Risk Factors for the Transmission of BTB in Indigenous Cattle in Tanzania
In Tanzania, the prevalence of BTB in cattle varies from one region to another, and it ranges from 0.2 to 13.2% (Katale et al. 2012). The highest prevalence was found in the large numbers of cattle in the extensive farming systems in the Southern Highlands region of Tanzania (Kazwala et al.
2001; Durnez et al. 2009). Persistence of M. bovis infection here is linked to the traditional, extensive pastoral farming system where cattle are free to move extensively in search of pasture and water (Durnez et al. 2009; Pusic et al. 2009). In other regions of the country, the prevalence of M. bovis infection was higher in intensive systems than in the pastoral production system (Shirima et al. 2003), but there is no consistency in this pattern since there is a higher prevalence of M. bovis in certain regions in the intensive farming systems (Shirima et al. 2003), while the opposite is true for others (Durnez et al. 2009). The variation in the prevalence of BTB in different regions in Tanzania suggests that there are foci of M. bovis (or hotspots) produced by different factors including the presence of mycobacteria in the environment, specific management practices (Shirima et al. 2003), and flooding (Cleaveland et al. 2007).The prevalence of BTB infection in animals in Tanzania also appears to be dependent on age, sex, breed, lactational status of cows, and variation in climate (Makondo 2013; Kazwala et al. 2001). Older cattle were more infected than younger ones and calves, males were more affected than females, and castrates were significantly more infected than bulls. Cattle on the plains in the middle of the Rift Valley are more infected than those on the highlands (Kazwala et al. 2001).
Other factors that influence the presence and prevalence of BTB infection include proximity to and contact with wildlife, their physiological status, geographical location, and husbandry practices (Kazwala et al. 2001; Ameni et al. 2002; Kaneene et al. 2002; Ameni and Erkihun 2007; Munyeme et al. 2008; Cadmus et al. 2010; Katale et al. 2013). In the coastal region of Tanzania, there is a significant association of the prevalence of BTB with the type of production system, as there is a higher prevalence in cattle in intensive systems there than in the pastoral system (Shirima et al. 2003) (Table 21.1).
21.3
More on the topic Risk Factors for the Transmission of BTB in Indigenous Cattle in Tanzania:
- Risk Factors of BTB in Nigeria
- Challenges for the Control of BTB in Tanzania
- The Epidemiology of BTB in Cattle in Cameroon
- BTB Control in Cattle in South Africa
- Transmission of Paratuberculosis in Cattle
- Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) in Cattle in Zambia
- Prevalence of BTB in Cattle Herds in Nigeria
- Prevalence of BTB in Cattle Slaughtered in Nigerian Abattoirs
- Risk of HIV Transmission to Patients
- Risk of HIV Transmission to Operating Room Personnel
- RISK FACTORS
- EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
- Other Variables that play a Role as Risk Factors
- Clinical Presentation and Cardiovascular Risk Factors
- Human Tuberculosis and its Risk Factors in Sudan
- Chapter 17 Bovine Tuberculosis in Nigeria: Historical Perspective, Burden, Risk Factors, and Challenges for Its Diagnosis and Control
- Other Mycobacterial Infections in Livestock and Wildlife in Tanzania
- Allianz Research. Country Risk Atlas 2024: Assessing non-payment risk in major economies. Allianz,2024. — 179 p., 2024
- Genetic Diversity of Mycobacterium bovis Strains in Tanzania
- Article 3.9 Sub-Saharan bond rush spreads east to Kenya and Tanzania