Index

a contrario argument. See counter-implication

afortiori argument (mafhum, qiyas al-awla) 90, 91n110, 134, 136, 140, 142, 143,

145, 164-165, 176

'abath. See senseless

accountability.

’alam. See sign

amara. See sign

al-Ash‘ari, Abu l-Hasan (d. 324/935) 23n36,

151

assistance. See luf

atonement. See penance autonomous / autonomy (human) 12, 35,

111, 119, 134, 149, 154, 162, 176 al-Baqillani, Abu Bakr (d. 403/1012) 6, 125, 151, 161n70, 172n77

al-Basri, Abu ‘Abdallah al-Husayn

(d. 369/980) 5, 35, 160n61

bay’. See sale

benefaction (nima) 23, 36, 38, 46, 48, 51, 73 benefactor (na'im) 44, 45, 46, 49, 50, 72, 73,

81, 105, 153

beneficence (ihsan) 34, 36, 40, 45, 46, 48, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 72, 76, 152, 162, 176, 181

blame (dhamm, lawm) 10, 11, 20,

32-52 (passim) 67, 68, 71, 74-81 (passim) 94, 130, 131n50, 160-162, 175-177

causality / cause 5n15, 34, 53, 54n125, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 64, 65, 67n180, 84, 85n83, 89, 113-114, 128, 129, 134, 137, 138, 150, 170 certain / certainty (qat^e) 19n16, 27, 56,

82, 84n76, 86, 89, 91n111, 94, 106, 112, 126, 132n56, 140, 145, 149, 162n77, 164, 175n140

choice (ikhtiyar, khiyar) 28, 34, 37, 50, 51,

57, 58n139, 67n180, 76, 85, 114, 156, 158, 160-161, 162, 176, 186

configuration (wajh) 18, 20, 33, 38, 39, 41,

44, 53, 63, 71, 87, 88

consensus (ijma^e) 27, 57, 91, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143, 145, 146, 148, 163, 164, 165 consequentialist 6, 9, 10, 21, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 46, 49, 50n101, 54, 61, 67, 68, 73-74, 79, 81, 92, 94, 102, 110, 111, 118, 121, 146, 152, 162, 174-175, 176, 179, 181, 183, 188

context / contextual (qarina) 26, 51n105, 91, 95, 108, 121-122, 130, 154-156, 157, 158, 160, 161, 163, 167, 175, 176-177, 183, 186 counter-implication (mafhum al-mukhalafa, dalil al-khitab) 108n60, 131-132, 134, 159, 184

culpability.

dalil al-khitab. See counter-implication deontological / deontology 10, 20-21, 23, 31-33, 38, 40, 41, 43, 45-47, 49, 54, 61, 67, 68, 74, 75, 77, 79, 80, 94, 110, 111, 112, 121, 149, 152, 162, 174, 176, 181 disobedience 43, 51, 54, 60, 67, 68, 74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 82, 94, 109, 112, 117, 128, 131, 132, 146, 162

Eissa, Mohamed 1, 4n12, 5n15, 11, 15, 24n39, 63, 66, 85n84, 93, 123, 124n9, 126, 133n65, 147, 153, 154, 162, 166n94, 169, 179, 181

efficacy Uatliir") 4, 5, 63-64, 65, 69, 74, 83-86, 89, 91-92, 95, 115-117, 122, 138n 93, 141, 143-144, 146, 166, 180 effective (mu’aththir) 7n29, 57-59, 63, 64, 65, 74, 76, 79, 80, 83-84, 86-87, 90, 91-92, 95, 115, 116n114, 117, 119, 144, 146n126, 148

Emon, Anver 14, 17n8, 58, 70, 71, 179 enslaved / enslavement (''abd, mamluk, riqq) 19, 56, 62, 66, 130, 131, 140, 143, 149,

164, 173

epistemological / epistemology 13, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21n23, 24, 26, 56n131, 64, 86, 89, 91, 104n44, 113, 126, 141, 145, 153, 164, 182n5 Euthyphro 2, 14, 17

Farahat, Omar 11, 14, 17, 19, 27n59, 31, 95, 179 fasting (sawm) 22, 30, 52, 78, 85n84, 90, 108-109, 118, 137, 143 foolish. See senseless

Frank, Richard 11, 14, 17, 31, 34, 35, 37, 53n115, 67n180, 149

generosity (f-d-l) 23, 37n37, 48, 72, 76, 131 al-Ghazalι, Abu Hamid (d. 505/1111) 3, 5-6, 8, 9, 14, 23n36, 28, 68, 119, 122, 169, 170, 171-172, 174, 177, 179, 184

guardian / guardianship 8n34, 91n113 and 114, 118, 169, 183

Hallaq, Wael B. 11, 13, 83, 184

Hanafi 5, 7, 8, 9, 12n43, 7°> 75n27, 85n84, 96, 116n109, 122, 123n3, 126, 131n51, 136, 137, 151, 157n42, 170n116, 184

Hanbali 7, 123n3 baqq. See right Heemskerk, Margaretha 31, 32, 34n18, 36, 42n60, 43, 48n86, 57, 80n58, 179

Hourani, George 11, 14, 17, 31, 179

Ibn Khaldun (d. 808/1406) 96, 151 ignorance (jahl) 21n23, 29, 38, 62, 73, 98n15,

103, 104, 105, 121, 127n30, 128 ijtihad / mujtahid 12n43, 13n45, 56n131, 113, 162n77, 163, 175, 177n141, 182n5, 188 ikhala. See suggestiveness improvement UaJisin) 5, 174 incentive (da in, ba'dli).

indicant / indicative (dalil) 29, 55, 64, 65, 85

inheritance 85, 90, 187 injustice (zulm) 17-18, 21, 23, 30, 35n23 and

27, 36, 38, 40-41, 44, 67, 73, 103-105, 119n129, 186

interest (riba) 22, 78, 82, 109, 136n81, 139,

140, 144, 145, 148, 169

jahl. See ignorance al-Jassas, Abu Bakr (d. 370/980) 5, 8-9, 12n43, 96

jihad 76, 109, 110

al-Jubba’i, Abu ‘All (d. 303/915) 35 al-Jubba’i, Abu Hashim (d. 321/933) 18, 20, 22n31, 35, 49n92, 136

justice / just ('adl) 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 28n61, 30, 31, 36, 37, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49n96, 50, 51, 53, 54, 57, 60, 67, 68, 69, 72, 81, 82, 94, 131, 181, 182 kadhib /kidhb. See lie kaffara. See penance al-Karkhi, Abu l-Hasan (d. 340/951) 8,

85n84 killing (qatl) 5, 78, 90, 119n130, 168-169,

173, 177

lafz. See utterance language 2, 12, 23, 24-26, 77, 112, 114, 115, 117,

124, 128, 130, 137, 150, 181, 183, 185, 186; establishment of (wad^e) 26, 97, 99-102,

113, 120, 124-128, 130, 133, 137, 138, 150, 154-156, 157, 158, 162, 163, 164, 175, 176 lawgiver 1, 3, 5, 19, 115, 127, 135, 147, 160, 161,

167, 168, 169 legislator. See lawgiver lie / lying (kadhib, kidhb) 17, 18, 20, 21, 30,

35n27, 38-39, 40, 41, 46, 47, 56, 73, 101, 102n33, 117n116, 128 lutf (divine assistance, opportunity) 42, 43,

45n78, 46, 48, 50, 51, 57, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 77, 87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 118, 184

mafsada 5, 6, 7, 28, 53n113, 71, 74, 78, 79, 81, 82, 92, 94, 174, 179

Malik b. Anas (d. 179/795) 170n114 Maliki 7, 123n3

Maturidi 3, 5, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 28-30, 96, 97,

99, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188 al-Maturidi, Abu Mansur (d. 333/944) 28-30,

96, 97, 99n18, 104n44, 106 ma.fhum. See afortiori argument and counter-implication mamluk. See enslaved motivation / motive (dd'in, ba'ith) 4, 5,

33n15, 34, 35, 37, 40, 41, 53n115, 54, 56,

57-63 (passim) 67n180, 68, 69, 71-72,

76, 78-79, 88-89, 92, 94, 95, 111, 121, 160n61, 175

motive model, of ratio legis 3-5, 7, 9, 60, 66,

85n83, 94, 119, 138, 177, 183 mujtahid.

Mustafa, Abdul-Rahman 11, 24n40, 25n42,

27, 155n30

al-Mutawalll, Abu Sa‘d (d. 478/1085) 6

necessities, of human existence (darurat, daruriyyat) 5-6, 7, 8n34, 28, 119, 147n132, 153, 154, 171n125, 172-175, 177, 179, 184

need (haja) 5, 36, 37, 40, 54, 77, 171n125, 172-175, 177, 184

obedience 22-23, 42-43, 45n78, 46, 48, 50, 54, 61, 63, 67-69, 74, 77, 79-81, 83, 87-89, 92, 94-95, 110, 112, 117-118, 128, 148-150, 158, 161, 174-176, 181-182, 185 objective / objectivity 17, 18, 20-21, 24, 41,

80, 185

occasion (sabab) 110, 112, 114n93, 117-118,

138n94, 173

omnipotence / omnipotent 6, 16, 23, 28-30, 94, 97, 108, 127-128, 135, 149-150, 153, 162, 175, 182-183, 188

ontological / ontology 5n15, 19-20, 21, 24, 32, 41, 71, 73, 105, 128, 131

opportunity. See lutf

penance (kaffdra) 50, 52, 76, 85, 90, 136, 141n109, 143

praise (madh) 10, 11, 20, 22n31, 32, 33, 34, 35n26, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 67, 71, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80,

81, 94, 102, 111, 130, 132, 162, 176

prayer (salat) 22, 37n37, 52, 58, 60, 61, 63n164, 65, 66, 68, 78, 84, 85, 90, 92n119, 103, 104n42, 109, 110, 122, 125, 129, 132, 137, 138, 139, 144, 146, 147n132, 159, 160 probable / probabilistic (√ z-n-n) 19n16, 55, 56, 66n178, 79, 83-87, 89, 91, 106, 112, 126, 133n63, 136, 142, 143, 144n 124, 145, 162n77, 164, 165, 166, 167n97, 178 promise (wa'd) 23, 39, 42, 43, 45, 49, 50, 59,

61, 63, 68, 75, 76, 79, 94, 181

prophet 1, 18, 22, 25, 29n66, 30, 54n 119, 64, 76n37, 83, 89, 90, 116, 124, 125n14, 127, 132, 133n65, 134, 135, 136, 140, 142, 143, 149, 154n20, 155n29, 164, 170

Prostestantism, Christian 27 punishment (Uqiib, 'uquba) 5, 10, 30, 39,

42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51, 54, 58, 60, 63, 67, 71-72, 74, 75n31, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 94, 102, 109, 111, 112, 121, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 149, 150, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 161, 174, 176, 181, 186

iιadd- 5, 22, 56, 62, 66, 85, 107, 109, 136, 140, 142, 143, 146, 148, 167 purposes of the Law (maqasid al-sharΓa) 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 22, 27, 63, 68, 69, 82, 88, 95, 119, 120n132, 127, 128, 133, 137, 150, 169, 170, 171, 174, 179, 182, 183, 189 purposivist 6, 7, 9, 124, 183 qatl.

relevance / relevant imuld'ama /

mula^,im) 116, 117, 119, 122 responsibility. See takllf retaliation (qisas) 5, 168-169, 172, 173, 177 reward (thawab) 10, 22-24, 30, 39, 42-43, 45n78, 46, 48-52, 54, 57-63, 67-68, 71-72, 74-76, 79-81, 83, 87-88, 92-94, 102, 111-112, 121, 128-130, 132-133, 149, 152-153, 156, 162, 174-176, 181-182, 184 riba. See interest right (haqq) 31, 38, 40, 41n57, 43-47, 48n89, 49, 51, 67-68, 74, 81, 103n37, 106n53, 119, 121, 131, 152, 182, 185 riqq. See enslaved sabab. See occasion sale (bay') 72, 78, 82, 90, 92, 100, 109, 110, 118, 120, 136n81, 139, 142, 144, 145, 164, 172, 174

salvation 12, 14, 16, 22-23, 50, 61, 87, 149, 152, 163, 175, 177, 185, 186, 189 senseless ('aba∣Ji) 6, 29-30, 33, 36, 38, 39, 51, 53, 67, 97n7, 98, 99n18, 101, 103, 104-105, 109, 111, 119, 128, 183 servant / servitude (Ubd / Ubudiyya) 22, 23, 99, 107, 108, 120, 121, 149-150, 177, 181. See also enslaved

Shafi'i 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 13, 31, 64n167, 116, 123, 124n9, 130n42, 139, 150, 151, 152, 154n20, 175n140, 176, 179, 184 al-Shashi, al-Qaffal (d. 365/976) 8 Shi'a / Shi'i 3n8, 10n39, 14n48, 17n9

Shihadeh, Ayman 7n27, 11, 14, 31, 32, 33n11,

179

Siddiqui, Sohaira 13n45, 124, 139n96, 163, 166, 170n116, 171

sign Calam. amara) 4-5, 25-26, 55-56, 60, 64-65, 69, 71, 78, 83-86, 88-89, 93, 100n25, 104, 113, 118, 120, 138, 154, 166, 167n97, 170, 177, 182, 185

sign model, of ratio legis 3, 4, 5, 66, 83-87, 92, 95, 113-114, 138, 182

siyasa 7, 172

slave (abd, mamluk). See enslaved subjective / subjectivity 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 26, 27n59, 98, 163, 166, 188

Soufi, Youcef 8, 13n45, 123, 133n64, 140n100, 147n132, 175n140

speech (kalam) 13, 24-27, 34n17, 38, 39, 41, 56, 83, 99n23, 100-101, 125-127, 130, 154-156, 158, 159

divine 1, 9, 13, 15, 19, 24-26, 100, 124-128, 130-131, 133, 135, 149-150, 153-157, 159, 161, 163, 166-167, 176-177

inner speech (kalam al-nafs) 12, 26, 154-155, 157

state (hal) 20-21, 33, 38, 39n49, 42, 43, 45,

47, 53-54, 59Ï145, 74, 104, 113, 118n126 suggestive / suggestiveness (mukhil /

ikhala) 116, 164-167, 170, 176 suitability / suitable Cmundsaba /

munasib) 4-7, 122, 164-167, 169, 170, 174, 176-177, 179

Sunna 1, 76n33, 126, 135, 163

Sunni 2, 3, 7, 14n48, 27n59, 188, 189 Syed, Mairaj 14, 15, 16, 33n15, 35n23 and 27, 151n3, 154, 162, 179

syllogism, syllogistic 27, 55n122

taklf (accountability, culpability,

responsibility) 12, 13n35, 14, 16, 22, 34, 38, 42, 45, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59∞45, 61, 62, 63, 67n180, 72, 74, 75, 77, 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 89n100, 92, 93, 94, 107, 118n126, 124, 126, 127, 128, 131, 133, 135, 136, 148, 150, 151n3, 152, 154-158 (passim) 162, 175n140, 176, 185 ta^,thir.

teleological / teleology 21-21, 31, 33, 40-41, 46-47, 68, 72, 76, 102, 106, 121, 181 theft (sariqa) 5, 22, 90, 128, 129, 136n79, 142,

167

threat (wa7d) 39, 42, 45, 50, 51, 60, 76, 77, 79, 152, 158, 159, 161, 162, 176, 181 transcendence / transcendent 16, 19, 29-30, 97, 128, 133, 149, 150, 156, 162, 175, 177 truth (sidq) 17, 19-20, 21, 39, 41, 101 universal 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 27n59, 28, 172, 173, 174, 180

universalism (scriptural, legal) 7, 24, 162, 163, 165, 175, 176, 177, 179, 182-184, 186-188

universe 18, 19, 21, 32, 45, 58, 67, 70, 74, 185 unseen (gha,4b) 18, 19n16, 25, 29, 41, 84, 97, 104, 127, 188

useless. See senseless

usury (riba). See interest utterance (lafz) 12, 24-26, 70, 89, 117, 124-125, 132-135, 137, 142, 150, 155, 157-158, 166-168

Vasalou, Sophia 11, 14, 20n21, 21n23, 31, 38, 40, 43-45, 50n101, 53n115, 80n60, 81, 179

Vishanoff, David 9, 10, 96n2, 152, 154, 156, 174n139

wajh. See configuration

wine (khamr, nabidh) 5, 43, 58, 60, 61, 62, 68, 78, 86, 119, 128, 137-138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144n120, 146, 148, 153, 154

wisdom (hikma) 8, 16, 28-30, 45, 46n80,

97-122 (passim) 126, 128, 130, 133, 137, 140, 145, 146, 147, 148, 157n47, 183, 186

Zahiri 123n3, 134 zann. See probable zulm. See injustice

Zysow, Aron 3-4, 5n17, 6, 7, 12n43, 13, 46, 65n176, 66, 94, 131n51, 164n84, 179, 182n5