Index of Places, Names, and Events

Aachen, 468, 475, 480-482, 486

Abbasid Caliphate, 360-361, 365, 368, 454, 571, 597, 605, 1105

Abbasid Dynasty, 350, 356

Abbe Raynal, 862, 875, 950

Abdülhamid II, 746-747, 1065-1067 ‘Abdullah ibn Fudi, 1087-1088, 1092, 1099 Abdülmecid I, 1062

Abdülmejid, 745

Abodrites, 477

Abraham, 491, 949

Abu Bakr, 358

Abu Sa'id, 524

Abu Simbel, 7

Abü Täleb Hosayni, 721

Abu Yazid, 1098

Abu Zayd Hasan, 415

Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, 1179

Abu-Lughod, Janet, 398

Abydos, 24, 34, 130

Acadia, 947-948

Acapulco, 789, 802

Aceh, 414, 416, 424

Achaea, 455

Achaemenes, 128

Achaemenid Empire, 111-114, 117, 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131-132, 140, 161-162, 167, 175, 181, 298, 334, 724

Acolhua, 673

Acre, 730, 743

Adab, 48, 54, 577, 763

Adamdun, 55-56

Adana, 1068

Adawa, 1099

Aden, 924, 937

Adiabene, 299-300

Adrianople, 731

Adriatic, 452, 621, 623-625, 627, 631, 634-635, 638, 640, 725

Adur Gusnasp, 313

Adurbäd i Märspandän, 312

Aegean, 9, 14, 18, 25, 118-119, 137, 139, 141-142, 144, 167, 171, 186, 188, 623-627, 633, 636

Aegina, 140

Afghanistan, 61, 81, 162, 167, 171, 198, 212, 230, 244, 279, 325, 328-329, 332-334, 337-338, 360, 369-370, 523, 571-573, 578-580, 588, 782, 922-923, 925, 930, 935, 937, 1120, 1202, 1217, 1240, 1242, 1264

Afif, 592

Afrasiab, 328

Africa, xxiv, 5-6, 13-15, 17-18, 20-21,23,

27- 29, 38, 82, 111, 118, 137, 146, 148, 244, 251-252, 265, 270, 277-278, 352, 355, 357-358, 361, 363, 369, 372-373, 409, 450, 487, 503-504, 535, 607, 618, 648, 650-652, 654-658, 723, 725, 747, 789-790, 792, 795, 804,832-834,836-845,848-853,855-857, 862, 865, 867, 875-876, 878-881, 915, 918, 921-926, 928, 930-937, 941-942, 944, 949, 951, 954-961, 992, 1001, 1004, 1007-1008, 1079, 1082-1083, 1085, 1090, 1098-1099, 1106-1107, 1119, 1123, 1128, 1130-1132, 1134-1135, 1143, 1154, 1163, 1165, 1170, 1172-1174, 1178-1182, 1228, 1232, 1250-1251,1253-1256,1258,1260-1264, 1266-1270

Northeast, 13-15, 17-18, 20-21, 23,

28- 29, 38 Agades, 658, 1090 Agadez, 653 Agilolfings, 472 Agra, 210, 755, 775 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 1007, 1226 Ahmad ibn Tulun, 370 Ahmadnagar, 583, 757, 780 Ahmed Djezzar, 743 Ahmose, 35

Ahuitzotl, 682 Ahuramazda, 119, 127-128 Aimara, 997 Ainu, 1128 Ajivikas, 206, 208 Ajmer, 755, 760 Akan, 655 Akaufaka, 129 Akbar, 3-4, 209, 244, 262, 593, 721, 729,

751, 755-758, 762, 764-767, 769-770, 772-777, 780

Akhenaten, 78

Akkad(e), 5, 43, 46-47, 49, 51-52, 56, 58, 60,

73-74,137

Akkadian Empire, 25, 80

Akrotiri, 924

Alabama, 1017

Alan Gates.

Alaouite kingdom, 1008

Alaska, 668, 1026, 1030, 1225

Albania, 300, 625, 632, 732, 1068, 1070, 1198 Albany, 862, 877

Alberic, 489

Alborz Mountains, 300, 310

Aleppo, 76, 454, 465, 602

Alexander I, 965, 968-969, 974

Alexander II, 791, 966, 970, 972

Alexander III, 613

Alexander the Great, 4, 9, 44, 47, 53, 111,

119, 130-132, 161, 165, 167, 170-171,

174, 176, 179-180, 186, 198-199, 210, 223, 244, 261, 266, 318, 334, 502, 724, 762-763,914

Alexandria, 18, 173, 178, 180-181, 183-184,

189, 262, 329, 335, 404

Alexios I Komnenos, 454

Algarve, 837

Algaze, Guillermo, 44

Algeria, 653-654, 745, 944, 955-958, 960-961,

1119, 1164-1165, 1170-1176, 1179, 1249-1250,1260-1261,1267

Algerian War, 1173, 1260

Algiers, 738, 794, 807, 955, 1172

Ali, 358, 583, 607

Ali Pasha, 730, 743

Allahabad, 3-4, 208-209, 215

Allende, Salvador, 1120, 1238-1239 Almalik, 521, 529

Almohad, 790

Almoravid, 790

Alpujarras, 791

Alsace, 481, 950, 1154

Alta California, 1025, 1027

Altai, 515

Alur, 652

Alvares, Francisco, 851

Amarah, 63

Amarna, 14, 29-30, 33, 37

Amazon, 875, 888, 992

Amber, 756

Amboina, 886

Ambonese, 873

America, 265, 667, 671-672, 675, 724-726, 746, 789-790, 794-795, 803, 832, 840, 843, 848, 850, 852, 854-855, 857, 862, 865, 875, 877, 880-881, 884-888, 890-892, 894, 896-906, 911-912, 918, 922, 932, 944, 947-951, 954-957, 989, 991, 996-999,1001-1002,1004-1005, 1007-1008, 1011, 1013, 1015-1018, 1020-1024, 1026, 1028, 1030-1032, 1037, 1040, 1045, 1117, 1130, 1164, 1217-1219, 1221, 1223-1225, 1227­1231, 1233-1242, 1253, 1256, 1258, 1263-1264, 1269

American Civil War, 1049

American Revolution, 807, 931, 1011,

1014, 1253

American War of Independence, 857, 905, 968 Amiens, 953

Amir Chand, 783 Amir Khusrau, 580

Ammianus Marcellinus, 277, 292, 343 Amor, 265

Amritsar, 923

Amsterdam, 806, 862, 865-866, 876-879 Amur, 508, 515, 739, 814, 820

An Lushan Rebellion, 380, 384, 389-392, 394-395

Anabasis, 128, 291

Anadolu, 731 Ananda, 213 Anastas, 1200

Anatolia, 7, 9, 28, 44, 46-47, 61, 74, 76, 78, 81, 100, 111, 115-119, 121-122, 124, 130, 167, 171, 175, 251, 293, 297, 350, 357, 365, 369, 721, 731-732, 736-737, 740, 746-747, 1061, 1063, 1067-1070, 1079 Central, 100

Eastern, 115, 736, 746-747,

1067-1068,1070 Southern, 171, 732 Western, 119, 167, 175, 731

Andalusia, 605, 607, 609, 791, 803-804,

837, 1005

Lower, 804

Anderson, Fred, 900

Andes, 692-696, 698, 708-709, 714, 724,

997, 1055 Andragoras, 291 Andresote, 806 Andropov, Iurii, 1209 Anga, 202 Angeloi Dynasty, 455 Angilram, 475 Angkor Borei, 436 Angkor 'Thom, 440 Angkor Wat, 433, 439, 445-447 Angkor, 402, 424, 430-441, 443-447

Angola, 832, 837-838, 842, 853, 862,

877-878,1268

Ani, 454, 470 Anitta, 74, 80

Ankara, 503, 731-732, 747 Anna, Empress, 966

Annals of Fulda, 484 Annam, 819, 958, 1003

Anne, Queen, 899 Annobon, 1008

Ansan/Anshan, 55, 62, 64-65, 68, 76,

116-118,128

Anson, George, 993 Antigonid Macedonia, 175 Antigonus, 171, 199, 205 Antilles, 791, 795, 806, 880, 950-951,

991,993-994,996-997,1000-1002, 1004-1007

Antioch, 178, 180-181, 296, 454, 597-598,

601-602, 611, 617, 619

Antiochus Hierax, 172, 291 Antiochus I, 171

Antiochus II, 172, 189

Antiochus III, 172, 174, 176, 180, 182 Antiochus IV, 172, 180, 182

Antiochus VII, 173 Antiyoka, 199 Antwerp, 865

Apache, 1036-1037, 1040, 1055-1056 Aparni, 291

Apennines, 151-152 Apollonius of Rhodes, 189 Apollonius of Tyana, 274-275 Appalachians, 897, 949, 1014-1015 Apuleius, 265, 274

Aquitaine, 473 Arabah Valley, 31 Arabia, 18, 20, 29, 31-32, 82, 91, 256, 300, 336,

356, 363, 413, 416, 451, 935, 1061 Arabian Incense Road, 30 Arabian Peninsula, 249, 350, 355-356, 361,

364, 369, 721, 917, 1064, 1099 Arabic, 266, 291-292, 301, 326, 356-357,

367-368, 372-373, 410, 476, 602, 654, 657,

660-661, 730, 743, 763, 931, 1083-1084, 1088, 1099-1101, 1103, 1106, 1208 Arabs, 116, 240, 246, 252, 306, 326, 356, 361,

374, 397, 413, 450-451, 458, 661, 747,

1070, 1099, 1103, 1115, 1119, 1256 Arachosia, 132, 300

Aragon, 616, 790-792, 794, 806, 994 Arakan, 780

Aral Sea, 602, 734, 1208 Aramaeans, 16, 31

Aramaic, 91, 112, 125, 127, 181, 206-207, 292, 298, 356

Arapaho, 1031

Araucanians, 992, 1055-1056

Aravidu Dynasty, 583

Araya, 805

Arbela, 84, 100, 124

Ardawan I, 315

Ardawan IV, 294, 316

Ardawan VI, 299

Ardaxsir I, 294, 296, 300, 307, 312, 316, 342, 344

Ardennes, 480

Arecibo, 1006

Arewa, 1101

Argentina, 692, 945, 992, 1005, 1163, 1242, 1253

Arghun Khan, 520

Aria, 300

Arikamedu, 336

Aristagoras, 126

Aristotle, 148, 764

Arizona, 1028, 1055

Arkansas, 1037, 1039

Arkona, 614

Arles, 475

Arma Pashalik, 660

Arma, 650, 660-661

Armenia, 50, 78, 124, 173, 291, 293-294, 296, 298-301, 304-305, 313, 357, 361, 370, 451-452, 458, 522, 530, 1233

Armitage, David, 906

Arn, 487

Arogya Vihara, 202

Arraiolos, 850

Arraphum, 61, 63

Arrian of Nicomedia, 199

Arsacids, 272, 290-292, 294, 306, 308, 311, 314-318

Arsakes, 291, 315

Arsames/Arshama, 122, 126

Artabanes I, 293

Artabanes IV, 294

Artabazos, 124-125

Artaphernes, 125-126, 129

Artaxerxes I, 121-122

Artaxerxes II, 119, 126

Artaxerxes III, 119, 132

Arthasastra, 203-204, 208, 213-215, 442 Asaak, 291, 315

Ashdod, 91

Ashikaga, 560

Asia Minor, 78, 140, 171-172, 182-184, 188, 243, 270, 349, 450, 452, 454-456, 461-464, 522, 601-602, 729-731, 736

Western, 78, 454

Asia, xxiv, xxvii, 9-10, 24, 37, 50, 52, 73-76, 78, 80-83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 116, 118, 129, 140, 171-172, 182-184, 188, 198, 204, 209, 218, 220, 224-226, 230-231, 235, 237, 243, 270, 278, 290-292, 298, 304, 306-308,313-314,316-317,326-328, 330,332-333,335-336,339-341,349-352, 357, 360, 363, 368, 380-381, 393, 396-397, 401-402, 404-405, 416, 420-422, 424, 430-432, 434-436, 444-445, 447, 450, 452, 454-456, 461-464, 501, 503, 515-517, 520-526,529-531,534-537,540-542, 544, 558-559, 563, 571, 601-602, 668, 726, 729-731, 736, 751, 753, 755, 762, 765, 778-781, 790, 792, 795, 799, 801, 804, 810, 818-819, 825, 832, 835, 837-840, 842, 846, 848, 850-856, 862-873, 880-881, 887, 893, 913, 918, 922, 924-926, 930-932, 934, 942, 955-957, 959, 974, 979-980, 985, 989, 991, 1007, 1022, 1035, 1038, 1074, 1113, 1117, 1119, 1124-1125, 1128, 1133-1134, 1136­1138, 1141-1144, 1146, 1148-1150, 1154, 1156, 1163, 1167, 1170, 1179, 1182, 1194­1196, 1208-1209, 1218, 1225, 1227-1228, 1231-1232, 1234, 1237-1240, 1242, 1253, 1255-1256, 1258-1259, 1266, 1268

Askia Däwüd, 658-659

Askia Dynasty, 651, 657-658

Askia Ishäq Ber, 659

Askia Ishäq II, 659

Askia Ismä'il, 659

Askia Muhammad Bäni, 659

Askia Muhammad Bonkorra, 659 Askia Muhammad Ture, 650, 657 Askia Nüh, 659

Askiya Muhammad Gao, 659 Askiya Musa, 659 Asma'u, 1092

Asoka/Ashoka, 4-5, 162, 166, 198-199, 201, 203, 205-209, 211-215, 244, 351

Asokävadäna, 201, 212-213 Asorestan, 364

Assam, 780, 928

Assur, 8, 51, 78, 82-86, 94, 96, 98-99, 102, 137, 309

Assurbanipal, 87, 99, 101 Assurnasirpal II, 86

Assyria, 29, 46, 49, 53, 76, 78, 82-84, 86-97, 99-102, 115, 137, 290, 300

Assyrian Empire, 9, 76, 78, 80, 84, 91, 100-101, 111,114-115

Assyrians, 8, 84, 94, 99, 101, 111, 115, 481 Astarte, 178

Astrakhan Oblast, 525 Astrakhan, 525, 965

Asturias, 599

Astyages, 114, 118

Atahua(l)lpa, 668, 701, 709, 714, 796

Ataturk, Kemal, 1058

Athens, 119, 129, 137, 139-145, 148-152, 155, 176, 183, 452

Atisa, 412

Atlanta, 1231

Atlantic Ocean, 476, 660, 876, 1228

Atossa, 120

Atropatene, 299-300

Attalid kingdom, 175

Attalus I, 172

Attica, 140, 143

Attila, 162, 515

Augustus, 166, 173, 248, 255-258, 260-261, 267, 270, 277, 293, 335, 470, 481, 488-490, 492

Aung San, 936

Aurangzeb (Alamgir)/Awrangzib, 729, 751, 770, 775, 778-781, 783

Aurobindo Ghose, 1165

Austerlitz, 953

Australasia, 922, 924-925, 930-931, 941,

1163, 1167

Austria, 723, 730, 741-742, 807, 953, 956, 984-985, 1059, 1069, 1126, 1145, 1223, 1232, 1256

Auxerre, 486

Avanti, 202

Avaris, 19, 32

Avesta, 296, 301, 311-312

Avis Dynasty, 790, 792

Awadh, 576-577, 751, 782

Awan, 46

Ayacucho, 1000

Ayn Sukhna, 19, 28

Ayrtam, 327

Ayushiridara, 538

Ayutthaya, 446, 873

Azcapotzalco, 673

Azerbaijan, 300, 370, 530

Azores, 832, 836, 838, 888

Aztec Empire, 137, 671, 673-679, 681, 683-685, 687-689, 723, 796

Baba Jan, 115

Babak, 370, 374

Babur, 751, 753-756, 758, 761, 764-766, 776 Babylon, 8-9, 76, 80, 87, 102, 117, 130-131, 171, 181-182, 187, 189, 290, 298, 301, 315, 364, 492

Babylonia, 28-30, 43, 46-52, 54-69, 78, 84, 86-87, 99, 101-102, 116-118, 122, 127, 173, 178, 182

Northern, 46, 48, 54-56, 58-59

Southern, 46-50, 54-55, 58, 60, 69

Babyloniaca, 65, 189

Babylonian Empire, 78, 80

Bacon, Francis, 885

Bactra, 181

Bactria, 124-125, 131, 172, 291, 296, 300, 316, 329-330, 332-334, 338, 343-344, 367

Badakhshan, 760

Badaruddin, 417

Badayuni, 768

Baghdad, 46, 246, 350, 360, 362-363, 365, 371-372, 501, 522, 529, 576, 603, 607, 734, 736, 742, 1098, 1130

Baghelas, 583-584

Baghelkhand, 583

Bahadur Shah Zafar, 784

Bahia, 842, 878-879

Bahlul Lodi, 573, 584

Bahrain, 23, 50

Baibakov, Nikolai, 1192

Bairam Khan, 755, 758

Bairat, 208

Bakheng, 437

Baki, 27, 744

Bakong, 437

Baläsagän, 300

Balasagun, 529

Balat, 17, 19, 21, 24-25

Balban, 573, 577-579, 581, 584, 587

Balda, 1097

Baleares, 791

Balearic Islands, 794

Balkan Wars, 747, 1069

Balkans, 272, 454, 735, 741, 747, 974, 983, 1065, 1068-1069, 1079

Balkh, 337, 367, 760

Baluchistan, 300

Ban Chao, 336-337

Ban Gu, 225, 331

Banaras, 779

Bandung Conference, 1119, 1178, 1263

Bang, Peter Fibiger, 901, 913

Bangka, 408

Bangkok, 441

Bani, 658

Banteay Chmaar, 445-446

Barabar hills, 206

Barbados, 804

Barbosa, Duarte, 851

Barcelona, 790, 921, 924

Bardiya, 118, 127

Barkey, Karen, 225, 237

Bartholomew, Peter, 597-598

Barus, 406, 409-411, 414-415, 418, 420-422

Barygaza, 336

Basileios I, 484, 452

Basileios II, 454

Basin of Mexico, 673, 675-676, 679

Basque, 791, 795, 803, 805-806, 1005, 1008 Basra, 362, 364, 1116

Bassein, 847

Batang Hari, 408, 411, 413, 417, 420

Batavia, 726, 862, 869-870, 872-873

Batista, Fulgencio, 1239

Battambang, 438

Battle for Britain, 1151

Battle of Ain Jalut, 522

Battle of Ankara, 731-732

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1014

Battle of Gaugamela, 334

Battle of Ipsus, 171

Battle of Kadesh/Qadesh, 7

Battle of Lepanto, 790, 794

Battle of Pavia, 625

Battle of Plassey, 783

Battle of Poltava, 966

Battle of Raphia, 172, 174, 176

Battle of the Lech, 482

Battle of Varna, 732

Battle of Zonchio, 625

Batu Khan, 408, 520, 525

Bauchi, 1101-1102

Bavaria, 472-473, 475, 490

Bay of Bengal, 397, 846, 873

Bay of Pigs, 1239

Bayezid I, 731

Bayezid II, 735-736

Bayly, C.

Bayon, 433-434, 440, 445-446

Bayonne, 999

Bebi, 27

Beijing, 394, 433, 503, 526, 529, 533, 535, 540, 543, 546-547, 549, 558, 560, 722, 810, 815-818, 820, 822, 824, 914, 917, 1076, 1121, 1125-1126, 1181

Bel. See Marduk

Belarus/Belorussia, 964, 967, 969, 1152, 1206

Belgian Congo, 917, 1172

Belgica, 471

Belgrade, 734, 975

Belitung Island, 417

Belize, 993

Benares, 211, 337

Beneventans, 477

Bengal, 3, 211, 397, 577, 583, 590, 593, 752-753, 757, 760, 768, 782-783, 838, 840, 846, 873, 875, 912, 933, 1072, 1118

Bengali, 776, 931, 933

Benin Empire, 843

Benin, 653, 843, 849, 1173

Benjamin Constant, 955

Bennison, Amira, 162, 350, 603

Bentham, Jeremy, 932-933

Benue, 1084

Berads, 781

Berar, 583

Berengar of Friuli, 489

Berenice, 172

Bergamo, 625

Beria, Lavrentii, 1199

Berke Khan, 520, 525

Berlin, 166, 725, 744, 916, 975, 1068, 1120,

1126, 1142-1143, 1154, 1180, 1202, 1211, 1230, 1237, 1240

Berossus, 189

Besnagar, 202

Bessarabia, 742

Bessos, 131

Bethencourt, Francisco, 723

Bharhut, 206

Bhir Mound, 329

Bhita, 215

Bhubaneswar, 199

Bidar, 583

Bihar, 202, 209, 585, 938

Bijapur, 583, 780, 846

Bikaner, 583

Bilecik, 731

bin Laden, Osama, 935

Bioko, 992, 1008

Bir Singh Bundela, 779

Birbal, 209

Bisäpür, 296

Bisitun/Bisotun, 118, 127-129, 299

Bismarck, Otto von, 1126

Black Hills, 1051, 1054

Black Sea regions, 118, 524

Black Sea, 118, 139, 524-526, 531, 624, 729, 737, 913, 968, 972, 1007

Blackfeet, 1053

Blair, Tony, 938

Boorchu, 512

Bode, 213, 478

Bodh Gaya, 208

Bodin, Jean, 851

Boeotian League, 144

Bohai, 386, 526

Bohemia, 487, 490, 599, 611, 613, 885

Bohemond, 454

Bolivia, 692, 704, 798

Bologna, 630

Bolson de Mapimi, 1044

Bombay, 916. See also Mumbai

Bonifacio, Andres, 1007

Bonn, Moritz J., 1165, 1170, 1174

Book of Jeremiah, 115

Book of the Later Han, 237

Boom Baru, 407 Bordeaux, 948, 958 Borneo, 402, 432 Borno, 1083, 1090, 1101

Borte, 511

Bosnia, 732, 735, 1065, 1069, 1242, 1256 Bosporus, 275, 602, 735, 737

Boston, 1227-1228

Botero, Giovanni, 842, 851 Bouchier, Guillaume, 518 Bourbon Dynasty, 804, 806-808, 944, 946-948, 951, 954-955, 992, 994-995, 1000, 1002, 1040,1042

Boxer Uprising, 1076-1077, 1125-1126 Braga, 617

Braganza, 878 Braudel, Fernand, 6, 626

Brazil, 725, 789, 832, 836-844, 848-849, 851-857, 862, 865, 875, 877-880, 947, 1005-1006, 1253, 1269

Breasted, James Henry, 7, 23 Breda, 877

Bremerhaven, 1126

Brescia, 643

Bretons, 472, 477, 484

Brett, 607

Brezhnev, Leonid, 1202, 1206-1209

Britain, 451, 492, 745-747, 783, 792, 795, 803-804, 806-807, 819, 866, 880-881, 884, 886-888, 890, 892-906, 911-912, 914, 921, 924-926, 928, 933-937, 941, 944-946, 948-953, 955-959, 972, 974, 989, 1000, 1002, 1004, 1015, 1017, 1026, 1059, 1079, 1083, 1107, 1113-1117, 1119, 1126, 1128, 1131, 1133, 1146, 1148-1149, 1151, 1164-1167, 1169, 1171-1172, 1174, 1182, 1187, 1227, 1233, 1251, 1253, 1255-1259, 1262, 1264-1265

British East India Company, 752, 912-913 British Empire, xxiii, xxv, 243, 252, 752, 884-887, 889, 891, 893, 895, 897-899, 901, 903, 905, 911, 921-927, 929-931, 933, 935-937, 941, 950-951, 954, 959, 961, 1005, 1011, 1014, 1106, 1144-1145, 1154, 1167, 1171, 1224, 1226, 1250, 1254, 1271

British Isles, 487, 924, 953, 1250, 1253

British West Indies, 905, 1262

Brittany, 472

Bronze Age, 5, 8, 15, 18, 20, 29, 31-32, 34, 61, 74, 244

Late, 15, 18, 20, 31

Middle, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34

Brouwer, Hendrick, 871

Brown, Katherine Butler, 777, 779

Brules, 1051

Brunei, 402

Budapest, 616

Buddha, 201, 206, 208, 212-213, 328, 340-341, 440-441,447

Buenos Aires, 806, 839

Buganda, 937

Bugis, 873

Buhen, 19, 21, 27

Bukhara, 327, 576

Bukit Seguntang, 417

Bulgar Khanate, 452

Bulgaria, 454-456, 462, 464-465, 490, 516, 729, 731, 741, 746, 1065, 1068-1069, 1148, 1151, 1197-1198

Bulgarian Empire, 454

Bulgars, 452

Bulghai, 520

Burbank, Jane, 917

Burgundians, 277

Burgundy, 791-792

Burhanpur, 758

Buriatiia, 1196

Burke, Edmund, 242-243, 245

Burkhan Khaldun, 511, 515

Burkina (Faso), 659, 1084, 1088, 1173

Burma, 430-433, 440-441, 531, 915, 931, 933, 935-936,1117,1149-1150

Bursa, 731

Burundi, 1175

Bush, George H.

Bush, George W, 938, 1217-1218

Büstän, 770

Butua, 845

Buyid Dynasty, 361, 370

Byblos, 19-20, 22, 24-25, 27, 38, 46

Byzacena, 357, 364

Byzantine Empire, 350, 450-451, 453, 455, 457, 459, 461, 463, 465, 601, 638, 731, 968

Byzantium, 450, 452, 454-459, 461-462, 464-466, 476, 490-491, 621, 638, 722, 964, 976, 981

Cadiz, 799, 802-806, 933, 993, 997, 999-1000, 1005

Caesar, Gaius Julius, 173, 254-255, 257, 260, 293, 668

Caffa, 525, 531

Cagayan, 1003

Cairati, Giovanni Batista, 848

Cairo, 186, 654, 734, 736, 743, 1083, 1099

Calcutta, 166, 199, 211, 757, 916, 933 Qaldiran, 733, 736

Calheiros, Antonio de Sousa, 849 California, 992, 1025-1028, 1031 Callimachus, 189

Cambodia, 409, 412, 424, 430-433, 435-438,

440, 445-447, 1238 Cambrai, 645 Cambridge, 928, 936 Cambyses, 111, 116-118, 121, 123,

126-127, 132 Cameroon, 960, 1128, 1084, 1173 Campa, 202

Campanella, 723, 851 Canaan, 18, 32, 38

Canada, 900-906, 925, 928, 930-931, 933, 937, 947-950, 1008, 1013, 1016-1017, 1026, 1028, 1163, 1169, 1250, 1253, 1262

Lower, 901

Upper, 902, 904-905 Canakya, 199, 213 Canaris, 701

Canary Islands, 789, 791, 898, 1005 Candragupta, 198-199, 213. See also

Chandragupta

Canepa, Matthew, 162 Cannadine, David, 924, 928 Cannae, 250-251 Canny, Nicholas, 726

Canton, 394, 397, 413, 873, 914, 1074

Cape Breton, 888, 899 Cape Colony, 881 Cape Horn, 806, 862 Cape of Good Hope, 791, 862-863, 866-867,

869, 875, 881, 948, 950

Cape Town (Kaapstad), 726, 862, 866, 870,

881,1174-1175

Cape Verde, 832, 836, 838, 845 Capetians, 473

Cappadocia, 124 Caprasine, 845 Caracalla, 294 Caracas, 805

Carchemish, 91 Cardim, Fernao, 800, 851 Caria, 124, 184

Caribbean, 723, 725-726, 789, 795-796,

804-805, 852, 862, 865, 876-877,

879-880, 890, 892, 895-900, 902, 924, 926, 932-933, 942, 947-948, 950, 952, 989, 991, 993, 995, 997-998, 1000, 1004, 1006, 1011, 1013, 1021, 1023, 1163, 1221, 1225-1226, 1228, 1231-1232, 1240, 1268

Carloman, 471, 488 Carlos III, 1040

Carolingian Empire, 452, 468-469, 471, 473, 475, 477, 479-481, 483-487, 489, 491-492, 597, 604

Carrara, 468

Carrhae, 293, 296 Cartagena de Indias, 802, 805, 839, 991,

993, 995

Carter, Jimmy, 1240 Carthage, 137, 139, 146-152, 155, 161,

250-251,254

Carthaginian Empire, 146-147 Casale, Giancarlo, 737

Caspian Gates/Darband, 300, 310

Caspian Sea, 62, 291, 298, 310, 738 Castile, 600, 616, 668, 790-792, 794-795, 838 Catalonia, 792-793, 803, 1005

Catherine II/Catherine the Great, 468, 967-968, 978

Catullus, 242-243 Caucasus, 257, 290, 300, 310, 369, 465, 913,

972, 975, 979, 984, 1063, 1079, 1151, 1154, 1195, 1207, 1209

North, 972, 1195, 1207

Cayenne, 947

Central Africa, 844, 958, 1107, 1143

Central African Republic, 1173

Central America, 671, 675, 1021-1022 Central Asia, 9, 81, 116, 118, 129, 171, 224, 226,

230, 304, 308, 313, 316-317, 326-328, 330, 332-333, 335-336, 339, 341, 350-352, 357, 360, 363, 368, 396-397, 416, 455, 501, 515, 517, 520-521, 523-526, 529-531, 542, 558-559, 602, 753, 765, 825, 979-980, 985, 1035, 1154, 1194-1196, 1208-1209, 1225, 1256

Central Europe, 600, 725, 740, 794, 953, 966, 968, 975, 983, 985, 1138, 1197, 1199, 1206, 1211

Ceras, 199

Cerro Rico, 798 Cesaire, Aime, 960

Ceuta, 791, 832, 836 Ceylon, 212, 866-867, 871, 873, 875, 881-882,

933.

Chamberlain, Neville, 1145, 1153

Champa, 440-441, 445

Champaran, 209-210

Champassak, 444

Chandar Bhan Brahman, 760, 770

Chandragupta, 171, 199, 343. See also Candragupta

Chang'an, 227, 336, 351, 389, 394

Changamire, 845

Changchun, 1116

Chao Praya, 432, 441, 446

Characene, 299, 306

Charax, 293, 301, 315

Charlemagne, 352, 450, 468-473, 475-481, 483-492, 599, 604, 607, 1259

Charles I, 887, 890-891

Charles II, 806, 865, 891

Charles III, 807-808

Charles Martel, 471, 481, 488

Charles the Bald, 473, 484-485

Charles the Younger, 473

Charles V, 694, 723, 789-790, 792, 941, 1259

Charles VIII, 625

Charles X, 866

Charles XII, 982

Chase-Dunn, Christopher, 9, 503

Chaudhuri, K. N., xxvii, 726, 775

Chaul, 847

Chen Hongmou, 1072

Cheng, 231

Chengde, 722, 822

Chengdu, 395

Chermanon, 731

Chernigov, 516

Chernobyl, 1211

Cherokee, 1025

Chesapeake, 896

Chevalier, Michel, 955-956

Cheyenne, 1031

Chickasaw, 1025

Chihuahua, 1044

Chile, 692, 703, 991-992, 1003, 1055,

1120,1238

Chimu Empire, 698, 703

China Sea, 397, 401, 404-405, 420, 434, 446-447, 846, 873

China, xxiii-xxiv, 18, 160-162, 165-166, 219, 221, 225, 230-232, 234, 237, 244-245, 267, 291-292, 306, 308, 325, 330-333, 335-336,340-341,351, 362-363, 380-384, 388, 390-392, 395-397, 401-402,404-406,409-418,420-423, 425, 431-432, 434, 440, 446-447, 501-503,515-518,520-521,525-527, 529-531, 533-534, 537-539, 541, 544, 546, 548-549, 551, 554, 556, 559, 561, 563, 721-722, 726, 740, 790, 795, 799, 810-812, 814-819, 822-827, 829, 837, 840, 846-848, 852-853, 862, 864, 869, 873, 913-914, 917, 924, 931-932, 934, 936, 941, 945, 956, 958, 993, 1004, 1007, 1058-1059, 1061, 1063, 1065, 1067, 1069-1072, 1074-1079, 1114, 1116, 1121, 1124-1126,1128-1131,1133-1134, 1137, 1142-1144, 1148-1149, 1154, 1178-1181, 1224, 1227-1228, 1230, 1234, 1237-1238, 1240-1241, 1251, 1255, 1265, 1268,1271-1272

North, 381, 384, 390, 546, 548, 814, 816, 818-819, 824, 827, 1076

Northwest, 825

People's Republic of, 529, 544, 810, 1240-1241

South, 397, 401, 404-405, 420, 434, 446-447, 824, 846, 873

Southwest, 825, 829 Chincha Valley, 703, 706 Chinggis, xxiv, 500-502, 507, 509-517, 520-522, 524-525, 528-529, 532, 558, 572,812

Chitor, 582, 765-766 Chittagong, 846 Choctaw, 1025 Chola Empire, 415 Cholas, 205, 419 Choson Dynasty, 557-558 Chosroes, 1098 Chota Nagpur Plateau, 584 Chrysaorian League, 184 Chu, 539 Chunar hills, 206 Chupaychu, 700, 710 Churchill, Winston, 936, 1117, 1145, 1153, 1169, 1234

Cicero, 240-242, 245, 253, 260, 266, 268 Cilicia, 100, 124, 173, 454

Ciscaucasia, 524

Cisneros, Cardinal, 796

Cixi, 1076 Clark, William, 1016 Claudius, 163 Cleopatra VII, 173, 255 Clermont, 601 Clinton, Bill, 1242 Clinton, Hillary, 1181 Clovis, 471 Clusius, 851 Coahuila, 1028, 1044

Cobden, Richard, 956

Cochabamba Valley, 704

Cochinchina, 956

Codex Carolinas, 488

Coen, Jan P., 869

Coixtlahuaca, 677

Colas, 199

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 947-948

Cold War, xxiii, 912, 1112-1113, 1120, 1164, 1168, 1177-1178, 1180, 1182, 1189, 1198, 1202, 1210, 1217, 1221, 1223-1224, 1236-1242, 1259, 1263, 1268

Colley, Linda, 906

Cologne, 475, 486

Colombia, 692, 992, 1227

Colorado Plateau, 1035

Colorado, 1028, 1031, 1035, 1226

Columbus, Christopher, 669, 723, 795 Comanche, 915, 1025, 1031, 1036-1045, 1047-1050,1054-1056

Comancheria, 1037-1045,1047-1049, 1051-1052

Commagene, 100

Compiegne, 480

Confucius, 231, 236-237

Congo, 652, 917, 958, 1172-1173, 1177-1178 Democratic Republic of the, 652, 1173, 1177

Congress of Vienna.

Connecticut, 1014, 1226

Conrad of Franconia, 482

Constantine the Great, 272, 313, 349 Constantinople, 275, 277-278, 297, 314, 357, 370, 450-452, 454-456, 461, 463, 465, 491, 531, 602, 621, 624, 721, 725, 729, 731-733,735-737,744

Constantius II, 296

Cooper, Frederick, 11, 917, 1120, 1163, 1182 Copacabana, 709

Copenhagen, 667, 878

Coptic, 356, 450, 457, 853, 1093

Coptos, 23

Corbie, 487

Cordoba, 790

Corinth, 251, 452

Corisco, 1008

Cork, 897

Cornwallis, Lord, 902

Coromandel Coast, 582, 871

Coron, 624

Corsica, 146

Cortes, Hernan, 671, 673, 675, 686, 690, 723-724, 793, 796, 802, 853, 999-1000, 1005

Corvey, 486-487

Coryat, Thomas, 210

Council of Chalcedon, 314, 450

Council ofthe 500, 143

Council of Trent, 794, 850

Cracow, 616, 734

Crassus, 257, 292-293, 300-301, 308

Creek, 1017, 1024-1025, 1031

Cremona, 636

Crete, 18, 167, 171, 452, 454-456, 623-624, 626, 629, 633-634, 637, 642, 645, 740

Crimea, 524-525, 732, 742, 968, 972, 974,

980,1154

Crimean War, 745, 972, 1064, 1067, 1254 Cripps, Stafford, 1167

Croatia, 476, 599, 1152

Croesus, 118

Cromwell, Oliver, 890-893

Crone, Patricia, 240, 246, 256, 373, 609

Crossley, Pamela, 564

Crow, 1231

Crusade, First, 454, 597, 600, 603

Fourth, 455, 624

Ctesias, 118

Ctesiphon, 246, 293, 297, 305, 307, 310, 314 Cuauhnahuac, 682

Cuba, 789, 989, 991, 996, 1000, 1003, 1005-1006, 1008, 1022, 1026, 1028-1029, 1225-1228,1230,1232, 1237-1239

Cuetlaxtlan, 677

Cumanian steppes, 521, 524

Cumans, 465

Cunningham, Alexander, 208, 212, 329, 337

Curasao, 877, 879-880

Curtius, Quintus, 132, 291

Curzon, Lord, 934

Custer, George A., 1031

Cuzco, 692, 698, 700-701, 703, 705, 708-710, 712-714

Cyaxeres, 115 Cyprus, 18, 81, 130, 141, 167, 171-173, 176,

184, 454, 625-626, 628, 729, 739, 924, 933, 937, 1079

Cyrenaeans, 184

Cyrenaica, 14, 20, 24, 167, 171-173, 1069 Cyropaedia, 127

Cyrus Cylinder, 117, 127

Cyrus the Great, 78, 111, 114, 116-117

Cyrus the Younger, 119, 128 Czartoryski, Adam, 974 Czechoslovakia, 1120, 1145, 1191,

1197-1198,1202

da Canal, Cristoforo, 627, 633

da Costa, Cristoväo, 851

da Ravena, Benedetto, 848

da Silva Lisboa, Antonio, 849

da Silveira, Goncalo, 845

Dahae, 129, 291

Dahomey, 845

Dai Viet, 433, 440-441, 445-446, 535, 542-543

Daidu, 537-538

Dakhla, 17-19, 21, 23-25

Dakota, 1031

Dalian, 1142-1143

Dalmatia, 476, 624, 631-633

Dalrymple, William, 915

Dalverzin Tepe, 328

Daman, 847-848, 853

Damascus, 29, 246, 256, 350, 363-365, 602, 734, 736, 1204

Danevirke, 480

Dangrek, 432, 438, 444

Daniel, Yuly, 1205

Dante Alighieri, 612

Danube, 111, 118, 257, 270, 277, 454, 473, 476, 722

Daphne, 180-181

Dara, 721, 777-779

Darband.

Darien, 993

Darius I, 111, 117-118, 120-121, 123, 126-127, 129, 132

Darius II, 119, 122, 126

Darius III, 130-132, 161

Darliqin, 508

Darwin, John, 1161, 1167

Daryal Pass, 310

Dasht-i Nawar, 338

Dashur, 17

Daskyleion, 125

Daulatabad, 580, 582

Daura, 1086, 1107

Daya, 199

de Albuquerque, Afonso, 849

de Almagro, Diego, 794

de Arruda, Miguel, 848

de Benavides, Juan, 803

de Betanzos, Juan, 700

de Bougainville, Louis-Antoine, 949

de Buffon, Comte, 949

de Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, 1004

de Choiseul, Duc, 806, 949

de Esquilache, Jose, 808

de Figueiredo, Francisco Vieira, 846

de Galvez, Bernardo, 1040

de Gaulle, Charles, 961, 1170, 1173,

1260-1261

de Grazia, Victoria, 1223

de Houtman, Cornelis, 863

de la Vega, Garcilasco, 694

de las Casas, Bartolome, 797

de Leon, Pedro de Cienza, 698-699, 706, 709, 711, 806

de Montesinos, Antonio, 796

de Orta, Garcia, 851

de Ovando, Nicolas, 795

de Ruyter, Michiel, 865

de Santo Tomas, Domingo, 705

de Solorzano, Juan, 792

de Sousa, Antonio, 849

de Sousa, Gabriel Soares, 851

Deccan, 203, 573, 580, 582-583, 585, 591-593,

725, 751, 757-758, 760, 780-781

Deioces, 114-116

Delaware, 877, 1014, 1019

Delhi Sultanate, 504, 571, 573-577, 579, 581, 583-589,591-594, 753

Delhi, 4, 166, 210, 242, 279, 503-504, 571-593,

752-753, 755, 760, 765-766, 775, 781,

784, 915. See also New Delhi; Old Delhi

Delian League, 141

Delos, 141

Delphi, 274

Demaratus, 119-120

Demerara, 880

Demetrios II, 293

Demotic, 183, 1205

Deng Xiaoping, 1240

Denkard, 302, 311

Denmark, 480, 487, 504, 599, 604, 612-614,

616, 804, 866, 887, 1146, 1148

Deogir, 582, 590

Dernburg, Bernhard, 1132

Deseret, 1025

Deshima, 869, 873

Despotate of Epeiros, 455

Devanampiyatissa, 198

Devasena, 343

Dhamekh stupa, 212

Dharmapala, 847-848

Dharmarajika stupa, 212

Dharmasästras, 208

Dharmasetu, 408

Dhauli, 199

Di, 218

Dias, Bartolomeu, 850

Diderot, Denis, 945, 955

Dien Bien Phu, 961, 1170, 1172

Digambaras, 198

Dilmun, 23, 50-51

Dingxin Zhao, 279

Diocletian, 272, 275

Diodorus Siculus, 126

Diodotos I, 291

Dioscourides, 189

Disraeli, Benjamin, 984

Diu, 847

Diyala Region, 46, 54-56, 64, 67-68

Diyala River, 46, 62

Djenne, 653, 655

Djibouti, 959

Djordje, Kara, 743-744

Djoser, 126

Dmitrii, Prince, 528

Dobrynin, Anatolii, 1189

Doen, 559

Dole, 613

Dome of the Rock, 279, 372

Dominican Republic, 795, 1030, 1229, 1232, 1238

Domitian, 335

Don River, 525

Dong Zhongshu, 226

Dongli, 339

Donskoi, Dmitrii, 1190

Dori, 1084, 1088-1089

Doyle, Michael, 1221, 1226

Draa Valley, 659

Drake, Francis, 887

Drangiana, 300

Dresden, 722

Drogon Chogyal Phagpa, 527

Droysen, Johann Gustav, 9

Dubcek, Alexander, 1202

Dublin, 897

Dunhuang, 392

Dunkirk, 1167

Dupleix, Marquis, 948

Dur Sharrukin, 8

Dura Europos, 293-294, 301, 309

Duran, Diego, 686

Durham, Lord, 931

Dusan, Stefan, 456, 731

Dutch East India Company, 726, 862, 864, 866, 868-870, 873, 875, 880

Dutch Republic, 807, 865-866, 868-872, 875, 879-881

Dutch West India Company, 855, 865, 867, 875-880, 882

Dyula, 655

Dzungar Khanate, 522

Dzungaria, 518

Dzungars, 522, 823

Early Modern Period, xxiv, 292, 603, 634,

641, 722, 725, 762, 810, 841, 845

East Africa, 363, 409, 503, 535, 725, 832, 834, 840, 844, 936, 1131-1132, 1135, 1262

East Asia, 10, 218, 220, 224-225, 230-231, 235, 237, 340-341, 352, 380, 397, 534, 541, 563, 819, 957, 974, 1113, 1117, 1124-1125,1128,1133-1134,1136-1138, 1142-1144, 1146, 1148-1150, 1154, 1156, 1227, 1234, 1237-1240

East Germany, 1120

East India Company, 726, 752, 768, 782-783, 855, 862, 864, 866-871, 873, 875, 880, 886, 912-913, 926, 931-932, 948, 1072 Eastern Desert, 16-17, 23, 28 Eastern Han, 228-229, 232-237, 351 Eastern Xia, 516 Ebla, 21, 46, 74 Ebro Valley, 791

Ecbatana, 112, 114, 118, 181 Ecuador, 692

Edebali, 731

Eden, Anthony, 1171

Edfu, 28, 183 Edirne, 731 Edo, 843, 849 Edom/Edomites, 30-31 Eeckhout, Albert, 878 Eger, 738

Egypt, 3, 5-8, 13-38, 74, 76, 78, 82-83, 87,

90-91, 98, 100, 111, 116, 118-119, 121-122, 124, 126-127, 130, 141, 167, 170-173, 175-179, 182-189, 243, 251, 255-256, 262, 266, 269, 271, 274, 279, 290, 297, 335, 357, 360-361, 363-367, 370, 418, 450, 522, 603, 607-608, 654, 721, 729, 736-737, 743-745, 913, 918, 931-936, 945, 952, 955, 957, 959, 975, 979, 1059, 1061, 1079, 1098, 1130, 1171, 1179

Lower, 5, 20, 28, 31, 35

Middle, 17, 19, 23-24, 30, 32

Upper, 20, 172, 178, 184 Eighty Years' War, 868, 879 Einhard, 468, 470, 472, 487-488, 491 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 1239 Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 744, 976 El Alamein, 1118, 1155 El Callao, 806 El Mina, 880 Elam, 46, 48, 51, 76, 78, 87, 101, 114, 117, 124, 126, 131

Elamite, 53-54, 66, 75, 95, 112, 114, 116-117, 121, 125-128, 298

Elamites, 48, 66, 111, 116

Elbe, 472, 477, 482

Elephant Terrace, 442

Elephantine, 17, 19, 21-22, 24-25, 126-127 Elgin, Lord, 914

Elias, Norbert, 164, 260

Elihu Root, 1226

Elizabeth I, 755

Elkab, 18, 28

Elmina, 842, 848, 862, 879

Elobey, 1008

Elymais, 293, 299-301, 306 Emir Bukhari, 1097

Ems, 986

England, 454, 600, 612, 616, 626, 638, 640-641, 738, 740, 790, 792, 794, 804, 856-857, 865-866, 879, 881, 884, 886-888, 890-891, 894, 896-897, 901, 903, 924-925, 981, 989, 993, 1014, 1016, 1023-1026, 1167, 1229, 1268

English Channel, 924

English East India Company, 871, 875, 886 Enheduana, 47

Epir, 743

Epirus, 146, 250 Eränsahr, 294, 296

Erbil, 61

Ergune River, 508 Esarhaddon, 87, 115

Esen, 559-560 Esnuna, 53, 64

Essen, 486

Essequibo, 880 Essouk, 653 Estland, 966

Ethiopia, 16, 737, 853, 918, 1143, 1146, 1156,

1170,1179 Ethiopian plateau, 32 Etruscans, 150 Eucratides, 334 Euphrates, 29, 46-47, 50, 52, 62, 73-74, 90, 116, 171, 293, 361

Eurasia, 7, 140, 160-161, 163, 165-166, 240,

244, 325, 330-332, 349-352, 370, 501-502, 507, 509, 511, 513, 515, 517, 519, 521, 523, 525, 527, 529-531, 537, 541, 561, 724, 726, 740, 913, 1039-1040, 1273

Europe, xxiii-xxiv, xxvii, xxxi, 82, 111, 119, 243, 278, 352, 363, 374, 423-424, 455, 465, 469-471, 474, 476, 481-483, 487, 491, 502, 504, 516, 529-531, 537, 542, 556, 590, 598-600, 602-605, 609-611, 615-616, 618, 623, 626, 629, 722-726, 731, 733, 735-738, 740-741, 745-747, 751-752, 789-792, 794, 799, 801-802, 804, 807, 819, 832, 837-838, 848-852,

855,863-865,869-871,875-876,

881, 884, 886, 893-894, 896, 899-900, 911-913, 915-918, 928, 941-942, 944, 946, 949-950, 952-954, 956-958, 961, 966-968, 970-972, 974-975, 977-983, 985, 989, 991, 1004, 1018, 1020-1022, 1059, 1062-1063, 1067, 1082, 1114-1115, 1117-1118, 1120-1121, 1124, 1126, 1130, 1133, 1135, 1138, 1141, 1144-1146, 1148-1149,1151-1152,1154-1156,1161, 1164-1168, 1170, 1172, 1174-1176, 1178, 1197, 1199, 1206, 1210-1212, 1223-1224, 1232, 1234, 1237, 1239-1240, 1250, 1253, 1258-1259, 1271, 1273

Euthydemus, 334

Ezra, 127

Falkland Islands, 807, 930, 1163

Fan Ye, 237, 335-336

Fanon, Frantz, 946, 1173-1177, 1267 Fardulf, 481

Fars, 55, 62, 112, 116-117, 124, 131, 361 Faruqi sultans, 583

Fashoda, 945, 959 Fatehabad, 210 Fatima, 607 Fatimid Caliphate, 361 Fatimids, 604, 607 Fausto, Vettor, 628 Faxien, 327 Faynan, 31 Fayyum, 30, 32, 186-187 Ferdinand I, 792 Ferdinand II, 791-792 Ferdinand VI, 807 Ferdinand VII, 1000 Fernando de la Concha, 1042 Fernao, 851 Feroz Shah, 4

Ferozeshah Kotla, 210

Ferry, Jules, 945

Fertile Crescent, 355

Fezzan, 1083

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 946 Fidel Castro, 1239 Fiji, 1007

Finland, 975, 1148, 1151

Firdausi, 763

Firishta, 593

First World War. See World War I

Firuz Shah Kotla, 210

Firuz Shah Tughluq, 210, 573, 580-583, 587,

589, 592

Five Dynasties, 390

Flagg, Samuel, 1218

Flanders, 624, 791, 799, 884 Fleury, 486

Fleury, Jean, 802 Florence, 139, 635, 925

Florida, 947, 949, 992, 994, 1016-1017, 1020, 1239 Formosa, 864, 873

Fostat/Fustat, 364, 418 Foucault, Michel, 267, 1175 France, 267, 270, 430, 473, 482, 599-600, 611, 613, 616, 625-626, 734, 738, 745, 790, 792-793, 803-804, 806-807, 866, 880, 884, 891, 893-894, 898-904, 911-912, 930, 935-936, 941-942, 944-961, 968, 970-971, 974, 981, 989, 991, 994, 999, 1002, 1008, 1015, 1020, 1059, 1079, 1083, 1114-1116, 1119, 1126, 1129, 1135, 1146, 1151, 1164, 1167, 1170-1173, 1176, 1182, 1233, 1250-1251, 1254-1261, 1263, 1265, 1273

Francia, 480, 488 Francois I, 941 Frankfurt, 475, 480 Freckenhorst, 486 Frederick I, 613 Frederick II, 612, 617 Frederick V, 885 Freising, 486 French Canada, 900 French East India Company, 871 French Polynesia, 941 French Revolution, 744, 857, 912, 916, 932, 942, 951, 970-971

Friedland, 953

Frisia, 473 Friuli, 489, 625 Fuggers, 864 Fujian, 223, 555, 824 Fukuyama, Francis, xxiii, 1241 Fulani Empire, 1082, 1088, 1102, 1106-1107 Fulbe, 657, 660-661, 1087-1088, 1092, 1099, 1102-1103,1107

Fulcher, 601 Fülek, 738

Fulfulde, 661, 1088, 1090, 1099-1100, 1102-1104,1106

Funan, 404-405, 435 Fustat. See Fostat/Fustat Futa Toro, 1097, 1101 Fuyu, 559

Ga'es, 65

Gabon, 1173

Gadsden, James, 1029

Galata, 456

Galen, 764 Galicia, 792-793, 985, 1005

Gallagher, John, 252, 1256 Galle, 867

Gallia, 471, 604-605

Gallipoli, 731, 1116

Gallus, Cornelius, 243

Gambia, 1175

Gan Ying, 306 Gandavo, 851

Gandhära, 165-166, 199, 205, 212, 296, 300,

329, 340-341 Gandhavati, 201 Gandhi, Mahatma, 1104, 1262 Ganga/ Ganges plains, 203-204, 207, 583 Ganga/Ganges Valley, 199 Ganga/Ganges, 3-4,199,203-204,206-207,

211, 337, 339-340, 343, 437, 578, 580, 584 Gangua, 201 Ganjam, 199

Gansu, 330, 332, 518

Gao, 652-656, 659-660

Garda, 632

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, xxvi

Gascons, 484

Gash Delta, 28-29

Gaugamela, 130, 334

Gaul, 251, 277-278, 471-472, 487-488, 885 Gaumata, 118, 127

Gaya district, 206 Gaza, 30, 130

Gazarawa, 1099

Geez, 356

Gebelein, 21, 28, 37 Gellner, Ernest, 162

Geneva, 1170

Genoa, 531, 624-625, 628, 630, 635-636,

640-641, 643

George I, 899

George II, 899

Georgia, 300, 739, 742, 1014, 1016-1017, 1208 Gerlach, Stephan, 735

German Democratic Republic, 1202, 1211 Germania, 471, 604-605

Germany, 257, 470, 482, 488, 599-600, 612, 616, 618, 723, 740, 792, 881, 916, 934, 945, 957, 959-961, 975, 983-984, 1022, 1059, 1083, 1113-1118,1120,1123-1126,1128-1137, 1140-1146,1148-1149,1151-1152,1154­1156, 1165, 1168, 1189-1190, 1193, 1195, 1197, 1213, 1218, 1224, 1233-1234, 1240, 1253, 1255, 1257, 1259, 1273

Gesta Danorum, 613-614

Gesta Francorum, 603, 608

Ghadames, 654

Ghana, 648, 652, 655, 657, 936, 1175, 1179, 1262, 1267, 1270

Ghazan Khan, 523-524

Ghazni, 338, 572, 576

Ghezo, 845

Ghuzz, 580

Gibbon, Edward, 271

Gibraltar, 350, 924

Gilgames/Gilgamesh, 8, 60

Gilpin, Robert, 1242

Glaber, Ralph, 600

Gladstone, William E., 914, 934

Glasgow, 894

Go, Julian, 1224

Goa, 832, 836, 840, 846-847, 849, 851, 854, 857, 863-864, 867, 872, 933

Gobi Desert, 520

Gobir, 1086-1087

Godfrey, 611

Godin, 115

Godofrid, 478, 480

Goebbels, Joseph, 1154-1155

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 876

Golconda, 583, 780

Gold Coast, 862, 877-878, 880, 936

Golden Horde, 508, 521, 524-525, 527-531

Goldstone, Jack, 167, 671

Gondophares, 334-335

Goody, Jack, 5, 651

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 1210-1212, 1214

Gorgan Wall, 310

Goryeo Dynasty, 516

Goths, 277, 457

Goto Shinpei, 1132

Govinda Deva, 756

Gramsci, Antonio, 923

Granada War, 794

Granada, 791, 794, 799, 804, 992, 994, 997

Grand Canal, 231, 394-395, 533, 535, 549

Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 139

Granicus, 130

Grant, Ulysses S., 1030

Great Britain, 745, 747, 792, 803-804, 806-807, 881, 884, 899, 921, 1002, 1004, 1017, 1128, 1131, 1146, 1148-1149, 1256, 1264

Great Khurasan Road, 61-63, 68

Great Kushans, 329, 337-338, 341

Great Lakes, 901, 905, 947, 1050

Great Plains, 1035-1036, 1038-1039, 1045,

1050,1054

Great Russia, 964, 967

Great Salt Lake, 1025

Great Seljuq Empire, 598, 603

Greater Athenian state, 142

Greater Germany, 600, 1140, 1151 Greater Syria, 736, 1079

Greece, 118-119, 123, 128-129, 140-141, 144,

166, 172, 177, 270, 452, 455, 458, 462,

625, 673, 729, 744-745, 1061, 1068-1069, 1079, 1152, 1273

Greek states, 76, 251 Greeks, 116, 121, 129, 131, 137, 139, 148, 187,

199, 450, 455, 457, 488, 491, 730, 1152 Greenville, 1015-1016

Greenwich, 911

Gregory V, 490

Gregory VII, 600 Grenville, Richard, 888

Groningen, 876

Grotius, Hugo, 866 Grumbat, 343

Guadeloupe, 804, 941, 947-949, 952, 954 Guam, 1032, 1227, 1229

Guaman Poma de Ayala, Felipe, 667, 694, 697,

699, 703-704, 712

Guangdong, 223, 546, 552, 554-555, 847, 1074 Guangwu, 229

Guangxi, 223, 412 Guangxu Emperor, 823

Guangzhou, 230, 543, 873, 914, 1074 Guanzhong, 224, 233, 386, 391

Guanzi, 330

Guarani, 992

Guararapes, 879 Guarco, 700

Guatemala, 1238

Gudea, 54-55

Guerrero, 679

Guha, Ranajit, 923 Guinea, Upper, 838, 845 Guishuang, 333-335

Gujarat, 203, 210, 582-583, 592-593, 729, 737,

756, 760

Gujarati, 776

Gulf of Bengal, 838, 840

Gulf of Guinea, 838, 992, 1008

Gulf of Mexico, 901, 1055, 1228

Gulf of Venezuela, 805 Gulistän, 763, 770 Guptas, 325, 343-344, 351

Gurgän, 300

Gurgaon, 778

Guyana, 862, 882, 941, 947, 950, 954 Güyüg, 516

Gwalior, 583, 755

Gwandu, 1087-1089, 1100, 1105

Habib Bourguiba, 960, 1176

Habsburg, 468, 723, 725, 729, 734-736, 739-741, 789-793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 941, 947, 984, 1115, 1253, 1256-1257, 1270 Hadejia, 1097

Hadrian, 166, 293, 487 Haggard, Rider, 925 Hagia Sophia, 275, 455 Haile Selassie I, 243

Haiti, 857, 916, 953, 955, 1232, 1242 Haitian Revolution, 946, 951, 1253 Hajjiabad, 302

Halberstadt, 480, 486 Haldon, John, 7

Halifax, 901 Hall, John A., 504 Halys River, 78 Hamadan, 112, 114

Hamazi, 62 Hamburg, 279, 953, 981, 1253 Hamdullahi, 1088-1089

Hami, 559 Hammurabi, 53, 76, 80

Hamza ibn Adharak, 370

Han Dynasty, 162-163, 218, 224, 227, 229-230, 236-237, 264, 306, 330, 340, 351, 381, 396, 416, 534

Han, 162-163, 218-219, 221, 223-237, 244,

258, 264, 306, 325, 329-333, 335-336,

340, 351, 380-381, 383-384, 386, 388,

391, 396, 416, 526, 533-534, 537, 544,

676, 765, 768, 780, 1071-1072 Hangzhou, 395, 502, 549 Hanlin Academy, 535, 818 Hannibal, 148, 250-251 Hanover, 899

Hanshu, 326, 335-337, 339 Hariharalaya, 436-437 Hartwell, Robert, 398

Haryana, 571, 573, 583 Hasar, 512

Hasmonean Dynasty, 173 Hassaniyya Arabic, 661 Hastings, Warren, 242 Hathial, 329

Hathor, 27 Hatnub, 23

Hatra, 293-294, 296, 299-301

Hatti, 30, 78, 98 Hattusili I, 74

Hausa, 1082-1084,1086-1089,1097-1104 Hausaland, 658, 1086, 1090, 1098

Havana, 802-803, 993-995, 1000-1002, 1004,

1225, 1231

Havel, Vaclav, 1191

Hawaii, 405, 1007, 1013, 1032, 1130, 1227-1228,1234

Hawkins, John, 887

Haxthausen, August von, 981

Hay, John, 1228

Hayatu b. Sa'id, 1098

Hazor, 28-29, 34

Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, 810

Hebei, 389-391

Hebrew, 127, 356

Hecatomnid family, 124

Hecatompylos, 309

Hejaz, 357-358, 364, 607-608, 729, 736, 743, 747

Heliocles, 334

Hellenistic empires, 161, 167, 171, 173, 175,

177-179, 181, 183, 185, 187, 189

Hellespont, 130

Helmand, 923

Hemacandra, 198

Hemawanta, 212

Hemmamiya, 24

Henan, 229

Henry II, 482, 600

Henry III, 600

Henry the Fowler, 482

Henry, William, 1138

Hephthalites, 297, 338, 344

Heqaib, 22, 25

Heracleopolis, 22, 25

Heraclius, 279, 297, 318

Herakleia, 184

Herat, 300, 344

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 981

Herero, 1132

Heribert, 479

Herihor, 35

Heriveus, 479

Herkhuf, 22

Herodotus, 10, 114-116, 118-120, 122-125, 128

Herstal, 481

Hierakonpolis, 21

Hijaz. See Hejaz

Hildebold, 475

Hildesheim, 480

Hilsdale, Cecily, 5

Himachal Pradesh, 757

Himalayas, 111, 437, 531

Hincmar, 484

Hinds, 371

Hindu Kush, 334-335, 340, 344

Hindustan, 572, 589-590, 592-593, 757, 764

Hira, 364

Hiroshima, 1118, 1156

Hissar, 209

Hitler, Adolf, 982, 1117-1118, 1135, 1138, 1140-1142,1144-1145,1149,1151-1156, 1190, 1259

Hittite Empire, 33, 76, 78

Ho Chi Minh, 960, 1168

Hobsbawm, Eric, 1223, 1253

Hoelun, 509-510

Hoffman, Elizabeth Cobbs, 1243

Hohenstaufen, 612

Hokkaido, 1128

Hola massacre, 1172

Holland, 480, 626, 803-804, 806-807, 863, 865-866,870-872,876-877,879-881, 936, 946, 953, 989, 1170

Holy League, 626, 739, 741

Holy Roman Empire, 352, 470, 616, 621, 722, 789, 791, 1252

Homem, Diogo, 850

Honavar, 846

Honduras, 804

Hong Kong, 916, 924, 1074, 1225

Hong Xiuquan, 917, 1074

Hongirat, 508

Hongwu Emperor, 534

Hoorn, 876

Hopkins, A. G., 1183

Horace, 262, 266

Horemheb, 35

Hormozdgan, 294

Hormuz, 836, 846, 867

Horus, 24, 37

Hostetler, Laura, 722

Hou Hanshu, 326, 335-337, 339

Houston, Sam, 1026

Howard, William, 1228

Howe, Stephen, 904

Hraban Maur, 487

Huanacaure, 712

Huanuco, 700, 702, 710

Huascar, 667-668, 701

Huayna Capac, 689, 704

Hubei, 552

Hudson Bay, 948

Hudson River, 862

Hughli, 846

Huguang, 543, 546-547

Huhnuri, 61, 65

Huitzilopochtli, 685

Hulagu Khan, 522

Hulagu, 522-524, 529

Humayun, 751, 754-757, 764-767

Humfress, Caroline, 918

Humurti, 62-63

Hung Taiji, 811-813, 815, 824

Hungary, 487, 490, 516, 599, 611-612, 616,

729, 731-732, 738-739, 741, 1069, 1115, 1120, 1197-1198, 1201, 1256

Hunkpapas, 1051

Huns, 163, 277, 338, 343, 457, 1035

Huron, 1019

Hurrians, 52, 66

Husain Wa'iz Kashifi, 764

Husayn Shahis, 583

Husraw I, 297, 303, 312, 317

Husraw II, 297, 307, 313, 317

Huvishka, 340-341, 343

Hyderabad, 751, 782

Hyksos, 18, 20, 27-29, 32

Hyrcania, 291-292,299-300

Hytloday, Raphael, 851

lasos, 184

Iberia, 97, 300, 725, 851-852

Iberian peninsula, 146, 148-149, 244, 607,

723, 791, 995

Ibn Hordadbeh, 409

Ibn Khaldun, 523

Ibn Ra'iq, 361

Ibrahim Lodi, 573, 592, 753

Ibrahim §inasi, 746

Iceland, 599

Iena, 953

Ifriqiya, 360-361, 364

Ikenberry, John, 1236-1237, 1239, 1241-1242 Ikkur, 27

Ikramov, A., 1195, 1208

Ili River, 332, 521

Ilkhanate, 522, 982

Ilkhanid, 578

Illapa, 710

Illinois, 1018, 1021, 1025

Iloilo, 1006

Ilorin, 1084, 1088, 1105

Ilyas Shahis, 583

Imbangala, 844

Inana of Uruk, 47

Inca, 443, 667-669, 688-689, 692-714, 723-724,

794, 796

Incense Road, 16, 30-32, 34

India, 3-4, 10, 18, 23, 97, 161-162, 166,

198-199, 201-207, 209, 211-215, 230, 243-245, 279, 292, 300, 304, 306, 325, 329, 334-336, 339-341, 343, 351, 363, 381, 396-397, 404, 406-407, 409-412, 414-416, 418, 420, 422, 432, 435-437, 445, 504, 527, 530-531, 571-576, 581-584, 588-590, 592-593, 721, 723, 725-726, 729, 740, 751-756, 760-764, 766-769, 771, 773, 775-783, 798-799, 832, 836, 838, 840-841, 846-856, 862-871, 873, 875-876, 880, 886, 911-913, 915, 918, 923, 925-926, 928, 930-937, 947-949, 954, 975, 979-980, 1072, 1083, 1099, 1114, 1116-1117, 1119, 1150, 1163, 1166-1169, 1171, 1228, 1250, 1256, 1258-1259, 1262-1264,1268,1270-1271

Central, 202, 209, 212, 325, 576, 583, 751 North, 3-4, 10, 162, 199, 202, 207, 212-213,

215, 279, 504, 571-573, 576, 581-584, 588-589,752

South, 199, 205, 581-583, 590, 593 Indian Mutiny, 930 Indian Ocean, 20, 23, 178, 204, 308, 355, 397,

401, 405, 414-417, 420, 422, 424, 503, 540, 626, 723-726, 739, 752-753, 775-776, 832, 836-838, 842, 846, 850-851, 855-856, 862-864, 869, 873, 880, 911, 924, 941, 947, 991

Indiana, 1015, 1017-1018 Indochina War, 1168 Indochina, 352, 430, 442, 956-958, 960-961,

1148, 1168, 1170, 1228, 1237-1238, 1240, 1259

Indonesia, 402, 404, 424, 447, 726, 876-877, 912, 1117, 1151, 1168, 1259 Indratataka, 437 Indravarman I, 437

Indus Valley, 18, 50, 111, 118, 300, 343 Indus, 18, 50, 111, 118, 297, 300, 332, 340, 343,

502, 583, 587, 753, 757 Ingelheim, 480-481 Inner Eurasia, 325, 332, 541 Inner Mongolia, 508, 529, 538 Intaphernes, 120 Iny, 17, 24 Ionia, 140-141 Ionian Revolt, 129 Iphicrates, 126 Iran, 9, 23, 62, 74, 76, 78, 83, 87, 102, 111-112, 116-118, 124, 130, 162-163, 171, 293-294, 296, 306, 308-310, 314, 316-317, 355-358, 360-361,363-365,369-370,516,522-523, 529-530, 571, 579, 725, 730, 736, 738, 754, 825,1130, 1238

Eastern, 62, 117, 306, 309, 360, 369 Western, 76, 365

Iranian highlands, 61, 87, 299, 306 Iranian Plateau, 44, 46, 48, 61-62, 305-307,

309, 355, 362-364 Iraq War, First, 1121

Iraq, 74, 76, 78, 83, 87, 355-358, 360-367, 369-370, 523, 531, 739, 747, 922, 925, 930, 933, 935, 937, 1079, 1083, 1120-1121, 1217, 1241-1242, 1264-1265, 1271 Irdabama, 120

Irmandino Wars, 793

Iron Age, 1-3, 5, 7-9, 31, 203-204, 264 Early, 31, 264

Iroquois, 877, 948, 1014, 1019

Irtashduna, 120

Isabella I, 791

Isaiah, 127

‘Isami, 579, 582, 589

Isfahan, 740

Ishanapura, 436

Ishanavarman, 436

Ishiwara Kanji, 1137, 1140, 1146

Ishtumegu, 118

Isin, 68, 76

Isis, 180, 265, 274

Islamabad, 329

Islamic State, 1082-1083, 1106, 1241

Ismail Enver Bey, 1069

Israel, 167, 839, 865, 936, 1119, 1171, 1265 Issus, 130

Istanbul, 275, 608, 737, 740, 742-743, 747, 933, 1061-1062, 1065, 1068, 1070, 1115

Istria, 623-624, 630, 632

Italian peninsula, 137, 151-152, 248, 636-637, 952

Italian Wars, 625

Italy, 148, 151, 153-155, 246, 248, 250, 252-255, 257, 260, 269-270, 272, 278, 450-452, 454, 457-458, 465, 472-473, 477, 479, 482, 484, 487-490, 530, 599-600, 604, 608, 610, 612, 623, 625, 643, 791, 795, 807, 916, 952, 1069, 1079, 1123, 1129, 1142-1144, 1146, 1148, 1156, 1170

Ivan IV, 965

Ivory Coast, 947, 1173

Jackson, Andrew, 1016-1017, 1024, 1026 Jadrup, 758

Jagat Seths, 783

Jahangir, 4, 751, 756-758, 760, 764

Jainism, 198, 208

Jaipur, 756-757

Jakarta, 1168

Jalutawa, 1099

Jamaica, 804, 892, 897, 993, 1175

Jambi, 410-414, 416-418, 420

Jambudvipa, 212, 327

James I of England and Ireland, 884

James II, 891

James River, 1052

James VI of Scotland, 884 Jamukha, 511 Jamuna, 340, 578 Jangambadi, 779

Japan, 340-341, 381, 396, 447, 514, 543,

549, 551, 556, 792, 795, 819, 824, 837, 839-840, 847-850, 852, 869, 935, 961, 983, 1004, 1058, 1075-1077, 1113-1114, 1116-1118,1123-1126,1128-1134, 1136-1138,1140-1144,1146,1148-1150, 1154, 1156, 1164, 1168, 1193, 1218, 1224, 1234, 1237, 1251, 1255, 1258-1259, 1271 Jat, 779-780 Jaugada, 199 Java Sea, 404 Java, 402, 404, 407-409, 412-413, 436-437,

862, 866, 871-873, 875-876, 882, 1151 Jawdar, 660 Jayarajadevi, 440 Jayavarman II, 436-437, 441 Jayavarman IV, 438 Jayavarman VII, 431, 433-434, 438, 440-442,

444, 446-448 Jayavarman VIII, 441 Jayavirvarman, 438 Jazira, 88, 364, 369 Jebel Bishri, 47 Jebel Hamrin, 63-64 Jefferson, Thoma.s. 1014-1015, 1020, 1024 Jelme, 511 Jennings, William, 1229 Jeremiah, 115-116 Jerusalem, 274, 279, 307, 372, 476, 504, 601-602,

734, 736

Jesus, 274-275, 668, 849, 917, 1025, 1074 Jewish Rebellion, 274

Jezreel Valley, 34 Jiajing, 535 Jiang Tingfu, 1058 Jiaozhou, 1126 Jibal, 361

Jilin, 810, 814-815, 817, 826 Jin Dynasty, 501, 513, 516, 518, 529 Jin Khanate, 810-812, 814-815, 817 Jinchuan uprisings, 829 Jingkou, 395 Jizhu, 332

Jochi, 511-512, 515, 521, 524-525 Jodhpur, 780

Johan Maurice of Nassau, 877

John II, 791 John IV, 878

John Kantakouzenos, 731

John XII, 489

Johnson, Lyndon, 1238

Jones, Sir William, 199

Jordan, 16, 167

Joseph II, 468

Josephus, 170, 301, 668

Josiah, 488

Judea, 173, 182, 188

Julian, 296

Junaidu, 1083

Junin, 1000

Jupiter, xxiii

Jurchen, 501, 513-514, 516-518, 520, 542, 544-547, 553, 556-557, 559, 810-811, 813, 815, 817

Justin, 301, 309

Justinian I, 273, 275, 278, 297, 450-451

Justinian II, 452

Jutland Peninsula, 480

Juvaini, 512, 516, 524, 529

Ka'ba, 299, 357

Kabul Valley, 334-335

Kabul, 334-335, 337, 754, 757

Kacchawahas, 756

Kafir's Castle, 337

Kaidu, 521

Kaifeng, 501, 529

Kaikhusrau, 579

Kaiqubad, 579

Kaiyuan, 545

Kalagam, 415

Kalah, 409-410,415-416

Kalhana, 198

Kalhu, 8, 86, 96-97, 100

Kalimantan, 419

Kalinga, 199

Kalinjar, 765-766

Kalkriese, 257

Kambojas, 199

Kamose, 32

Kandahar/Qandahar, 178, 760

Kandy, 848, 873, 875

Kanem, 648, 652, 1083

Kanes, 47

Kang Youwei, 1075

Kangaga, 658

Kangra, 757

Kangxi Emperor, 823-824

Kanishka II, 342

Kanishka III, 164, 342

Kanishkan Era, 327, 337-339, 343

Kanizsa, 738

Kano Domi, 850

Kano Mitsunobu, 850

Kano Naizen, 850

Kano, 1084, 1086, 1090, 1093, 1095, 1101,

1103,1107-1108

Kapisa, 329

Kara Mustafa Pasha, 741

Kara, 584, 590

Karakorum Highway, 332

Karakorum, 332, 518, 520-521, 525, 528, 531

Karaman, 732

Karang Berahi, 408, 410-411

Karanga, 845

Kara-Tepe, 328

Karelia, 1194, 1196

Kären, 300

Karia, 184

Karlowitz, 729, 1059

Karnataka, 198-199, 205, 207, 211

Karttikeya, 343

Kashgar, 300, 336, 522

Kashiyari Mountains, 88

Kashmir, 198, 332, 335, 340, 593, 1119

Kasi, 202

Kassite state, 76, 80

Käsyapa, 212

Kataha, 415-416

Katanga, 1177

Kataram/Kitaram, 415

Katsina, 1084, 1086, 1107

Kattigara, 405

Kausambi, 209

Kautilya, 204, 213-214

Kawäd I, 297, 303, 305, 312

Kayänids, 316-317

Kazakhstan, 331, 1203

Kazalu, 48

Kazan, 739, 965

Kebbi, 1086

Kedah, 406, 410-411, 414-416, 418-422

Kedar, 779

Kedukan Bukit, 407-408

Kennedy, Paul, 739, 1189

Kentucky, 1021

Kenya, 922, 936-937, 1170, 1174-1175, 1261

Kerait, 509, 511, 513

Kerbogha, 597-598, 601-603

Kerdir, 302, 312-313

Kerma, 16, 18, 28

Kerman, 48, 62, 300

Kermanshah, 63

Keshav Rai, 779

Kew, 866

Khabul Khan, 510

Khabur Triangle, 52, 62

Khalaji regime, 573

Khalchayan, 328, 334

Khalkha, 819

Khanbaliq, 526-527

Khandesh, 583

Khangai Mountains, 508, 520

Kharachin, 813

Kharga, 29

Kharijism, 369

Kharkhorin, 518, 538

Khartoum, 917

Khayan, 28

Khazars, 357, 370

Kherlen, 508

Khitan, 386, 517

Khizr Khan, 573, 583

Khmer Empire, 352, 430-433, 435-437, 439, 441, 443, 445-448

Khnumhotep, 22-23

Khodzhaev, F., 1195, 1208

Khokhars, 580

Khorasan Road, 115, 124

Khorat Plateau, 432, 437-438, 440, 446

Khorchin, 813

Khorezm, 327-328

Khotan, 336

Khrushchev, Nikita, 1178-1179, 1189,

1200-1201, 1203-1205, 1207, 1211

Khui, 22

Khunjerab Pass, 332

Khurasan, 61-63, 68, 300, 357, 360-362,

364-365, 367, 370, 374, 571, 578

Khusrau Khan Barwarid, 585

Khusrau, 757

Khuzistan, 55, 112, 296, 300

Khvarvaran, 364

Khwarazmian Dynasty, 515, 523

Kidara II, 343

Kidarites, 343-344

Kiev, 516, 529, 964

Kilukhri, 580

Kiowa, 1031

Kipling, Rudyard, 925-926, 1226

Kipunda, 342

Kirkuk, 61, 84

Kirname, 55

Kis/Kish, 46, 49, 74

Kisite Kingdom, 46

Kissinger, Henry, 1240

Koh Ker, 438

Komnenoi, 455, 462, 464

Kompong Svay, 444

Kong Yiji, 1078

Kongo, 843-844, 849, 853

Konoe Fumimaro, 1134, 1144, 1148

Konya, 730

Koprülü, 740-741

Korea, 223, 340-341, 381, 396, 516, 543, 556,

558, 812, 814-815, 817, 819, 1071, 1075, 1114, 1129, 1131-1132, 1137, 1149, 1151, 1237, 1240, 1255, 1270

Korean War, 1120, 1237

Koroboro Shenni, 653

Koryo Dynasty, 538

Kosovo, 731

Kotte, 847, 850

Kourkouas, Ioannes, 452

Koyra Chiini, 653

Kra, 416

Kravchenko, Viktor, 1196

Krishna, 341, 756

Kublai Khan, 516-517, 520, 526-527, 558, 812 Küchük Kaynardja, 729

Kufa, 360, 362, 364

Kujula Kadphises, 333-337, 339

Kukiya, 654-656

Kumar, Sunil, 504, 753

Kumaraswamy, 779

Kumidi, 30

Kumrahar, 202, 211

Kumul, 522

Kunal, 201

Kuomintang, 1116, 1118

Kupperman, Karen, 890

Kuras of Anshan, 116

Kush, 16, 334-335, 340

Kushan Empire, 300, 325-327, 329, 331,

333-335, 337, 339, 341-344

Kushans, 166, 296, 300, 305, 316, 325-330,

333-338,341-343

Early, 329, 333

Late, 329

Kushanshar, 342

Kutuzov, Mikhail, 1190

Kuwait, 1120

Kwanza, 838, 844

Kyrgyzstan, 522

La Guaira, 805

La Rochelle, 948

Labouret, Henri, 1170

Laem Pho, 420

Lagas, 54-55, 74

Lagos, 171, 1180

Lahore, 572-573, 576, 755, 760, 775, 1166

Lake Albert, 652

Lake Albert, 652

Lake Chad, 1083

Lake Superior, 1050

Lake Titicaca, 696

Lake, Tony, 1242

Lakhnauti, 576-577, 582

Lakota, 1050-1054, 1056

Lampung, 421

Lane, Frederic, 635

Laniel, Joseph, 1170

Laodice, 171-172

Laodicean War, 171

Laon, 486

Laos, 430-432, 436, 441, 444, 1238

Larisa, 249

Latin America, 854, 954, 956-957, 1017, 1023, 1031, 1164, 1227-1228, 1231, 1238-1240, 1253, 1256, 1258, 1269

Latium, 151, 248

Latmos, 184

Lawson, Henry, 854

Le Cap Fran^ais, 950

Lebanon, 7, 18, 24-25, 28-29, 137, 146, 167, 369, 747, 924, 960, 1240

Lechfeld, 604

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 1123

Lenin, Vladimir, 1176, 1195, 1210-1211 Leningrad, 1200 Lenski, Gerhard, 275

Leo III, 487-489

Leon, 792

Lepanto, 626, 628-629, 634, 637, 642, 644, 729, 739, 790, 794

Levant, 8, 13-15, 17-18, 20-22, 24-25, 27-33,

38, 86, 90, 297, 355, 623, 633, 637, 862

Southern, 14, 18, 20, 31, 38

Lewis, Meriwether, 1016

Lexington, 923

Li Zicheng, 816, 818, 824

Li, 391

Liang Qichao, 1165

Liang, 336

Liaodong, 387, 543-545, 554-555, 810-812, 814-818, 826, 1129

Liaoning, 533, 544

Libya, 23, 111, 118, 146, 167, 246, 654, 1069, 1083, 1151, 1242, 1256

Lieberman, Victor, 352

Lieven, Dominic, 915

Lighdan Khaghan, 811

Lima, 667, 707, 802, 805, 839

Lin'an, 501

Liptako, 1088, 1105

Lisbon, 840, 849, 863, 952

Lithuania, 734

Little Big Horn, 1031

Little Russia, 964

Litvinova, Galina, 1209

Liu Song Dynasty, 335

Liudolfing family, 482

Livonia, 966

Livy, 248, 260

Loango, 843

Lodi Dynasty, 573, 583

Loi, 533, 971

Loire Valley, 487

Lombard duchy, 599

Lonck, Hendrick, 877

London, 242, 623, 744, 850, 862, 865, 884-887, 895, 898-899, 901, 911, 925, 936, 1166, 1228, 1230, 1251, 1258, 1262

Lop Nor, 341

Lopez, Narciso, 1028

Lorient, 948

Lorraine, 611, 1154

Lorsch, 479, 486

Lothaire, 604

Lothar, 473, 484-485

Lotharingia, 473, 481

Louis II, 484, 490-491

Louis Philippe, 933

Louis the Child, 482

Louis the German, 485

Louis the Pious, 473, 484, 489

Louis XIV, 164, 732, 790, 806, 891, 894, 899, 941, 947, 957

Louis XV, 807, 949

Louis XVI, 744, 951

Louisburg, 899

Louisiana, 947, 949-950, 992, 994, 1015-1016,

1018, 1029, 1037, 1039, 1051

Louverture, Touissant, 951-953

Low Countries, 480, 793, 795, 863, 868, 872, 952

Lower Sea, 46-47

Lower Yangzi, 230, 384, 395

Lü Buwei, 220

Lu Xun, 1078

Luanda, 839, 842, 844

Luang Prabang, 446

Lubok Tua, 418

Luce, Henry, 1235

Lucknow, 752, 775

Lugalbanda, 60

Lugard, 1083

Luke, 267

Lullubum, 62-64

Lumbini, 206

Lumumba, Patrice, 1177

Lund, 616

Lundestad, 1224

Luoyang, 351, 392

Lupus of Ferrieres, 487

Luwian, 75

Luzon, 992, 1003-1004, 1006

Lycia, 184

Lydia, 78, 118, 124-125, 131

Lyon, 958

Lysimachus, 170-171

Ma'bar, 582

Macau, 563, 832, 847-848, 853

Maccabean Revolt, 182, 188

Macedon/Macedonia, 111, 119, 130, 172-173,

175, 177, 180, 249-251, 334, 458, 731, 741, 747, 1068

Maceo, Antonio, 1005

Machiavelli, Niccolo, 442

Macmillan, Harold, 1172, 1174

Madagascar, 405, 432, 947, 958, 961

Madeira, 832, 836, 838, 852

Madrid, 240, 804, 1001

Madura, 582

Madurese, 873

Magadha, 199, 202-203, 206-207

Magas, 199

Magdeburg, 480

Maghas, 343

Maghreb, 605, 729, 737-738

Magnesia, 172

Maguzawa, 1099

Magyars, 482, 599

Mahabharata, 330, 352

Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 1227

Maharashtra, 203, 779, 782

Mahendraparvata, 437

Mahmud II, 573, 577, 745, 1062-1063

Mahmud Yalavach, 520

Mainz, 479, 484, 487

Maitreya, 340

Majapahit, 414

Majeed, 265, 352, 1114

Makarije, 735

Makassar, 846

Makkan, 47-48, 50-51

Makran, 300

Malabar Coast, 416

Malacca, xxiv, 424, 836, 846, 867, 871-872, 882

Malawi, 1175

Malay Peninsula, 404-405, 413, 416, 422,

440-441,1168

Malaya/Malaysia, 397, 402, 420, 926, 934-937,

1117, 1119

Malayu, 402, 406, 408, 410-415, 418, 420

Mali, 6, 504, 587, 648-649, 651-662, 915, 1090, 1173, 1179

Malik Ambar, 725, 757

Malik Shah I, 602

Mallorca, 792-793

Malta, 739, 924

Malvinas, 807, 924, 930, 993

Malwa, 582-584, 592-593

Mama Killa, 710

Mamai, 528

Mamluk Egypt, 736, 913

Mamluks, 514, 522-523, 572, 604, 611, 736

Manchester, 1170

Manchu, 533, 537, 563, 722, 810-814, 816-819, 1070-1071, 1074, 1116

Manchukuo, 1125, 1138, 1140, 1142-1143, 1148-1149

Manchuria, 515, 529, 810, 813, 1114, 1116, 1129, 1137-1138, 1140, 1142, 1144, 1148-1149, 1156, 1195

Mandela, Nelson, 930

Mandelstam, Osip, 1191

Manetho, 189

Manhattan, 862

Mani Vunda, 843

Mani, 311-313, 843

Manichaeism, 292, 313

Manila Bay, 1225

Manila, 795, 802, 846, 872, 993-994, 1000, 1002-1004,1006-1007,1225-1226,1231

Manistusu, 43, 48, 53

Mann, Michael, xxx, 6, 47, 356, 670, 1190, 1194, 1217

Mansa Musa, 504, 654-655, 658

Mansehra, 206

Mantzikert, 454

Manu, 209

Manuel I Komnenos, 464

Maori, 926, 1175

Mapuches, 992

Maragheh, 524

Maranhao, 856-857

Maratha Confederacy, 751, 780, 854

Maravi, 845

Marc Antony, 173, 255, 293, 309

Marco Polo, 413, 522, 527, 642

Marcus Aurelius, 268, 271, 293

Mardaites, 369, 374

Mardavij ibn Ziyar, 370

Mardin, 62, 746, 1064

Marduk, 117, 127, 131

Marhasi, 46, 48, 51, 62, 64-65

Mari, 29, 46, 51, 56, 62, 64-65, 76

Maritsa River, 731

Marj Dabik, 736 Maroua, 1084 Marseille, 958, 960 Marshall, George C., 1168 Marsilius of Padua, 617 Martaban, 846 Martinique, 804, 941, 947-949, 952, 954 Marwan, 358 Marwar, 583 Marx, Karl, 1074 Mary the Virgin, 468 Mas'udi, 410 Masaryk, Jan, 1198 Mascarene Islands, 947 Masina, 1088-1089

Maski, 211 Massachusetts, 1014, 1221 Massagetae, 118 Massey, Vincent, 1169 Masulipatnam, 846 Mataram, 873, 875

Mathura, 329, 337, 340-343, 779 Matsuoka Yosuke, 1140 Mau Mau, 922-923, 936, 1170 Maugham, Somerset, 925 Mauretania, 1173

Maurice, 297 Maurice/Maurits, Johan, 877-878 Mauritania, 660

Mauritius, 928, 947 Mauryan Empire, 171, 198-201, 203, 205, 207,

209, 211, 213, 215 May, Ernest, 1218 Maya, 669, 675 Mayotte, 941 Mazagäo, 836 Mazarin, Cardinal, 442 Mazdaeism, 311 Mazdak, 303, 311 Mazeppa Rebellion, 965 Mazzini, xxvi Mbeki, Thabo, 1180 Mbini, 1008 Mbwila, 844 McKinley, William, 1004, 1225-1227, 1229 McNeill, William, xxvi Mecca, 246, 256, 259, 357, 504, 607, 654, 657,

736, 819, 1070, 1084, 1097, 1099, 1101, 1105-1106

Medes, 78, 80, 87, 111-112, 114-118, 127 Media Atropatene, 299

Media, 80, 97, 112, 115, 173, 299-300, 317, 435, 921-922, 1126, 1155, 1187, 1190, 1193, 1198, 1206, 1210

Medina, 34, 246, 256, 357, 363-365, 504, 607, 654, 736, 819, 1105

Mediterranean, 5, 10, 14-15, 18, 20, 25-26, 28-29, 31-32, 44, 46, 48, 50, 61-62, 77-79, 91, 113, 137-139, 141, 143, 145, 147-151, 153, 155, 160-163, 166-167, 169, 171, 173, 176, 178-181, 186, 241, 243, 248-251, 256-258, 261, 264, 269, 273-274, 278-279, 293, 295, 313-318, 355, 362, 365, 404, 424, 445, 476, 502-503, 531, 609, 623-624, 626, 628-631, 633, 636, 638, 640-641, 721-723, 725, 735, 737, 739-740, 792, 794, 862, 924, 942, 952, 955-956, 980, 1007, 1059, 1123, 1143-1144, 1167, 1171

Eastern, 14-15, 28, 31, 141, 167, 171, 173, 178-180, 186, 269, 293, 314, 623, 626, 636, 739-740, 952, 1007, 1171

Western, 10, 139, 148, 250, 735, 737, 794, 1143

Meersen, 484 Meerut, 209-210 Megasthenes, 189, 199, 202 Megingoz, 479

Mehmed Ali, 735, 743-745, 1061-1062 Mehmed II, 456, 625, 668, 732-733, 735-737,744

Mehmed Sokollu, 735

Mehmed VI Vahideddin, 747

Meiji Japan, 1075

Mekong Delta, 404, 435, 441

Melaka, 401-402,404-406,410-412,415-416, 420-423, 425

Meliapor, 846 Melilla, 791 Melitene, 452 Meluhha, 50-51 Memphis, 178, 183 Menander I, 212 Mengwu, 508 Menon, 132 Merbok Estuary, 419 Merenptah, 33 Merenre, 24 Mergids, 508, 510-511 Meroe, 648, 652 Merovingian kings, 471 Mersa, 18-19, 25, 28 Meru, 437

Merv, 292, 297, 300, 306, 309, 357, 360, 364, 529-530

Mesän, 299-300

Mesene, 300-301, 306

Meskigala, 48

Mesoamerica, 669, 672-673, 675-676, 679, 685-686, 795, 1039

Mesopotamia, 3, 5-6, 8, 18, 28, 31, 43-44, 47, 52-53, 61-62, 74, 76, 80-81, 83, 102, 115, 118, 124, 126, 162-163, 290, 293-294, 296, 298-299, 306-310, 313, 315, 317, 454, 602, 605, 607-608, 673, 721, 1062 Southern, 8, 31, 43, 76

Upper, 31, 52, 61-62, 80

Mesy, 27

Mewar, 583-584, 758, 760, 780

Mexica, 673, 677, 685-686, 689

Mexico City, 802, 1027, 1043 Mexico, 671-673, 675-676, 679, 685, 688-689,

724, 789, 793, 802, 804-806, 839, 853, 878, 901, 945, 956-957, 992, 1000, 1002-1003,1016,1020-1021,1024-1029, 1031, 1035-1040, 1042-1045, 1049, 1055, 1228, 1231, 1242, 1253

Central, 672-673, 685, 1027, 1035

Southern, 675

Miami, 1019

Miao, 533

Middle Ages, 292, 424, 462, 466, 469, 474, 480, 483, 486, 574, 597, 603, 608, 612, 614-615, 617-618, 624, 627, 629, 634, 642, 644, 1007, 1161

Early, 469, 474, 480, 483, 486, 615

High, 608

Late, 624, 627, 629, 634, 642, 644, 1161 “Middle Kingdom” (China), 913, 1121 Middle Kingdom Egypt, 13, 15-16, 18,

27-29, 36

Midhat Pasha, 746, 1062, 1066

Midway, 1118, 1155 Mihir, 576

Mihran, 292, 294

Mikoian, Anastas, 1200 Milan, 277, 636, 792

Miletus, 126

Mill, John Stuart, 932, 934 Milner, Lord, 934 Mina, 841, 878, 880

Minden, 486

Ming Dynasty, 223, 423, 503-504, 528, 533-534, 536-537, 539, 541-542, 547, 550-551, 555, 559, 561-564, 816, 825, 1071

Ming, 223, 423, 503-504, 528-529, 533-564,

722,810-812,814-819,823-826,

1071, 1161

Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani, 576

Minho, 837

Minneconjous, 1051

Minnesota, 1031, 1054

Mir Fath Allah/Fathulla Shirazi, 767, 770 Miran, 341

Mirgissa, 19, 27

Mississippi, 947, 949, 1015-1016, 1018, 1020, 1024, 1037, 1050

Missouri, 1018, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1037, 1050-1052

Mitanni, 29-30, 76, 80, 82-83

Mithila, 585

Mithradates I, 293, 314-315

Mithradates II, 293, 299, 314-315 Mitterand, Francois, 1170

Miyan Mir, 760

Moab, 30-31

Mobile Bay, 1016 Mocha, 869, 872-873

Moche culture, 669

Moche Valley, 696

Moche, 669, 696

Modon, 624

Modu, 331-332

Moghul Khanate, 542, 558

Moghulistan, 522

Moldavia, 732, 739, 742, 745

Moluccas, 404, 848, 862, 864, 867, 869-871, 873, 912

Mommsen, Theodor, 259

Mon, 432, 441, 443

Mongke, 516, 520-521, 529 Mongol Empire, 502, 507, 509-513, 515, 517-521, 523-525, 527, 529-531, 536, 539, 560, 964, 1040

Mongolia, 508-510, 518, 521-522, 528-529, 538, 546, 548, 722, 811, 813, 819-820, 822, 824-825, 828, 1070, 1140

Mongols, xxiv, 116, 318, 413, 502-503,

507-509, 512-514, 516, 519-524, 526-531, 534, 536-537, 539, 544-548, 556-558, 560, 572-573, 576, 580, 607, 753, 811, 813-816, 819-820, 825, 964, 1035, 1199, 1255

Montana, 1031

Montenegro, 1065, 1068-1069 Montesquieu, 603, 992

Montevideo, 995

Montgomery, 1231

Moravia, 490, 599

Mordovia, 1196

More, Thomas, 851

Morea, 455-456, 732

Morelos, 676

Morocco, 146, 659, 738, 959-960, 1003, 1007-1008, 1130, 1170-1171, 1176, 1179, 1261

Moscow, 327, 529, 739, 952, 964-965, 1117, 1178, 1198, 1205-1208, 1212, 1237, 1251, 1258, 1272

Moselle, 481

Moses, 668

Mossadegh, Mohammad, 1238-1239

Mossi, 659

Mosul, 597, 602

Motecuhzoma I, 683

Motecuhzoma II, 683-684

Mountbatten, Lord, 937

Mozambique, 832, 836-838, 842, 844, 853, 856, 1268

Mpanzu a Kitima, 844

Muawiya, 358, 367, 372

Muara Jambi, 417-418

Mubarak Shah Khalaji, 573, 582-583

Mugabe, Robert, 1268

Mughal Empire, 244, 574, 593, 751-753, 755, 757, 759-761, 763, 765, 767-769, 771, 773, 775, 777-779, 781, 783, 847

Muhammad, 4, 249, 279, 350, 357-358, 360, 608-609,1087

Muhammad Akbar, 751, 755, 780

Muhammad Ali, 918, 932, 955

Muhammad Bello, 1082, 1087, 1089, 1091-1093, 1097, 1099, 1103

Muhammad Ibn Saud, 1064

Muhammad Khan, 579

Muhammad Mukhaila Dugura, 1090

Muhammad Tughluq, 573, 580-583

Mukden, 817

Mulasarvästiväda, 406

Mulla Shukr Allah Shirazi, Afzal Khan, 758

Mullah Shah, 760

Multan, 572, 576, 593, 755

Mumbai, 847, 853. See also Bombay

Mun River, 432

Munich Conference, 1145

Munich, 605, 1123, 1145

Munster, 888

Münster, 486, 804, 865, 879

Muqhali, 512

Murashu, 122

Murcia, 791

Muromachi Japan, 556

Murshidabad, 775

Muscovite Russia, 536

Muscovy, 529, 964

Mushtaqi, 584

Musi River, 401

Mussolini, Benito, 1138, 1154, 1156, 1163

Mustafa Bayraktar, 745

Müstair, 487

Muzaffar Khan Turbati, 767

Muzaffarpur, 209

Mvemba a Nzinga, 844

Mwenemutapa, 844-845

Myanmar, 426, 430, 440

Mysore, 213, 918, 930

Myus, 126

Nabonidus, 115-116, 127, 131

Nagapattinam, 415, 846

Nagar, 51

Nagasaki, 847, 873, 1118

Naghachu, 544

Naghas, 343

Nagy, Imre, 1201

Nahuatl, 673

Naimans, 508-509, 513, 544

Naipaul, V S., xxiii-xxiv

Nakhon Si Thammarat, 408, 420

Nalanda, 409

Nama, 1132

Namibia, 1128

Namik Kemal, 746

Nandas, 199

Nandi, 342

Nanjing, 540, 546-547, 829, 1074, 1116 Nanna, 47

Nantes, 870, 948

Nanzhao, 396

Naples, 792

Napoleon Bonaparte, 468, 952

Napoleon III, 944, 957, 972

Napoleonic Wars, 882, 916, 931, 934, 944, 969, 993, 1001

Narseh, 302, 304-305

Nasca, 703

Nasrid Dynasty, 791

Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 1171

Naucratis, 184

Navarre, 790-792

Navas de Tolosa, 790

Nawabs, 782

Nawad, 923

Naxos, 126

Nazi Germany, 1117-1118, 1152, 1154-1155,

1189, 1193, 1218

Near East, 5, 8, 13, 15, 18, 20, 26, 28, 33, 37,

50, 77-79, 83, 86, 102, 111-113, 137, 162, 166, 169, 179, 186, 244, 264, 279, 295, 373, 419-420, 445, 669, 1059

Nebraska, 1229

Necipoglu, Gülru, 275, 735, 737 Negroponte, 624-625

Neguder, 579

Neheri I, 23

Nehru, Jawaharlal, 784, 936, 1166

Nepal, 209, 923, 928, 930, 938 Nero, 271, 328, 335

Nerva, 270

Neshi, 35

Nesutnefer, 24

Neuve Chapelle, 1116

Nevada, 1028, 1031

Nevis, 892

Nevskii, Alexander, 1190

New Amsterdam, 879

New Caledonia, 941, 956, 1007

New Delhi, 166, 242. See also Delhi New England, 887, 891, 896, 901, 989, 1014,

1023-1024, 1026, 1229

New Granada, 799, 992, 994, 997

New Guinea, 1128, 1131, 1134

New Hampshire, 1029

New Holland, 877, 881

New Kingdom Egypt, 13-17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27, 29-31,33-37

New Mexico, 1016, 1026, 1028, 1035-1040,

1042-1044, 1049, 1055, 1231

New Netherlands, 862

New Orleans, 1015-1016, 1022

New Rome, 450, 457, 465, 491-492, 1253 New Spain, 793, 799, 802, 806, 989,

991, 994-995, 999-1000, 1002,

1038-1040, 1043

New World, 318, 549-550, 563, 667, 669, 672,

688, 694, 720-721, 724-726, 789, 792-797, 801, 804, 850-852, 855, 864, 867, 876, 947, 950, 980, 1017, 1042, 1118, 1125 New York, 166, 265, 862, 877, 879, 903, 950,

1074, 1119, 1177-1179, 1181, 1221, 1225, 1227-1228

Newfoundland, 884, 887

Ngo Dinh Diem, 1238

Ngügi wa Thiong'o, 1175 Nicaea/Nikaia, 244, 349, 455-456, 731 Nicaragua, 890, 1028-1029, 1232 Nicholas I, 745, 970, 972

Nicobars, 409

Nicomedia, 199, 731

Nidaros, 616

Nieuw Amsterdam, 877

Nigalisagar, 206

Niger Bend, 648, 650-651, 653-656, 660-662 Niger River, 651, 655-658, 660

Niger, 648-651,653-658,660-662,

1083-1084,1173

Nigeria, 1082-1084, 1088, 1093-1094, 1098,

1101-1102, 1107, 1172, 1179

Nijmegen, 480-481

Nikephoros I, 452

Nikephoros II (Phokas), 454, 460

Nikopolis, 731

Nile Valley, 5-6, 16-17, 25, 29, 31, 361

Nile, 5-6, 16-17, 20, 22, 24-25, 27, 29, 31, 33, 74, 116, 188, 297, 361, 584, 959

Nimrud, 1098

Nine Years' War, 807

Nineveh, 8, 49, 51, 62, 84, 98, 100, 111

Ningbo, 560

Ninus of the Assyrians, 481

Nippur, 49, 58, 292, 309

Nirun, 508

Nisa, 292, 309, 311, 315

Nishapur, 374

Nisibis, 272, 296

Nithard, 484-486

Nixon, Richard, 1236, 1240

Nixon, Sam, 652

Nizam al-Din, 594

Nizami Ganjavi, 763

Nkrumah, Kwame, 1175-1180,

1262-1263,1267

Nokonzoko, 338

Nonantola, 486

Nootka Sound, 807

Normans, 454, 463

North Africa, 27, 137, 146, 148, 244, 251, 265, 270, 352, 355, 357-358, 361, 369, 372-373, 450, 487, 607, 618, 654, 725, 790, 837-838, 842, 848, 955, 960-961, 1079, 1083, 1143, 1154, 1261

North America, 795, 843, 862, 865, 875, 877, 881, 885, 890, 894, 896-900, 904-906, 911, 918, 932, 944, 947, 949-950, 991, 999, 1001, 1011, 1018, 1037, 1040, 1045, 1227, 1263

North Atlantic, 794-795, 804, 836, 997, 1239

North Carolina, 1014

North China Plain, 381

North Holland, 876

North Sea, 476, 886

North Vietnam, 404, 873, 1179, 1238

Northern Dynasties, 380, 385, 390, 393, 396

Northern Wei, 383

Northern Zhou, 386

Northumbria, 476, 604

Norway, 487, 599-600, 604, 616, 1146

Nova Scotia, 888

Novgorod, 964

Novocherkassk, 1203

Nubia, 5, 14-25, 27-30, 32-34, 36-38, 167, 243, 652

Nubians, 18-23, 28

Nueces, 1026

Nueva Vizcaya, 1055

Nuevo Leon, 1044

Nuevo Mexico, 1028

Numidia, 149

Numunuu, 1035-1036

Nupe, 1088, 1105

Nur Jahan, 757

Nurgaci, 817

Nyasaland, 1172

Nzinga a Nkuwu, 843

Obodrites, 472

Oc Eo culture, 435

Octavian, 173, 255

October Revolution, 1190, 1211

Odessa, 980, 1007

Odisha, 199

Oesho, 342

Ogedei, 512, 515-518, 520-521

Oglalas, 1051

Ohio River, 1014, 1018

Ohrmazd I, 304

Ohrmazd III, 305

Ohrmazd IV, 297

Oirats, 513

Okinawa, 1128

Oklahoma, 1025

Old Babylonian period, 43, 53, 61

Old Delhi, 760. See also Delhi

Old Kingdom Egypt, 13, 20, 22-23, 25

Old Tamil, 414

Olkhunut, 510

Olney, Richard, 1229

Olperli Turk, 576

Oman, 7, 23, 47, 81, 165, 242, 300, 326, 357,

362, 415-416, 452, 492, 598, 737

Omura Sumitada, 847

Ongüd, 513

Onon, 508, 511

Opis, 131

Opium War, First, 917, 1074

Second, 956

Opium Wars, 914, 1070

Orange, 865, 891-892, 904

Ordos, 515, 543

Oregon, 1016-1017, 1021, 1024-1026

Orhan, 731

Orinoco, 875

Orkhon, 508, 518, 733

Oroetes, 125

Orontes Valley, 181

Osage, 1040

Osiris, 34

Osman, 730-731, 733

Osnabrück, 486 Osrhoene, 299

Otrar, 515

Otto I, 482, 489, 599, 604, 607

Otto II, 479, 482, 604

Otto III, 482, 490, 604

Ottoman Empire, 277, 625-626, 636, 641,

729-731,733-735,737-739,741-747,

825-827, 933, 941, 945, 955-956, 960, 972, 974, 982, 1058-1060, 1063, 1065-1070, 1077-1079, 1130, 1233, 1254, 1256, 1265 Otuz Tatars, 508

Ouargla, 654

Outer Mongolia, 1070, 1080 Ovid, 266

Oxford, 924, 928

Oxyartes, 132

Pachacamac, 707-708, 713

Pachamama, 710

Pacific Northwest, 1016

Pacific, 488, 692, 695-696, 698, 703, 705-706,

709, 739, 789, 799, 838, 850, 853, 894,

924, 928, 932, 992-993, 997, 1004, 1007, 1011, 1013-1014, 1016-1017, 1022, 1026, 1028, 1117, 1128, 1131, 1134, 1225, 1227-1228

Paderborn,480-481,486-487 Padmore, 1165

Padua, 617, 643

Pagan, 440-441 Paikuli, 302

Pakistan, 199, 201, 205-206, 325, 328-329,

936, 1119, 1263

Palaiologan Dynasty, 735

Palembang, 401-402,406-408,410-418,

420-421,425

Palermo, 793

Palestine, 5, 20, 24-25, 28-30, 34-35, 88, 124,

130, 450, 743, 747, 930, 933, 935-936, 1079, 1098, 1119, 1166, 1265

Pali, 198, 212, 215 Palibothra, 202

Palmerston, Viscount, 956 Palmyra, 315-316

Pamir Mountains, 167

Panama, 802, 805, 894, 1227-1228, 1230,

1241-1242

Pancho Villa, 1231 Pandyas, 199, 205

Panipat, 753 Pantagruel, 851

Papal Empire, 598, 602, 611, 613

Paradan, 300

Pariacaca, 708

Paris, 242, 481, 744, 807, 900, 944-945, 947,

949, 951-952, 956-960, 968, 972, 1007, 1037, 1134, 1136-1137, 1167, 1225, 1228, 1230, 1241, 1251, 1258, 1262

Parni, 291-292

Pärs, 294, 296, 301

Pärsa, 116-118, 298

Parsi, 847

Parthamaspates, 293

Parthia, 171-172, 258, 291-293, 299-300, 314-315, 333, 336, 339

Parthian Empire, 173, 257, 292-294, 298-302, 304-306,315

Parthian kings, 102

Parysatis, 122, 132

Pasargadae, 112, 126, 131

Pashtun, 751, 780

Pasime, 63

Pasternak, Boris, 1191

Pastry War, 956

Pataliputra, 4, 199, 202, 211, 339 Patna, 202, 211

Pavia, 471, 625

Payonkurgan, 334 Pazvantoglu, Osman, 743 Peace of Amiens, 953

Peace of Versailles, 1125, 1144

Peace of Westphalia, 804, 865

Pearl Harbor, 1117, 1148, 1234

Pec, 735, 741

Pechenegs, 454, 465

Peking. See Beijing

Peloponnese, 140-141, 167, 451, 455-456, 458, 623, 625, 732

Peloponnesian War, 119, 144 Pengkalan Bujang, 419

Pennsylvania, 897, 903, 1027 Pensacola, 1016

Pepi I, 24

Pepi II, 24

Pera, 456

Perdiccas, 171

Pereira, Juan de Solorzano, 792 Perevedentsev, Viktor, 1209 Pergamon, 172

Periplus of the Erythrian Sea, 336 Pernambuco, 842, 877

Pero de Magalhäes, 851

Peroz, 297, 305

Persepolis, 112, 119-120, 124-125, 127,

130-131, 176, 181, 914

Perseus, 173

Persian Empire, xxix, 9, 111-112, 114-117,

119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 129, 140-141, 144, 161, 167, 180, 502

Persian Gulf, 5, 46-47, 50, 76, 306, 336, 381,

397, 418-419, 422, 739, 836, 838, 846, 850, 1120, 1240

Persis, 116, 300

Peru, 667-669, 692, 695-696, 703, 798, 802,

804-805, 989, 992, 994, 999-1000, 1003

Peruvian coast, 706

Peshawar, 206, 300

Peter I/Peter the Great, 468, 730, 966, 977,

981, 1066

Peter II, 791

Peters, Carl, 1131

Petersburg, 966, 970, 974, 985, 1115

Phaedo, 137

Phalaris of Sicily, 481

Pharnabazus, 124, 126

Pharnaces, 124

Pherendates, 126

Philadelphia, 903, 950

Philae, 243

Philip II (of Macedon), 130, 174

Philip II (of Spain), 694, 725, 755, 789, 792,

798-800, 848, 863, 865, 868

Philip III, 667

Philip IV, 790

Philip the Arab, 296

Philip V (of Macedon), 172, 249

Philipp V (of Spain), 804, 807-808

Philippe d’Anjou, 806

Philippines, 789, 795, 801, 819, 824, 868, 989,

991-992,996-997,1000,1002-1004, 1006-1007, 1032, 1117, 1149-1150, 1156, 1168, 1218, 1221, 1223-1229, 1231-1232, 1234-1235

Phimai, 444

Phimeneakas, 442

Phnom Chisor, 439

Phnom Kulen, 437

Phnom Penh, 444, 446-447

Phnom Rung, 440, 444

Phocas, 297

Phoenicia, 20, 141, 422

Phraates II, 293

Phrygia, 78, 90, 124

Piacenza, 601

Picardy, 487

Pierce, Franklin, 1029

Pietro II Orseolo, 621

Pinochet, Augusto, 1120

Pintos Conspiracy, 856

Pippin II, 471, 473

Pippin III, 471-472, 475, 481, 488

Pippin of Italy, 473

Pires, Francisco, 848

Pires, Tome, 423, 850

Pitres, 480

Pitt, William, 924

Piyadas(s)i, 4, 206, 211

Pizarro, Francisco, 668, 705, 714, 723-724, 794

Plains of Abraham, 949

Plains Wars, 1031

Plassey, 783, 949

Plato, 137, 764

Platte River, 1051-1053

Pliny the Elder, 298, 335-336

Plutarch, 121, 170, 250, 253, 292-293, 300-301, 308-309

Poland, 487, 490, 516, 599, 616, 729, 732, 740-741, 965, 967, 969-970, 972, 1076, 1117, 1145-1146, 1152, 1197-1198, 1201, 1203, 1211

Polish Commonwealth, 969

Polk, James K., 1026-1027, 1029

Pollock, Sheldon, 352, 426

Poltava, 966

Polybios, xxxi, 148, 162, 170-171, 174, 243, 249-251

Pombal, 840, 852, 856

Pomeranz, Kenneth, 1268

Pompeii, 254, 293

Pompeius/Pompey, 170, 254-255, 260, 300, 309

Poncas, 1051-1052

Ponce, 1006

Pontael, 879

Popillius Laenas, 173

Port Royal, 947

Porto Novo, 846

Portobelo, 799, 802, 805

Portugal, 504, 542, 616-617, 737, 789, 791-793, 795, 819, 837-838, 840-841, 846, 848, 850-851, 853, 857, 863-864, 867-868, 878-879, 884, 893, 900, 946, 954, 981, 1001, 1007-1008, 1164

Portuguese Empire, 832-833, 835-843, 845-847, 849-857

Porus, 210

Potosi, 798

Powder River, 1051

Powell, Enoch, 1182-1183

Prakrit, 165, 198, 206-207, 209, 340

Prasat 'Thom, 438

Preah Khan, 442, 444

Preah Vihear, 438

Priangan, 414

Prinsep, James, 3-4, 211

Procopius, 278

Proserpina, 468

Providence Island, 890-893

Prudentius of Troyes, 479, 484

Prussia, 807, 942, 949, 953, 971, 1126, 1128 Prut, 730

Psyche, 265

Ptah, 183, 189

Ptolemaeus, Klaudius, 404, 414

Ptolemaic Empire, 167, 173, 182, 186

Ptolemy Apion, 173

Ptolemy I, 171, 176, 178, 180, 184

Ptolemy II, 171, 180, 183

Ptolemy III, 171-172, 176

Ptolemy IV, 172, 174

Ptolemy V, 172

Ptolemy VI, 172

Ptolemy VIII, 173

Ptolemy XII, 173

Ptolemy XIII, 173

Pueblo, 1036, 1042

Puerto Cabello, 805

Puerto Rico, 789, 989, 991, 996, 1000, 1005-1006, 1032, 1225-1229, 1264

Pul-i K(h)umri, 328, 337

Pulicat, 846

Punic cities, 148

Punjab, 332, 337, 571-572, 577, 579, 583, 751, 782, 935

Punt, 18-20, 22-23, 25, 27-31

Puntites, 18, 23, 28

Puränas, 199, 212

Pusyamitra Sunga, 199

Putin, Vladimir, 1251, 1272

Puyi, 1078, 1116

Pydna, 173

Pyrenees, 790-791, 804

Pyrrhus, 146, 250

Qadesh, 30, 36. See also Battle of Kadesh/

Qadesh

Qadiri, 760, 1098

Qalandar, 591

Qandahar. See Kandahar

Qarluqs, 544

Qatna, 30

Qayrawan, 357, 364

Qianlong, 811, 827, 1071

Qin Gang, 1181

Qin Shihuang, 220

Qin, 162-163, 218-233, 235, 237, 244-245, 249, 258, 386, 544

Qing Dynasty, 267, 522, 533, 557, 914, 917-918, 1058, 1067, 1070-1074, 1078, 1114, 1116, 1128, 1251, 1271

Qing Empire, 810-811, 813, 815, 817, 819, 821, 823, 825, 827, 829, 1070, 1118

Qing, xxiv, 267, 380, 522, 529, 533-534, 557, 560, 564, 722, 745, 810-829, 914, 917-918, 932, 1058-1059, 1061, 1063, 1065-1067, 1069-1080, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1128, 1251, 1271

Qingbai, 652

Qingdao, 1134

Qorikancha, 708

Quanzhou, 410, 413

Quebec, 901, 932, 947

Quechua, 702, 705, 707, 712, 997

Quero, 710

Quetta, 300

Quetzalcoatl, 685

Quiberon Bay, 900

Quierzy, 481

Quilon, 413

Quito, 700-701, 997

Quraysh, 357-358, 360, 368, 372

Rabatak, 325, 337-339

Rabelais, Francois, 851

Raghu Nath, 760, 770

Rai Kalu, 579, 587

Rai Sundar Das, 758

Raja Bharamal Kacchawaha, 756

Raja Bikramajit, 758

Raja Man Singh, 756

Raja Raghu Nath, 760, 770

Raja Todar Mal, 767

Rajagrha, 215

Rajasthan, 583

Räjatarangini, 198

Rajghat, 202

Rajgir, 202

Rajput, 583, 756, 758, 764-765, 771, 779-780

Rama, 436

Ramalho, Jose Cardoso, 849

Ramayana, 330

Ramesses II, 7, 33, 36

Ramesses III, 18, 31-32

Ramesses IV, 35

Ramessides, 14, 31, 37

Ramhormoz, 61

Rami, 410

Rana Sangha, 756

Raniyah plain, 61

Ranthambor, 582, 765-766

Raqqah, 46

Rathore, 756, 780

Ratzel, Friedrich, 1133

Rauluchantim, 849

Ravenna, 481, 491

Reagan, Ronald, 1236, 1240-1241

Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, 824 Recife, 862, 877-879

Red Cloud, 1031

Red Fort, 784, 915

Red Sea, 15, 17-20, 23, 25, 28-29, 32, 38, 179, 298, 308, 397, 417-418, 626, 739, 850, 873, 959

Regensburg, 480, 486

Reichenau, 487

Reims, 479, 486, 490

Reinel, Pedro, 850

Renaissance, 368, 466, 612, 616, 621, 735, 740-741, 754, 925

Renan, Ernest, 945, 958

Rennell, James, 202

Renselaerswijck, 877

Retenu, 32

Reunion, 941, 947

Rheims, 484

Rhigas Velestinlis, 743

Rhine, 257, 270, 277, 473, 476, 480, 485, 487, 722, 952

Rhineland, 488, 950, 952, 1136, 1144 Rhodes, 141, 189, 729, 734, 736, 739, 1175 Rhodesia, 925, 1174, 1263, 1268

Rhoxane, 132

Riau Archipelago, 422

Ribeiro, Diogo, 850

Ricardo, David, 928

Richelieu, Cardinal, 442

Rif, 1008

Rigveda, 442

Rimus, 43, 48

Rind, James N., 210

Rio Biobio, 1055

Rio de la Plata, 991, 994, 998, 1001

Rio Grande, 1026, 1036-1037,

1044-1045,1049

Rio Muni, 1008

Rio, 878, 991, 1008, 1026, 1036-1037, 1044-1045,1049

Rishikulya River, 199

Rizal, Jose, 1007

Robert II, 600

Robinson, Ronald, 1256

Rocky Mountains, 1035-1036

Rohillas, 751

Rohtas, 756

Rolin, Henri, 1165

Roman Empire, xxvi, 150, 155, 162, 166, 175, 240-243, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259, 261, 263, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 277, 279, 290, 292, 294, 296-297, 304-305, 307, 350, 352, 355, 361, 374, 436, 450-452, 457, 463, 470-471, 486, 491, 599, 612, 616, 621, 640, 683, 722, 789, 791, 1252, 1258

Romania (Byzantine Empire), 451,

456-459, 601

Romania, 1065, 1068, 1148, 1151, 1197 Romanos I, 460

Romanos IV Diogenes, 454

Romanov Dynasty, 965, 970, 978 Romanov Empire, 977 Romanov, Mikhail, 965

Rome, xxiv-xxv, xxix, 137, 139, 146, 148-152,

154-155,161-162,165-166,170-173, 219, 228, 240-246, 248-254, 256-263, 268, 272, 274-275, 278-279, 293-294, 296-297, 306, 308, 313, 333, 350, 356-357, 370, 450, 452, 457, 459, 465-466, 470-471, 473, 476, 487-492, 504, 597, 600-601, 612, 618, 621, 668, 721-722, 729, 734-736, 864, 1015, 1123, 1138, 1163, 1176, 1253, 1258­1260, 1263, 1273

Rong, 218, 1071

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 1217, 1233-1234 Roosevelt, Theodore, 1226-1228, 1231 Rosenthal, Franz, 602

Rostock, 1007

Rostov, 516

Roy, Rammohan, 933

Royal Guipuzcoan Company, 805 Rubios, Lopez de Palacios, 796 Rügen, 614

Rumawa, 1099 Rumeli/Rumelia, 731 Rumi, 367, 763

Rumiantsev, Nikolai, 974 Rurikid Dynasty, 964

Rus’, 454, 463, 465, 514, 516, 520, 524-525, 529 Ruschuk, 745

Rushdie, Salman, 265

Russia, xxiii, 363, 466, 468, 490, 528-529, 531, 536, 729, 739-742, 744-747, 819-820, 825, 827, 915, 941-942, 945, 953, 955, 964-972, 974-985, 1030, 1059, 1075, 1079, 1113-1115, 1120, 1126, 1128-1129, 1135-1136, 1138, 1141, 1155, 1178-1179, 1187, 1195-1196, 1206, 1212-1213, 1232, 1242, 1251, 1272

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), 1196-1197, 1208, 1212-1214 Rwanda, 922, 1175, 1266

Ryazan,516

Rykov, Aleksei, 1187

Ryswick, 947

Ryukyu Islands, 556, 1128

Sadi, 763, 770

Sabni, 22

Sabokingking, 406, 408

Sabuhr I, 296, 299-300, 302-303, 307, 312-313, 342, 344

Sabuhr II, 296, 312-313, 343

Sabuhragan, 313

Sabum, 46

Saddam Hussein, 1120

Safavid Empire, 982

Sagestan, 299, 304

Sahara, 17, 22-23, 25, 504, 648, 652, 654, 658,

660, 662, 725, 1008, 1083, 1180

Sahel, 504, 660

Sahelian West Africa, 651, 657

Said, Edward, 918, 1175

Saigon, 1238, 1240

Saint Croix, 804

Saint Kitts, 804

Saint Thomas, 804

Saint-Domingue, 804, 857, 916, 944, 947-948, 950-953, 955, 1000. See also Santo Domingo

Sais, 121

Saiva shrine, 198

Saka, 291, 325, 328, 330, 332-333, 338

Sakastan, 332

Saketa, 339

Sakharov, Andrei, 1204, 1206

Sakyamuni, 340

Saladin, 607

Salamis, 121

Salian Dynasty, 612

Sallust, 253

Saluva Dynasty, 583

Salzburg, 487

Samapa, 199

Samarkand, 327-328, 334, 337, 503-504, 515, 576, 762

Samarra, 360, 362-363

Sambodhi, 208

Sambor Prei Kuk, 436, 444

Samnites, 152

Samoa, 1007, 1128

Samodawa, 1099

Samos, 144

Samoussy, 481

Samprati, 198

Samudragupta, 4, 209

San Antonio, 1039-1040

San Francisco, 1028, 1228

San Marco, 621

San Sebastian, 805

Sanchi, 202, 206, 208-209, 212

Sancho VII, 791

Sand Creek, 1031

Sandracottus, 199

Sangama Dynasty, 583

Sanguoji, 342

Sans Arcs, 1051

Sanskrit, 4, 164, 198-199, 201, 208-209,

212, 215, 266, 340, 351-352, 401-402,

407-409, 415-416, 419, 425, 430, 433, 435-438, 442, 445, 755-756, 758, 760, 763, 776-777

Santa Fe, 1039-1040

Santo Domingo, 789, 795, 991, 996, 1002-1003.

See also Saint-Domingue

Sao Jorge da Mina, 878

Sao Paolo de Loanda, 878

Sao Tome e Principe, 832

Sao Tome, 832, 836, 845, 852

Sapi, 849

Sarai, 524-525, 529

Sarajevo, 1059

Sardinia, 146, 149

Sardis, 124, 130, 181

Sargon II, 99

Sargon of Akkad, 5, 43, 74

Sargonic Empire, 43-44, 46, 51-53, 60-61, 64 Sargonic period, 43, 52

Sarkin Musulmi, 1084, 1089

Sarnath, 206-209, 212

Sartaq, 525

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 1176-1177

Saryu River, 577

Sasanian Dynasty, 165, 294, 317-318

Sasanian Empire, 272, 279, 297-299, 301-302,

304-307, 311-313, 350,355-357

Saud, House of, 60, 1061

Saudi Arabia, 18, 31

Sawad, 361, 363, 367, 370

Saxo Grammaticus, 613-614

Saxon Dynasty, 612

Saxony, 473, 478, 480, 482, 721 Sayyid Dynasty, 573, 583 Scandinavia, 363, 870, 1151 Scheidel, Walter, 10, 168, 249 Schengen, 1272

Scipio Asiaticus, 172

Sclavinia, 604-605 Scotland, 268, 881, 884-887, 890-892, 894,

897, 906

Scythians, 115, 118, 298, 328

Sdok Kak Thom, 436

Sea of China, 993

Sea Peoples, 16, 30

Second Punic War, 146-147, 251

Second World War. See World War II

Seine, 480, 487, 735

Sekou Toure, 1177

Selenga, 508

Seleucid Empire, 172-173, 177-178, 186-188,

190, 291-293, 299, 304, 334

Seleucid kings, 173, 175, 180

Seleucus I, 171, 181, 334

Seleucus II, 172, 291-292

Seleucus IV, 172

Selim I, 736

Selim III, 744-745, 1061

Seljuq Turks, 454

Seljuqs, 593, 602

Seminole, 992, 1017, 1020, 1024-1025

Sen, Tansen, 398

Senacherib, 126

Seneca, 300

Senegal, 848, 958-959, 1173, 1250, 1262, 1270

Senegambia, 947, 954

Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 960, 1260, 1262

Sennacherib, 87, 100

Sens, 475

Septimania, 472

Septimius Severus, 246, 294

Serapeum, 178

Serapis, 180

Serbia, 729, 731, 744-745, 1065, 1068-1069,

1232,1242

Sergiupol, 1196

Servastivadin Abhidharma, 340

Sethi II, 33

Setif, 1168

Seven Years' War, 752, 807-808, 857, 895, 898,

900-901, 905-906, 911, 941-942, 949, 951, 968, 989, 993-994

Seville, 799, 802-804

Sevres, 747, 1079

Seward, William, 1030

Shaanxi, 536, 543-544

Shah Abbas the Great, 739

Shah Ismail, 736

Shah Jahan, 751, 757-758, 760, 762, 769-770,

775, 777-778

Shah Rukh, 583

Shahabad, 63

Shahbazgarhi, 206

Shahjahanabad, 760

Shaikh Ahmad, 1089

Shaikh Hayatu, 1097

Shaka kingdoms, 333

Shaka, 327, 333, 342

Shalmaneser III, 86-87, 114

Shams al-Din Iltutmish, 572-573, 576-579, 589

Shandong, 229, 390, 1126, 1129, 1137

Shang, 220, 537

Shapur I/II. See Säbuhr I/II

Sharif Hussein of Mecca, 1070

Sharpeville massacre, 1172

Shawnee, 1016

Shelest, Petro, 1207

Shen Gua, 391

Shenyang, 811, 817, 824

Sher Shah Suri, 754

Sheshonq I, 34

Shibargan, 334

Shiji, 164, 326

Shinto, 1075

Shiva, 342, 435-438

Shivaji Bhonsle, 779-780

Shunzhi Emperor, 824

Siam, 433, 447, 873, 1076

Siberia, 331, 915, 965, 980, 982,

1195-1196,1203

Siberian Khanate, 739

Sichuan, 230, 387, 396, 820, 829

Sicily, xxvi, 139, 144, 146, 148-149, 240, 450, 452, 481, 616, 792

Sidon, 90-91, 97, 100

Siem Reap, 437, 444

Sierra Leone, 849, 1175

Sigi Qutuqu, 512

Sigismund of Luxemburg, 731

Sihasapas, 1051

Sijzi, 591

Sikandar Lodi, 573

Sikh Empire, 782

Silk Road, 7, 115, 124, 161, 165, 297, 403-404, 524, 531

Northern, 524

Silvester II, 490

Sima Qian, 164, 222, 225, 331-332

Simanum, 47, 62, 64, 67

Simaski, 55

Simaskian campaign, 66, 68

Simaskian principalities, 62

Simentu, 33

Simeon, 454

Simurrum, 46, 62-64, 68

Sinai, 16-17, 19, 25, 27, 78

Sinbad, 415-416

Sindh, 571-572, 577, 593, 764

Sindhu, 587

Singapore, 402-403, 916, 924, 1114, 1117, 1137, 1149, 1167

Sinyavsky, Andrei, 1205

Sioux War, 1031 Sioux, 1031, 1050, 1054

Sippar, 54, 62

Siri, 580

Sirkap, 212, 329 Sirsukh, 329 Sisodia, 756 Sisodiyas, 583 Sistan, 332, 370 Sisupalgarh, 199, 201 Siva. See Shiva

Siwa, 31 Skandgumänig Wizär, 302 Slidell, John, 1029 Slovakia, 738

Smerdis, 118

Smith, Adam, 928, 949

Smolensk, 965

Sogdian, 308, 326, 328, 338 Sogdiana, 300 Sogüt, 730 Sokolovici, 735

Sokoto Caliphate, 6, 915, 1082-1085, 1087-1089,

1091,1093-1095,1097-1103,1105-1107 Solomon, 488

Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr, 1205 Somalia, 922, 1179

Song Dynasty, 335, 380, 385, 390-391, 393,

397, 411-412, 501-502, 516, 526, 825 Song Yi, 237

Songhay Empire, xxiv, 6, 504, 648, 650-655,

657-662, 915

Soninke, 657

Sonora, 1026, 1028, 1055 Sophitos, 178

Soter Megas, 337

South Africa, 855, 881, 925, 928, 934, 1130, 1180, 1253, 1262, 1268

South America, 667, 672, 724-726, 832, 843,

850, 862, 875, 880, 1130, 1253, 1264 South Asia, 198, 204, 230, 291, 304, 306,

308, 314, 396, 571, 751, 753, 778-781, 792, 1170

South Atlantic, 789, 837, 992

South China Sea, 397, 401, 404-405, 420, 434,

446-447, 846, 873

South Korea, 1237, 1270 South Sea Company, 804, 993 South Sea, 804, 993, 1134

South Vietnam, 1238 Southern Asia, 755

Southern Dynasties, 230, 235, 381, 386,

391-393,396

Southern Song Dynasty, 526 Soviet Union, 1117-1118, 1148-1149,

1151-1154, 1156, 1167, 1177-1178,

1187-1191,1193-1199,1201-1213, 1217-1218, 1221, 1224, 1233-1234, 1236-1239, 1241, 1251, 1258, 1264, 1272 Spain, 270, 277-279, 472, 476, 487, 491, 502, 609,

653-654, 667-668, 693, 723, 729, 737-739, 789, 793-795, 797, 799, 802-808, 850, 853, 863-865, 867-870, 876, 878-879, 881, 884-888, 890, 893, 900, 902, 911-912, 941, 946-947, 949-950, 955, 989, 991, 993-1008, 1013, 1016-1017, 1020, 1025, 1028-1029, 1032, 1038-1044, 1131, 1143-1144, 1164, 1225-1226,1256

Spain, Southern, 270, 278-279 Spanish Civil War, 1143 Spanish Empire, 671, 694, 789, 791-793, 795, 797, 799, 801, 803, 805, 807, 839, 890, 989-997, 999, 1001, 1003, 1005, 1007, 1040, 1043, 1225, 1253

Spanish Sahara, 1008 Sparta, 140, 144 Spate, O. H. K., 992 Spean Prap Tos, 444 Spencer, Herbert, 935 Speyer, 479 Spice Islands, 404, 867, 873, 875-876 Spitzbergen, 862 Sravana Belgola, 198 Sravasti, 215 Sremski Karlovci, 741 Sri Lanka, 198, 213, 341, 409, 413, 426, 447, 837, 847, 854, 881. See also Ceylon Sri Tri Buana, 421 Srinagari, 198 Srivijaya, xxiv, 352, 426 Stalin, Joseph, 1117, 1145, 1153, 1189-1191, 1193, 1196-1202, 1205, 1209, 1211 Stalingrad, 1118, 1135, 1155 Stateira, 132 Statia, 877 Stephen, James Fitzjames, 934 Stolypin, Petr, 984

Straits of Melaka, 401-402, 404-406, 410-412,

415-416,420-422,425 Struthas, 126 Subhadramitra, 210 Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, 775 Subutai, 511 Sudan, 25, 111, 268, 648, 651, 654, 656, 660, 917, 933, 936, 959, 1087, 1098-1099, 1101, 1103, 1179

Sudetenland, 1145

Suetonius, 256, 470

Suez Canal, 918, 957, 1004, 1119, 1171

Suez, 918, 924, 957, 961, 1004, 1119, 1164, 1171-1172,1259

Suffren de Saint Tropez, Pierre Andre de, 866, 881 Sui, 386, 394

Sukarno, 1168

Sukhotaya, 446

Sulayman the Merchant, 409

Süleyman the Magnificent, 1059

Sulgi, 55-69

Sulla, 255

Sullamaniyah, 62

Sulu, 819

Sumatra, 401-402, 404, 406, 408-414, 416-419, 421-422, 729, 737, 871, 1151

Sumer, 56, 58

Sumner, Charles, 1221

Sumur, 30

Sun Yatsen, 1078, 1114

Sun Zhongshan, 1078

Sunda Strait, 873

Sungai Mas, 419

Sunni Ali Ber, 648, 651, 655-659

Sunni Bäru Däo, 659

Sunni Sulaymän Däma, 659

Sur Dynasty, 583

Surat, 210

Suren, 292, 294, 300

Surinam(e), 862, 866, 877, 879

Surkh Kotal, 325, 328, 338

Surkhan Darya, 328, 332, 334

Surs, 583-584, 754, 756

Suryavarman I, 438-439, 443

Suryavarman II, 439-440

Susa, 46, 51, 54-55, 64, 74, 112, 124, 128, 131-132, 176, 299, 301, 307

Susiana region, 46

Sustar, 296

Suvarnabhumi, 198

Suvarnagiri, 201

Suzdal, 516

Swat Valley, 335

Sweden, 487, 599, 616, 887, 965-966, 968, 981 Syracuse, 137, 139, 144

Syria, 7, 20, 28-30, 32, 47, 52, 61-62, 74, 76,

78, 83, 86-87, 167, 171-173, 176, 183, 256, 270, 279, 293-294, 296, 306, 355, 357-358, 361, 363, 365, 367, 450, 454, 522, 597, 602-603, 607-608, 729, 736, 747, 960, 1079, 1083, 1241, 1265

Syriac, 308, 356, 366, 450, 457-458, 465, 1079 Syriam, 846

Syrian Wars, 171

Ta Prohm, 443

Tabal, 78

Tabari, 294, 297, 309, 316

Tabelbala, 653

Tabora, 879

Tabriz, 523, 529, 740

Tacitus, 162, 258, 260, 300, 470

Taft, William Howard, 1228, 1231

Taghaza, 658-659

Tahoua, 1084

Tai, 221

Taining, 559

Taiping Tianguo, 810, 1074

Taiping War, 829-830, 917, 1071, 1074

Taiwan, 824, 862, 873, 1075, 1114, 1128-1129, 1132, 1149, 1237, 1255

Taizong, 396, 544

Taj Mahal, 760

Tajikistan, 61, 325, 328

Taklimakan Desert, 341

Takuapa, 420

Tale of Sinuhe, 25

Tamashek, 661

Tamaulipas, 1028

Tamerlane, 245, 731-732, 753. See also Timur

Tamils, 412, 420

Tammishe Wall, 310

Tang Dynasty/Empire, 231, 236, 297, 327, 340, 351, 380, 382, 384, 392, 395-396, 398, 411, 417, 422, 501, 537

Tangier, 836

Tangut, 513-515, 520

Tanjor Inscription, 412, 415

Tanjung Simpor, 419

Tanzania, 1128, 1175

Tao, 306, 454

Taos, 1039, 1042

Tappeh Bormi, 61

Tapuya, 878

Tarhuntassa, 78

Tarim Basin, 330, 332, 336-337, 341, 351, 822, 825

Tärnovo, 731

Taron, 454

Tashkent, 300, 522

Tassilo, 472, 475

Tatan, 508

Tathagata, 327

Taurus Mountains, 172, 452

Tawantinsuyu, 793

Taxila, 201, 212, 328-329, 342

Tayichiud, 508

Tayma, 18, 31

Tecumseh, 1016-1017

Tehran/Teheran, 115, 1199

Teispes, 117

Telaga Batu, 408

Tell Abu Shiija, 63

Tell Amarna, 14

Tell Bi’ya, 46

Tell Brak, 51

Tell el-Dab’a, 18

Tell Hariri, 46

Tell Malyan, 62

Tell Mardikh, 46

Tell Mozan, 51

Teller, Henry M., 1226

Telugus, 781

Temujin, 510-511. See also Chinggis

Tennessee, 1021, 1026, 1028

Tenochtitlan, 671-673, 675, 677, 679, 681-682,

685-686, 689, 723, 796

Teotihuacan, 672-673, 685

Tepanec Empire, 675

Tepanec War, 673

Tepecoacuilco, 679-681

Tepedelenli Ali Pasha, 743

Tephrike, 452

Tepoztlan, 682

Terai, 209

Terkin, Vasilii, 1190

Termez, 327-328, 334

Ternate, 848

Teutonic Order, 616

Tewodros II, 918

Texas, 1016-1017, 1021, 1024-1026, 1028,

1037-1044,1049

Texcoco, 673

Tezcatlipoca, 685

'Thailand, 404, 408, 411, 416, 420-421, 426,

430-433, 435-436, 444, 447, 1076,

1149-1150

Thapar, Romila, 203, 205

Thayer, Alfred, 1227

The Hague, 1165

Theban region, 20

Thebes, 14, 25, 27, 30, 144

Themistocles, 121-122

Theocritus, 189

Theodosius I, 481, 492

Theophanu, 490

Theravada Buddhism, 433, 447

Thessalonike, 452

Thessaly, 251

Thinis, 22

Thionville, 481

Third Dynasty of Ur, 43, 54. See also Ur III Empire

Thirty Years’ War, 804, 885, 887-888, 947

Thrace, 118, 167, 170-171, 177, 737, 747

Thucydides, 121, 125

Thutmose III, 32, 35

Tiananmen Square, 1121

Tibati, 1084

Tiber, 246, 248-249, 275, Valley 275

Tiberius, 253, 256, 260-261, 335

Tibet, 381, 386, 397, 529, 546, 722, 819-820, 822, 825, 1265, 1271

Tibetan, 326, 330, 396, 431, 520, 527, 540, 556, 722, 820, 1265

Tidanum, 67

Tigranes of Armenia, 173

Tigris Valley, 52, 54

Tigris, 46-47, 50, 52, 54, 61-63, 73-74, 82, 88,

90, 96, 116, 181, 299, 301, 315, 361

Tilly, Charles, 168, 174, 180, 190

Timbuktu, 648, 650-651, 653, 655-658, 1090

Timmaya, 846

Timna, 31

Timor, 847

Timur, 4, 245, 456, 503-505, 582, 721, 731-732,753

Timurids, 536, 584

Tipu Sultan, 918

Tirpitz, Alfred von, 1133

Titi Caca, 707

Titicaca Basin, 696, 709, 713

Tito, Josip Broz, 1198

Titus, 335

Tiwanaku, 696

Tjeti, 22

Tlacopan, 673

Tlatelolco, 679, 686

Tlaxcalla, 689

Tocharians, 330

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 955

Toghrul, 508, 511

Togo, 960, 1128, 1173

Tojo Hideki, 1137

Tokugawa, 819, 852

Toledo, 791, 798

Tolui, 512, 515, 520-521

Tomars, 583

Tome Pires, 423, 850

Tondibi, 659-660

Tonga, 845

Tonkin, 873, 958

Tonle Sap, 432, 437, 440, 446-447

Topa Inca Yupanqui, 712

Topkapi Palace, 737, 740

Topra, 210

Torah, 189

Torralva, Diogo, 848

Tortuga, 804

Tosali, 199, 201

Tours, 201, 220, 486-487, 827

Trafalgar, 953

Trajan, 293-294

Transbaikal, 508

Transcaucasus, 1207

Transeuphratene, 171

Transjordan, 20, 30-31

Transoxiana, 351, 368, 521-522, 579

Transylvania, 741

Treaty of Breda, 877

Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1028

Treaty of Greenville, 1015-1016

Treaty of Karlowitz, 729, 1059

Treaty of Kiakhta, 820

Treaty of Küqük Kaynarca, 1059

Treaty of London, 884

Treaty of Nerchinsk, 820

Treaty of Paris, 807, 900, 1007, 1037

Treaty of Rome, 1176, 1273

Treaty of Ryswick, 947

Treaty of Sèvres, 747, 1079

Treaty of Tordesillas, 791, 794

Treaty of Utrecht, 804, 807

Trebizond, 455-456, 732

Trent, 794, 850

Trinidad, 993, 1175

Tripoli, 734, 738, 1099

Tripolitania, 747, 1069

Tripuri, 202

Trist, Nicholas, 1027

Tromp, Maarten, 865

Troyes, 479, 484

Truman, Harry S., 1217, 1236-1237, 1239

Tsingtao. See Qingdao

Tuareg, 655, 659-661

Tughluq Dynasty, 210

Tughluqabad, 580

Tughril, 590

Tula, 672

Tuluva Dynasty, 583

Tummal, 58-59

Tundaba, 29

Tunis, 146, 723, 734, 738, 1099

Tunisia, 146, 357, 360, 607, 654, 958, 1170-1171, 1176, 1179, 1261

Turan, 300, 721

Turgesh, 357, 370

Turk Khaganate, 297

Turkestan, 518, 521, 721, 819-820, 822, 825

Turkey, 78, 86, 210, 668, 730, 747, 955, 978, 1058-1059, 1061, 1063, 1065, 1067, 1069, 1071, 1075, 1077, 1079

Turkish Republic, 730, 747, 1061

Turkmenistan, 325, 328, 357, 360

Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1031

Turnour, George, 211 Tuscany, 139, 150 Tuttul, 46, 51

Tuul, 508

Tvardovsky, Alexander, 1190, 1205

Twain, Mark, 980

Twelve Years' Truce, 869, 876 Two Kettles, 1051 Tyler, John, 1026

Ubeydullah, 1068-1069

Ubulla, 364 Uchch, 572, 576 Udjahorresnet, 121 Uganda, 652, 1175 Ujjain/Ujjayini, 201-202 Ukma, 18

Ukraine, 964-967, 969, 975, 984-986, 1152,

1196,1206-1207

Ukrainian Hetmanate, 965

Ulster, 885, 887-888, 897, 901, 904

Uluburun, 32

Ulugh Beg, 762 Ulugh Khan, 577

Umakistar, 115

‘Umar al-Futi, 1097, 1101 ‘Umar, 358, 373 Umayyad Caliphate, 790 Umayyad Dynasty, 358 Umma, 54, 1083, 1098-1099, 1103-1105 United Nations, 57, 609, 933, 991, 1113, 1119­1121, 1171, 1175, 1177-1179, 1205, 1209, 1235-1236, 1242, 1264-1265, 1270

United Provinces, 638, 640, 790, 804, 865, 867, 893-894, 946, 948, 952

United States of America, xxiii, 684, 746, 901­

906, 912, 915, 921, 925-926, 930, 932,

934, 937, 941, 951, 959, 975, 980, 983, 989, 992, 994, 1001, 1004, 1006-1007, 1011-1032, 1039, 1041, 1049, 1053-1054, 1113-1121, 1128, 1130, 1136-1137, 1140, 1148-1149, 1153, 1156, 1163, 1167-1168, 1171, 1178, 1189, 1198, 1202-1204, 1210, 1213, 1217-1218, 1221, 1223-1243, 1251-1253,1258-1259,1263-1265, 1271-1272

Upagupta, 201 Upanishads, 777 Upper Sea, 46-47 Uppsala, 616 ‘Uqba b. Nafi, 1098 Ur III Empire, 43-44, 54-56, 59-60, 64-65, 68-70, 82

Ur, 5, 43-45, 47-49, 51, 53-57, 59-69, 75-76,

80-82, 86, 88, 90, 101

Urals, 982, 984

Urartean Empire, 87

Urartu, 78, 80, 87, 90

Urban II, 601

Urbilum, 61, 63, 65, 67

Urga, 820

Urgench, 515

Uriyangkhad, 559

Urkis, 51

Urua, 46

Uruguay, 1005

Uruk, 44, 46-47, 49, 52, 54-55, 60, 64, 182, 189, 509

USA. See United States of America

Usselinx, Willem, 876

USSR. See Soviet Union

Usuman Dan Fodio. See ‘Uthman ibn Fudi

Utah, 1025, 1028

Utes, 1035-1036

‘Uthman ibn Fudi, 1082-1083, 1086-1092, 1097-1099,1101-1103,1106-1107

‘Uthman, 358

Utica, 844

Utrecht, 804, 806-807, 865, 993

Uweinat, 17, 24

Uyghur Khaganate, 508

Uzbekistan, 61, 325, 328, 332-334, 339, 1195, 1208

Vajrabodhi, 409

Valdemar I, 613

Valencia, 791-793, 803

Valerian, 296

van Diemen, Antonio, 871

van Goens, Ryckloff, 871

van Linschoten, Jan Huygen, 863

van Oldenbarnevelt, Johan, 867-868

Vanand, 454

Vandals, 277

Varaksha, 328

Varanasi, 209, 212, 584

Varangian Guard, 460

Varangians, 463

Varna, 732, 734

Vasco da Gama, 836

Vaspurakan, 454

Vasudeva II, 342

Vasudeva, 340-342

Vasunia, Phiroze, 165

Vat Phu, 444

Vatican, 819

Vedrine, Hubert, 1241

Veii, 151-152

Velleius Paterculus, 254, 261

Veneto, 630

Venezuela, 805, 875, 991, 998, 1229-1230 Venice, 455, 476, 503, 531, 621, 623-645, 734, 739, 741, 850

Venus, 265

Veracruz, 799, 802, 806, 1231

Verdun, 473, 481

Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC),

864-873, 875-876, 880-882

Vernon, Edward, 993

Verona, 486, 643

Verres, Gaius, 240-242

Versailles, 948, 951, 1125, 1134, 1141, 1144,

1165, 1233

Vespasian, 335

Vesuvius, 254

Vicenza, 643

Vichy, 961, 1167

Victor III, 601

Victor IV, 613

Victoria, Queen, 928

Victoriano Huerta, 1231

Vidin, 731, 743

Vidyapati, 585, 588

Vienna, 240, 488, 729, 734, 736, 740-741, 744, 807, 866, 882, 954, 975, 985, 1001, 1059

Congress of, 866, 954, 1001

Vienne, 475

Vietnam War, 1120

Vietnam, 396, 404, 430, 432, 446-447, 503,

533-535, 542-543, 545, 556, 849, 873, 937, 1003, 1071, 1114, 1117, 1119-1120, 1168, 1179, 1238

Democratic Republic of, 1168

See also North Vietnam; South Vietnam Vijaya, 410, 440

Vijayanagar, 583, 585

Vijayesvara, 198

Vikings, 604

Villalar, 793

Vima Kadphises, 335-338, 340

Vima Takh, 336-338

Vindhyas, 206

Virgil, xxiii, 163, 266, 614

Virginia, 885-886, 980, 1014

Visala Deva, 210

Visayas, 992, 1003-1004, 1006

Vishnu, 435-437, 439

Vishveshvar, 779

Vladislaus, 732

VOC. See Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie Volga Bulgaria, 516

Volga, 515-516, 524, 1195

Vologases I, 306

Vologases VI, 294

Vreden, 486

Vrindavan, 756

Vyadhapura, 436

Wadi Allaqi, 27

Wadi Gawassis, 23, 25

Wadi Tumilat, 28

Wagram, 953

Wahhabi, 917, 1061

Wahräm Cubin, 297, 306, 318

Wahräm I, 312

Wahräm II, 312

Walata, 655-656

Walaxs, 297, 311

Wales, 881, 985

Walker, William, 1028

Wallachia, 745

Wallerstein, Immanuel, 676

Wang clan, 229

Wang Dayuan, 413

Wang Hui, 1118

Wang Khan, 508, 511

Wang Mang, 229, 232-233

Wangarawa, 1087, 1100

Wanli, 535

Wannsee Conference, 1153

War of1812, 902-905, 1018

War of Cyprus, 628

War of Jenkins's Ear, 805, 896

War of the Austrian Succession, 806, 899, 949

War of the Brothers, 172

War of the Convention, 807

War of the Spanish Succession, 807, 948, 993-994

Waräz, 294

Wari Empire, 669, 696

Warring States Period, 218

Warsaw, 969, 1120, 1189, 1198, 1201-1202, 1211 Duchy of, 969

Washington Naval Conference, 1137

Washington, DC, 242, 1054, 1221, 1227, 1237-1238, 1242, 1251

Washington, George, 1014, 1020

Wasit, 362

Wat Ek, 438

Wat Phu, 436

Waterford, 897

Waterloo, 470, 912, 953

Watkins, Frances Ellen, 916

Wawat, 23

Ways of Horus, 24, 37

Waziri, 1089-1090

Weber, Max, 744

Wei River Valley, 224

Wei Yuan, 1072

Weimar Republic, 1136-1137, 1140

Welsers, 864

Wen, 225

Weni, 25, 31

Werden, 486

Weser, 472, 476, 480 West Africa, 6, 363, 648, 650-652, 654-655,

657-658, 662, 725, 836, 838, 840-841, 845, 849, 851-852, 865, 876, 928, 933, 935-937, 1082-1083, 1085, 1090, 1098-1099, 1132, 1250, 1267

West Eurasia, 370

West Germany, 1240

West Indies, 863, 880, 897, 905-906, 924, 928, 932, 944, 950, 1262

West Point, 1218

Western Asia, 50, 52, 73-76, 78, 80-81, 83, 85, 87, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99, 101, 290-292, 298, 307, 454, 501

Western Desert, 17, 20-21, 25, 28-29, 32 Western Europe, 471, 482, 487, 542, 556, 604, 623, 738, 952, 980, 1155, 1164, 1178, 1224, 1239-1240, 1259

Western Han, 228, 232-233, 386

Western Xia, 515

Westminster, 891, 894-895, 901 Westphalia, 472, 478, 487, 804, 865, 868, 1252 Wetenet, 22

White Lotus Rebellion, 829

White Nile, 959

White Russia, 964

White, Edward Douglas, 1229

Whydah, 845

Wilhelm II, 1126, 1134

William III, 865

William the Silent, 865

William V, 866

Willkie, Wendell, 1149

Wilmot, David, 1027, 1029

Wilson, Woodrow, 1113, 1224, 1231 Wilzi, 472, 477

Wisconsin, 1017

Wolof, 843 World War I, 933, 935, 941, 975, 1061, 1063, 1067, 1070, 1079, 1116-1117, 1135, 1137, 1232-1233, 1254, 1257

World War II, 936, 961, 1080, 1116, 1119,

1138, 1145, 1148, 1154, 1164, 1167, 1189, 1195, 1197, 1201, 1217-1218, 1221, 1224-1225, 1231, 1233-1236, 1249, 1255, 1258-1260,1262,1272-1273

Worms, 479-480

Wu Sangui, 824

Wu, Emperor, 225-229, 231-232, 333

Wu, Empress, 391-392

Wuhan, 1078

Wusun, 331-332

Wyoming, 1031

Wyszynski, Stefan, 1201

Xalapa, 802

Xenophon, 119, 127-128

Xerxes, 111, 118-121, 123, 125-126,

128-129, 132

Xia, 515-516

Xianbei, 508

Xianbi, 237

Xiaowen, 383

Xiaowen, Emperor, 383

Xie, 336

Xinjiang uprisings, 829

Xinjiang, 230, 325, 339, 396, 529, 559, 824, 829, 1271

Xiongnu, 163, 223, 225-226, 228-230, 237, 325, 330-333, 336, 508

Xionites, 343-344

Xochicalco, 672

Xuan, 227

Xuande, 547

Xuanye, 824 Xuanzang, 212, 327, 340 Xuanzong, 391 Xwasak, 299

y Morillo, Pablo Morillo, 1000 Yabrat, 68

Yahweh, 127

Yakubu, 1102

Yalta, 1199

Yam, 22

Yamagata Aritomo, 1132 Yamashita Tomoyuki, 1137 Yamuna River, 210

Yangzhou, 394-395

Yangzi region, 230, 830 Yangzi/Yangtze, 827, 829, 1179 Yanina, 743

Yankton, 1052

Yanktonai, 1052, 1054 Yarimuta/Yarmuti, 46 Yashodharapura, 437 Yashovarman I, 437-438 Yathrib, 357

Yaudheyas, 343

Yauna, 129

Yautepec, 684

Yauyo, 707-708

Yazdgerd I, 313-314

Yazdgerd III, 297, 318

Yazid, 358, 1098

Yellow River, 161, 223, 225, 229-230,

381, 542

Yeltsin, Boris, 1212-1213, 1272

Yelü Chucai, 517-518

Yemen, 737, 1068, 1098, 1256

Yen Bay, 1166

Yesügei, 510-511

Yi Korea, 817

Yihetuan Rebellion. See Boxer Uprising

Yijing, 406, 408-410, 416, 420

Yongle Emperor, 503, 534-536, 540, 545, 547, 550, 559, 561

Yongzheng Emperor, 823

Yorktown, 902

Young, Brigham, 1025

Yuan Dynasty, 413, 521, 526-528, 530, 537-538, 544

Yuan Empire, 526

Yuan Shikai, 1078

Yuan, xxxi, 351, 413, 508, 514, 521, 526-530, 534, 537-539, 544-545, 547, 556, 558, 561, 722, 819, 914, 1071-1072, 1078

Yuanming Yuan, 914

Yucatan, 404, 1022

Yucay Valley, 695

Yuezhi, 291, 325-326, 328-334, 336, 338, 342

Yugoslavia, 1198, 1265

Yunnan, 396, 533, 543, 820, 822, 824

Zabag, 409-410, 416

Zabsali, 67-68

Zagros, 50, 52, 54, 62-63, 88, 90, 114-115, 309-310

Zaire, 844

Zambezi, 838, 844-845

Zambia, 1175, 1180-1181

Zanjon, 1005

Zara, 623

Zaria, 1082, 1084, 1086, 1090, 1095, 1107

Zeeland, 866, 876, 879

Zeng Guofan, 1074

Zhanbei, 413

Zhang Binglin, 1071

Zhang Qian, 333, 342

Zhao Rugua, 410, 416

Zhejiang, 555

Zheng Chenggong, 862

Zheng He, 503, 535

Zhengde, 535, 547

Zhengtong, 548, 551, 561

Zhenla, 435

Zhetysu, 522

Zhou Daguan, 433, 441-443, 445

Zhou Dynasty, 220, 231, 330, 537, 818

Zhou Enlai, 1179, 1181

Zhou Qufei, 412-413

Zhou Shu, 330

Zhu Yuanzhang, 503, 534

Zimbabwe, 844, 1268

Zonchio, 625, 627

Zou Rong, 1071

Zsitvatorok, 729

Zurich, 481

Muhammad’s many sons, and he is credited with having expanded Songhay mil­itary power in a series of campaigns against the Mossi, long-standing enemies of Songhay to the south in what is today eastern Burkina Faso.

But the reign of Askia Dawud was followed by another period of dynastic con­flict and political instability, and in 1591, a Moroccan expeditionary army defeated a much larger Songhay force at a battle near Tondibi, and brought the political power of the Songhay Empire to an end. Often explained in terms of the disu­nity of Songhay claimants to the throne, the defeat of the Songhay Empire by the Moroccan expeditionary army can also be understood as the rejection of Songhay’s grander claims as a focal point of Muslim political authority, something which the Moroccan dynasty also claimed for itself. The immediate cause of the conflict be­tween Morocco and Songhay was the question of control over Saharan salt mines at Taghaza, approximately halfway between Marrakesh and Gao. Taghaza had been controlled by Ancient Mali and then, at some point, it passed to Songhay control. But Morocco also claimed the mines, and in the mid-sixteenth century demanded that they be turned over to it. In response to a Moroccan letter demanding the “re­turn” of Taghaza, the Songhay ruler Askia Ishaq Ber (r. 1539-1549) sponsored a raid by allied Tuareg warriors on the Draa Valley in southern Morocco.³⁸ When the Moroccan ruler Ahmad al-Mansur came to power in 1578 near the end of Askia Dawud’s reign, he demanded that Songhay pay taxes to Morocco for their use of the Taghaza salt mines. Askia Dawud complied, evidently as an act of good­will, sending Ahmad al-Mansur a significant sum of gold. This emboldened the Moroccans, and after Askia Dawud died a few years later, the Moroccans sent an expedition to take control of Taghaza in 1586. Having succeeded in this, and in

³⁸ Hunwick 1999, 142.