Index of Subjects and People

Abbasids

Ahmad ibn Hanbal, trial 1492, 1494 legal opinions on Babak’s uprising 1500

beheadings 1511 caliph 1510 corruption 1491 courts 1507 crime literature 1509 Hallaj, Husayn ibn Mansur 1498 heresiography 1497 Ibn ‘Aisha 1499 mazdlim 1490, 1504 mutilations 1511 prisoners 1502 prisons 1506 public order 1496 qddis 1501, 1505 rape 1495 women in court 1503 zandaqa 1493, 1508

abortion

Arab-Islamic culture 224

Arab law 184

birth control 194, 206, 207, 233 Cairo Population Conference 1994 classical Sunni fiqh 216 comparative perspective 189 contraception 183 disadvantaged fetus 225 discussions 220 divergent views 217 embryo 208 ensoulment 181, 182, 217 family planning 186 fetus

legal consequences of aggression against fetus 203

legal status 185 rights in Islam 187, 215 in Sunni Islamic law 197 forced 193

Indonesia 1824 international comparison 230 Iran 2054

Islam 188, 195, 196, 204, 209, 211, 219, 222, 227, 231, 232

Islamic ethics 199, 200, 216, 226

Islamic law 93, 184, 223, 229

Malaysia 2429

Middle East and North Africa 221 mother's life in danger 218

Muslim-majority countries 192, 212, 228 Nigeria 2718

Ottoman Empire 2845, 2850, 2853, 2904 politics and practices 213, 214 pre-marital screening of disabled embryos 205

Qur’an 1890

after rape 191

religious attitudes 1774 rising life 190

Sudan 3573, 3577

Turkey 2856, 2904

adultery (see zina) Afghanistan

adultery 1558

apostasy 1514, 1530 blood feuds 1512, 1547 constitution 1526

and Sharia 1552

crime and war 1524, 1553

Criminal Code

of (1924) 1523

of (2017) 1550

criminal law 1513, 1519, 1527, 1535 concept of crime 1549 search for penal code 1540

Criminal Procedure Code (2004) 1516, 1533

customaryjustice 1513

fair trial guarantees 1544, 1551 gender violence 1559-1561 honour killings 1545 human rights 1526, 1544, 1546 informal dispute resolution 1513, 1520, 1521, 1543, 1556 role of women 1521

Juvenile Code 1525, 1526

law reform 1518

Afghanistan (cont.)

legal pluralism 1546

legal system 1527, 1534, 1539 and international human rights standards 1538

and Islamic law 1536, 1537 non-state 1554 rebuilding 1555, 1557 reform 1548

moral crimes

and girls 1532

and men 1529

Pashtunwali 1512, 1517

rape 1558

sexual violence 2151

Sharia

position in national law 1562 practice 1522

Taliban

administration of justice 2267 code of conduct 1542 and Islamic Courts Union 1515 judiciary 1528

law enforcement 1541

theft 1531

women 1526

safe houses (khana-yi aman) 1517 Africa

criminal law and criminal justice 1564 pre-colonial criminal justice in West Africa 1563

alcohol (see also wine) 253

Abu Zayd al-Balkhi 265

Al-Andalus 3416

Cairo 1701

consumption

for medical purposes 244

in Qur’an 236, 254

Daghestan 1601

health 254

history 260

Ibn Rushd on drinking 263

identity 262

Islam and science 237

lawfulness 246

legal discourse 261

Maliki law 1074, 1075

Middle East 252

Nigeria 2666

Ottoman Empire 2865 prohibition 240, 241, 247 as taboo 259 alcoholism

social factors of delinquency 672 history 264 solution in Islam 255

Algeria

apostasy 1569 blasphemy laws 1565 blood money 1567, 1573, 3465, 3467 complicity 1568

crime and intentionality 3466

diya 3465

execution 1570

freedom of religion 1575 intentional homicide 1566 Islamic criminal courts 1571 proof 1574 shurta in Ottoman Algeria 1572 apostasy (see also apostates)

abuse by state and non-state actors 316 Afghanistan 1514, 1530

Algeria 1569

Arab law 281-284, 352 blasphemy laws 83, 364, 389 Christian-Islamic context 321 and Christians in the Arab world 335 contemporary Islamic theology 423, 424 conversion 277, 298, 332, 343, 345, 392,

394

in the Abrahamitic religions 433 deradicalisation 392 sociological perspective 383 Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain 390 cyber-apostasy 370, 371, 403 death penalty 304, 342, 412 debate in contemporary Islam 336, 418 in the diaspora 397 divorce 289, 305 early Islam 1602, 1628, 1629 Egypt 392, 1650, 1656, 1659, 1680, 1682,

1684, 1695, 1710, 1712, 1737, 1758 excommunication 332 extremism 316, 317 former Muslims, narratives 347-349,

356, 382 freedom of expression 289, 321, 330, 380 freedom of religion 271, 286, 291, 299,

308, 319, 333, 351, 362, 412, 413, 429, 444 Al-Ghazali 275 badltb 294 Hanafi law 693 Hanbali law 693, 704 historical perspective 320, 422 human rights 291, 315, 321, 345, 353, 373 India 1804 Indonesia 1825, 1883, 1899 of intellectuals 339 international legal obligations 316, 334 Iran 1963, 2105, 2179 Islam 274, 278-280, 290, 292, 309, 329,

367, 387, 406, 407, 415, 439 Islamic international law 361 Islamic law 93, 281-284, 306, 359, 381,

384, 398, 406, 435, 436

an Ahmadi refutation 368 after Arab Spring 393 Islamic state 2264 Italy 420 Kuwait 308, 2308-2310, 2312 law 378, 446-448 Malaysia 1578, 2351-2353, 2412, 2416,

2420, 2434, 2435 Maliki law 1083 Mamluk period 2474 minority view 316, 317 modern application of 389 in modern Islamic thinking 338 Muslim conquest of Arabia 427 Muslim political theology 386 Netherlands 442 N orth African law 307 Ottoman Empire 2815, 2832, 2846-2848,

2871, 2945, 2949 Pakistan 3030, 3044, 3225 punishment 293, 295, 304, 315, 318, 324,

327, 328, 354, 366, 381, 391, 395, 405, 413 Qaradawi, Yusuf al- 363 queer perspective 374 Qur’an 291, 359 necessity of reevaluation 302 repression of dissent 414 and ritual prayer 445 Saudi Arabia 3357, 3365 selected jurisdictions 337 Shi'i law 1345 Sudan 289, 3541 Sunna 326

Sweden 369, 392

and takfir 389

as taboo 259

traditional view 316, 317

United Kingdom 442

Western societies 375

apostate(s) (see also apostasy) 269, 322, 426, 1270

Afghan 1514

Al-Bukhari’s hadith 409

Bangladesh 1579

becoming Christian 310

dar al-Isldm 325

death penalty 440, 702

Egypt 1687, 1696

Iraq 2248

Italy 420

Jordan 2303

Malaysia 2424

Ottoman Empire 2905

political and legal status 400 punishment 440

Qur’an 496

repentence 303

al-Shafi'i and al-Ghazali 1331

Shi'ites 317

the state as apostate 3337

'aqi.la

Hanafi law 518

responsibility for blood money 515, 517 Arab League

Unified Penal Code project 1576 arbitration (see settlement)

baghy (see rebellion)

banditry (see bimba}

Bangladesh

Ahmadis 1579

apostasy 1582

Children Act (2013) 1580 criminal justice system 1577 death penalty 2977 homicide 1581

Islamisation of law 3166

Bangladesh (cont.)

offences against religion 1579

Taslima Nasrin affair 1578 bioethics

assisted suicide 488

autopsy 468

brain death 92, 460, 476, 480, 481 corpses, in medicine 482 decision to end life 489, 492 discourse 463

ectopic pregnancies 478

ethics of killing and saving life 467 frozen embryos 472, 474, 478 genetic engineering

hurma 484

Islam 454

Islamic law 458, 475, 496

life science 471

medical ethics 462, 471, 486, 494 medical technologies 473

organ transplantation 232, 476, 483, 495 physical integrity 484

principles and application 493 problems and perspectives 456 surrogate parenting 204, 232 test tube babies 232

birth control (see also abortion) 202, 204, 210, 233

blasphemy

Al-Andalus 3406

Algeria (Tlemcen) 402, 1565 anti-blasphemy laws and terrorism 358 and apostasy 83, 364, 389 death penalty in Qur’an 396 defamation of religions 273, 340, 386 dhimmis 438

Egypt 1666, 1680, 1712

fiqh 323

freedom of speech 297, 380, 416, 431

Ibn Taymiyya 704

Indonesia 1823, 1844, 1848-1850, 1860, 1861, 1865, 1871, 1876, 1880, 1898, 1904, 1905, 1917, 1918

Iran 2104

Islam 350, 389, 411

Islamic law 330, 357, 404, 406 laws 378

Malaysia 2413

Mamluks 2500

modern application 389 modern law 357, 378

Muslim-majority countries 406, 434, 441

Nigeria 2783

Organisation of the Islamic

Conference 379

Pakistan 2963, 2968, 2973, 2975, 2984,

2992, 2996, 3013, 3024, 3030, 3033,

3034, 3049, 3051, 3053, 3071, 3072, 3075,

3088, 3094, 3139, 3158, 3165, 3169, 3188, 3197-3199, 3204, 3211, 3225, 3226, 3228, 3230, 3232, 3256

political function in Islamic states 376 Saudi Arabia 3339, 3357

slander of the Prophet (sabb al-nabi)

438, 2500

and takfir 389

traditional rules of 345

Turkey 3339

blood feuds (see blood vengeance)

blood money

air carrier liability 512

blood feuds 509, 520 bodily harm 510 as clemency 513

as compensation 516 daman 499, 503

early Islam 504, 1609

Egypt 1632

fiqh 506

and gender 511

and homicide 501, 507, 508, 510 from an Islamic jurist's perspective 505 Libya 2329

medical cases 3313

Middle East 520

North Africa 514

as punishment or compensation 502 in restorative justice 500

Saudi Arabia 3313, 3320

Sudan 3480

Syria and Lebanon 506

and takaful 503

United Arab Emirates 3609

blood vengeance

Afghanistan 1512

Ingushetia 1598

Islamic law 521

Israel 2273, 2274, 2276, 2279, 2282, 2284

Jordan 2291, 2293, 2300

Middle East 509, 520

prophet Muhammad’s position 522 pre-Islamic 519, 522

Sudan 3486

bribery (see corruption)

Brunei

freedom of religion 1584

human rights 1591 implementation of hudud, differences with Malaysia 1587

Islamic criminal law 1588, 1589, 1596, 1597

lgbt rights 1595

socio-legal change 1592

Syariah Penal Code 1585, 1583, 1586,

1590, 1593, 1594

Caucasus

alcohol prohibition in Dagestan 1601 blood feuds in Ingushetia 1598 legal pluralism 1600

Sharia courts 1599, 1600 capital punishment (see death penalty) children’s rights (see juvenile justice) Christian martyrs under Islam 417 codification

criminal law

Egypt 1717, 1733

India 1798

Malaysia 2428

Maldives 2460

Pakistan 3149

Somalia 3379

Sudan 3511, 3584

fiqh.

hudud 668, 3149

Islamic criminal law 528, 1593 coercion (see duress) commanding right and forbidding wrong

39, 3359 comparative law and Islamic (criminal) law

Canada 529

China 530

Denmark 530

England 530

European system 529, 532, 533 France 530

Germany 530

Judaism 531

Russia 530

United States of America 530 contraception (see also birth control) Arab-Islamic culture 224 Islamic view 183, 232

conversion 343

and aid evangelism 394

Al-Andalus 3441, 3448

Algeria 1569

and apostasy 383, 2815

early Islam 1628, 1629

forced 3441

to and from Islam 277, 356, 408

Islamic perspectives on 394

Islamic tradition 332

Jordan 2303

Malaysia 2411

North Africa 2807

Ottoman Empire 2815, 2832, 2846-2848 women 2807

corruption

Bukhara 537

Indonesia 1837, 1852, 1869

Iran 2057, 2058, 2074

Islam 536, 539

Islamic law 534, 535, 538

Nigeria 2636

Ottoman Empire 2817, 2842, 2923

Pakistan 3175

white collar crimes 534

court(s)

Afghanistan 1515, 1544

Al-Andalus 3420, 3433, 3444 blasphemy 330

Caucasus 1599, 1600

and corrections 1197

Egypt 1650, 1651, 1684, 1695, 1734, 1737, 1743, 1744

freedom of expression 330

heresy 330

India 1786, 1800, 1815, 1819, 1821

Indonesia 1839, 1844, 1850, 1907

court(s) (cont.)

International Court of Justice 1045 International Criminal Court 1028­1030, 1032, 1036, 1041, 1044, 2071, 2146, 2566

Iran 2019, 2028, 2081, 2144, 2146, 2161 Islamic Courts Union (Somalia) 1515, 3370, 3375, 3378

Islamic law in contemporary courts 36, 62

Islamic State (isis) 2267

Israel 2285 Kenya 2306 Libya 2329, 2330 Malaysia 2389, 2393, 2389, 2393, 2422, 2423, 2426, 2427, 2442

oath and perjury 1154

Nigeria 2543, 2564, 2566, 2597, 2618, 2627, 2689, 2691, 2697-2699, 2725, 2742 Ottoman 2819, 2830, 2835-2838, 2841, 2851, 2852, 2857, 2858, 2894, 2785, 2916, 2918, 2919, 2924, 2947

Pakistan 2974, 3016, 3041, 3054, 3074, 3092, 3125, 3152, 3202, 3238

Saudi Arabia 3301, 3330, 3348

Sharia 861, 1599, 1600, 1630, 1743, 1744, 1755, 2393, 2389, 2393, 2422, 2423, 2426, 2427, 2442, 2618, 2627, 2691, 2698, 2699, 2725, 2742, 2835, 2841, 2851, 2852, 2895, 3041, 3125, 3152, 3330, 3348, 3370, 3375, 3377, 3378, 3433, 3444, 3628, 3638

Somalia 3370, 3375, 3377, 3378 Sudan 3511, 3512, 3560, 3565 United Arab Emirates 3598, 3605 Yemen 3628

Zanzibar 3638

crimes of passion (see honour killings) criminal law (see country-specific entries) criminal law reform

Abdullahi an-Na‘im’s reform proposal

540 critique of 542 Afghanistan 1533 Arab legal systems 543 Muslim countries 541 Pakistan 3244 Sudan 3450, 3454, 3455, 3463, 3484, 3535, 3544-3546, 3551, 3552, 3576 criminal procedure

Afghanistan 1516, 1533

British India 1798

Indonesia 1915

Iran 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2071, 2153, 2160, 2242

Iraq 2249

Islamic 1032, 1150, 1152, 1176, 1181, 1195

Kenya 2306

Malaysia 2401, 2442

Nigeria 2587, 2730, 2731, 2765

Pakistan 3130, 3213

Saudi Arabia 3289, 3317, 3356, 3363

Sudan 3460, 3509, 3550 criminal responsibility, liability

and family relations 556

forensic psychiatry 552

Hanafi law 685

impact of immunity 564 injury resulting from premises 551

Iran 1945, 2015, 2086, 2106, 2107

Islamic criminal law 530, 544-549, 553, 555, 557, 558, 560-564

Malaysia 2368

medical negligence 494, 554

Muslim countries 559

Pakistan 3201

protection of diplomats 550

Syria and Lebanon 506

cyber crime 565-567

cyber apostasy 403

cyber pornography 1989 cyber-sectarian conflict 567

cyber vandalism 566

Daesh (see Islamic State)

death penalty

for apostasy 304, 396, 412

for blasphemers 396

critique 576, 585 discretion 568

Egypt 580, 1704

Ilkhanate 2519

Indonesia 1830, 1887

Iran 527, 1938, 1939, 1943, 1944, 1948, 1971, 1996, 2011, 2091, 2101, 2150, 2154, 2193, 2198, 2205

Islam 569, 586

Islamic law 570, 575, 577583, 588

Islamic world 571, 584, 587

juvenile death penalty 527, 571

Malaysia 2360, 2386

Nigeria 2569, 3340

Ottoman Empire 2818

Pakistan 527, 2977, 3148, 3163, 3164, 3233

Saudi Arabia 527, 3280, 3304, 3324, 3340, 3345, 3346, 3352, 3358

Sudan 527

and torture in Islamic thought 573, 574

United Arab Emirates 3593

United States of America 3618

and war 1438

Yemen 527

defamation

of religions, religious 340, 386, 404, 416, 590, 591

Pakistan 3191

Sharia 592

defence

of honour 2292

Iran criminal law 2038

Islamic law 595, 597, 598, 602 private defence 600

of women's chastity 607

provocation as defence in murder cases 599

repentance 1281

Saudi Arabia 3347

self-defence 594, 606, 608-610

and intoxication 601

social defence 596, 603, 604, 605 diya (see blood money) doubt (shubha)

Aadd-avoidance in cases of doubt 658, 1060, 1061, 1065, 1067 in theft cases 1059

Islamic law 1062, 1063, 1064, 1066 drug(s) 249

addiction in Islamic history 234 hashish in Islam 257

Indonesia 1887

Iran 1947, 2036

laws 249

Malaysia 2386

prohibition 258

Saudi Arabia 3280

duress

Imami jurisprudence 2004

Iranian penal law 2004

Islamic law 611, 612, 614

and English, Malaysian law 613 Sudan 3501

early Islam

‘Abdallah b.

penalty 1470, 1619, 1621 hadlth 1620, 1622 alcoholic beverages 246 apostasy 1628, 1615, 1629

and religious minorities 1602 armed robbery 1625 blood money 504, 1609 conversion 1628, 1629 courts 1630 crime and punishment 1227 crucifixion 1604, 1625

Egypt

crime and punishment 1741

law and order 1742

policing, punishment, prisons 1754 executions 1617, 1618 fornication 1254, 1620 hadlth on beer 1606 heretics

burning 1617

punishment 1612 homosexuality 777 hudud 644 Ibn al-Jawzi 1616 imprisonment 1130 induced miscarriage 1084 Jordan, homicide 2301 legal situation 1608 mazdlim 1613

Muhammad b. al-Hanafiyya,

imprisonment 1603

oath 1624

penal law in 1605

and pre-Islamic Arabs 1605 prison 1603 punishment

banishment 1627, 1627 community participation 1605 early Islam (cont.)

public humiliation 1627, 1627 song and punishment 1626 qasama 1611 rape 1254

rebellion 1616

rebels 1617

shurta 1610, 1623

wine 245, 1614

Yazid b. Mu'awiya 1616

zina 1254, 1470

economic crime (see financial crime) Egyp^t

abortion

contemporary debate 1648 in international comparison 1759 Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid 1631, 1633, 1634,

1641, 1644, 1645, 1658, 1663-1665, 1684, 1690, 1692, 1696, 1698, 1703, 1707, 1740, 1751, 1760, 1770

Adultery, 16th century 1654 alcohol consumption 1701 apostasy 1635, 1650, 1658, 1659, 1679, 1680, 1682, 1684, 1695, 1696, 1712, 1737, 1758

compared to Malaysia 1758 debate 1689 and hisba 1710 state council rulings 1687 trials, 14th century 1656

Baha’i 1737

Bedouin justice 1640, 1686, 1697, 1705 blasphemy 1667, 1680, 1712, 1714 blood money 1632 blood vengeance 1688, 1726 conversion 1636, 1685

corruption 1699 criminal law 1745

application, 19th century 1718, 1730, 1731

codification, 19th century 1717, 1724, 1725, 1727, 1733

dhimmis 1729 homicide 1769 origins in Ottoman Egypt 1719 reform, 19th century 1652, 1724, 1725 transition to Western law 1638

criminal statistics 1747 death penalty 1655, 1693, 1704 duress 1753

early Islamic Egypt

crime and punishment 1741

law and order 1742

Farag Foda 1679 female genital mutilation (fgm) 1767 forensic medicine 1675

methods of identification 1671

post-mortem examinations 1746 freedom of expression 1711 freedom of religion 1738, 1739, 1750 hisba 1644, 1651, 1709, 1711, 1715, 1760, 1761 homicide

in 19th century 1723, 1732 homosexuality 1660, 1763, 1765, 1766 honour killings 1646 hymen reconstruction 1469 Islamic law

and forensic medicine 1669

and freedom of religion 1682

and human rights 1668

in Ottoman Cairo 1642, 1643 Islamic Penal Code project 1653, 1694,

1768

judicial organisation

in Ottoman Egypt 1706

position of religious matters 1713 judiciary, development 1728 justice, medieval 1700 legal order 1716 medicine and law 1678 murder trial 1734, 1735

Muslim Brotherhood and human

rights 1681

organ transplantation 1469 Ottoman legal history 1677

Penal Code 1683

and Tanzimat 1639 Peters, Rudolph 1670 police in 19th century 1676 policing in early Islamic Egypt 1754 power abuse 1732 prisons

in early Islamic Egypt 1754

in 19th century 1674, 1720-1722 prostitution 1764

in 19th century 1673

public order 1661

punishment and physical pain 1672 qasama 1647

rape 1662, 1723, 1732, 1756

in 19th century 1732

retribution 1667

Sharia application 1708, 1716, 1735 courts 1755 debates 1657, 1691, 1702, 1748 Muhammad Sa'id al-Ashmawi 1752

Sharia courts in the Sinai 1743, 1744

Sharia law developments 1716, 3494 takfir 1712

theft 1762

torture 1672

violation of the law 1749 violence in 19th century 1637 women

in Sharia.

gender violence 1757

zina 1729

euthanasia 459, 464, 465, 469, 470, 485, 487, 488

and e-fatwas 461

Islam 457

and Western Christianity 491

Islamic law 452, 453, 466, 477, 478, 490, 495, 497

and Islamism 455

and suicide 498

evidence

circumstantial 1186, 2432 forensic 1165, 1171

Islamic law 4, 1138, 1145-1147, 1149, 1156, 1161, 1173, 1180, 1194, 2378

India 1779, 1814

Malaysia 2378, 2432

Nigeria 2742

Ottoman courts 2858

Pakistan 2976, 3130

rape 1256

sexual violation 1252

signs as evidence 1177

of unbelief 432

United Arab Emirates 3594 excommunication (see takfir)

family planning

Islamic law 198

financial crime

fraud in Islamic law 617 compared with Arab, French, Lebanese laws 618

in investment funds 621

Islamic law 619, 620

money laundering 615, 616, 622-624 Iran 2164, 2199

parallel banking systems 624

terrorist financing 1381, 1387 fornication (see also zina) 661, 672, 1254,

1468, 1469, 1474, 1485, 2752, 2837, 2958

foundling 625 fraud (see financial crime) freedom of expression 416, 419

Egypt 1711

Iran 2009, 2185, 2204

Islamic law 330, 406 freedom of religion 285-288, 291, 344, 365, 380, 399, 407, 419, 430

and apostasy 291, 351, 362, 412, 415,

444

Egypt 421, 1682

human rights 331, 360, 425 international law 421

Islam 415

Islamic countries 388

Islamic law 355, 413, 421

Malaysia 2351-2353, 2395, 2416, 2420, 2440

Nigeria 2693

Pakistan 2996

Qur’än 268, 410, 425

Sudan 3553, 3571

gambling 626, 3610 gender (see women) genocide

international and Islamic law 627

rape as weapon of (isis) 2257 Germany

attitudes of young Muslims 1774

Islamic criminal law compared to German law 1772, 1773

religious defamation 1771

Gulf Cooperation Council

intellectual property rights 1775 and UN human rights treaties 1776

hadd, hudud

adultery (see also zina) 648, 650, 672

Al-Andalus 3440

Arab law 675

alcoholism 672

avoidance in cases of doubt (see also doubt) 658

Brunei 1587

circumstantial evidence (qarlna) 1186 codification 668

crucifixion 663, 667, 671

as deterrence 630

doubt 1060, 1061, 1065

general 632, 638, 652, 657, 659, 665, 669, 670, 677, 1304

Ghamidi, Javed Ahmad on 654

in hadith 644

hand amputation 635, 636, 649, 651 Abu Bakr ibn al-Mundhir on 651 by Islamists 660 pre-Islamic origins 676

implementation 637 international human rights 642, 887,

920

Iran 2028, 2125

Malaysia 2344, 2349, 2364, 2370, 2372, 2385, 2394, 2405, 2407, 2437, 2438, 2994 justification 630, 631

Libya 2339

Nigeria 2567, 2568, 2791, 2778

Pakistan 2968, 2979, 2994, 3068, 3125, 3126, 3128, 3145, 3149, 3153, 3240, 3263 procedure, role of witnesses in 645 public violence 643, 1348

Qur’an 634, 678

reform 642, 646

reinstatement 675

replantation of an amputated limb 1299

Saudi Arabia 3303, 3336

Somalia 3380

state legitimacy 643

stoning 633, 636, 639, 641, 647, 648, 653, 656, 661, 662, 664, 666, 674, 1454, 1458 Arab women and stoning 1454 compared to Judaism 629 contemporary application 655, 1482, 1484

early Islam 1621

Iran 673

Maliki law 1102

Nigeria 673

its pre-Islamic origins 676

Qur’än 664

Shi'ite jurisprudence 1344

Sunna 656

and 'Umar ibn al-Khattäb’ 640 verse on stoning 647

Sudan 3558 and ta'zlr 628 theft (see also theft) 672, 1059, 1399 United Arab Emirates 3598 women’s testimony 1151 zinä 1483

Hanafi criminal law 4 alcohol 262 al-Fatäwä al-'Älamgiriyya 684 apostasy 693

Ibn al-Humam on apostasy 693 aqlla 518 claims of men and claims of God 688,

690 criminal responsibility 685, 698 dar al-harb and dar al-Islam 680 equality 689 features 679 general 682, 694, 695 government authority 687 al-Hldaya 696 homicide 2886

bsma 691 liability 2886 proof 686

Prophet Muhammad, insulting of 699 rape 1251

slyasa 681, 1251, 2969 sulh, al-Käsäni on 1319 'uqübal, procedural law 692 war, al-Sarakhsi on 683

Hanbali criminal law 4 apostasy, Ahmad Ibn Hanbal on 702 crime and punishment 701 blood money for abortion 700 Ibn Taymiyya on blasphemy 704 al-Khiraqi, the mukhtasar of 703 punishments 705

hashish in Islam 257

heresy 302, 311, 329, 372, 377

Al-Andalus 3405

Aleppo 2940

Indonesia 1900

Islamic law 330

Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd case 1692 politicisation of 302

Saudi Arabia 3357

South India 1788 traditional rules 345 zindiq/zandaqa 314, 346, 1334, 1493,

1508, 3407

heretics 296, 312, 1612, 1617

hiraba (banditry)

Islamic law 450, 1271

jihadist ideology 451 new Sharia perspectives 449 hisba

Al-Andalus 3382, 3387, 3396-3398, 3409, 3449

Egypt 1644, 1651, 1709-1711, 1715, 1760, 1761,

general 710, 716

Ibn Taymiyyah, Taqi al-Din Ahmad on 711, 712

as institution 697, 715, 718 jahili origins 709 legal ethics 713 literature 708, 714, 717

Malaysia 2359

Mamluks 2466, 2475

Mawardi on 1328

Morocco 2536

Nigeria 2545, 2715

Pakistan 3091

Seljuqs 2902

Spain 1078

Tilimsäni, Muhammad al-‘Uqbäni

al- on 707

Tunisia 3591

and violence 706

homicide

Al-Andalus 3410

Algeria 1566

and apostasy 276

Arab law 728

Bangladesh 1581

by casting evil eye 722 compensation 501, 507, 508, 510 defence 599

Egypt 1734, 1735

and gender justice 1448 general 720, 724, 725, 731

and 19th century jurisdictions 733 and honour (see also honour killings)

806, 1461, 2280 India 1779, 1813 infanticide 721 intentional homicide 276, 599, 644, 719,

722-726, 806, 1250, 1461, 1734, 1735, 1779, 1813, 1923, 2019, 2037, 2092, 2097, 2129, 2171, 2196, 2290, 2302, 2468, 2473, 2527, 2819, 2838, 2840, 2844, 2863, 2878, 2898, 3079, 3213, 3249, 3256, 3258, 3308, 3410

Iran 1923, 2019, 2032, 2037, 2092, 2097, 2129, 2171, 2196, 2290, 2302

Islamic law 727

Jordan 2301 Malaysia 2356 Maliki law 1071

Mamluks 2468, 2473, 2482, 2483 Morocco 2527, 2535

Nigeria 2669, 2767, 2965 oath, function 1155

Ottoman Empire 2819, 2879, 2880, 2838,

2840, 2844, 2863, 2878, 2898, 2950 Pakistan 2965, 3079, 3213, 3249, 3256,

3258

and qasama 1250 Qur’an 726, 729

and Tora 729 Saudi Arabia 3308 Shafi’l law 1338 sin and expiation 730 Sudan 3480, 3520 United States of America 3615 of ‘Uthman 644 of women 806

wife killing, legal defences 732 homosexuality

African nations 769

Al-Andalus

in mujun literature 743

Arab literature 734

Arab world 748

homosexuality (cont.)

Ar-Razi on 782 debate 777, 802 fatwas 793 female, history and representation 753 fiqh 786 general 737, 746, 752, 767, 774, 788, 791 genetic points of view 750 hadith 741, 799, 800 history of 783 historical background 742 Ibn Hazm on 735

Islam 739, 745, 747-750, 751, 758, 760,

762, 765, 770, 773, 775, 776, 785, 792, 801 and colonial rule 736

Islamic law 734, 761, 779, 781, 786

Islamic theology of 738 lesbians 767, 789 lgbt rights 781 liwat 739, 778, 779, 794

classical Arabic 768

hadith 741

as seen by Muslim jurists 771, 778 Muslim states 781, 790

al-Suyuti on 741

Maghreb 743 male-male sexuality

bio-bibliography 787

Middle East 795 orthodox-religious milieu 780 prohibition in UN member states 757 and Prophet Muhammad 797 punishment

Iran 740

Malaysia 740

Pakistan 740

Saudi Arabia 740

Qaradawi, Yusuf al- 744, 766 queer persons

Islamic texts 756

Sharia 751, 755

international human rights law 755

Qur’an 764, 772, 798 qur’anic revisionism 796 same-sex

desires 738

unions 759, 763

sexual diversity

Muslim world 754

sihaq (lesbianism) 778, 794 as taboo 259 transgender 767 transidentity 801 transsexual persons 751 vice lists, medieval 784 honour killings

Arab world 814, 2304

cultural representation 807 debate 903

Egypt 1646

general 809, 810, 812, 816, 818 and gender 804

historical roots 808

India 1782

Iran 2171

Islam 805, 813

Israel 2280

Jordan 2288, 2292, 2295, legal issues 815 legislation 811

Ottoman Empire 2831

Pakistan 1461, 1782, 3062, 3076,

3104-3106, 3167, 3170, 3185, 3209, 3216, 3243, 3246, 3265

policy recommendations 815 prevention of 803 punishment of 803

Shan a discourse 817 struggle against 806 honour preservation

in Sha.na 593 humanitarian law

and Islamic jurisprudence 872, 1269, 1440

human rights

Arab countries 832, 833, 897, 930, 986

Christianity and Islam 875, 881, 1002, 1005

compared to the West 922, 946, 947 contemporary Muslim thought 895, 913, 987, 929

and cultural diversity 989

and cultural relativism 826 debates/discourses on 869, 879, 906, 963, 994, 998

history in Islam 914 a critique 926 and hudud 887

ICCPR 1004

implications for Africa 960 intercultural dialogue 908 international human rights

obligations 821, 827, 851, 852, 853, 862-866, 900, 901, 911

international law 847, 873, 957, 959, 961, 966, 974, 1001

Islam 820, 823, 825, 835, 841, 842, 848, 849, 852, 855, 867, 874, 878, 882, 898, 909, 916-918, 921, 923, 924, 928, 931, 935, 936, 937, 942, 943, 945, 950, 952, 953-955, 964, 967, 975-982, 991, 1000, 1003

Islamic countries 829-831, 856, 857, 860, 861, 863, 886

Islamic criminal law 859, 861, 870, 871, 883, 905, 910, 920, 951

Islamic institutions 885

Islamic law 822, 828, 877, 889, 899, 919, 932, 938, 962, 968-970, 996

Islamic reservations to human rights conventions 939, 940, 971, 985, 993

Islamic revivalism 983

Islamism 834, 836-840, 858, 890, 941, 949, 952

judicial process 894

Mahmoud Taha and Abdullahi An-Na‘im, a critique 934

maqasid al-Sharl'ah 925

Middle East 915, 948, 949 non-Muslim minorities 915

and Muslim theologies 925

and Muslims in Western Europe 829, 902, 973

and re-Islamisation 984

right to change one's religion 1004

Saudi Arabia 3314, 3341

and Sharia 933, 990

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights 827, 884, 927, 944, 972, 995

Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights 850, 873, 880, 884, 891-893, 904

universality debate 827, 848, 866, 868, 888, 896, 907, 912, 956, 958, 965, 992, 999, 1006

and the West 830, 843-846, 876

and Western domination 822 women's rights and 988, 997, 1449

jtihad

Islamic criminal law 1007

Ilkhanate

apostasy 2518 concepts of justice and injustice 2520 death penalty 2519

revenge and justice in 2055 imprisonment (see prisons)

India

colonial period

apostasy 1804, 1816

Bengal 1801, 1785

case reports 1821 company criminal law 1802 court of Nizamut Adawlut 1786, 1800, 1819, 1821

crime and gender 1799

criminal justice in North India 1818 criminal law 1778, 1808, 1817, 1818 criminal procedure 1798

Indian Evidence Act (1872) 1814

Indian Penal Code (1860) 1787, 1806

Islamic criminal law 2741

Islamic law 1791, 1803, 1809, 1820 legal transition 1794

perjury 1815

rape 1796, 1797

Sudder Fouzdaree Adawlut 1821 transformation of Islamic law 1789, 1792

confession 1149, 1156, 1260, 1807, 1923,

1925, 2803

crimes of honour (see honour

killings) 1782

criminal breach of trust 1795 criminal law, background 1781 medieval

criminal evidence 1779

passion killing 1779 police and administration of justice 1793

mens rea 1794

Mughal period

Akbar as heretic 1777 administration of justice 1812

India (cont.)

crime and punishment 1780, 1810, 1822

intoxicants 1811 muhtasib 1783 murder 1813 principles of law 1784 Muhammadan law 1790 rape 1805

Indonesia

abortion 1824, 1890 Aceh

freedom of religion 1919

Islamic (criminal) law 1826-1828, 1838, 1843, 1856, 1857, 1859, 1878, 1881, 1889, 1893, 1894, 1909, 1913, 1914 legal autonomy 1854 morality policing 2431 Muslim punks 1856 re-Islamisation politics 1873, 1874 Sharia 1836, 1856, 1882, 1886, 1901, 1911

adat criminal law 1868

Ahmadis 1847 apostasy 1825, 1883

impact on marital life 1899 atheism 1866 bestiality 1834 blasphemy 1860, 1898, 1917

in the constitution 1918

and constitutional court 1850 in court 1844

and Danish cartoons 1880 and freedom of religion 1896 and human rights 1876, 1904, 1905 in Java 1871 law of (1965) 1897 legality of 1848 and mental illness 1861 and minorities 1823, 1849 and religious diversity 1865 capital punishment 1830, 1887 conversion 1845 corruption 1837, 1852 criminal law in colonial Java 1907 Criminal Procedure Code 1915 extremism, violent 1884 freedom of religion 1847, 1884, 1891 gratification 1855 heresy 1900 homosexuality 1833, 1834 incest 1834

Islamic criminal law

adultery, debate 1877

and anti-corruption 1869

Cikeusik trials 1846 criminalisation of husband wife relationship 1895

and domestic violence 1879 drafting of Islamic Criminal Code 1862

and the judiciary 1839

mmi Sharia Criminal Code 1885 punishment in 1829

and sexual misconduct in Central

Java 1864

ta'zir punishment 1910 Islamic law

attitudes 1888

background of enactment 1892 by-laws 1837

and female activists 1863 general 1835, 1841, 1842 implementation 1888 and Muslim punks 1875 and terrorism 1912

Islamisation 1908

Majelis Ulama Indonesia (Council of

Indonesian Ulama) 1867, 1900 minorities, religious 1884 pornography 1870, 1884, 1903 restorative justice 1853, 1921 Sharia

contestation among

Minangkabau 1872

creeping 1908

and national law 1902

state and mobile phones 1858 sex crimes 1840, 1906 sexuality, control of 1832 takfir 1867 theft 1916 thuggery 1920 vigilantism 1884

West Java, religious discrimination 1851 zina 1831

intellectual property rights

Gulf Cooperation Council 1775 internet 1013

Islamic law 1008, 1009, 1011, 1014, 1016-1024

moral and financial rights 1012, 1015 and software piracy 1010

intent

concept of the person 1027 medievalfiqh 1025, 1026

International Court of Justice and Islamic law states 1045

International Criminal Court

and Islamic criminal procedure 1032 and Islamic law 1028-1030, 1036, 1041, 1043, 1044

international criminal law

Islam 1033-1035

Islamic law 1031

international Islamic criminal law 1033, 1039, 1040, 1042

intoxicants 236, 238, 250

Mughal India 1811 early juristic debates 246 and self-defence 601

Sufism, in 243

Iran

abetment 2173 abject bodies 1949 abortion 2054 accused, rights 2208 apostasy 1963, 2104, 2145, 2179 and fatwas 2145

arbitration 2063

Bahä’i and death penalty 1938 bar association 2080

blasphemy 2104, 2108 cannabis 2035 child abuse 1950, 1951, 2008 compensation 2141

Computer Crimes Law (2012) 2061 constitution

and conflict prevention 2156

and Khomeini’s directive (1988) 2165

corrections system 2111 corruption 2057, 2058 judicial 2074

courts

role of 2161

special court of the clergy

crime

classification 2041

and security 2010

statistics 2002

criminalisation 2090 criminal justice

and community involvement 2012

and Khomeini 2059, 2131

and restorative traditions 2155 criminal policy 2114, 2117

decriminalisation in 2049

and political change 1926 after revolution 2033 and schools of Islamic law 74 on violent crimes 2075, 2076 Criminal Procedure Code 1995, 2007,

2016, 2045, 2160, 2217, 2242

and citizenship rights 1995

and international criminal

court 2071

punishment, intensification of 2119 same-sex crimes 2153 criminal responsibility, liability 2100,

2134

and compensation 2135

and crime/punishment proportionality 2203

and neuroscience 1945 criminology 2115, 2116 darughayi bazar 2025 death penalty 2105, 2150, 2205

abolition 2091

abolitionist movement 2198

and Bahä’i 1938

and ethnic minorities 1943

for homosexuality 1948

and international legal

standards 2193

and the media 2101

for minors 527, 1944, 2029, 2182 public executions 2011, 2073, 2105, 2190

public opinion 1971 role of lawyers 2105, 2154

as state terror 1996

and women 000

Iran (cont.) defence, legitimate 2038 drugs 1982, 2036 duress 2004 extradition 1969 fair trial 1978 family, criminal protection 2197 freedom of expression 2009, 2108, 2204 gender identity 1983 homicide 2037

Bibi Asilu case 2092

and conflict resolution 2129, 2196 proof of murder 1923 Qajar Iran 2019 qisds and forgiveness 2032 Yazd 2097 homosexuality

death penalty 1948 history 2044 Islamic jurisprudence 2062 lgb in law 1935 lulls in Qajar Persia 2024, 2236 punishment 740, 1941 reconstruction 2026 honour killings 2072, 2141, 2171 hudud

avoidance 2028 law of 2077 human rights 1984, 1985, 1991, 2000, 2005, 2056, 2093, 2094, 2149

Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in

Islam (cdhri) 1982 discourse of reformers 2005, 2184 and freedom of expression 2009 and hirdba (moharebeh) 2078 after the revolution 2085 and Sharia 2143, 2204 violations under Sharia 2042 and women 2065, 2056 independent activism 2240 international crimes 1981 International Criminal Court

(icc) 1927, 2146

Iran people's tribunal 1936 Islamic law 1977

in post-revolutionary Iran 2027 under Safavids and Qajars 2186 transformation of 1975, 1976 judges and judicial process 2211 judicial organisation, law on 1928 judicial system

Qajar Iran 2021 after revolution 2128, 2147 jurisdiction

religious and state 2188 Muhammad Baqir Safti 2189 jurists, legal authority 2070 justice system 2066

informal 2089

juvenile justice 1922, 1942, 1979, 2121, 2243

child execution 525

Convention on the Rights of the Child 524

corporal punishment 1980 criminal responsibility 1964, 2106, 2107, 2015, 2086

death penalty 1944, 2029, 2182 legal status of children 1986 retribution (qisds) for children 1952

rights of the child in Muslim states 523

law

enforcement 2244 fundamentalist impact on 2095 internationalisation and

regionalisation 2152 in an Islamic state 2096 and political control 2209 and religion 2214

legality principle 2047, 2048, 2215, 2219, 2224, 2227

legal system 1593, 2066 2220, 2232 lgbt 1999, 2067

liability, in medical cases 192 mens rea 1933

money laundering 2164, 2199 muhtasib 2020, 2022, 2025 narcotics 1946, 2113

offender 1947 opium use 2017 trafficking 2233

Penal Code

of (1982) 2126

of(2012) 2130 of (2013) 2212, 2216, 2218 assessment 1990 honour 2187 punishment

development 2157 Islamic 2226

sentencing postponed 2084 theoretical foundations 2050 translation of 1993, 2060, 2124 women, protection of basic rights 2158

penal law, criminal law 2176, 2210, 2223, 2228, 2229

area of application 2051 constitution 2136 crime danger management 2169 foundations 2213 history 1993, 2111 inflation 2030 influence of religion 1937 international instruments 2112 internationalisation 1997, 1998 Islamisation 2132, 2133, 2167 judges 2175 judgments 2239 in legal system 2194 Muharram 2200 muqaddasdt 2207

„ne bis in idem“ rule 2162 offense 2221, 2222, 2225 and political opposition 2168 proof 1930, 2018 provocation 1970 public decency crimes 2170 re-Islamisation 2052, 2231 after revolution 2006, 2183 rule of action 2241 on sacrilege 2185 suspension of sentences 2014 translation 2201, 2230 and universal jurisdiction 000 and Western law 2174 perjury 1934 police in Qajar Persia 2023 pornography 1989 prisoners, citizenship rights 2245 probation 1929 provocation 2195

punishment 1940, 1965, 2087, 2111, 2246 aims 2064

alternative sanctions 2088

attitudes as to 2034 compared to French law 2079 discretionary 2120 and gender 2141

proportionality 2046

public 2202

under Qajars 2122

Qisds Act (1982) 2127

Hudud and 2125

rape 1255, 1932

recent legal developments 1954-1962 rehabilitation of delinquents 2001, 2103 restorative traditions 2155, 2040, 2155 retribution (qisds) 1973

for children 1952

law 2077

revolutionary courts 2144

right to counsel in criminal justice system

2163

right to privacy in criminal justice system

2159

rule of law 1992

Rushdie, Salman 276, 313, 1968, 2108 settlement

in homicide cases 2129, 2196 peaceful (of disputes) 2063 women's peace initiatives 2140 sexuality

lesbian acts 1987

regulation 2118, 2123

sexual minorities 2237

sexual orientation 1983

sexual violence 2151

Sharka

courts 2043

hermeneutics 2005

and national law 2098 smuggling 1931 special court for the clergy 1988 stoning 1966, 1972, 2053, 2082, 2180, 2181 suicide 2148

takfir in Safavid Iran 2172

tax evasion 1994

testimony 2206

theft 2003

Iran (cont.) torture 2166

comparative perspective 2102 and public recantation 1925 and punishment I3th-i8th century 2191, 2192

sexual 2178 transsexuality 2234 urban violence in Qajar Iran 2236 victim

rights 2110, 2137, 2138

in Iranian and international law 1967 violence, state's monopoly 2142 wells, illegal digging 2109 women

and criminal law 2083, 2139

gender policing 1974

and imprisonment 2177 and jurisprudence 2235 legal status 2065 rights 2068 and suicide 2056 violation of their dignity 74 women's rights in Sharia law 2031 zina 2099

Iraq

apostates, treatment 2248 criminal investigations 2249 criminal justice system 2253 homicide and bodily harm 2247 human rights and Islamic law in the constitution 2252 penal laws (1994) 2251 sexual crimes 2250

irtidad (see apostasy) Islamic State (is, isis, Daesh) administration of justice 2267 apostasy 2264

armed conflicts under Islamic law 2259 brutality under Islamic law 2260 bureau of justice and grievances 2263 challenges to international criminal

law 2255 challenges to Sharia 2255 Dabiq magazine, law and order 2258 ideology 2256 incineration of persons 2262 and Islamic law 2270 legal system 2265, 2268 police 2261 sexual violence 2254 social contract 2269

using rape as weapon of genocide 2257 violence in Raqqa 2266

Israel

Bedouin law 2272, 2275, 2277, 2281, 2282 blood vengeance 1461, 2273, 2274, 2276, 2279, 2282, 2284

family honour 2278 honour killings 2271, 2280 mediation 2275 religious freedom 3328 settlement 1461, 2281, 2283, 2285 sulha 2281, 2283, 2285

jihad

global 341

human rights jihad 941

Ibn Taymiyya on 1274

and incineration of persons 2262 jihadist ideology 451

and rebellion 1274

terrorist jihad 3346

Jordan

apostasy 2303

Bedouin justice 2287, 2300 criminal law and gender 2305 customary law 2293

homicide in early Islamic Jordan 2301 honour killings 2288, 2289, 2295, 2296, 2302, 2304

and civil society 2298 as intrafamily femicide 2292 and Jordanian Penal Code 2286, 2290

murder 2291

public discourse 2297

under Jordanian and Islamic law 2299 penal justice, traditional system 2294 judicial organisation in Islamic history 697 juvenile justice

Afghanistan 1525

Bangladesh 1580

Convention on the Rights of the

Child 524

death penalty 525, 527, 571

Iran 1922, 1979, 2015, 2243

Muslim-majority states 526

Nigeria 2599

Pakistan 3004

rights of the child 523

Saudi Arabia 3288, 3312

Yemen 3627

Kenya

Criminal Procedure Ordinance 2306

Muslim courts, historical

development 2306

kufr 270, 443, 1356

Kuwait

apostasy law 2308, 2309, 2312 case of Husayn Qambar ‘Ali 2312 and constitutionalism 2310

human trafficking 2311

punishment in Islamic and Kuwaiti law 2307

revitalisation of Islamic penal law 2313, 2314

larceny (see theft) laqlt (see foundling) law of the sea 1113, 1115 legality

Indonesia 1848, 1868

Iran 2048, 2215, 2219, 2224, 2226

Islamic criminal law 1046, 1049-1052 Maldives 2458

Nigeria 2565

Ottoman Empire 2880

Pakistan 3091

and the right to personal safety (haqq al- amn) 1047, 1048

Sudan 3585

suicide bombing 1363

legal maxims

and doubt 658, 1062, 1065, 1066

Islamic criminal law 1053-1057

Nigeria 2803, 2804

legal transfer 1058

legal uncertainties (see doubt) liability

in air carrier conventions 512 collective 517

criminal 553, 557-559

Iran 2100, 2203

Malaysia 2409

Ottoman law 2886

Saudi Arabia 3291, 3296

United Arab Emirates 3595

of vehicle drivers 1419

lidn 1068

and dna fingerprinting 1069, 1070

Libya

blood money

Adjabiya court 2330

Kufra court 2329, 2330 rules 2331

court system 2326 homicide in Tripoli (1843) 2340 human rights

of the accused 2320

and fundamental freedoms 2323 intellectual property rights 2328 Islam policy 2321

Islamic criminal law reintroduction of 2322, 2324, 2332, 2335, 2339, 2341, 2342

Islamic law in 2333, 2336-2338 law and legislation 2327 law enforcement compared to Iran 2244 legal policy 2334

protection of life before birth 2315 recent legal developments 2316-2319 Sharia, application of 2325

liwdt (see homosexuality)

Maghreb (see also North Africa) conversion of women 2807 penal law and social change 2808 religious freedom 2805 transitional justice and gender narratives 2806

Malaysia

abortion 2429

accused, rights of 2354, 2376, 2377, adultery 2400

apostasy 2351-2353, 2416, 2420, 2434, 2435 and civil society 2412 in Selangor 2424

blasphemy and human rights 2413

Malaysia (cont.)

blood money

for homicide 2356 for wounding 2356 constitution 2374 conversion 2411 criminal justice 2369 criminal procedure in Sharia courts 2442

Criminal Procedure Code 2401 criminal responsibility 2368 death penalty 2360

for drug traffickers 2386 discretionary punishment 2389 domestic violence 2388 evidence 2378 freedom of religion 2343, 2351-2353,

2357, 2395, 2416, 2420, 2440

hisba 2359 homosexuality 2453 liwat 2393 punishment 740

hudud 2364, 2370, 2385, 2394, 2994 Bill of Kelantan 2405, 2407 and constitution 2370 debate 2344, 2372, 2437, 2438 human rights and Islamic law 2446 human trafficking 2347 intellectual property rights 2362 Islamic criminal law

application 2346, 2363, 2399, 2419 circumstantial evidence 2432 codification 2428

contribution to planning of safe city 2436 and deterrence 2410 enforcement 2441 in hisba framework 2359 investigation procedures 2445 Islamic punishments, suitability of 2391

Kelantan Syariah Criminal

Code 1993 2349, 2381, 2451 and major trends of Islam 2448 and Malay rulers 2433 and Malaysian criminal law 2402 in Malaysian federal structure 2361, 2392, 2443 Selangor Syariah enactments 1991

sexual offences 2382

Sharia offences 2380

Syariah Criminal Offences Act (1997) 2414

Islamic law 2375, 2406 development 2379, 2408 and human rights 2350, 2403 implementation 2345 and national law 2373 on sentencing 2417

Islamic legal system 2447

Keris 2374

Ketuanan Melayu 2367 khalwat

as moral crime 2425

as Sharia criminal offence 2396 kidnapping and hostage taking 2390 law

Islamisation 2358 politics and Islam, debate 2449 legal system 2444 liability 2409 maids, crimes against 2421 punishment

fines 2387 and gender 2450 and legal safeguards 2415 principles and philosophy 2404 rape

compensation for survivors 2398 legal reform 2384

restorative justice 2423, 2452 settlement (sulh) 2427

Sharia

application 2397 and colonialism 2355 courts 2422, 2426, 2442

and cultural politics 2430, 2431 enforcement 2371

and fundamental liberties 2380 judiciary 2430, 2431

projects 2367 secularisation 2418

Sharia Lawyers Association 2454 status 2365, 2366 transformation 2430, 2431 sexuality, regulation of 2383 sexual offences 2382

la.z.tr 2348

Maldives

foreign fighters 2455 imprisonment 2456 legal system 2462

Penal Code project codification 2458 criticism 2457 draft code 2460 paradoxes of codification 2461 response to criticism 2459

Mali

Islamic republic, possibility 2464

Sharia, recent experience 2463

Maliki criminal law (see also Spain (Al-Andalus)) adjudication 1085 alcoholic beverages 1074, 1075 apostasy 1080 arbitration (tahkim) 3436 blasphemy 1080, 1083 blood money 1073

Cordoba (Al-Andalus) 3422, 3423 general 1077, 1088, 1093, 1104 hisba 1078

homicide 1071

Ibn Abi Zamanin 1072

Ibn Habib, Wadiha 3386 insults, punishment 1076 judges 1090

Khalil ibn Ishaq 1087, 1088, 1094, 1098 miscarriage, induced 1084

oath 1089, 1091

in Maliki and Moroccan law 2531 procedural law 1090, 1093, 1095-1097 proof 1090 qadhf 402

rape 1099-1101, 1103

rebellion 1080

retribution 1072, 1081 settlement (sulh) 3436

sexual violence 1079

slander of the Prophet (sabb al-nabi)

402

stoning 1102

usurpation (ghasb) 1082

wine trade 1086

witness 1089

zina 1092

Mamluks

alcohol consumption 2481 apostasy in Mamluk period 2474 assassins 2482

blasphemy 2500

crime

and elite 2488

prosecution 2495

and punishment 2472

and social order 2478, 2494

criminal affronts 2490

criminal investigation in Cairo 2492 criminal underworld in Cairo and

Damascus 2489

fornication 2481

fraud, Ibn Taghribirdi on 2491 hisba 2465, 2466, 2475 homicide 2470, 2473, 2482, 2483

in Damascus 2468 homosexuality 2485 imprisonment, Al-Maqrizi on 2493 Islamic law 2499

justice under last Circassian

sultans 2480

legal studies 2484 mazalim 2471, 2486, 2487, 2497 qadial-qudat in Cairo 2469 qasama 2498

prisons 2480

prostitution 2481 punishment 2476 religious policy 2467 siyasa and Sharia. 2496 takfir in Egypt and Syria 2477 thieves 2482

masturbation 739

Mauritania

blood money in traffic accidents 2502 Code of Criminal Procedure 2513 constitution and human rights 2514 human rights 2505, 2514

Islam 2504, 2509

Islamic law, role of modern judge 2511

Islamic punishments application 2510 in law 2506

juvenile justice 2508, 2516

legal system 2515

Mauritania (cont.)

duality 2503

after independence 2501

Penal Code 2512

religious freedom 2517

wine, prohibition and consumption 2507 mazdlim

Abbassids 1490

Al-Andalus 3420 early Islam 1613 historiography 1106 institution 697 judicial independence 1105 Mamluks 2471, 2486, 2487, 2497 Mawardi 1329

mens rea

India 1794

international criminal law 1109

Iran 1933

Islamic jurisprudence and statute law 1107, 1108

Qatar 3278

money laundering (see financial crimes)

Mongols (see Ilkhanate)

Morocco

amputations 2529 apostasy 2525 blood money in Berber customary law 2522, 2528

blood vengeance 2522, 2530 crime and punishment, 16th century 2533, 2534

freedom of religion 2525

gender violence, reforms against 3311 hisba 2536

homicide 2527, 3536 oath in Maliki and Moroccan law 2531 penal law

customary law of the Swasa 2526 formation 2524

High Atlas 2523 and Islam 2521

Sherifian 2532 system 2537

necessity (darura)

Islamic law 1110, 1112

Islamic legal history 1111

criminal jurisprudence 1110

medical jurisprudence 1110

organ transplantation 483

Niger

effects of Nigerian Sharia 2538

Nigeria

abortion 2718

the accused, rights of 2547, 2786 adultery (see also zind) 2653 punishment 2571, 2642

alcohol 2666

Amina Lawal 2574, 2574, 2629 blasphemy 2783 bodily hurt 2965

Boko Haram and Islamic law 2566 commanding good and prohibiting evil 2747

compensation to victims 2716

court system 2736

criminal justice, Muhammad Bello

on 2576

criminal law 2552, 2554, 2559, 2630, 2646, 2737, 2704, 2797 attempted crime 2711

Criminal Procedure Codes 2730, 2731 issues in criminal procedure 2587, 2797

criminal-victim relationship 2716 death penalty 2569, 2570, 3340 freedom of religion 2722 fundamentalist groups 2761

Hausa Islamic law 2754

hisba 2545, 2588

in Kano 2588, 2715

homicide 2669, 2965, 2767 hudud 2567, 2568, 2572

Ibrahim Salih on 2791

human rights 2632

and Islam 2649

and Islamic criminal law 2557, 2590, 2743

and Islamic law 2722, 2750

and religion 2695, 2706

and sexual orientation 2553 and Sharia 2610, 2710

Islamic law 2544

application 2769, 2777, 2802, 2665 and colonialism 2795 compared to India 2582 and democratisation 2615, 2616 history of application 2768, 2702 and international protection of women's rights 2687 judicial practice 2592 and legal hybridity 2664 Northern Nigeria 2660 post-colonial 2709 practice and procedure in courts 2543

Southern Nigeria 2546 Zamfara State 2770

Islamic criminal law (see also Shari'a) adultery 2653 application 2778 colonial Nigeria 2741 and constitution 2620, 2626, 2690, 2691, 2712, 2719, 2720, 2721, 2752, 2779, 2782

cyber fraud 2775 and democracy 2723 enforcement by police 2694 and gender 2625 general 2600, 2745, 2789 homicide 2559 hudud 2778

and human rights 2743 implementation 2568, 2550, 2584, 2598, 2602, 2717, 2724 courts 2564, 2597

judicial practice 2661, 2792, 2794

Kaduna State 2556 legal maxims 2803, 2804 Niger State 2735 punishments 2707 rape 2653 reflections 2628 reform 2638

reintroduction 2612, 2744, 2746, 2748 review 2749

Sharia Penal Code of Centre for

Islamic Legal Studies 2589

and women's rights 2785 Zamfara State 2735 Izala movement 2577, 2578

Jos, conflict in 2641, 2727 judiciary 2558 juvenile justice 2599 Kaduna

Sharia crisis 2560, 2619, 2677 legal pluralism 2755 legal system 2681

Miss World crisis (2002) 2790

Penal Code(s) 2607, 2611, 2705 2714 and homicide 2767

Kaduna State 2765

Kano State 2644, 2645, 2753

Katsina State 2647

Niger State 2688

Zamfara State 2670, 2753

rape 2653 settlement (sulh) 2618, 2774

Sharia

administration of justice 2541, 2776 cases, Court of Appeal 2689 challenges of 21st century 2678 and Christian-Muslim

relations 2595, 2596, 2668 and Christians 2609, 2651, 2676,

2686, 2702, 2732, 2766 comparative perspectives 2733 compared to Sudan 2739 and constitution 2639, 2782 controversy 2650, 2631 and corruption 2636 court(s) 2627, 2697-2699, 2725, 2736 and crime in post-colonial

Nigeria 2563 debates 2585, 2614, 2656, 2657, 2682,

2700, 2703, 2732, 2762 and democracy 2593, 2605, 2621,

2648 domestication 2548 and elections (2003) 2655 and enforcement 2694, 2708, 2715,

2781

and ethno-religious conflict 2643,

2561

extremist 2780

and federalism 2579, 2581, 2601, 2773 in a fragmented country 2674 and freedom of religion 2675, 2693

Nigeria (cont.)

general 2539, 2540

history 2551, 2652, 2671, 2683, 2702, 2740

imbroglio 2796

impact of British conquest 2684 implementation 2565, 2606, 2658, 2659, 2662, 2680, 2685, 2724, 2728, 2734, 2764, 2776, 2787, 2800

Kaduna and Kebbi States 2713 and legal pluralism 2679 in legal system 2692 and national law 2726

Northern Nigeria 2663 panel in Osun State 2672

politics 2591, 2650, 2740, 2760, 2788 popular perceptions 2654 precedents 2573

recent experience 2463

and religious minorities 2549, 2580 restorationist movement 2667 resurgence 2701

and right to rehabilitation 2640 and secularity 2555, 2772 and social vices 2729 struggle for 2673

and territorial conflict 261

and youth 2756, 2758

Zamfara model 2756

stoning 2570, 2583, 2594, 2602, 2604 case of Safiya Hussaini 2542, 2623, 2624, 2633, 2637, 2642, 2696, 2742, 2798, 2799, 2803

and human rights 2771 violence, religious 2757 women

and domestic violence 2784 criticising Sharia 2603 flogging 2622

human rights 2586

sexual offences 2634

and Sharia implementation 2562, 2608, 2685

zina (laws) (see also adultery) 2567,

2635, 2738

case of Amina Lawal 2574, 2575, 2602, 2629, 2759, 2763, 2798, 2799, 2803

case of Bariya Ibrahim Magazu 2522, 2751

conviction rate of women 2752 and local custom 2793 revival 2613

North Africa (see also Maghreb) conversion of women 2807 penal law and social change 2808 religious freedom 2805 transitional justice and gender narratives 2806

violence, crime and punishment 3446

Ottoman Empire

abortion 2845, 2850, 2853

Ottoman, Turkish and French approaches 2904

adultery 2837, 2899, 2958 alcohol consumption in Istanbul 2865 apostasy

Anglo-Ottoman relations 2945 and conversion 2815, 2832, 2846­2848, 2864

and Ottoman identity 2949

Rumeli 2871

apostates 2905 bandits 2826, 2905, 2933, 2948 beheadings 2834 bribery 2852, 2889 brigandage 2813

Bursa, court records 2851, 2852 cannibalism 2836

carsaf prohibition 2892

Christians in 2854

Code of Criminal Procedure (1879)

2917

corruption

fines 2842

gifting in the elite 2923 qadls under Bayezid ii 2888 correction of belief(s) 2814 counterfeiting 2862 court(s)

Kustendil 2924

Syria 2855 system 2918

crime

and bureaucracy 2903

Istanbul 2883, 2961

and market 2924

and political conflict 2860

against the state 2903

under Süleyman the Magnificent

²959

criminal law

comparative 2936

(old) Ottoman 2870, 2875-2877, 2935 transformation 2816

cruelty in law 2908

customary law, the Albanian Kanun

2926

death penalty 2818, 2928 dhimmis

Kayseri 2895

Shaiia courts 2835

as witnesses 2872 drugs and intoxicants 2820 Ebu’s-Su’ud 2881, 2884, 2939 embezzlement 2889 evidence in Ottoman courts 2858 gender

and Islamic law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine 2952

violence 2942

heresy

Aleppo 2940

policy 2814 homicide

Aleppo 2863

Bakhchisaray court 2838

Bosnia 2879, 2880

British victims 2898

by females 2819

Islamic jurisprudence and Ottoman law 2950

and liability 2886

Marmara 2878

political 2907

Rumeli 2844

homosexuality

Albania 2910

among slaves 2909 honour killing in Aintab 2831 infanticide 2824 insurgents, punishment of 2900

Janissaries, crimes among 2843

Jews, ritual murder accusations

against 2840

judicial powers of the qadl 2893 judicial records, from Palestine 2944 justice system in the eyes of British

travellers 2932 larceny 2849 laws 2811

collection 2960

legal history, Turkish-Islamic 2839 legal practice in Istanbul 2882 legal process

structure 2866

violence 2867 legislative process in the Tanzimat

period 2951

liability in homicide 2885, 2886 narcotics 2930 oath 2925

Ottoman law, reception in the Arab

world 2935 outlaws and violence 2833 Penal Code

(1858) 2812, 2873, 2912, 2955

translation 2830

penal institutions 2938 penal law 2829

adoption of Italian criminal code 2903, 2906

modernisation 2901

Tanzimat period 2869 transformation in 19th century 2913

Turkey (1918) 2891 piracy 2933, 2956 policing

the countryside 2915

under Selim iii 2827

prisons 2937

Ottoman Tunis 2874 procedural law 2939 prostitution

and Islamic law 2823

Istanbul 2929

medieval Islam 739

and police 2958

public law 2810

Ottoman Empire (cont.)

public morality in Damascus 2922 public order 2813 punishment 2935

transformation 2934

Crete 2901

qadis

and court procedure 2894 Damascus 2957 judicial powers of 2893 and Sharia courts 2866

rebels in Anatolia 2861

reproduction

politics 2825

Salonica (Selanik), criminal justice 2868 settlement (sulk)

Ottoman law 2911

Sharia courts 2841

Uskudar and Adana courts 2947 sexual crimes

Aleppo 2940, 2941

Anatolia 2954

court 2920 legal-sexual discourses 2962 punishment 2851

sexual politics under Mehmet iv 2822 sexual violence 2953

Sharia.

and qanun 2927 and state 2821

Shi'ites, persecution of 2885 slaves, female 2916 spreader of corruption 2817 stoning 2899 tax collection 2889

torture

abolition 2828

ban 2896

trafficking of women 2809

trial in Tunis 2921 underworld in Istanbul 2931

women

in court 2857, 2919

in Crete 2897

and crime 2859

and illegal occupations 2943

zina 2885, 2887

Pakistan

adultery (see also zina) 3055 apostasy 3030, 3044, 3225 blasphemy (laws) 2963, 2968, 2922, 2996, 3030, 3033, 3058, 3049, 3071, 3072, 3191, 3198, 3225, 3226, 3230 accusations in Punjab 2984 Asia Bibi case 3021, 3212, 3238 background history 3139 Christian response 3199 colonial and Islamic influences 3058, 3158

and constitution 3088 in court 2974 critique 3188 dissenting voice 3232 and forensic psychiatrists 2973 and fundamentalism 3228 Gojra murders 3256 and human rights 3051, 3169 implementation 3165 and Indian Penal Code 2975 and media 2974, 3013, 3204 and mental illness 3053 and minorities 3075, 3094, 3204 and non-Muslims 3197 popular justice 2983 punishment for 3034 Rahmat Masih case 3024 vigilante justice 3211 blood money (diya) 3020, 3043, 3214

and honour killings 3102, 3103, 3172 Ordinance on Qisas and Diyah 3168, 3227, 3231 bodily hurt 2965 Christians in 3032 corruption 3175 crime

and criminal justice 3029

and criminology 2987, 3095 criminal courts and superdari 3202 criminal investigation 3206 criminal justice 2985

hegemonic role 3146

and punishment 2989 in tribal areas 3237 criminal law, major acts 3027 criminal procedure 3213 Criminal Procedure Code (1898) 3130 criminal responsibility 3201 criminology, Islamic perspectives 2987 customary law 3011 death penalty 2977, 3233

abolition 3163, 3164

for minors 527 unlawful use 3148 enforcement 2988 evidence, forensic 2976 Evidence Act (1872) 3130 Federal Shariat Court 3152 freedom of religion 2996, 3138 gender violence, reforms against 3311 High Court 3054 hisba bill 3091 homicide 2965, 3079

and Sharma 3249, 3258 homosexuality, punishment 740 honour killings 2978, 2302, 3016, 3042,

3104-3106, 3167, 3185, 3209, 3229, 3243, 3246, 3265

and Constitutional Court 3016

and human rights 3076 as legacy of common law 1782 legislation 3057 rescue narratives 3261

and role of qisas and diya 3102, 3103, 3172

and rule of law 3062

Sindh 3216

hudud

Hudood Ordinances 3015, 3026, 3067, 3068, 3108, 3126, 3129, 3136, 3145, 3195, 3203, 3240 codification 3149 implementation 3086, 3119, 3121 laws 2994, 3018, 3052, 3077, 3093, 3122

manual 2993, 2998 pregnancy as proof of guilt 3017 and rape 3161, 3244 women, impact on 3263 human rights

Islamic human rights 3234, 3235 and Islamic law reform 3183 and Islamic punishments 3193 and parallel judicial systems 2981 and religious persecution 3023 and women 3150

informal settlement 3215 Islam and the state 2966 Islamic criminal law(s)

administration 3160 application 2997, 3247, 3248

Azad Kashimir Penal Code 3097 code of Islamic laws 3132 colonial heritage 3155

Criminal Law (Special Provisions) Ordinance (1968) 3130

Ehteram-e-Ramazan Ordinance (1981) 3125

Execution of Punishment of Whipping Ordinance (1979) 3125

hudood laws 3242, 3245

Ibn Qudamah 3147

Indian Penal Code, and enforcement of Islamic criminal law 3127

in Indo-Pakistan 3056 major acts, amended 3133 North-West Frontier Province

Prohibition of Dancing Act (1974) 3125

Offence of Qazf (Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance (1979) 3125

Offences Against Property (Enforcement of Hadood) Ordinance (1979) 3125

Pakistan Ordinance on Qisas and Diya (1990) 3002

Pakistan Penal Codes (1860, 1979) 3048, 3123, 3130, 3096, 3108, 3128, 3184, 3257

personal injuries, law of 3147

Prohibition (Enforcement of Hadood) Order (1979) 3125

Qanun-e-Shahadat order (1984) 3007, 3120, 3130

and Western law compared 3162 Islamic law(s)

application 3251

of armed conflict 3220

and constitution 3138 judicial review 3035 judiciary system 3078

Pakistan (cont.) modernisation 3135 offences relating to religion 3159 politics 3060, 3061 precedent 3152 laws 3069, 3070 legal system 3329

Islamisation 3040

Council of Islamic Ideology 3134 criminal law 3118, 3196

Hudood Ordinances 3050, 3085 and judicial activism 3036 of law(s) 3014, 3019, 3050, 3081, 3114, 3143, 3154, 3166, 3173, 3182, 3186, 3218

and legal reform 3084, 3210 and women 3207, 3252-3254 Zia era 2999, 3005, 3050, 3080 judges between Sharia and common law 3038

judiciary, reform of 3187 justice system, formal and informal 2972

juvenile justice 3000, 3004 law(s)

fundamentalist impact 2095 Islamisation 2980, 2982, 3065, 3087, 3092

reform of Islamic law 3025, 3183 Shi'i, as alternative law 3001 tribal 3031

lawlessness 3157

legal development 3109, 3111-3113, 3115-3117

reform 3082 system 3110, 3174

minorities in constitution 2964, 3192 religious 3064, 3181

minors and zina 3255

Muslims and crime 3178, 3179 Penal Code 3047

police, policing 2988, 3012 prostitution 3236

punishment(s), qur’anic 3217 qadhf, use of Qur’an in court

decisions 3074

rape (law) 3003, 3009, 3022, 3045, 3046, 3059, 3142, 3144, 3176, 3200, 3209, 3262 compared to Canada, Finland 3008 criminalisation 3101

in the Hudood Ordinance 3161 Karachi 3089

legal analysis 3266

marital 3090

Zina Ordinance 3177, 3260 religions, protection of 3156 retribution (qisas) 3020, 3043, 3214

and honour killings 3102, 3103, 3172

Ordinance on Qisas and Diyah 3168, 3227, 3231

sexual crimes 3037, 3262 sexual rights 3189 sexual violence 3107 Sharha 2995

and anti-terrorism legislation 3151 implementation 3180, 3223

and international human rights 3190 social construction 3137

and state 3259 siyasa 2968, 2969 suicide bombing 3028 takfir and Ahmadiyya 3131 torture 3194, 3250 women 3073

anti-women laws 3205 crimes against 3066, 3215 in criminal justice system 2970, 2971 and hudhd 2979

human rights 3171

and international human rights law 3221

legal status 3264

moral regulation 3098 police abuse 3239

Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act (2006) 2990, 2991, 3015, 3119, 3140, 3141, 3219, 3224

Protection of Women’s Rights

Bill 3241

and radical Islam 3039 status and legal reform 3083 violence against 3006, 3170, 3222 as witness 2967

Yousafzai, Malala 3021

zina

debate 3099, 3100

pregnancy as proof 3017 use of Qur’an in court 3074 and rape 3260, 3266, 3177 reform 3055 suspicion 3208 zina bil-Jabr 3153

Zina Ordinance 1461, 3010, 3041, 3063, 3122, 3124, 3125, 3255 Palestine, Palestinian Territories

blood money 000

blood vengeance 3268, 3272 customary law 3270

and conflict resolution 3273 Jerusalem area 3275 Palestinian Authority 3267 gender and Islamic law in Ottoman Palestine 2952

legal regimes, competing 3274 legal system in Gaza 3271 piracy in Islamic law 1113-1115 police

Al-Andalus 3417

Algeria 1572

Arab 1116

early Islam 1610, 1623 history in Islam 697

Islamic State (isis) 2261

Islamic world 1117

Nigeria 2694

Ottoman 2898, 2956, 2958

Pakistan 2988, 3239

Persian 1116

Saudi Arabia 3292

Sudan 3469

Tunisia 3591

Turkish 1116

policewomen 1118

Umayyads 1610

United Arab Emirates 3611

policing

Afghanistan 1558

Algeria 1565

Egypt 1666, 1754

Indonesia 1836, 1876, 1911

Iran 1974

Islamic State (isis) 2261

Islamic world 1117

Malaysia 2413

Ottoman Empire 2827, 2915

Pakistan 3012, 3169

Saudi Arabia 3284

Sudan 3470

United Arab Emirates 3611, 3612 political crime in Islamic jurisprudence 693, 1119

prevention

conflict 2156

crime 78, 555, 1180, 3306, 3320, 3332, 3333, 3336

Islamic doctrine 1126

and Islamic education 1120, 1121, 1127 of money laundering 2199 and qur’anic teaching 1128 and religiosity 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124 and Sharia 1125

prisoners

Abbassids 1502

Afghanistan 1529, 1532

Iran 2245

rights 1129

of war 1434, 1439, 1440, 1443, 1447 prisons

Abbassids 1506

early Islam 1130, 1603, 1754 concept of freedom 1133 Egypt 1674, 1720-1722, 1754 imprisonment, compensation for 1132,

1134

Iran 1925, 2142, 2177, 2178, 2190, 2245

Maldives 2456

Mamluks 2480, 2493

in the medieval Muslim West 1131

Ottoman 2937

Saudi Arabia 3290, 3335, 3348

Tunisia 2874

procedure

the accused, rights of 1143, 1144, 1150, 1163, 1164, 1188

Afghanistan 1516, 1533

Algeria 1570

Al-Andalus 3433

anti-money laundering 624 confession 1149, 1156 in courts 1166, 1197 criminal procedure

basic guarantees 1175

procedure (cont.)

compared 1179

principles 1176 relevance for the West 1174 seen by modern scholars 1181 testimony 1152

under Sharia 1176, 1190, 1195 detention, compared (see also prisons, prisoners) 1179

due process 1191

early Islam 1630

Egypt 1713 evidence 4, 1138, 1145, 1146, 1147, 1149,

1156, 1173

circumstantial 1169, 1186 confession 1149

forensic 1165, 1171

general 1194

and Islamic law 1182

personal 1161

qarlna 1169, 1186, 2432

fair trial 1148

forensic psychology 1167

gender 1162

general 4, 34, 1135, 1137, 1168, 1190, 1195 habeas corpus 1153

India 1798

Indonesia 1915

Iran 1995, 2007, 2016, 2045, 2070, 2119,

2153, 2160, 2242

Iraq 2249

Islamic law 4, 34, 102, 103, 1032, 1047,

1137, 1168

jurisdiction 1166

Kenya 2306

legal maxims 1057

legal personality 1198

Malaysia 2401, 2442, 2445

Maliki law 1090, 1095-1097

Mauritania 2513

Nigeria 2543, 2587, 2730, 2766, 2797 notary's office 1196

oath 1136, 1154, 1160, 1184

in homicide cases 1155

Ottoman Empire 2894

Pakistan 3119, 3130, 3213

perjury 1154

procedural justice and human rights

1185

qasama 1250

Saudi Arabia 3289, 3317, 3325, 3356, 3363 search and seizure 1192

sexual violation 1252

Sudan 3460, 3509, 3550, 3565 trial

and the qadl 1189

witnesses 1139, 1141, 1152, 1158, 1162 proof

formation 1170 general 1157, 1187, 1193

Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya on 1177

Ibn Taymiyya on 1177 modern means 1172 and power of judges 1159 pregnancy as proof 3017

Sudan 3548

and testimony 1141 theory 1183 written 1178, 1196 punishment(s)

aims 123

Al-Andalus 3340

Algeria 3465

apostasy 293, 295, 304, 315, 318, 354, 366, 381, 405, 413

application 1225 banishment 1627 beheadings 1214, 1217 blasphemy 391 capital 568, 570, 571, 575, 576, 585, 1438 classification 1244, 1245

collective 1233 compared to

Christianity and Judaism 1230 French law 1222, 1226

corporal punishment, call for moratorium 1236, 1237

cruel 1215, 1940 determination of 1061 disproportionate 1219, 2046 and doubt 1061, 1067 early Arab society 1605 educational implications 1201 Egypt 1722, 1741 equality in application 1206 ethics 1239, 1240, 1241 general 1202, 1205, 1207, 1208, 1209, 1218,

1223, 1224, 1232, 1235, 1242, 1244, 1245, 1246, 1247 hadd (see hadd/hudud) Hanafi law 684, 696 Hanbali law 701 heretics 1612 homicide 722, 723 homosexuality 740 and human rights 1238 ignominious parading 1229 India 1780, 1810, 1813 Indonesia 1829, 1840, 1877, 1887, 1910 Iran 1940, 1941, 1966, 1980, 1989, 2034,

2035, 2046, 2048, 2064, 2103, 2119, 2122, 2150, 2157, 2193, 2202, 2203, 2226 Islamic history 95, 98, 99, 1227, 1228 Islamic law 9, 20, 45, 65, 66, 84, 85, 134,

141, 147, 156, 168, 172, 851, 1199, 1212, 1220, 1221, 1234 and contemporary legal trends 1200 and influence on law of Arab states 1203 legal character 1243 in legislation 73, 541, 640, 748, 811, 1081,

1199, 1231

Malaysia 2387, 2389, 2391, 2404-2406, 2415, 2421, 2450

Maldives 2456 Mamluks 2472, 2476 modern Muslim state 7 as moral and social agency 1211 Morocco 2534 in Muslim countries 1204 Nigeria 2571, 2572, 2707, 2751 Ottoman Empire 2842, 2851, 2900, 2934,

2959, 2961 Pakistan 2977, 2989, 3034, 3193, 3217 physical punishments 1216 public humiliation 1627 and public order 1210 purpose 1213 qisds 1301 rape 1262 Saudi Arabia 3280, 3334, 3345, 3352,

3358, 3368 Seljuqs 2914

Somalia 3380, 3381 stoning 1344

Sudan 3465, 3543 tashhir 1229 taZir 000 theft 000

United Arab Emirates 3598

United States of America 3616 women 1452 zind (see zind)

qadhf

in comparative perspective 589

Maliki law 1076

and rape 1260

qasdma

injdhill law 1249

in Jewish law 1249

Mamluks 2498

origins 1250

Qatar

criminal justice 3279

duality of legal system 3276

Penal Code

influence of Islamic criminal law 3277 mens rea 3278 qatl (see homicide) qatl al-rahma (see euthanasia) qisds

and dfw 1292

circumstantial evidence 1186

and disabilities 1300 gender factor 511 general 1293, 1298

for intentional bodily harm 1291

Iran 1952, 2125, 2127

in Islamic law 1298, 1304

Libya 2331

and medical ethics 1301

and non-Muslims as victims 1290 Pakistan 3002, 3020, 3043, 3102, 3103, 3168, 3172, 3214, 3227, 3231, 3248 parents, legal position 1296 replantation of an amputated limb 1299 as restorative justice 1297, 1302 and social peace 1295

Somalia 3372

and hudud 1304

as a legal heuristic 1303

and qisas 1304

Rushdie, Salman 282, 284, 313, 401, 428, 2238

sariqa (see theft)

Saudi Arabia

apostasy

‘Abdallah al-Qasimi 3365

Hamza Kashgari 3357 the state as apostate 3337 arbitrary detention 3342, 3367 atheists 3365 black metal 3339 blasphemy 3339, 3357 blood money 3313, 3320 child abuse 3350

Committee for Ordering the Good and Forbidding Evil 3359

corporal punishment, role of physicians 3334

crime

of minors 3288

rates 3281

and social control 3364

criminal defense 3315, 3319

case of two British nurses 3319, 3347 criminal justice system 3330, 3331, 3338, 3344

compared 3281

criminal laws 3325 impact on crime prevention 3332, 3333

criminal procedure homicide 3289 pre-trial 3317 right to a fair trial 3356

death penalty 3324, 3340, 3352 beheadings 3346, 3366 for drug offences 3358 economic and historic influences

3345 execution of ‘Abd al-Karim Mara‘i al-Naqshabandi 3299 and foreigners 3304 for minors 527

delinquency and social control 3293 dissidents 3365 drug offences 3280 expiation (kaffara) 3320 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (fcpa)

33²¹

gang rape 3348 gender violence, reforms against 3311 General Court of Qatif 3348 heresy 3357 homicide 3301

involvement of Western nationals 3308

homosexuality, punishment 740 hudud 3336

human rights 3314, 3341

in criminal investigation 3287

and religious persecution 3023

and trial of the accused 3307 violations under Sharia 2042 injuries, compensation 3294 internet fraud 3284

Islamic criminal law 3303, 3318, 3325

Compared to French, Kuwaiti law 3369

corporal punishment 3334 corporate criminal liability 3296 and crime prevention 3306, 3332, 3333

crime rates 3298

criminal medical liability 3291 deterrence of criminality 3354 hudud crimes 3303 implementation 3320, 3336 proof 3326

terminology 3295

Islamic law 3323

and crime 3285

and digital forensics 3283

doubt 3286

impact of international law on application 3316

as legal system in 3302

and national law 3306 judicial system 3318 judiciary 3318 juvenile justice 3282, 3312 legal reform 3327 legal system 3309, 3329, 3353, 3360, 3361

Saudi Arabia (cont.)

legal theory, Wahhabi 3297, 3300 liwdt 3310

male guardianship 3341

offenders

adult in Damman prison 3290, 3335 treatment 3343

physicians infiqh and Saudi law 3322 police organisation 3292

procedure 3318

rape 3348

religious freedom 3328

retribution (qisds) 3320

rights of the accused 3363

sex segregation 3341

Sharia 3349

application 3302, 3349, 3355 deterring criminality 3354 penalties and implemention 3336 role for security 3362

tazir 3336

torture of US citizens 3368

unfair trials 3342, 3367

witnesses 3351

self-defence (see defence)

Seljuks

concepts of justice and injustice 2520 hisba 2902

Shi'i jurisprudence 1347

wine drinking 2914

settlement (sulh)

Al-Kasani on 1319

Afghanistan 1556

Algeria 3468

amnesty and pardon 1317, 1318

Al-Andalus 3436

Arab world 1309, 1312

compared to Western mediation 1324, 1326

concepts of mediation, conciliation, sulh, arbitration 1308

conflict resolution 1306, 1320, 1321, 1323

Iran 2063

Islamic law 1305, 1310, 1311

Israel 2283, 2285

Jordan 2287

Malaysia 2427

Middle East conflicts, mediation techniques 1315

Middle Eastern societies 1307, 1325 Nigeria 2618, 2774

Ottoman Empire 2841, 2911, 2947 Pakistan 3215 and reconciliation (musalaha) 1313, 1314, 1316

Sudan 3468 Syria 3588 victim-perpetrator reconciliation 1322 sex offences

Indonesia 1840 Qur’an 1480 medieval Islam 739 Ottoman Empire 2962 Pakistan 3261 textual foundations 1481 sexuality (see also homosexuality)

Afghanistan 1558 control 1479 criminalising 1477, 1478

Egypt 1764 Islam 745 Middle East 1463, 1465 sexually transmitted diseases 1327 sexual violence

Iraq 2254 Islamic State 2254 Jarchas 3389 Maliki law 1079 Ottoman Anatolia 2953 Pakistan 3107

Sudan 3490, 3518, 3572, 3579 Syria 2254

Shafi'i criminal law 4 adultery 1619 analogical reasoning 1340 apostasy 1330-1333 blasphemy 2500 general 1336, 1337, 1339 hisba 1328 liwt 1335 mazalim 1329 minhaj et talibin 1338 orthodoxy 1334 religious tolerance 1334

Shi'i criminal law abortion 2054 apostasy

of ‘Ali b.

Shi'i Islam as apostasy 1349

blood money 1350

duress 2004

general 1354

heretics 3621

homosexuality, Mohsen Kadivar 1341 hudud 1348

kufr and takfir under the Fatimids 1356 rebellion and public order 1347 reform 1355

sexual deviancy 1351

suicide terrorism 1353

takfir 1346, 1356

testimony 2206

transgender sex-reassignment surgery 1342

transgression (ta'addi), in Fatimid

fiqh ¹343

walad zina 1352

wrongful seizure of property (ghasb) in

Fatimid fiqh 1343

shubha (see doubt)

shurb al-khamr (see alcohol)

shurta (see police) siyasa

and drug traffickers 2386

Hanafi law 681, 1251, 2969

Islamic law 1358, 1359

Mamluks 2495

Pakistan 2968, 2969

post-colonial discourse 1357

sobriety in Sufism 243

Somalia

customary law, dispute resolution 3371

Islamic courts in Mogadishu 3375, 3377

Islamic Courts Union 1515, 3370, 3378

Islamic criminal law

applied by Harakat al-Shabaab 3380, 3381

hand cutting 3374

codification project 3379

Sharia, recent experience 2463 transitional justice 3372, 3373

Spain (Al-Andalus)

alcohol consumption 3416

arbitration (tahkim) 3436

beheadings 3402, 3429 blasphemy 3406 conversion 3448

forced 3441 court(s)

composition 3447

records 3447 dhimmis 3437 fatwas 3447 forum shopping 3434, 3435 heresy 3405 heretics 3401 heterodoxy 3391, 3394, 3404 hisba 3382, 3387, 3396-3398, 3409, 3449 homicide 3384, 3385, 3395, 3410, 3415

assassination of Abu Marwa

al-Tubni 3421 homosexuality 3399 hudud adjudication 3440 Ibn Wafid 3439 Islamic judiciary 3431

Almoravid period 3411, 3414 and Christians 3392

Cordoba 3422, 3423 judges 3393, 3412

Islamic law as applied under Christian rule 3390

judicial pluralism under “Berber empires” 3438 law evolution 3410 li'an 3433

mazalim 3420 penal law 3413, 3418

Almoravids 3444

under Christian rule 3390 theory and practice 3426, 3427 trials under Islamic criminal

law 3424

trials under Islamic law 3428

in the Wadiha of Ibn Habib 3386 police (shurta) 3417, 3419 prisons 3430 punishment 3408, 3446 Qur’an as source of Islamic (criminal)

law 3443 rape 3447 rebellion 3442 robbery 3425 settlement (sulh) 3436

Spain (Al-Andalus) (cont.) sexual crimes 3432 sexuality 3383, 3388 sexual violence, in Jarchas 3389 takfir 3445 violence 3403, 3446 witnesses 3447 women, violence against 3400 zandaqa 3394, 3404, 3407 stoning (see hadd/hudüd) Sudan

abortion politicisation 3573 after rape 3577

adultery

Mariam Yahya Ibrahim Ishag 3568 penalty 3562 proof 3529

alcohol, proof of consumption 3529 apostasy

Mariam Yahya Ibrahim Ishag 3568 Mahmoud Muhammad Taha 3457, 3541, 3549

blood money 3465, 3467, 3480 blood vengeance 3461, 3486 cedaw debate 3580 compared to Nigeria 2739 Comprehensive Peace Agreement 3505 corporal punishment 3543

Criminal Act 1991 3458, 3459, 3499, 3511-3514, 3554-3556, 3564, 3566, 3582 arrest 3455 detention 3455 hudüd 3558

international crimes 3463 revision 3530 trial 3455

criminal court 3560

criminal justice 3458, 3479 and National Security Forces Act ⁽¹999) 349⁶

criminal law anthropology 3475 codification 3584 colonial 3474 history 3475 and maqasid ad-Sha.ria.

reform 3454, 3484, 3544-3546, 3551, 3552

repression 3535 criminal procedure 3460, 3509

arrest, detention, trial 3455

Criminal Procedure Act (1991) 3528 Criminal Procedure Code (1924) 3550,

3554

death penalty for minors 527 evidence law 3529 female genital mutilation 3539, 3575 freedom of religion 3472, 3553, 3567,

3571

gender justice 3580 homicide 3480

huddd

proof 3529

remission 3529 human rights

and criminal justice 3482

and criminal law 3454, 3483

in the fundamentalist agenda 3453

and Islam 3456

and Islamisation 3471

and legal reform 3454, 3471

and religious persecution 3023

and Sharia application 3540

Sudan law and international

norms 3526, 3536

violations, government reply 3485 Hussein, Lubna 3491 intentionality 3465

and reconciliation 3466 International criminal law 3463 international humanitarian law 3536 Islamic law(s)

and authoritarian legal politics 3534 comparative analysis 3498

and English law 3489

history 3507

and human rights 3533

legal revolution 3497, 3531

in the legal system 3487

rejected at independence 3532 Islamisation

of criminal law 3517

critical assessment 3493, 3515, 3519 of laws and constitution 3519, 3570 of law and society 3515 judiciary decolonisation 3503 role in human rights protection 3508 structure 3536

law

fundamentalist impact 2095 reform 3505, 3569 of torts 3506 legal politics 3534 legal system 3554

history 3534 sources used 3510 lay tribunals 3557 Mahdi legal methodology 3477, 3520-3522, 3524

military laws and international crimes 3463

National Interim Constitution 3505 non-Muslims under Sharia 3462 Penal Code (1899) Penal Code (1924) Penal Code (1983) 3542, 3583, 3585

3565

3550

3478, 3494, 3511-3517,

blood money and retribution 3559 Christian point of view 3525 conflict with constitution 3561 duress 3501 methodology and repercussions 3523

and proof in Islamic law 3548 penal law

codification 3511, 3512, 3516 history 3473 under the Mahdi 3520, 3524, 3527 police and prisons 3536 policing 3470 prosecution 3536 public order law 3488

and rights of women and girls 3563 public order police 3469 rape 3578

and adultery 3576 prosecution 3490 law reform 3572, 3574 survivors 3495 reform

of criminal law 3504 of rape law 3500

Sadiq al-Mahdi on Islamic criminal law 3476

settlement (sulk) 3466, 3468

sexual offences 3490

sexual violence 3518, 3579

and law reform 3572

Sharia 3464, 3547

and crime 3537

and national law 3513, 3514

and public security 3537 reform 3519

and social transformation 3492

Supreme Court case law 3511, 3512

Turabi, Hassan al- 353

women

and crime 3502 criminalisation 3481 human rights challenges 3452 under penal laws 3450 rights in Sudanese law 3451, 3581 Sufism

Ibn ‘Arabi on punishment 1360 suicide

assisted 461, 488

comparative 1367

and euthanasia 498

in Islamic law 1362, 1366, 1370, 1371, 1372 suicide bombing 1361, 1363, 1364, 1368, 1369, 3028

suicide terrorism 1353, 1365

sulk (see settlement)

Syria

administration of justice in non­governmental territories 3589 apostasy trials 14th century 1656 Bedouin law, conflict settlement 3588 blood money 3587 conflict resolution, alternative

means 3590

court in Ottoman Syria 2855 criminal responsibility 506 gender and Islamic law

Ottoman Syria 2952

heresy, execution of Al-Suhrawardi (1191) 3586

public morality in 18th century

Damascus 2922

takfir 272, 437

application 300, 389

and blasphemy 404

Egypt 1712

Fatimids 1356

Imami jurisprudence 1346

India 1788

Indonesia 1867

Iran 2172

and essential Islam 385 in Islam 389, 437 literary works 432

Mamluks 2476

against Muslims 341

Nuh Keller 270

Safavid Iran 2172

Saudi Arabia 3300, 3337

South India 1788

Sweden 369

and violence 341

of women's rights advocates 301 tazir

authority of the qadi 1373

crimes 1375

fines 1376

and hadd 628

Indonesia 1910

Islamic criminal law 1374, 1377

Malaysia 2348

Pakistan 3153

Saudi Arabia 3336

terminology of Islamic criminal law 1378 terrorism

and banditry 449

and anti-blasphemy laws 358 anti-terrorism legislation and

Sharka 1384

Pakistan 3151

domestic 1382

financing 1381, 1387

international terrorism in Islamic law

1380, 1385, 1386

Islam 1379

Islamic law 1379, 1380, 1382

Indonesia 1912

Islamic responses 1383 suicide attacks 729, 1353, 1365 and transitional justice 1423

terrorist(s)

and bandits 451

jihad 451, 3346

trial in Islamic law 1388 testimony (see also witnesses)

in hudud, exclusion of women's testimony in 1151

Iran 1923

in Islamic law 1139, 1141, 1152

of women in Islamic law 1140, 1142, 1151, 1162

theft (sariqa)

Afghanistan 1531

chattel recovery 1395 compared with us law 3619

Egypt 1762

hadd 1059

hand amputation 1393, 1401

Indonesia 1916 intellectual theft 1019

Iran 2003

Islamic law 1394, 1396, 1397, 1400, 1402, 3619

Ottoman Empire 2849 punishment 1390, 1399, 1400

Sayyid Qutb 1389

textual foundations in Islamic law 1398

United States of America 3619 wrongful appropriation 1391 tobacco

debate 242

Islam and science 237

prohibition 239

smoking in Islamic law 248 tort(s)

Arab countries 551

Islamic law 4, 124, 143, 551

liability (uae) 3595 pecuniary damage 1392 torture

anti-torture movement in Middle

East 1418

and death penalty 1405

critical reflections 1415

and forced confession 1406

and human rights 1412 interfaith view 1404, 1407

Iran 1925, 2102, 2166, 2178, 2191, 2192

and Islam 573, 574, 1412, 1414

Islamic law 1408-1410, 1416 medieval jurisprudence 1403 modern state 1417

Ottoman Empire 2828, 2896

Pakistan 3194, 3259

and public executions in middle period 1411

recognition 1408

Saudi Arabia 3368

Sudan 3496

United States of America 3617

and violence in the Arab world 1413 traffic accidents

expiation 1421

Islamic law 1420

liability of driver 1419 trafficking

drug 1887, 2233, 2386 human 2311, 2347, 2809 transitional justice

amnesty and pardon 1317 and Islamic law 1423, 1425 secular vs. Islamic law 1422

Maghreb 2806

Middle East and North Africa 1426 Muslim communities as

stakeholders 1427

Muslim majority legal systems 1424

Somalia 3373

Sudan 3450, 3454, 3455, 3463, 3535, 3544-3546

Tunisia 3592

Yemen 3372, 3373 transsexuality 749 tribal

arbitration 3636

areas 3237

justice 3620

law 1428, 2293, 2329, 2330, 3624 reconciliation 2287

society 2330, 3031

Tunisia

hisba 3591

prisons and prisoners in Tunis 2874 transitional justice 3592

trial in Tunis 2921

Turkey

abortion 2856 black metal 3339 blasphemy 3339 capital punishment 3345 lessons for Nigeria 2719 sin and crime 2903 smuggling 1931

Umayyads (see early Islam) unfounded accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse (see qadhf)

United Arab Emirates

death penalty 3593 diya

in Emirati jurisprudence 3609 specification of amount 3596, 3597 gambling 3610

hudud, reversion of lower court

decision 3598

Islamic law, position in legal

system 3614

Penal Code

evidence 3594

incompatibility with Sharia 3600

Islamisation 3602, 3603, 3607 policy recommendations 3599 and unification 3601, 3604 police reform 3611 policing 3612 prosecution, independence 3613 Sharia

Emiratisation 3608

position in constitution 3605 in the pre-modern period 3606 tortious liability 3595

United States of America

Islamic law

lessons on corporal punishment 3616

lessons on death penalty 3618 and homicide laws, comparison with us law 3615

and theft, comparison with us law 3619

torture, lessons from Abrahamitic

religions 3617

unlawful sexual intercourse (see zina)

violence

‘Abbäsid state 1499

Afghanistan and gender 1559-1561 Algeria 1567

and apostasy 315, 318 domestic 1450, 1451, 1879, 2784

Egypt, 19th century 1637 gender 1459, 1559-1561, 1757, 2082, 2942, 3311

and heretics 1617

and hisba theories 706 honour-related 808, 810, 817, 818, 1461, 2295, 2302

intimate partner 1287

Iran 2082, 2142

Islam 274

Islamic law 160, 1266

Islamic State (isis) 2266 lawful 1060

against Muslims 341

Nigeria 2619, 2758

Ottoman Empire 2833, 2867, 2942, 2953 Pakistan 3006, 3107, 3208, 3222, 3243 public 96, 97, 643, 1348, 1411 and rebellion 1266, 1617 religious 316, 317, 417 sacralisation 2756

Saudi Arabia 3311 sexual 1079, 2151, 2254, 2953, 3107, 3389,

3518, 3572, 3579

against sexual minorities 2237 settlement 3588

Sudan 3490, 3518, 3572, 3579

and torture 1413 urban 2236 and vigilantism 1882

against women 803, 818, 1453, 1459, 1461, 1757, 2082, 2289, 3400

and zina laws 1477, 1478

war

combatants in Islamic law 1434, 1447 and the death penalty 1438 international humanitarian and Islamic law 1430, 1433

and Islamic law

of armed conflict 1432, 1435, 1436,

1441 use of force 1442, 1445, 1446 and war crimes trials against Assad and isil 1444

prisoner of war in Islamic law 1434, 1437, 1439, 1440, 1443, 1447 and international humanitarian

law 1440

retaliation 1431

and rules of killing 1429

Al-Sarakhsi’ on war 683

West Africa 1563

wine (see also alcohol) 235, 267, 2820 drinking and prohibition before

Islam 251

drinking in Islam 266, 267 early Islam 1614

hadith 238

Islam 245

Saljuq period 2914

witnesses

hudud cases 645

Islamic criminal jurisprudence 1139 Saudi Arabia 3351

testimony 1152

women 2967

women

Abbassids 1503

Afghanistan 1521, 1532

Al-Andalus 3400

Arab women and stoning 1454

cedaw 939

chastity 607

crimes 1464

in criminal law

Islamic 1056, 1460

Middle Eastern 1463, 1465 domestic violence (see also under violence) 1451

Islamic law 1450

Egypt 1646, 1696, 1755-1757 gender discrimination

Islamic countries 1456

in punishment 1462

gender justice, in Islamic law 1448, 1455 gender violence (see also under violence) 1453

and Sharia discourse 1459

various settings 1461

and honour crimes 803, 806, 810, 817,

818

human rights 997

Indonesia 1826, 1827, 1862, 1889 Iran 1932, 1939, 2031, 2065, 2082, 2083,

2139, 2140, 2177, 2178, 2235

Jordan 2289, 2302

Mamluks 2484

Nigeria 2562, 2586, 2622, 2635, 2653,

2658, 2687, 2708, 2752, 2784, 2785 North Africa 2807

Ottoman Empire 2809, 2819, 2845, 2859, 2943

Pakistan 2302, 2966, 2967, 2970, 2971,

2990, 2991, 3006, 3015, 3041, 3063,

3066, 3073, 3083, 3098, 3100, 3140, 3141, 3150, 3153, 3167, 3170, 3171, 3186, 3195, 3205, 3207, 3208, 3215, 3219, 3221, 3222, 3224, 3227, 3239, 3241, 3252-3254, 3263, 3264

in police 1118

punishment 1452, 1462

rape 1257

Saudi Arabia 3348

Sudan 3450-3452, 3481, 3502, 3530,

3562, 3563, 3574, 3576, 3577, 3581

Sunni legal thought 1162 testimony 1140, 1142, 1151 women's human rights 1449 women's rights advocacy 301, 1457 zina laws 1477-1479

Yemen

apostasy (ridda) of Kinda 3626 customary law 3620, 3624 death penalty for minors 527 heresy 3621

Islamic law and Jews 3633 juvenile offenders 3627 legal reform and Islam 3376

legal system 3625, 3634

murder before a Sharia court 3629 non-state justice 3635 penal law 3632

prosecution (niyaba) 3630

rule of law 3631, 3634

tribal arbitration 3622, 3623, 3635, 3636

Sharia courts 3628

Zanzibar

Islamic law, administration 3637-3639 zina

Arab laws 1489

historical perspective 1469

hymen reconstruction 1476 ihsan 1472

as impediment to marriage

Indonesia 1831

Iran 2099

Islamic campaign against 1486

Islamic criminal law 1254, 1466, 1468, 1473-1475, 1485

laws 1477-1479

Maliki law 1102

Nigeria 2567, 2574, 2613, 2635, 2738, 2751, 2793

Ottoman law 2887

Pakistan 1461, 3010, 3041, 3055, 3063, 3074, 3098-3100, 3122, 3124, 3125, 3153, 3177, 3260, 3266

punishment 676, 1467, 1470, 1471, 1483, 1484, 1487

and rape 1260

social factors 672

stoning (see also stoning under hadd) 664, 1482, 1484

walad zina 1352

Western Arabia 1488

zina laws, revival 1477-1479