The archaeological evidence for violence and for the symbolic representation of violence in Iron Age Europe is abundant and complex.

Some, such as wounds on skeletons and damaged and lost weapons on battlefields, is relatively straightforward, but this evidence is not abundant. Other evidence - such as weapons placed in burials, deposited in pits in the ground and dropped into bodies of water; and defensive walls encircling hilltop settle­ments - is more complex, and political and ritual explanations are often suggested, rather than strictly military ones.

Representations of armed troops, both in the form of statuary of warriors and in scenes displayed on ornate metal objects, add to the richness and complexity of the evidence. Written sources from Mediterranean societies that had contact with Iron Age Europe provide another kind of information. This chapter will examine the evidence available from these different sources to provide a succinct over­view of the various sources of information pertaining to violence in Iron Age Europe.

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