Index

Note: Page numbers followed by “n” denote endnotes.

Abi Bakr, A’isha Bint 84, 89, 91

Abu-Lughod, Lila 99

Adler 18

Akhtar, R. C. 63

Ali, Rashad 41

Almad, Mohammed 20

Alternate Dispute Resolution

(ADR) 97

Anitha, S.

An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed 42, 43 ant opologicaliei sionof Islamic law 40, 41

Arab family laws 44 arbitration 7, 30, 32, 35, 41,

108-109, 116-119

Arbitration Act 7, 119; 1991 116; 1996 108

Arbitration and Mediation Services (Equality) Bill 119

Article 16 of CEDAW 43

Asad, Talal 101

Ashe, M. 96, 117, 118 awareness campaigns 7-8

Baines, B. 117

Balchin, Cassandra 33, 40

Ballard, Roger 30

Bano, S. 9, 32, 34, 37, 38, 67, 69;

Muslim WomenandSlaiLa

Councils 34; Slaiial CounciIsand MusnWomen: Transcending tl e BoundaiiesofCommunityand Law 120

Baroness Cox 32, 119

Beth Din 30

Bin Bayyah, Abdullah Bin

Mahfudh 41 Birmingham Council 41 Births and Deaths Registration Act

183624n35

Board of Deputies 16-19, 21, 24n40 Bokhari, Mohammad Talha 36, 41 Bowen, John R. 30

Boyd, Marion 29 Boyd Report 118 Britain: Islamic and Islamist

organisations 29; multiculturalism 95, 98-100; Muslim family law in 1; Muslim legal pluralism in 9, 102, 105, 108-112, 122; Muslim religious identity 98; religious councils and tribunals in 7, 8 British Arbitration Act of 1996 32 British civil divorce 40 British legal system 28-30 British Muslims 1, 4, 5, 9, 33, 34,

50, 60-66, 69, 70, 72, 79, 107, 112, 120, 121; communities 1, 4, 69, 107, 112; identity 1, 5, 8, 108, 120, 121

British Muslim women 9, 33, 50-51, 62, 79, 120, 121

Canada: Muslims communities

in 116; Muslim women’s organization in 117-118

Canadian Council of Muslim

Women (CCMW) 118

Catholic religious-only marriages 11, 12-15

Charter of Rights and Freedoms 116 civil divorce 6, 32, 40, 41, 60, 65,

66, 68, 70, 72

civil marriage 6, 11, 18, 33, 34, 63-65, 69, 70, 72

Clandestine Marriages Act 1753 12, 15, 19

classical Islamic law 41, 43-44,

47, 48

conflict resolution 30, 31 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) 43

Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 119

The Crescent (Newspaper) 20 ‘cultural voluntarism’ 109-110

Dean, Salma 32

de facto level, legal pluralism 28, 49 de jure level, legal pluralism 28 democracy 106; Muslim legal pluralism 109-112; Muslims problem with 103-105 discrimination 8, 49-51, 70, 80, 82, 86, 96, 101, 103, 119

dispute resolution 8, 95, 96, 121; in English family law 4, 97, 114; within Muslim communities 97, 104; Shariah Councils for 60-61, 79; see also Muslim dispute resolution

Divorce (Religious Marriages) Act 2002 66

divorce, in Islam 45-46, 65-68; see also Islamic divorce

domestic abuse 78-80; cases 78, 81, 82, 86-88, 90, 91; divorce 87; empirical evidence 88-90; English mediation 80-81, 83, 86, 88-91; focus group 83-84, 88; immigration status 87-88; issues 79; and mahr 86-87; Mediation Assessment Information Meeting 80-81, 83, 86, 88, 89; pre­mediation assessment 80-81;

qualitative research on 81-83; results on Islamic plurality 84-86; state legal aid funding 87-88 Domestic Abuse Act 2021 78 Domicile and Matrimonial

Proceedings Act 1973 66 double discrimination syndrome 49

Eekelaar, J.

Englander, D 17

English family justice system 84-89, 91

English family law 1, 21, 60, 79, 80, 90, 97, 114, 115-116

English mediation 80-81, 83, 86, 88-91

equality 95, 99, 106, 116, 121 Equality Act 2010 61, 119 equality before the law 49, 51, 97, 102, 118

AniexploiatoiystudyofSlaial CounicdsinEnigland with respect tofarnily law 108

Family Mediation Council (FMC) Code of Practice 80

family relations 43, 44, 79 Family Support Service and

Counseling Clinic 35-36 faskh 65,70,71,87 fatwa 65, 85 feminist scholars 95, 111-114 flqh 46,47 first mosque weddings 12, 19-22 Fitch, Charlotte 20 FMC see Family Mediation Council

(FMC)

focus group 83-84, 88 forced marriage 6, 32, 39, 44,

49, 121

Foucault, M. 79, 103 gendet equality 112-121 ‘gendet-just’ nattatives 84, 86 gendet patity 105, 109, 113, 122 CiettingMarried. AScopingPaper 6 Ghauti, Naheed 8

Gill, A. 122 Gohit, Shaista 3 govetnmentality 102-104 guatdianship issue 44-45, 48

al-Haddad, Haitham 40, 41 Hanafi jutisptudence 45, 46, 48 Hasan, Suhaib 36

Heitmeyet, Wilhelm 28 Helle, A. 96, 117, 118

The Henna Foundation 39 human tights 42, 43, 49, 50

iddah 45,46 immigtation status 87-88 The Independent Review 11, 61-62 ‘Independent Review on Shatia Law in England and Wales’ 1, 4, 11, 97 inhetitance 46-47

intetnational ptivate law 33 Islam 84; development of 42;

fundamentalist intetptetations of 40; and ‘Muslim Question’ 100-10¾ seealso individual terms

Islamic atbittation 79, 81, 84 Islamic divotce 39, 40, 45-46, 61,

65-68, 70-72, 91

Islamic family law 29, 80, 89

Islamic jutisptudence 41, 42,

44- 45, 48

Islamic justice fotum 88, 89

Islamic law 8, 28, 31, 32, 41, 44,

47-49, 55n49, 66, 88, 97, 108, 119; application of 31-32; custody of childten 47; divotce

45- 46; on family telations 44, 79; human tights 42, 43; inhetitance

46- 47; legal plutalism 31; maintenance aftet divotce 46; mattiage in 44-45; obedience in 46; testimony 47

Islamic mattiage 6, 11, 34,

62-65, 79

Islamic mediation 80, 83 Islamic otganisations 29

Islamophobia 101, 123n10

Istanbul Convention 78

)ewish Clionicle Newspapet)

18, 19

Jewish-only mattiages 11-12, 15-19

kafaa 45

Katayanni, M.

Katma Nirvana 39

Kashuba, Wolfgang 28

Khadutti, Majid 42

Khan, Shahnaz 117

Khatfan, Mohammad Shahoot

36, 48

b^buila 36,65,67,68,70,87

La Rue, Ftank 49

Law Commission 6, 84 legal Centtalism 27, 29, 30 legal plutalism 7-8, 27; consequence of 49, 50; in the state 27, 29; theotetiCal point of view 28

legislative change 5-7

Leham, Salim 36

libetal legal models 95-97, 101, 102 ‘limping mattiage’ 2, 66

London Committee of Deputies of

Btitish Jews 16

Lushington 14

Maclean, M. 116

Mahmood, Saba 101 mall 79, 86-88

Malik, M. 60, 110

Manchester Courier (Newspapet)

17, 21

Manea, Elham 7, 80, 121 mattiage 6, 43, 62-65; age of

44; guatdianship 44-45, 48; polygamy 35, 45; UK policy tecommendations 51; see also civil mattiage; Islamic mattiage; teligious-only mattiages; individualterms

Mattiage Act 1823 12

Mattiage Act 1836 11, 12-16,

18, 19

Mattiage Act 1949 5-6, 19, 51,

60-61, 84

Marriage Act 1986 6

MAT see Muslim Arbitration

Tribunal (MAT)

Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 5, 61 May, Theresa 2

McGuinty 118 mediation 67, 78-81, 84, 91, 97,

114, 115; informal into semi- formal 90, 91; Islamic 79, 80, 83, 86, 88, 90; religious divorce 35-37; see also English mediation MIAM (Mediation Assessment

Information Meeting) 80-81, 83, 86, 88, 89 migrant communities 98-100 Ministry of Justice 108 minority ethnic communities 2, 6,

98-100, 115 ‘minority legal order(s)’ 110 minority religious communities 5, 9,

106, 111 Mir-Hosseini, Ziba 80 Modood, Tariq 30 Morgan, B. 79 Moroccan Family Code of 2004 44 Prophet Muhammad 84 multiculturalism 2, 4, 95, 98-100;

framework 97; and migrant communities 98-100; policies of 96; religious arbitration 116 Multiculturalism Act 1985 116 Mumtaz Ali, Syed 116-117 Muslim Arbitration Councils,

Islamic law applications 31-32

Muslim Arbitration Tribunal (MAT)

41-44, 95-96, 108-109

Muslim community(ies) 7, 8, 19, 29, 36, 63, 66, 69, 71, 90, 91, 102, 104, 107, 114; dispute resolution for 97, 104; multiculturalism 99; religious scholars 113-114; scholarship tracing 101

Muslim dispute resolution 104,

120; gender equality 111, 114; institutional design of 105-109; parity and 109-112

Muslim divorce certificates 8, 60,

68-69, 107, 108 Muslim family law 1, 6, 8, 41, 62,

80, 107, 108, 111, 112, 118, 120

Muslim legal pluralism 9, 102, 105, 108-112, 122

Muslim marriage practices 11, 19--2

‘Muslim Question’ 100-102 Muslims: problem with democracy 103---115-, seealso Individualteims Muslim Ummah 102, 104 Muslim Welfare House 36, 48 Muslim women 2, 3, 7, 96, 99;

discriminate against 96; domestic abuse 78-79; and English mediation 80-81, 83, 90; gender equality 109, 111-115, 118, 120, 121; Henna’s work by 39; legal capacity under Shari’a 42, 43; organizations 117-118; protection of 99; religious divorce 5, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39-41, 49, 66, 68-72, 79; to use Shariah Councils 60, 61, 90-91; using dispute resolution mechanism 104, 111, 120, 122; see also dispute resolution; domestic abuse; Islamic divorce; marriage; Sharia Councils; wometv, Widividualterms

Muslim WomenandSlaia

Councils (,Bano) 34

Muslim Women’s Network 3,

33, 102

National Association of Women and

Law (NAWL) 118 negative freedom 78 nikah 33, 35, 44, 61, 62-65, 70, 72 Norton, J.

obedience 46 O’Connell 13, 14 Office of National Statistics 31 Okin, S. M. 79 One Law for All 4

Ontario Arbitration Act 116

parallel legal system 1, 5, 32, 41, 50, 60, 69

Parity Democracy Model 109, 112-121

parity governance model 9, 95, 105, 106, 109

Parveen, Rehana 11 Patel, Pragna 3, 99-100 Philips, Ann 103

Phillips, Baron 29 policy recommendations, UK legal system 51

polygamous marriage 34, 49, 51, 64 power imbalance 7, 78-83, 86-91 Poynter, William 13

Practice Direction 12J (Family Procedure Rules, PD12J - Child Arrangements and Contact: Domestic Abuse and Harm, Family Procedure Rules (8 December 2017)) 78 pre-mediation assessment 80-81 privatized diversity 118-119 Probert, Rebecca 6 Protestant Dissenters 12, 14, 20 Proudman, Charlotte 32, 38

Quakers 11, 12, 14, 16, 19 Qur’an 42, 86, 89, 91; egalitarian justice 84-85

Qur’anic verses 42-43, 83

Qureshi, K. 70

Reformist West London Synagogue 16-17

regulation 8-9 religio-legalpluralism 117, 118 religious authority 79, 84, 87, 89, 90 religious divorce 5, 31, 32, 35, 37, 39-41, 49, 66, 68-72, 79 religious-only marriages 6, 11-12, 22, 85; Catholic religious-only marriages 12-15; Jewish-only marriages in 15-19; Muslim marriage practices 19-22 religious pluralism 116-118 religious practice 1, 8, 96, 99, 106-108, 115, 120, 121 religious scholars 7, 83, 105,

108, 114

religious tribunals 4, 6, 8, 70, 118-120

Roberts, M. 115 Rodriguez Ruiz, B. 103 Roy, Oliver 101

Rubio-Marin, R. 103, 113

Sagal, Gita 3

St John’s Wood Synagogue 19 Sanghera, Jasvinder 39 Sayyid, Salman 101, 104 secularism 101

Sen, Amartya 50

Shachar, Ayelet 118, 119, 121 Shah-Kazemi, S. N. 32, 37, 38, 67;

UntyingtlelGiot 34

Shah, P. 110 shari’a 41—42

Sharia Councils 68-77, 81, 82, 85-90, 97, 105; assisting Muslim women 90-91; civil marriage 63-64; definition of 98; emergence of 106-108; history of 8, 106; Islamic law applications 31; key findings 98; key functions of 8, 107; legal systems 41; mosques and 67; Muslim dispute resolution 105-108, 120, 121; Muslim women to use 60, 61; religious divorce 66

Slatial CouncilsandMusn Women: Transcending tie IloundaiiesofCommunityand Law (Bano) 120

Shari’ah courts, women in

32, 35-41

Sharia Inquiry 24, 9, 95, 97-98; awareness campaigns 7-8; legislative change 5-7; regulation 8-9

sharia law 1, 2, 4, 7, 60, 97, 108, 117, 120

Siddiqi, Sheikh Faizul Aqtab 48 Siddiqui, Ghayasuddin 34 Siddiqui, Mona 2 snowballing technique 82 social and legal norms

104, 115

Southall Black Sisters 4 state law 4, 27, 29, 95, 96, 101,

102, 104, 107, 108, 112, 114, 117, 120, 122

state legal aid funding 87-88 strong cultural relativists 30 Sunni Islam 45

talaq 36,45,65, 70, 87

Uddin, Islam 9

UK: Islamic law implemented in

41-44; Islamic religious marriage in 32-35; legal pluralism in 31-32; legal system 28-29; Muslim communities in 101; Muslim family law in 6, 112; Muslim marriages in 6, 111; Muslim population in 31; policy recommendations 51; Shariah councils in 60-72; soft legal pluralism in 29, 30; women marriage not under civil law 33-35; women marriage outside of 32-33

Unitarians 20

Universal Declaration of Human

Rights (UDHR) (1948) 43 universal human rights 49-50 Universality 30, 49, 50 Untying the Knot (Shah-Kazemi) 34

Vanderlinden, Jacques 27

Warraich, Sohail Akbar 40 weak cultural relativists 30 weak legal pluralism 30, 49 Webb, Emma 51

Western European societies, legal pluralism 27-28

Western legal system 30, 41, 49 West London synagogue 19, 24n40 Williams, Rowan 29

women 89; domestic abuse experience of 8, 79; English law 60, 84; focus group 83-84, 88; gender equality 109, 111-115, 118, 120, 121; human rights 2-3; in Islam 38; marriage outside of UK 32-33; mediation 38; from minority groups 106; Quraic verses about 42--3; religious divorce 32, 35, 39, 40, 72; rights 2, 3, 7, 30, 96, 98, 106; and Shariah Council 69, 70, 86; in Shari’ah courts 32, 35--4, 49, 51; UK marriage not under civil law 33-35; see also domestic abuse; Muslim women

WornenandSlaia Law: Tie In PaetofLegal Tluialisn in tie UK (Manea) 31

Wynne, Sir William 15

Ziegert, Klaus A.