HELMINTH-VERTEBRATE SYSTEMS

As outlined in Chapter 8, claims of possible helminth-vertebrate reservoirs have been made for some viruses (Shope 1965). These include the classic swine fever (hog cholera) virus (Shope 1958), influenza virus (Shope 1941, 1943a, 1943b; Sen et al.

One example is the San Miguel Sea Lion Virus (SMSV-5), a calicivirus similar to vesicu­lar exanthema virus of swine. The SMSV-5 can be passed to northern fur seal pups (Callorhinus ursinus) by feeding them opaleye fish (Girella nigricans) infected with virus, or with fish infected with both sea lion lungworm larvae (Parafilaroides decorus) and virus (Smith et al. 1980). The viruses could not be isolated from the lungworm larvae, but were isolated regularly from the opaleye fish that serve as intermediate hosts for the lungworm larvae (Smith et al. 1980).

Nematode larvae of Parafilaroides decorus were used to infect opaleye fish with SMSV-5. When the infected fish were fed to fur seals on the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea 30 days later, the seals developed vesicular disease, and SMSV-5 was recovered from the lesions (Smith and Boyt 1990, Smith et al. 1998). On one occasion, SMSV-5 also was isolated from a liver fluke (Zalophatrema spp.) (Smith et al. 1978)

Yet the roles of the helminths as part of these viral reservoirs is ambiguous, and helminths may not be an essential part of these virus reser­voirs (Wallace 1977). The helminth-vertebrate relationship also may be only one part of a more complex reservoir system for these viruses that also involves latent infections in one or more vertebrate species. However, with the apparent success of a helminth-vertebrate relationship among at least a few microparasites, it seems likely that, with searching, other examples will emerge.

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