Index

acceptable citizens 110 accommodation 73, 163, 218, 231-232, 246-247

Addis Ababa 141 n. 16, 143, 145-146, 151-152, 157-158, 160

agency 85, 99, 101, 211, 248 n. 66 agent-based approach 178 alternative dispute resolution 13, 15, 19-20, 30, 35-36

Angrezi Shariat 19

arbitration 8, 12-14, 16-20, 23-28, 30-32, 35-38, 99

Arbitration Act 1996 (UK) 8, 12, 18, 20, 23, 27, 30-31, 36-37

Arbitration and Mediation Services

(Equality) Bill 14, 28, 30, 37

Archbishop of Canterbury 12, 17 autonomy 7, 64, 85, 91-93, 96-99, 121, 160, 248

Beersheba 94, 100, 103

British Muslims 7-8, 45-46, 54, 58-59, 61

cases (UK)

Dukali v Lamrani 49-50, 53

El Gamal v Al Maktoum 51 n.

Radwan v Radwan 50 n. 22

Sharbatly v Shagroon 53 n. 34

Christian 7-8, 12, 29, 44, 47, 49, 51-52, 59, 61, 64, 67, 78-79, 90, 93 n. 40, 140, 142, 155-157, 177, 179-180, 200 n. 5, 201, 205-206, 212

citizenship 29, 63, 65-68, 80, 82, 102 n. 77, 247 n. 62

Civil Code (Switzerland) 111, 132

Civil Code (Turkey) 121, 125, 127, 130-131 civilising mission 3, 109 clan-based justice

clan-based justice and reconciliation (al-qada' wa-s-sulh al-asha’iri) 174 codification 88, 89 n. 26, 143, 233, 242, 251 cohabitation 43, 125, 221 n. 113 consensus 147, 149, 161, 175, 188 n. 35 conservatives 110-111, 113, 132, 239,

246 n. 61

constitution 5-6, 24, 68, 70-72, 75, 78, 82, 111, 113, 125, 141, 144-148, 153, 157-164, 177, 199-200, 202, 210-211, 214 n. 80, 215, 218-222, 233, 235-238, 239 nn. 37, 38, 244 n. 55, 247 n. 64, 249, 250 nn. 71, 72 contextualisation 246 counter-hegemonic 3, 110, 113 court

Constitutional Court (Indonesia)

199 n. 1, 203, 217, 219-220, 222-224 Constitutional Court (Turkey) 124, 129 Court of Cassation (Turkey) 73, 76-80, 82, 91, 124, 131

European Court of Human Rights 63, 66, 77

Federal Shariat Court (Pakistan) 113-114, 119

SharTa courts 13, 35-36

Supreme Court (Indonesia) 61, 145, 149-150, 152-153, 157, 160-162, 201 n.

criminal law 30, 32, 96, 119, 230, 241, 244-245, 248

cultural revolution 121

customary law 2, 6-7, 84, 88, 89 n. 26, 111, 139 n. 4, 144, 164, 177, 200 n. 5

Dakwah 240 da'wa 128, 188

Dire Dawa 141 n. 16, 145, 151-152, 157-158 discrimination 7, 29-30, 37, 58, 70-72, 75, 79-82, 96-97, 112, 120, 142, 149 dispute resolution, also see alternative dispute resolution 13-16, 18-20, 22, 28, 30, 35-36, 146, 151

divorce, also see Islamic divorce 13, 16-17, 19-22, 35, 36, 49-50, 53, 61, 69, 95-96, 111-112, 117-120, 122, 127-128, 130-132, 159, 243, 244 n. 42

Dodecanese 63, 65, 68-69, 81 domestic violence 8-9, 13, 20, 22, 32-36

England and Wales 7, 23, 43-45, 49-50, 59-61

English law 13-14, 17-21, 23-24, 31, 35-38, 46, 49-50, 55, 58

equality 1, 4, 6, 14, 18, 28, 30, 37, 70, 73-74, 79-80, 96, 120, 126, 129, 145-146, 154 n. 75, 157, 159, 162, 164, 202, 206 n. 37, 210, 214, 230 n. 2, 233 n. 13, 244 n. 41, 247, 249 n. 67, 250 n. 72

Ethiopia 3, 6, 140-145, 147-148, 152, 157-158, 160-161, 163

faskh 21

fatawa, fatwa 112

fiqh 154-155, 157, 201, 204-207, 233, 235, 242,

248

forced marriage 13, 114, 126-127, 178, 195 forum shopping 75, 145, 151, 176 n. 10

gender 28-30, 59, 73, 96, 112, 120, 126,

130, 145, 154-157, 159, 162, 164, 179-180, 187 n. 32, 204, 205 n. 34, 214, 233 n. 13, 250 n. 72

Greece 7, 63-66, 68-71, 72 n. 17, 73-75,

76 n. 25, 77-78, 80-81, 249 n. 67

Hanafi school see Islamic law

Harar 141 n. 16, 142, 151, 154 hegemony/hegemonial 98, 109 n. 3, 133 hermeneutical 248

House of Lords (UK) 13, 28-29, 32, 35 hudud 245

human rights 4, 7, 63, 66, 68-82, 147, 164, 201-203, 206-207, 209, 212, 214-216, 218-222, 224-225, 230, 232 n. 13, 233,

249

hybrid laws 133

identity 5-6, 12, 54, 63, 65-66, 74, 82, 93, 111, 121, 163, 195, 234, 236, 238 n. 36

ijtihad 97, 119-120, 155, 242

imam 53-56, 116, 123-124, 130

imam nikahι 123, 125, 130-131

interlegality 132, 141

'ird 7, 174-175, 191

ιsιs 129

Islam Hadhari 239

Islamic divorce, also see divorce 13, 16-17,

19, 21, 35-36

Islamic law, also see Sharfa

Hanafi school 19, 27 n.

Islamic family law 140-141, 144, 156, 160, 204, 207-208, 225, 231-233, 242, 243 n. 48, 244, 247

Maliki school 242

Muslim law 20 n. 67, 71, 75, 77-78, 91, 110-112, 114-122, 125, 127, 132-133, 242 n. 45

school of law 19, 27 n. 130, 201 Islamic legal practices 2, 230, 247 Islamic Religious Council 241 Islamic state 199 n. 4, 224, 230, 233, 236,

239

Islamism, Islamists 129, 133, 240, 246,

251 n. 74

Jerusalem 84 n. 1, 89-90, 92-94, 100-103 Jewish 12, 44, 94, 98, 209 n. 52 jihad 128 judicial decrees 99

judicial review 25, 38, 160, 164, 199 n. 1, 203, 219-220, 222-224

jurisdictional conflicts 238 jurisprudence 78 n. 32, 89 n. 29, 117, 119, 154, 201, 233, 235, 237 n. 30, 241 n. 43

Kadis 140, 142-143, 145, 150-157, 159, 162-164 Kemalism 5, 110, 121, 125, 132-133 khul¹ 17, 20-21, 119

Kulturkampf 120

law of evidence 8, 152, 154 legal diversity 248 legal instrumentalism 111 legal pluralism

Muslim legal pluralism 3, 110-111, 132-133

state-recognised legal pluralism 140-141, 159

strong legal pluralism 110, 120, 133

unofficial legal pluralism 110

weak legal pluralism 110, 141 legal positivists 110 legislation 4-5, 13-14, 30, 72, 94-97, 99, 112, 120, 145, 147, 158, 176-178, 231, 234-236, 237 n. 31, 241 n. 43, 242 n. 45, 244 n. 53, 246, 247-248, 250 n. 71 liberalisation 206, 242

Majlis Agama Islam 241, 244 n. 53 Malaysia 3, 5, 231-240, 242-247, 248 n. 66, 249, 251

Maliki school see Islamic law marriage

celebrant marriage 60 n. 43 Child Marriage 115-117, 124-128 interfaith marriages 5, 156-158, 199-210, 212-214, 217-218, 219 n. 103, 221-225, 245

interreligious marriages 157, 238 marriage formalities 46, 54 marriage law 5, 7, 43, 57, 73, 95, 199 n. 1, 200-201, 203-205, 208-212, 213 n. 75, 214-218, 219 n. 103, 220-224

Muslim marriage 8, 47, 59, 114, 120 nikah marriage, also see nikah 46, 54-55, 57-58, 61

non-marriage 8, 46-54, 57-59, 61 registration 4, 8, 44-47, 54-56, 59-61, 111, 113-114, 118-119, 122, 132, 200, 201 n.

religious marriage 8, 35, 44-48, 59, 60 n. 43, 123-124, 130, 146, 158, 202, 212-213, 215

void marriage 8, 44-48

Marriage Act 1949 (UK) 43, 45, 51, 53, 59, 61 mediation 8, 12-17, 19-24, 28, 30-31, 33-34, 36-37

Mejelle 87-88, 89 nn. 28, 29, 94

MFLO 112-113, 115-119 migrants 65-66, 68-69, 81 millet system 64, 90-91, 96, 132 Minorities 2, 66, 78, 81, 184, 247 moderate Islam 203 n. 20, 231 modernists 110-112 modernity 1, 109, 121, 231 n. 6, 235, 246 mubara⅛ 119

Mufti 7, 64, 67, 69-70, 72-82, 91-92, 241,

242 n. 45, 244 n. 53

Nakba 93 nation building 109 nation state 110-111, 132, 176 national identity 93, 111, 121 native 88, 97, 200 n. 5, 231, 234, 237,

250 n. 72

natural justice 19, 97

nikah, also see marriage 114, 131 hidden nikah 131

normative vacuum 109

OLFR (Ottoman Law of Family Rights)

4, 87, 89-91, 94-96

One Law for All 29

Ottomans 92, 132

Pakistan, Pakistani 3-5, 9, 15, 65, 110-121, 132-133, 242

Pakistanisation 133 parallel justice 2, 30, 181 plurality 113, 140-141, 165 polygamy 4-5, 72, 95-97, 100, 111-112, 116-118, 122, 127-130, 132, 158, 243

polygyny 156, 158-159 post-modern 111 power elites 2-3, 5, 109 pragmatism 173, 181

Purdah 234

Qur'an 117, 119, 159

rationalist approach 173, 197 religious freedom 54, 67, 74, 147, 202, 211, 214, 220, 222, 224, 246-247, 249 n. 67 religious laws 2, 29, 91, 140, 144, 203,

208 n. 48, 209, 218-220, 223-224 resistance 3, 5, 97-98, 100, 103-104, 110, 132,

142

rule of law 1-2, 75, 79-80, 173, 185, 194, 196-197, 232 n. 9, 233, 235-236, 249

Salafists 110, 113, 120, 132 school of law see Islamic law second wife 128-129 secular 2, 9, 29, 110-111, 121-122, 124, 129, 132, 144, 147-148, 156, 159, 162, 199, 221, 232-233, 235 n. 23, 237, 240 nn. 39, 41, 243, 246, 249 n. 71

secularism 121, 147-149, 206 n. 37, 232 n. 9 Serban 234

Shafi'i 234 sharaf 7, 174-175, 189

Shari¹a, also see Islamic law

Sharfa law 12-13, 20, 29, 72-73

Sharfa courts see court

siyasa 248 social engineering 5, 109-110, 121, 130, 132 spirituality 15, 202

state ceremonies 236 state-justice 173, 184

Sufi 15 sujets de droits 133

Sunna 117, 206 n.

Sunni 19, 27-28, 65, 89, 121, 132, 155, 157, 160, 201, 234

Supreme Muslim Council 92-94 syariah 230, 232-234, 235 n. 23, 236-237,

238 n. 34, 239 nn. 36, 37, 240 n. 41, 241, 242 n. 45, 244, 245 nn. 57, 58, 59,

246 n. 60, 249 nn. 70, 71, 250 n. 71 Syncretism 249

Takhayyur 242

tanzimat 86-87

testimony 8, 28, 37, 152, 154-156, 211

Thrace 7, 63-81

traditionalists 110, 115

Treaty of Lausanne 7, 63, 66, 68-79, 81 tribunal 8-9, 12-14, 17 n. 39, 18-20, 23-28,

30-32, 35-37, 189, 191-192

Turkish Institute of Statistics (TurkStat) 129

‘ulama 110, 132

Usul al-fiqh 233

vigilante justice 7, 174, 178, 197

weak state structures 1, 181

women's rights 12, 36, 114, 117-118, 126, 162,

232, 242, 243 n. 49, 244 n. 51