6 DISEASES BY CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, MAMMALS

Clinical disease not as yet recorded in European wild mammals but which may occur are included for awareness

note 1 — presenting clinical signs are given as bold headers note 2 — non-infectious disease and parasitic disease should also be considered in the diagnostic processes

note 3 — ‘Found dead’ may apply to any wildlife disease, the diseases listed as ‘found dead’ are acute diseases that are rapidly fatal

Skin disease and skin lesions

Bluetongue, morbillivirus infections (canine distemper), pestivirus infections, classic swine fever, foot- and- mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, myxomatosis, squirrelpox, contagious ecthyma, other pox infections, papillomavirus — particularly cervids, brucella (as subcutaneous abscesses), borreliosis, fusobacterium infections, staphylococcosis, dermatophilosis, dermatophytosis, white- nose syndrome in bats, gangrenous egotism in cervids

Nasal discharge, including blood.

Malignant catarrhal fever, cervid herpes, phocid herpesvi­rus, influenza in marine mammals, morbillivirus infections including marine mammals and canine distemper virus, rabbit haemorrhagic disease, phocid calicivirus, pestivirus infections, bluetongue, classical swine fever, infectious canine hepatitis, Rift valley fever, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), anthrax, chlamydial infec­tions, streptococcal infections, aspergillosis

Buccal cavity lesions

Phocid herpesvirus, rabies and lyssavirus infections (saliva­tion), bluetongue, pestivirus infections, contagious ecthyma, squirrel pox, myxomatosis, contagious ecthyma, papillomavirus infection (cervids), pasteurellosis, fusobac- terium diseases, actinomycosis, yeast infections.

Eyes — occular disease and discharge

Herpes virus infections in general, cervid herpesvirus (red deer, reindeer), malignant catarrhal fever, influenza virus infections, morbillivirus infections, bluetongue, pestivirus infections, foot-and-mouth disease, squirrelpox virus infection, infectious canine hepatitis, feline infectious peri­tonitis, pasteurellosis, chlamydial infections, infectious kerato-conjunctivitis and other mycoplasmal infections, staphylococcal infections, haemophilus infections, and moraxella infections

Musculo -skeletal/lameness

Bluetongue, pestivirus infections including classical swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, swine vesicular disease, brucella arthritis, mycoplasma arthritis, fusobacterium

diseases, staphylococcal and streptococcal arthritis, gangre­nous ergotism, salmonella arthritis

Wasting disease — chronic ill thrift

Post-weaning multisystemic syndrome (suids), pestivirus infections including swine fever, foot-and-mouth disease, retroviral infections, mycobacterial infections, yersiniosis, salmonellosis, aspergillosis

Respiratory disease

Phocid herpes and other herpesvirus infections, influenza in carnivores and pigs, influenza in seals, canine distemper virus, Aleutian disease, infectious canine hepatitis, feline infectious peritonitis, mycobacterial infections, tularae­mia, pasteurellosis, chlamydial infections, mycoplasma infections, Q fever, aspergillosis and other fungal infections

Enteric disease — diarrhoea

Malignant catarrhal fever, influenza virus (carnivores), morbillivirus infections in marine mammals and canine distemper, pestivirus infections, canine parvovirus infec­tion feline panleucopenia, infectious canine hepatitis, squirrel adenovirus, feline infectious peritonitis, moose retrovirus, paratuberculosis, yersiniosis, E. coli infections, salmonellosis, campylobacteriosis, listeriosis, clostridial infections, Tyzzers disease

Reproductive — abortion, vaginal discharge

Ruminant alphaherpesvirus (abortion), morbillivirus infections in marine mammals, bluetongue, pestivirus infections, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, brucellosis, chlamydial infections, salmonellosis, campylo- bacteriosis, leptospirosis, Q fever, listeriosis

Nervous signs, fitting, paralysis, incoordination, lack of fear

Aujeskys disease, malignant catarrhal fever, rabbit haemor­rhagic disease, European brown hare syndrome, rabies, bat lyssavirus, morbillivirus infections in marine mammals and canine distemper, pestivirus infections, infectious canine hepatitis, flavivirus infections — West Nile fever, louping-ill, tick-borne encephalitis, infectious canine hep­atitis, feline panleucopenia, moose retrovirus, borna disease, tularaemia, listeriosis

Found dead

Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, European brown hare syn­drome, African swine fever, yersiniosis, tularaemia, pas­teurellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis, clostridial toxaemia, Tyzzers disease, algal toxicity

General malaise/depression

Herpesvirus infections, morbillivirus infections, blue­tongue, influenza virus infections, rabies/lyssavirus infec­tions, retrovirus infections, pestivirus infections, feline panleucopenia, feline infectious peritonitis, Aleution disease, bunyavirus infections, African swine fever, myco­bacterial infections, salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, brucel­losis, rickettsial infections, tularaemia, yersinial infections, Q-fever, fungal infection