INDEX

Absalon, Danish Archbishop 97 absolutism 42, 94, 104, 191, 205, 211 219-220, 230, 231, 255: abolition of251; Austrian 250; Castilian 216; cause of, cf. coercion 58; and confession 163, 166; and constitutionalism 7, 58, 191, 231; doctrine of 200; efficiency of 221; and economy 217, 231-23; English 211; European 191, 232; French 200, 211, 214; limits to 205; and militarization 221; and monopolies 198; 226, 231, 232; modification of 255; Prussian 223-26; Russian 38; Scandinavian 218-20, 222 accusatorial process 64

Acemoglou and Robinson 132 Acharias of Marmande 71 Agincourt, Battle of 18 Albertus Magnus 93

Albigensians 20, 72, 116, 117, 152 Alexander III, Pope 119 Alsace-Lorraine 99

Amalfi 129

America 6, 9, 170-72, 174, 179, 217: colonies in 25, 168, 169, 200; conquest of 133, 145, 169; discovery of 170, 178; emigration to 209; European proximity to 174; exploitation of 168-170; trade with 216

American Declaration of Independence 238, 258

Amerigo Vespucci 168

Amsterdam 171, 173, 195, 243 Anagni 141

Ancients and Moderns 184, 237

Angevins 31

Anglicanism 156, 209

Anno, Archbishop of Cologne 137 Antwerp 136, 138, 192, 240

Aquinas, Thomas 93, 94

Arabs 6, 13, 18, 26, 44, 59, 109, 128, 130, 175, 232

Aragon 13, 17, 22, 23, 44, 95, 103, 155, 167, 215-17 231

archbishop, office of 122 aristocracy 47, 51, 54, 81: in Aristotle’s

constitution 239; and clergy 70, 213; consolidation of 51; and constitutionalism 231; and king 4, 48, 50, 52-55, 58, 63, 75, 79, 81, 89, 110, 139, 260; and peasants 19; rebellions of the 76

Aristotle 93, 148: authority of 184, 237; idea of society 93, 141, 142, 163, 239, 247, 259; idea of the Universe 148; Politics of 93; reception of 94

Arkwright, Richard 182

armies 109, 180, 182: and state formation

232; bureaucratization of 56; Chinese 42; civilian control of 109; command of 6, 12, 19, 22, 23, 26, 28, 56-58; financing of 253; organization of 13, 42, 6, 57, 108, 198; private 228; provisioning of 57; size of6, 19, 22, 23; 28, 56-58, 232; standing 44, 56, 58, 203, 208, 210, 245

Arminianism 209

arms industry 181 arquebusiers 20

Arte della Lana 134

Atlantic Ocean 15, 167, 169, 172, 174, 178, 182, 198, 200

Audfinn, Bishop of Bergen, Norway 120

Augsburg, Peace of 159

Augustus, Roman Emperor 87

Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and

Elector of Saxony 223, 229

Austria 32-33, 36, 38, 104, 158-59, 164,

223, 229-30, 232, 241, 244-45,

249-51, 254

Austrian Netherlands 35

Avignon 115, 124-25, 141

Axel Oxenstjärna 221

Azores 167

Aztec Empire 169

Banda 169

Bank of England 197

Barcelona 215, 231

baronial rebellion, England 55, 94, 212

Bartolomeo de las Casas 168

Bartolomeu Diaz 168

Bavaria 32, 35, 43, 158-60, 228

Beccaria, Cesare 239

Beijing 180

Belgium 43, 104, 192, 230, 243

Benedict XII, Pope 115

Bernard of Chartres 237

Bernstorff, A.P.

Bible 94, 102, 106, 151-52, 184

bishop 115, 117, 119, 122, 127, 137, 159,

165: Anglican 165; election of 124, 161,

163, 165; as lord of town

136, 154;

Black Death 46, 104, 106, 108, 118,

129, 198

Blenheim, Battle of 190

Blenheim Palace 199

Bodin, Jean 95

Bohemia 15, 17, 24, 26-27, 32, 44, 54, 99,

101-04, 155, 158, 160,

226, 230

Bolland, Jean 240

Bollandists 240

Boniface VIII, Pope 123, 141

Bordeaux 200

Bourbons 34, 217

bows 18, 20

Brabant 83

Bracciolini, Poggio 147

Brandenburg 24, 54, 223

Brazil, 171

Breitenfeld, Battle of 220

Brescia 28

Britain 12, 25, 33, 38, 43, 69, 84, 173, 177, 180, 193, 199-200, 204, 222, 239, 241, 244, 246-48, 252-53, 255, 258-61

Bruni, Leonardo 149, 240

Brussels 192

Bude, Guillaume 95

Buon Governo 136

bureaucracy 4, 6, 42, 44, 56, 58, 61, 75, 77-78, 91, 95, 97, 109, 142, 248-49: Austrian 249; British 248; Chinese 91, 176, 185; competence of 57, 249, 254-55; Danish 220; Dutch 196; ecclesiastical 124, 259; French 205; modern 97; Prussian 249, 255;

Swedish 222

bureaucratization 58, 99, 116, 141-42, 196 Burgundy 25-26, 29-30, 61, 84, 89, 107, 124, 191

Burke, Edmund 238 butler 76

Byzantium 18, 44, 47, 51, 123, 128-31, 216

cabinet 79, 88, 245-46, 249, 258

Cairo 130

Calais 21, 29, 60, 75

Calicut 169

Calvin, Jean 163 Calvinism 73, 84, 152, 156, 160-61, 164,

166, 194-96, 225

Canary Islands 167 cannons 21-23, 132, 146, 167 canon law 64-67, 123, 148, 151

Canossa 141

Capetians 54, 63, 203 capital and constitutionalism 201 capitalism and Protestantism 163-64, 170 Carey, Sir Robert 97 Caribbean 172, 200

Caroline, Queen of England 84, 90 Carolingian Empire 14, 16-17, 24-25, 27, 49, 52-53, 128

Carolingians 16, 47, 52, 63, 82, 92, 125 Casa de Contracion 170

Castile 19, 24-26, 44, 60, 65, 75, 89, 103, 212, 215-17

Cateau-Cambresis, Peace of 31, 156 Cathars 115

cathedral chapter 122

Catherine of Medici, Queen of France 161 Catherine the Great, Queen of Russia 38 Catholicism 7, 152-53, 155-57, 159-60,

162, 164, 166, 209-12, 245 cavalry 14, 16, 18-21, 29, 47, 50, 57, 169,

182, 227

celibacy 116, 119, 159

Cellarius, Michael 240 central administration 75—76, 82, 202 chamberlain 76

Champagne 131 chancellor 30, 76, 77 chancery, royal and ecclesiastical 69, 76—78,

81-82, 96-97, 101, 132, 224 Charles Albert, Duke of Bavaria 32-33 Charles I, King of England 78, 88, 205-09 Charles II, King of England 198,

209-211, 246

Charles II, King of Spain 197, 217, 246 Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor 101 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 26-30,

32, 34-35, 61, 67, 84, 88, 106, 126, 151, 159, 192, 204, 260

Charles V, King of France 29-31, 203, 243 Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor 32,

33, 230

Charles VI, King of France 19, 212 Charles VII, King of France 21, 62, 203 Charles VIII, King of France 31 Charles IX, King of France 161 Charles IX, King of Sweden 155 Charles XI, King of Sweden 220 Charles XII, King of Sweden 91, 229, 247 Charles, Duke of Bourbon 30

Charles of Anjou 60, 135 Cheyette, Frederick 72

China 8, 11-13, 16, 23, 28, 30, 42, 44, 54,

85, 91, 116, 128, 130, 171, 174,

176-77, 179-81, 183-85,

232: unification of 11 chivalry, rules of 28-29, 63, 96 Christian III, King of Denmark 154 Christian IV, King of Denmark 218 Christian VII, King of Denmark 250 Christianity 14, 17, 26, 44, 50, 53, 116, 118,

121, 138, 152, 154, 171, 175, 184, 186, 237, 241

Christina, Queen of Sweden 221

Church 71, 82-83, 102, 105, 115, 122, 124,

151, 196, 237, 241: Catholic Church 146, 164-65, 184; Church of England 95, 156, 165, 166, 209, 247-48; and learning 121; and monarchy 59, 66, 83, 126-27, 141-42, 163; Orthodox 158; Protestant 165, 196; and secular knowledge 175, 237; and state formation 17, 44, 50, 59, 139, 142, 143, 146, 155, 158, 166, 259

Churchill, Winston 190 Ciompi rebellion 134-35, 150 city republics 23, 25, 38, 61, 72, 127-28, 139-40, 183, 191 civil war 108, 157, 207, 212,

258: English 157, 163, 207-212;

French 160

Clement V, Pope 123, 125-26

Clement VI, Pope 124

Clement VII, Pope 125, 153

Clementinae 123

Cleve 223, 225

Cluny, Monastery of 118, 124

Code of the Realm (Norway) 65 Codex (Roman Law) 64, 93 coercion and capital 6, 191, 201

Colbert, Jean Baptiste 97, 200, 205 College of Cardinals 124

Cologne 35, 54, 136-38, 160

Columbus, Christopher 146, 166-68, 178 commenda 131

commissaires 204

compass 167, 176 compurgation 64

Conciliarism 123 concubinage 120 confession 66-68, 101, 116, 122, 133, 156,

163, 196, 225, 243

conflict solution 71, 109, 259

Conrad II, German Emperor 92 Constantinople 18, 21, 27, 123, 130-31 constitutionalism 8, 123, 191, 197, 201, 208,

214-15, 217-18, 223, 226, 231, 232, 250: failed 226

constitutions 93, 129, 131-32, 134-35, 163, 201, 206, 210, 218, 222, 230, 239, 248,

251- 52, 254, 258

Copernicus, Nicholas 148-49, 182-84, 227, 243

cortes, Castilian 216-17

Cosimo di Medici 135

Council of Church 65, 75, 88, 95, 100, 123-24, 132, 218-21, 248: Basel 123, 125; Fourth Lateran 66; Fifth Lateran 123; Lyon 123; Trent 123, 159;

Vienne 123

Council of Ten, Venice 132

Counter Reformation 73, 101, 133, 161-62, 230

court: ceremonial of 75-76, 79, 83-85, 88-91, 95-96, 110, 14; culture of 9, 51, 85, 91, 110, 260; imperial, 180; Ottoman 91; papal 122; royal 65, 72, 75-77, 79-82, 84-91, 118, 139, 157-58, 194, 199-200, 210, 214, 226, 216, 232,

252- 54

court of law: ecclesiastical, 67, 71, 119, 121; royal 48, 58, 64-67, 69-74, 96, 108, 129,

142-43, 177, 198, 202-03, 208, 246, 249; urban 129, 132

Cranmer, Thomas 95, 155

Crecy, Battle of 20

crime, concept of 66-69, 73-74, 115-16, 118, 196, 239

Crimean War 180

Cromwell, Oliver 209, 211

Cromwell, Thomas 95, 156 crown 19, 30, 33, 82-83, 85, 88, 92-93,

127, 202, 216, 219, 250

Crusade 18, 106, 117, 130

cuius regio eius religio 159, 161

d’Alembert, Jean le Rond 242

Damascus 130

Damiens, execution of 68, 69

De regno (Thomas Aquinas) 93 death penalty 62, 68-69, 89, 96, 115, 121, 224, 249

debt, national 171, 192, 193, 197, 206, 219, 223, 252, 253

Declaration of Human Rights, French (1789) 257-58

Declaration of Rights, English (1689) 210, 245, 259

deditio 63

democracy 7, 8, 96, 170, 191, 210, 217, 233, 238-39, 250, 254, 258

Denmark 15, 17, 24, 25, 44, 47, 50, 62, 65, 70, 75, 79, 98, 100, 102, 154-55, 160, 165, 217, 218-22, 225-26, 232, 247, 251

Descartes, Rene 237

Devotio moderna 151

Diderot, Denis 242

Diet 248: Holy Roman Empire (Reichstag) 18, 20; Hungarian 226; Polish (Sejm) 227; Swedish 155, 218, 221-22, 247-48

diocese 75, 122

divorce 54, 95, 120, 156 doge, Venice 131-32

Domesday Book 82

Dominicans 117, 119, 122

dominium regale 201

dominium regale et politicum 201

Dresden 223

duels 72

Duffy, Eamon 157

Dutch Republic 24, 34-35, 139-40, 144, 160, 170-73, 177, 179, 183, 190-94, 196-201, 210, 214-16, 222, 225, 231-32, 253, 259, 261: as colonial power 170, 171; wealth of 197 Dutch War of Independence 103, 192 dwarves on the shoulders of giants 237 dynasties 9, 13, 15, 17, 28, 37—38, 51, 53,

55, 82, 108, 109, 129, 211, 259: importance of 38, 51; rights of 35, 37—38, 53, 54, 95, 101

East Central Europe 13, 16, 17, 19, 48, 50,

53, 55, 101, 103, 223, 226 East India Company: British 172; Dutch 172 Edward I, King of England 60, 65, 202 Edward II, King of England 62, 63, 207 Edward III, King of England 29, 30, 52, 89,

105, 119, 121 Edward VI, King of England 156, 212 Egypt 128 election, papal 54, 124-25, 135, 199, 238 electors, German 35, 83, 223 Elizabeth I, Queen of England 25, 79, 97,

156-57, 207-08 emperor: Ancient Roman 64, 93; Chinese

91, 178-80, 191; Holy Roman 24-26, 28-29, 31-32, 34, 36, 43, 47, 61-62, 92, 101-02, 126-27, 138, 151, 160, 162-63, 204, 214, 220, 225-26, 229-30;

Russian 38

empire: Ancient Roman 10-12, 51, 59, 64, 121, 128-29, 135, 147, 150, 174, 205, 240, 261; Arab 6, 9, 14, 54, 103, 128, 232; Byzantine 16, 128, 131, 216;

Carolingian 12, 14-15, 22, 25, 49, 52-53; Chinese 6, 9, 14, 54, 85; Holy Roman 3, 5, 23-24, 32-34, 37-38, 52, 67, 101-02, 104, 159-60, 190, 230, 249-50; Inca 169; Mongol 130; Ottoman 11, 24, 36, 46, 59, 85, 91, 103, 128, 131, 133, 175-76, 182, 216, 226, 232, 239; as political organization 7, 9, 12, 42, 178, 260-61; Russian 38 enclosure 98, 199 Encyclopedic 242 Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson 100, 107 England 17, 24, 25, 166: Anglo-Saxon

15, 213; conquest of 18, 26; economy of 164, 172, 191, 197-200; and France, comparison 162, 212-15; government of 4, 62, 201, 207, 215, 231; law in 63, 65, 67, 203; success of 232, 259

Enlightened Despotism 251, 255, 258 Enlightenment 166, 222, 229, 236-38,

240-45, 250-52, 254-55, 258-59 Erasmus of Rotterdam 152 Erik of Pomerania, King of Scandinavia, 100 Escorial 86 estates 32, 45, 47, 58-59, 62, 75, 102, 134, 138, 155, 160-61, 165, 198, 203, 206, 208, 218-219, 222, 238-39, 248, 251 ethnic religions 116

Etienne de Tournai 92

etiquette 84, 86

Eucharist, docrine of the 156 Eugene, Prince of Savoy 190 Eugenius IV, Pope 123, 125 European imperialism 240 ‘European Miracle’ 173 extraction-coercion cycle 58, 109-10, 225

Febvre, Lucien 121

Fehrbellin, Battle of 224

Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor 26, 158-59

Ferdinand I, King of Aragon,216

Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor 25,

159, 160

Ferdinand II, King of Aragon 127, 146, 178, 216-17

Ferdinand III, King of Castile 215 feudalism, definitions of 48, 49 feuds 62, 64, 70-72, 129, 135, 207 fiefs 49

First World War 99

Flanders 29, 45, 68, 81, 134, 138, 216 Florence 61, 72, 123, 128, 130-36, 149-50, 204, 243

Fontainebleau 82 fortification technology 18, 22 Fournier, Jacques, Bishop ofPamiers, later

Pope Benedict XII 115

France: and the Church 54, 160-61, 213; as colonial power 170, 173; compared to Germany 13-15, 17-18; dynastic continuity in 162-63, 212, 200; economy of 45, 141, 200, 201, 203, 213, 252, 253; Enlightenment in 252; formation of 14, 202; government of 65, 142, 161, 201-02, 205, 207, 211, 213, 254-55; noble privileges in 201; and war 157,

160, 191, 203, 214

Francis I, King of France 28-30, 32-35, 37, 61, 67, 96, 106, 148, 150, 160, 202, 204

Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor 250

Francis II, King of France 161-62

Francis Stephen, Holy Roman Emperor and

Maria Theresa’s husband 33

Franciscans 122, 168

Frederick, Count Palatine of Rhineland and

King of Bohemia (‘the Winter King’) 160 Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman

Emperor 7, 127

Frederick I, King of Denmark 154 Frederick I, King of Prussia, 223 Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor 18, 47,

65, 87, 127 Frederick II, King of Prussia 28, 32-33, 35,

37-38, 84, 96, 223-24, 230, 249, 251-52 Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor 25,

62, 223

Frederick IV, King of Denmark-Norway

219, 229

Frederick VI, King of

Denmark-Norway 251 Frederick William I, King of Prussia 91, 95,

223-25, 249

Frederick William of Prussia (the Great

Elector) 223

French Revolution 38, 48, 52, 69, 92, 139, 191, 198, 230, 238-39, 241, 251, 255, 258-59

Froissart 28-29

Fukuyama, Francis 6, 205, 246, 258

gabelle 3

Galileo Galilei 133, 149, 181, 183-84 galleys 131, 167, 182

Gellner, Ernest 98 General Staff 57

Genoa 60-61, 128-33, 167, 170 Georg von Puchheim 62 George I, King of England 90 George II, King of England 84, 90 George William, Elector of Prussia 223 German Order 138

Germany: bureaucracy in 97, 249; division of 17, 23, 26, 36, 38, 47, 48; elective monarchy in 54; Enlightenment in 242; formation of 12-14, 15, 17; law in 65, 66; principalities in 15, 24, 26, 34, 35, 36, 37, 43, 89, 138, 154, 166, 223, 232, 242, 254; Reformation in 151, 158-60, 162; unification of 22, 25, 27, 104, 140, 213 Ghent 136, 138, 192

Ghibellines 34

Gian Galeazzo Visconti, Duke of Milan 31 Giano della Bella 72, 135

Glorious Revolution, England 198, 208,

210-11, 239, 245

Granada 19, 23, 146, 154, 166, 178 Gratian’s Decretum 64-65

Great Discoveries 74, 144, 146-47, 164,

166, 167, 169, 184-86, 216-17

Great Nordic War 223 Greek language 93, 147-49, 152, 175,

184-86

Greenwich 181

Gregorian Reform 92, 142

Gregory IX, Pope 123

Gregory XI, Pope 125

Guelphs 134—35

Guicciardini, Francesco 29, 150

Guido Aldeni 11, 38

guilds 134

Guldberg, Ove Hoegh 250

Gustaf II Adolf, King of Sweden 56, 155, 220-21

Gustaf III, King of Sweden 248

Gustaf IV Adolf, King of Sweden 248

Gustaf I Vasa, King of Sweden 155, 221

Habermas, Jürgen 236

Habsburg dynasty 25-26, 32-34, 36-37, 54, 84, 89, 133, 135, 159, 161, 193, 214, 216-17, 230, 243

Hals, Frans 194

Hampton Court 90

Hanseatic League 138, 172 healing power of the king 83 heliocentric theory 183-84, 227

Henrietta Maria, Queen of England 209 Henry II, King of England 18, 65, 77, 82, Henry II, King of France 161

Henry III, King of England 77, 84, 99, 161-62, 212

Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 76, 137, 141

Henry IV, King of Castile 216

Henry IV, King of France 160-63, 202, 204-05

Henry of Bourbon (Henry IV, King of France) 23

Henry VII, King of England 101, 172

Henry VIII, King of England 79, 89, 95, 155, 157, 158, 203, 207, 212

heresy/heretics 20, 67-68, 115-17, 119, 121, 126-27, 146, 154, 156, 194

Hervey, Frederick, Bishop and Earl 165 Hessen 158, 163

High Church Anglicanism 205, 208, 210 Hilton, Rodney 106

Hitler, Adolf 27, 260

Hoangho River 12

Hobsbawm, Eric 99

Hoffman, Philip 32, 181, 182

Holland 193, 225

homicide, decline of 73, 109 honour 25, 29, 31-32, 34, 37, 70-74, 96 House of Commons 107, 177, 207, 246 House of Lords 60, 165, 207, 246 Huguenots 160-61

Hui, Victoria Tin-bor 16, 23, 37

Hume, David 240

Hundred Years War 20-21, 55, 60, 62, 104,

109, 139, 202-04

Hungary 13, 15, 17, 24, 26-27, 32-33,

44, 47, 61, 104, 131, 155, 158, 164, 226, 230, 251 hunting 31, 82, 85-87, 90 Hussites 102, 107, 127, 153, 158

Icelandic sagas, 70-71

Ignatius Loyola 159

Inca Empire 169

India 8, 11, 27, 146, 166-69, 171-72, 174,

177, 179-81, 198, 200 indulgences 146, 151 Industrial Revolution 178, 184-86, 193,

198, 237, 255

infantry 12, 16, 19-23, 57, 146, 182 Innocent III, Pope 93

Innocent IV, Pope 123

Innocent VIII, Pope 119

Inquisition 67, 115, 117, 127, 154, 192 inquisitional process 67-68, 109 inventions 147, 175-76, 179, 182, 184, 237 Investiture Contest 83, 92, 116, 117,

142, 237

Isabella, Queen of Castile 25, 31, 75, 127,

146, 171, 178, 216-17

Islam 116, 146, 175

James I, King of Scotland 158

James III, King of Scotland 158

James VI, King of Scotland (James I, King of

England) 25, 207

Jan III Sobieski, King of Poland 229 Jansenism 166

Jerusalem 117

Jesuits 159, 162, 168, 171, 179, 240

Jews 99, 103, 118, 122, 154, 217, 224

Joan of Arc 21

Joanna, Queen of Castile 24

John, King of England 20, 206

John Ball, preacher 105

John Fortescue 201

John Hus 101-02, 151

John II, King of Spain 216

John III, King of Sweden 155

John Nepomuk 101

John of Gaunt 105

John of Luxembourg, King of Bohemia

99, 101

John of Salisbury, Policraticus 92, 94

John XXII, Pope 123

Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor 33, 83,

241, 245, 249, 251-52

joyeuse entree 83

jury 66-67, 69-70, 75

Justinian, Roman Emperor 64-65, 92

Kenneth MacAlpin, King of Scotland 17 Kepler, Johannes 149, 183-84

The King's Mirror 68, 78, 96

Knox, John 163

Konstanz, Council of 102, 123, 125, 151 Konigsberg 158

Las Siete Partidas 65

Laud, William, Archbishop of

Canterbury 209

law 63, 64, 239: divine 94; natural 93-94, 205; Roman 44, 64-65, 74, 92-94, 207; of treason, 63;

Law, John 200 legislation, royal 65, 144 Leibniz, Gottfried 237

Leonardo da Vinci 148, 181

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor 249

Les très riches heures du Duc de Berry 86 lettres de cachet 69, 120

Liber Augustalis 65

Liber Sextus 123

liberum veto 227

Liège 181

Lisbon 19

literacy rate 243

Liverpool 200

Livy 149-50, 152

Locke, John 239, 241

Lollards 127, 153

London 69, 105, 133, 138, 140, 199-200, 210, 242

Louis IX, King of France (St Louis) 84, 118, 126, 202-03

Louis X, King of France 52

Louis XIV, King of France 14, 16, 22, 25,

30-32, 35-37, 52, 67-68, 76, 79-89,

91-92, 95, 108, 110, 161, 190-92, 200, 202-05, 207, 212, 214, 224, 241, 243-44, 252-54, 260

Louis XV, King of France 68, 238, 252, 254 Louis XVI, King of France 87, 241,

243, 252

Louvre, Palace of 82

Low Countries 15, 19, 22, 25-27, 31-32,

66, 128, 136, 140, 155, 181, 191-92, 217, 231

Luther, Martin 106, 146, 151-52, 154-55, 158, 163

Lutheranism 165-66, 225

Luxembourg 25, 101-02

Mabillon, Jean 240

Macao 171

Machiavelli, Niccolo 95, 134, 146, 149-50, 152, 240, 247

Madeira 167 magic 118

Magnus VI, King of Norway 65 Mainz 54, 83, 153

Maistre, Joseph de 238 majordomus 52 Manchu dynasty 176 Mandeville, Bernard 243 Marcel, Etienne 106 Marco Polo 130, 176 Maria of Burgundy 25 Maria Theresa, Queen of Austria 33, 38, 75, 245, 249

Marie Antoinette, Queen of France 82 Marlborough, John Churchill, First

Duke of 190

marriage 11, 19-21, 25, 28, 38, 49, 50-52,

59, 70, 75, 95, 116, 119-21, 155-56, 243: annulment of 54; ecclesiastical doctrine of 119

Marsilius of Padua 142 Marxists 4, 106

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland 158, 162

Mary Stuart, Queen of England, married to

William III 210

Mary Tudor, Queen of England 71, 155-57, 162

Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary 61 Maurice, Prince of Orange 22 Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria 160 Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor 23, 24, 160

Mazarin, Jules 36, 205 Mecklenburg 27, 138 Medici 135-36

Mediterranean 8, 11-15, 18, 27, 45,

128-31, 133, 167, 169, 174, 182, 185, 216

Mercantilism 239 mercenaries 16, 28, 55, 108, 192,

219-20 merchants 13, 16, 46, 58, 60, 70-71,

102, 105, 127-31, 133-35, 137-39, 153-54, 158, 164, 170-72,

177, 186, 200, 210-11, 216, 228, 232, 259

Mercurio di Gattinara 30

meridians 181 Merovingians 47, 51 Michele di Lando 134

Milan 29-31, 61, 128, 129, 133, 149

military revolution 4, 19-21, 25, 109, 139-40, 203, 207-08

Ming dynasty, China 176, 178 ministerial system, Prussia 249 minting 59, 60

Mirabeau, Count 69 mirrors for princes 83, 93, 149

Moliere (Jean-Baptiste Poquelin) 86, 184 monarchy: as an institution 78, 92, 93, 212;

legitimation of 241 monasteries 81, 121-22, 148, 153, 156-57,

165-66, 168, 208, 213 monogamy 52, 54 monopolies 198, 232, 253 monopoly of violence 43-44, 62, 96,

108-09, 139

Montaillou 115, 117, 126

Montesquieu, Charles-Louis 93, 239-40 Moore, Barrington 191

Moore, R.I. 117

Morris, Ian 11, 42, 55, 74, 108, 174,

178, 182

muskets 21-22, 146

Muslims 47, 54, 84, 103, 118, 146, 154, 167, 175, 180, 183, 216, 230

Münster 137, 160

Nantes, Edict of 161

Naples 25, 31, 89, 129, 217

Napoleon I, Emperor of France 27, 57, 161, 201-03, 233, 249, 260, 261

Narva, Battle of 229 nationalism 14, 36, 98-99, 103, 230

Native Americans 168

Navarra 24, 25 necessity, doctrine of 59, 206 Needham, Joseph 183 the Netherlands 56, 67, 73, 140, 156, 164,

177, 192, 215, 230, 251

New Testament 83, 92, 102

Newton, Isaac 149, 181, 182, 183, 237 Nicholas II, Pope 124

nobility 19, 84, 85, 102, 106, 135, 158, 201, 216, 217, 220, 227: Aragonese 215;

Bohemian 102; Castilian 216-17; Danish 218-20, 222; definition of 48; Dutch 194; East European 226; English 165, 197, 199, 205, 206, 207, 208, 212, 214, 259; European 259; and feuds 9, 46, 62;

Florentine 135; French 161, 200-03, 205, 252, 253; German 138; high 91; and honour 70; Hungarian 33, 127, 245; importance of 48; and king 47, 50, 55, 86, 89, 91, 100; late medieval 46; and national identity 103; and peasants 105,

108; Polish 158-59, 227-28, 231; power of 70; privileges of 57-59, 132; Prussian 224; and rebellion 62, 73, 107; Saxon 137; Spanish 23, 154; Swedish 100, 220, 221, 247, 248, 251; territorial power of 50; Venetian 134 noblesse d’epee, France 201 noblesse de robe, France 85, 201 Norman Conquest of England 18, 20 North America 172-73, 178 Norway 15, 17, 24, 25, 44, 50-51, 62, 65,

68, 70, 80-81, 87, 91, 96, 104, 120, 154, 165, 172, 218-20, 222, 247, 250-51 Nystad, Peace of (1721) 222

office 15, 43, 76, 89, 96, 103, 132, 135,

156, 165, 193, 199 201, 204, 246 office, royal 51, 74-75, 81, 110, 139,

244, 252 officers 56, 85, 200 Olav Haraldsson, King of Norway 80 Old Testament 82-83, 103, 118 Oluf, King of Denmark and Norway 23 Opium War 80, 185 Orange, Dutch dynasty 193-94, 21 ordeals 66 orders of society 46, 89, 104, 122, 168, 254 Orleans 21, 200 Orthodox Church 159 orthodoxy 115-17, 126-27, 144, 146, 153,

211, 225 Osnabrück and Münster, Peace of 34 Otto III, German Emperor 84 Otto of Freising 47, 59, 127, 226 Ottomans 14, 18, 27, 32, 123, 175, 178,

182, 183, 226

Ottoman empire 12-13, 26, 36, 46, 59, 85, 91, 109, 128, 131, 133, 158, 169, 175-76, 181-82, 216, 226, 232, 239; sultan of 191

Ottonians, dynasty 16, 47, 63

Padua 133, 142 Palermo 129 Paris 68-69, 82- 83, 87, 106, 128, 136,

140-41, 200, 202-03, 228, 240, 242-43, 252-53: salons in 242

Parliament, English 4, 54, 55, 63, 78,

95, 104, 156, 157, 197, 208, 209, 210-12, 214, 217, 232, 245, 246, 258, 260; 212: competence of 206, 210, 245; as court of appeal 65; development of 59, 90, 206; election to 58, 199, 246, 248; frequency of 245; and government 248, 255; Long 198; and monopolies 198; Reform of 259; suppression of 205, 208; and taxation 207; victory of 208—09, 212; and war 207

Parliament of Paris 67, 203, 250 Parliament, Swedish 218 parliamentary system 200, 210, 245—47 parties 45, 102, 208, 245-48 Paston family 119 Paul III, Pope 153 Paul IV, Pope 154 paulette 204

Pavia 29-30, 32, 92, 106 Peace of God 71 peasants 19, 45, 46, 55, 70, 71, 104, 105,

198, 200, 205, 228, 249, 253, 259:

Castilian 170; conditions of 104; estate in Swedish diet 248; French 253, 257; and hunting 87; and king 105, liberation of 250; literacy of 243; and lords 96, 107, 108, 222; military conscription of 219; organization of 107; rebellions of 89, 104-07, 153, 252 persecution, religious 103, 118-19, 153-54,

156, 163, 175, 209, 212, 217, 236, 261; and state 108, 143

Peter I, Tsar of Russia 229 Peter the Venerable 118 Petrarch 147

Philip II Augustus, King of France 18, 202 Philip II, King of Spain 23, 61, 67, 84, 86,

88, 126, 192, 217, 243

Philip IV, King of France 52, 61, 77, 79, 81,

82, 100, 115, 126, 141, 202 Philip of Hessen, German prince 163 Philippa, Queen of England 29 physiocrats 239, 240 pikemen 21, 22 Plassey, Battle of 180 plenitudo potestatis 123 Plutarch 149 pogroms 118 Poitiers 20, 29 Poland 13, 15, 17, 23-25, 32-33, 36,

38, 50, 53, 99, 155, 159, 218, 220-21, 223-31

police 58, 67, 69, 73, 142, 176 Poltava, Battle of 28, 222, 229 Polybius 149 Pomeranz, Kenneth 174 pope 11, 18, 123, 124: authority of

122, 124, 141; and council 123; as legislator 94, 123; military power of 125, 140; office of 122; as ruler of Rome 125; and secular rulers

81, 95, 127, 141, 142, 155,

163, 203; supremacy of 123 population, size of 46, 130, 180 Portugal 19, 24-25, 44, 104, 130, 164,

166-71, 216: colonies of 192

Premyslids 101

Prague 33, 101-02, 158, 160, 230 predestination, doctrine of 152, 156, 164,

166, 186, 209

Pressburg (now Bratislava) 33

prime minister 76, 90, 245, 246, 247, 254 primogeniture 52-54

The Prince (Machiavelli) 95, 146, 149-50 printing, invention of 133, 148, 153, 175, 184-85

Privy Council 245 propaganda 81, 99, 101, 142, 153, 165, 209 Protestantism 5, 29, 126, 152-56, 158-63,

96, 107, 184, 192, 225; 244: Reformed

164, 196, 225

Prussia 15, 24-25, 27, 32-33, 38, 43, 57-58, 79, 91, 95, 97, 110, 158, 190-91, 196, 222-23, 225-26, 228-30, 232, 242, 244, 249, 251, 254-55

public prosecution 67

Puritans 157, 163, 184, 194, 208, 209, 210

Qin, Chinese dynasty 11

Qing, Chinese dynasty (or Manchu)

176, 178

queens 75-76, 97, 101, 209, 246, 250

Quran 118

Rahewin 127

ransom 27-28, 30, 63, 82, 206 Rastatt, Peace of 191

Reformation 9, 31, 73, 92, 95, 96, 100,

106, 120, 124, 142-43, 147, 151-53,

155, 160-66, 184-86, 208: in Bohemia 102; in England 156, 157; in France 155, 160, 161, 162; in Germany 158-59; in Italy 153; in Poland 227; in Scandinavia 154-55; in Spain 154; and state formation 162

regalia 216 regency 62, 156, 161-62, 203, 212, 221,

248, 250

regicide 53, 93-94, 162, 211-12

Reims 21, 83

Renaissance 9, 98, 147-49, 151, 153, 185, 186, 227, 237, 240, 243, 247, 261: architecture 133; art 135-36, 195; historiography 149; and Reformation 152;

res publica 92, 94 revenge 29, 62, 63, 72, 91, 96, 106, 119 Reynolds, Susan 49

Rhine League 138 Rhineland 36, 54, 160, 223, 226, 243 Richard II, King of England 63, 105,

207, 212 Richelieu, Cardinal 37, 79, 88, 97, 107,

160, 204-05 Rigaud, Hyacinte 87, 243 right of resistance 93, 102, 163 Roman Republic 127, 152 Rome 12-13, 42, 92, 116, 123-25, 127,

132, 136, 140, 151 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 239 royal justice 70, 71, 72, 107, 109 royal office 81, 96, 110, 139 Rubens, Peter Paul 194 Russia 13, 27, 38, 46, 172, 180, 222,

226-30, 248, 260-61

Saint-Simon, Duke of 88, 89 Sainte Chapelle, Paris 83 salons 242

Sanssouci 224 Sardinia 19, 25, 216

Savoy 22, 24, 25, 33, 105, 190

Saxo Grammaticus 98 Saxony 15, 24, 28, 33, 43, 54, 106, 158, 223, 229

Scandinavia 17, 19, 48, 53, 55, 66, 70, 97,

107, 138, 154-55, 162, 166, 204, 217-18, 254 schism, papal 125 Schleswig-Holstein 99, 100 Schramm, Percy Ernst 5 Schonbrunn 89, 249 science: and capitalism 164; Chinese

179; and Christianity 175; European 182; and European supremacy 173;

Greek 183-84; and the Industrial Revolution 184; and Islam 175; and practical inventions 184; renaissance of 147-48

scientific discoveries 183-84, 186, 227, 237, 255, 261

scientific revolution 149-50, 183, 185, 241, 261: and warfare 181

Scotland 17, 24-25, 28, 44, 90, 102, 158, 162-64, 207, 209

Scotland and England, union of 44 seals 81, 91, 96

Sejm 227-28 serrata 132

Seven Years War 28, 35, 57, 244, 254 Shakespeare, William 100 sheriff 58 ship-building technology 167 Sicily 16-18, 26, 31, 38, 60-61, 84, 103,

118, 216: Norman Kingdom of 18, 22,

24, 63, 65, 118, 129

Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor 102 Simon de Montfort 212 slave trade 198, 200, 240

Smith, Adam, 240 Snorri Sturluson 80, 99 society, ideas of 46, 238-42 sortation 135

Sound (0resund) 218, 222 South Tyrol 99

Southern Netherlands (Belgium),166 sovereignty 44, 93, 94: popular 239, 258;

royal 95; of the state 5, 22, 24, 31, 37, 43, 44, 92-94

Spain 18, 25, 27, 31-32, 34, 43-44, 48, 56, 61, 73, 75, 84, 86, 97, 99, 103, 118, 126-27, 130, 142, 146, 154, 156-57, 160, 162-64, 170-73, 178, 181, 190, 192-93, 198, 213: conquest of 19, 26;

dynasty of 38; Muslim 19; offices in 204, 232, 260; revival of 217; and royal coronation 216; venality of weak absolutism in 205

Spanish Armada 207 Spruyt, Hendrik 142 Stadholder, Dutch 24, 193 Stanislaw Leszynski 229 state: and aristocracy 110; conglomerate 43;

definition of 1, 94-97; and European supremacy 186; formation of 6, 8, 9, 15-16, 18-19, 23, 28, 39, 42, 44, 48, 49-50, 55, 58, 74, 108-10, 141-42, 163, 182, 186, 195-96, 203, 213, 215, 221, 226, 232, 260; intervention in economy 200; and language 14, 15, 35, 75, 77, 89, 98, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104, 147, 183, 185, 230; power of 110; revenues of 61 status rei publicae 94 Staufen, dynasty 47, 135 stirrup, introduction of the 16 Strayer, Joseph 7, 55, 70, 203 Struensee, Johann Friedrich 250 Sture, dynasty 101, 221 succession to the throne 18, 32, 51,

53-54, 109, 124, 132, 139, 155, 211-12: agnatic 32; cognatic 32, 52; crises of 35; divided 52; dynastic 19,

25, 28, 34, 44, 51-52, 82, 108, 163, 227; elective 53; hereditary and elective 54; individual 52-53; rules of 17, 52, 53; struggles over 32, 53, 55

Sung, Chinese dynasty 176 superintendents 165

Sweden 15, 17, 24-25, 56, 65, 79, 91, 100-02, 155, 160, 165, 217, 218-22, 224-26,

228- 29, 231, 247-48, 250-51, 254-55

Swiss Confederacy 21-22, 43, 107

Swiss Guard of the Pope 125

Switzerland 43

Syria 128

taxation 59-60, 104, 125, 155, 161, 164, 180, 192-93, 197, 201, 203-04, 206, 216-17, 231, 253

tax farming 253

Templars 89, 126, 203

Temple, Sir William 192, 195 tenants-in-chief 49, 206 tercio 22, 56

textile production 130, 134

Thietmar of Merseburg 84

Thirty Years War 34, 36, 102, 155, 159-60, 162, 192, 204, 218, 220-21, 225, 227,

229- 30

Thomas, Earl of Lancaster 62

Thucydides 148-49

Tilly, Charles 6, 16, 23, 24, 42, 55, 58, 74, 108, 110, 191, 201, 211, 260

Titian 88, 133, 136, 159, 243

‘Tobacco College' 224

Tocqueville, Alexis de 238 tolerance/intolerance 133, 158-59, 183,

224, 261

torture 47, 67-69, 115, 126, 224, 249, 252, 258

Tory party 245

Toulouse 49, 115

trade 42, 44, 46, 59-60, 74, 109, 128-33, 136, 138, 140, 142-43, 164, 166-73, 175, 177, 179-80, 192-93, 195-200, 215-18, 221, 228, 231-32, 240, 246, 259

Transylvania 158, 164

Treason, Law of 62-63, 207

trial by battle 64

Troyes 21

Tyler, Wat 105

Ukraine 99, 159, 226

unction 82-83, 110, 142 union 19, 24-26, 43, 75, 99, 102-03, 109, 119, 138, 159, 191, 207, 210, 216-18, 223, 226-27, 261: dynastic 54, 100, 102, 103

universities 64-65, 67, 101-02, 121, 137, 155, 158-59, 165, 168, 176, 183, 221, 242, 248, 261

Utraquists 187 Utrecht 34, 191

Vadstena 100 Valdensians 152 Valencia 19, 217 Valois, dynasty of 31, 203 Vasari, Giorgio 147, 152 Vasco da Gama 166, 168-69 vassals 20, 24, 49, 50, 55, 62, 63, 202, 206 Vauban, Sebastien 22 venality of offices 142, 204-05, 214-15,

222, 232, 252-53, 260 Venice 28, 61,128-36,139,167,169,195,204 Verdun, Treaty of 14 Versailles 79-83, 85-87, 89, 91, 110,

199-200, 202, 205, 214, 231, 241, 249, 252-53, 257, 259

Vienna 27, 33, 89, 131, 158, 175, 229-30, 242, 245: Congress of 27

Vikings 13, 17

Visconti, lords of Milan 31, 129, 149 Visigoths 51, 82 Vogt, Niels 96

Voltaire (Francois-Marie Arouet) 84,

240-41, 255

Waldensians 116 walls, types of 21-22 war: against the Moors (Spain) 215; of the

Austrian Succession 32, 56; civil 103; costs of 91, 108, 139; external versus internal 104; of the Polish Succession 229; of religion 203; of the Roses 55, 63, 212; of the Spanish Succession 22, 44, 86, 103, 216, 253; and state formation 11-12, 16, 20-23, 25-28, 30-34, 38-39, 42-43, 55-58, 96, 108-09, 159-60, 180, 217, 220, 229; of succession 37, 154 warship 167 Weber, Max 163-64, 166, 194, 196 Wenceslas, King of Bohemia and Holy

Roman Emperor 101-02 Western Christendom 5, 6, 14,

18, 53, 122, 124, 167, 211,

226, 230

Westphalia, Peace of 24, 34, 160,

163, 230 Whig party 208, 210, 245, 246 Whig view of history 208 Whitehall 89, 133 White Mountain, Battle of 160 William of Orange (William III, King of

England) 84, 193, 210, 245-46

William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy and King of England

20, 49 Wipo 92 witchcraft 68, 118-19 Wittelsbach, dynasty 35, 160 Wittenberg 152 Wolsey, Cardinal 79 women: aristocratic 52; crime and

punishment of 68; and Enlightenment 238; and government 75; history of 2; literacy of 177-78, 243;

marriage of 121, 168; position in

Dutch society 194; protection of 71; and witchcraft 119

wool, production and trade of 60, 130, 134, 198

Wycliffe, John 102, 105, 127, 153

Yang Zse-Kiang 12

Yuan dynasty (Mongol) 176

Zeeland, Denmark 193

Zheng He 178