7 DISEASES BY CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS, BIRDS

Clinical disease not as yet recorded in European wild birds but which may occur are included for clinician awareness

note 1 — presenting clinical signs are given as bold headers note 2 — non-infectious disease and parasitic disease should also be considered as part of the diagnostic process

note 3 — ‘Found dead’ may apply to any wildlife disease, the diseases listed as ‘found dead’ are acute diseases that are rapidly fatal

Skin disease, lesions, feather and beak deformities

Avian circovirus infections, avian poxvirus infections, pap­illomaviruses, staphylococcal infections

Eyes — occular disease and discharge, discharge from nares.

Herpesvirus infections e.g. infectious laryngotracheitis, avian influenza, paramyxovirus infections including New­castle disease, avian pox, infectious bronchitis, pasteurel­losis, chlamydial infections, mycoplasmal infections, staphylococcal infections, Bordetella avium infection, Hae­mophilus spp. infections

Buccal cavity lesions

Herpesvirus infections including Smadel’s disease, avian influenza, avian pox, salmonellosis (passerines), candidia­sis, M. ornithogaster infection

MusculoskeletalZlameness

Avian poxvirus infections, finch papillomavirus infections, avian polyomavirus infection, mycoplasmal arthritis, botu­lism (limb paralysis), staphylococcal infections (bumble foot and arthritis)

Wasting disease — chronic ill thrift, thin body condition

Circovirus infection, avian retroviral infections, avian tuberculosis, yersinial infections, chlamydial infections, mycoplasmal infections, E. coli infections, aspergillosis and other fungal infections

Respiratory disease — pneumonia, airsacculitis, tracheitis

Avian influenza, avian pox, avian tuberculosis, pasteurel­losis, chlamydial infections, mycoplasmal infections, aspergillosis

Enteric disease — diarrhoea

Herpesvirus infections including pigeons — owls — raptors, avian influenza, avian paramyxovirus infections — Newcas­tle disease, pasteurellosis, E. coli infections, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, campylobacteriosis, clostridial disease (necrotic enteritis)

Nervous signs, fitting, paralysis, incoordination, lack of fear

Avian influenza, paramyxovirus infection including New­castle disease, flavivirus infections and encephalitides, including West Nile fever, Usutu, louping-ill, borna disease, borreliosis, listeriosis, pasteurellosis, botulism

Found dead, acute disease no obvious clinical signs

Avian influenza, Usutuvirus infection and other flavivirus infections, avian polyomavirus infection, tularaemia, pas­teurellosis, salmonellosis, clostridial disease including necrotic enteritis, algal and cyanobacterial toxicosis