysis of modern scholarship on the relationship between the caliphs and the ‘ulama^{1 2 3 4}, see Muhammad Qasim Zaman, “The Caliphs, the 'Ulama' and the Law: Defining the Role and Function of the Caliph in the Early Abbasid Period,” Islamic Law and Society 4, no. 1 (1997), 1-33.

3 Almad alTayyib, interview by Muna al-Shazli, al-Ashira Masa¹, Dream 2 TV, 4 January 2011.

4 ShawqtAbhKKalT,HdriaRashdLAmla-kafa'waajalmulia-dunydfDamascu.D⅛c al-Fikr, 1997), 82.