Index

Abdalla, Amr, 215 Abdu, Imam Shaykli Mohammed, 30 Abduh, Muhammad, 213 Abdul-Rauf, Muhammad, Marriage in

Islam, 185 Abdullah II, King, á abortion, 216 Abu Meddin, Freih, 106 Abu Sardane, Shaykh Muhammad, 106,

108, 109, 156 Abu Zeid, Nasser Hamed, 17, 31 adoption of children, 41, 181 adultery (äàà), 37, 40, 41, 56, 87, 152, 153,

264 advocacy and lobbying, 116—17 Afghanistan, 252-3; war in, 265 Aghili v.

Islamic Family Law in the World Today, 1;

Islamic Family Law — Possibilities of Reform- through Internal Initiatives, 17 apostasy, of wives, 33 Arabi, O., 5, 6, 7, it, 12 Arabic language: lessons in, 189; use of, 119 Arafat, Yasser, 105, 106, 107, 108, 118, 120,

122, 123, 147, 153, 154, 155, 167, 168 Arain v. Arain, 208 el-Arousi, M., 184 Asad, Talal, 131 al-'Ashmawi, M.S., 27 al-'Ati, 'Abd, 183 authoritarian populism, 124 autonomy for women, not accepted, 246 Awad, Abed, 182, 197, 201 ^,Awais, Dr Sayyed, 27 Al-Azhar Scholars’ Front, 61

Al-Azhar University, 36, 59, 78; scholars of,

61-2

Al-Azhar Woman Faqih Against the Law, θ7

√1of children (hazanat), 12, 34, 36, 37, 43, 57, θ9> ⁸9> 102, 192, 194, 197, 210, 211, 261; ages of, 103; Islamic rules on, 208; women’s rights in, 154 (extended, 9θ)

Dajani v. Dajani, 202, 203, 206, 207 Darwish, Mahmoud, 121 decision-making in the family, 26, 31 Declaration of Principles of Oslo peace

process, 105 democracy, 130, 153—4; in family relations,

158; of decision-making, 14 Department of Clan Affairs (Palestine), 117 deportations, 113 disciplining and punishment of women family members by men, 29, 86, 242 dissolution of marriage see divorce andfaskh divorce, 6, 7, 12, 13, 27, 32, 35, 37, 39-40,

56, 59, 68, 74, 78, 89, 90, 102, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 197, 198, 202, 206, 207, 210, 245, 260, 261, 262; attitudes to, 138-9; bureaucratic impositions on, 9; claims of {tatliq), 69; definition of injury in, 38; delegated right to, 190; equal right to, 190; from 'urfi marriage, 69, 72, 84; in Palestine, 136; invalidity of, if made in anger, 56; Islamic laws of, 209; judicial, 28, 29, 32, 34, 39, 4⁰> 43, ⁶°, ⁶4> ⁶9> 7¹> ¹⁰4' 5, ¹59i Muslim, validity of, in US, 208-10; nationalist reasons for, 8; of collaborator husbands, 139; of greater finality {baynuna kubrd}, ¹42, 154, 186, 233 diya (reparation for murder and physical injury), 2, 98, 101, 102, 113, 164, 165, 166, 265—6; changes in the value of, 168 Doi, A.R., 183 domestic violence, 3, 12, 133, 196—7; against women, 29; and shari'a, 231-67; as hidden problem, 241; as human rights violation, 246—7; as societal problem, 242; definition of, 233; hard subject to study, 238; hidden nature of, 243; in Pakistan, 264; internationalizing struggle against, 246; making violence visible, 241-2; restriction and punishment of, 267; role of state, 236 donors to Palestine, 116-18 dower, 6, 34, 45, 64, 67, 76, 102, 104, 136, 154, 188-90, 196, 253, 258, 261, 266; factors affecting level of, 50; purpose of, 50 -2; significance of, 2; token, 189 Dowry Prohibition Act (1986) (India), 258 doxa, 100, in, 122, 134; shari'a as, 13 dress of women, 145 due diligence, doctrine of, 248-9 Duh, Hassan, 62 Dupret, B., 4, 6, 8

education, 25; of women, 22-3, 28, 30, 35, 46, 56, 87, 150, 261 (right to, 86, 201) ⅞yP^t> 5> ⁶> 7, ⁸> ¹3> 99, ²5² 3'∙ case study

of, 2; Court of Cassation, 32; Decree no.

Egypt Demographic and Health Survey,

261

Egyptian law, 102, 103

Emory University, 1; School of Law, 17 empowerment of women, 11, 12, 267 Engineer, Asghar Ali, 244

equal pay, 35 equality: before the law, 249, 130; between

women and men, 118, 132, 158, 159, 162, 235, 240 (debate about, 235; women’s right to, 249); in personal status laws, 148; strategy' of Palestinian women’s movement, 144-63

Esposito_jJohn, 183, 190

factories, inspection of, 167 el-Fadl, Khaled Abou, 214; Speaking in God’s

Name..., 185

EAFO organization, 137; Survey, 130, 132 faithfulness of wives, 27

familial space, male primacy in, 133 familialism, 116-17

family and kinship, importance of, 13 family guidance centres (Egypt), 90 family law: as last bastion of shar'ia, 115; in

Palestine, reform of, 144-63 see also personal status law

family planning, 185

Family Protection Law (1976) (Iran), 262 Farah, M., 184

Farah v. Farah, 199 al-Faruqi, Ismail, 213 al-Faruqi, Maysam, 184 faskh (judicial dissolution), 69, 187, 202 Fateh party' (Palestine), 120 fatwas, 155, 156, 186

female genital cutting, 251 female-headed households, 150 feminization of Egyptian workforce, 31 fertility rates: adolescent, 89; in Gaza, 149 financial contribution of women, 54 financial obligations towards wives, 4 fιqh, 8, 17, 42, 100, 108, 110, 179, 194, 20g,

213

Forte, David, 199

Gaza law, 148

Gaza Strip, 8, 99-111, 126, 127, 128-9, ¹3θj fertility' rates in, 149; mosques in, 145, 152; Muslim family law in, 2; shari'a survey in, 135-9

Gaza-Jericho agreement, 105 gender, 154-5, ¹^², 250; as site of

compromise and conflict, 160; relations mediated through the state, 236

gender equality see equality, between women and men

gender inequality; 3; justified in religious terms', 239

gender segregation, 25; in mosques, 218,

219

al-Ghazali, Shaykh Mohammed, 62-3 girls, drop-out from education, 23 globalization: of norms of government, 250; resistance to, 251

guardianship see male guardianship

Habiba bint Zaid, 244 Habibi-Fahnrich v.

Haddad, Y, 21g

hadith, 63, 66, 68, 76, 78, 235, 244 halal, 26

Hallaq, Wael, 213

Hamadeh, Najla, 255-6 Hamas (Harakat al-Muqawama al-

Islamiyya), 115, 122, 124, 146, 152, 154 Hammami, R., 111, 122, 124, 148, 152 Hanafi school, 31, 32, 33, 34, 41, 59, 89,

100, 102, 103, 149, 183

Hanbali school, 34, 149 ul-Haq, Zia, 264

Al-Haq, organization, 156; 'Women_jJustice and the Law’, 148

haram, 26

Hardy, M.J.L., 165

harmonisation of law in Palestine see unification of personal status law in Palestine

Harvard Law School, 186

Hashim, Dr Ahmed Umar, 59 Hassan, RifTat, 244

Hassan, Yasmine, 265

Hebron, factory fire in, 2, 97, 98, 113, 117, 161, 164-71

Hebron Municipal Council, 167 Helie-Lucas, M., 125

Henderson, M.E., 210, 211

al-Hibri, Azizah, 12, 183, 184, 185, 193, 194, 198, 200, 202, 214, 244

Higher Women’s Committee (Palestine), 146

hiιab, w^τearing of, 25, 30

Hilal,J., 116, 145

HIV, 156

Hoodfar, Homa, 263 Hosain v. Malik case, 210, 211 ‘house of obedience’, 38, 88 housing crisis, in Egypt, 43 hudna truce period, 169

Hudood Ordinance (Pakistan), 264 human rights, 148; establishment of, 246;

in Palestine, 152-3; in relation to Islam, 116; influence of trans-national discourse, 237; Islamic resistance to, 250, 255; movements, 238; universal, 1 Human Rights Commission of Pakistan

(HRCP), 265

Human Rights Watch, 241, 264 husband’s mother, non-interference by, 86 husbands: responsibilities of, 53; women’s

duty to serve, 185 Hussein, King, 107

'ibadat, 32

Ibn Abbas, 68

Ibn al-Gouzi, A.R., Rulings on Women, 24 Ibn Qays, Thabit, 66 ibra', 68

'idda (waiting period), 61, 68, 69, 71, 104 identity, politics of, 4 ifta (issuing of fatwas), 106 ijtihad (innovation), 115, 254 illiteracy, 55, 56, 61; combating of, 90;

female, 22-3, 24, 50 image of husband and wife, 27—8 image of women, 24—8; in popular culture,

25-7; in religious thought, 24-5 imams, 194, 205-6, 208; quality of, 181;

state-qualified, 188

India, personal status law in, 257—8 inheritance, 32, 148-50, 154,159,188, 193,

202, 207; female half share of, 102; in

Gaza, 150; women’s renunciation of, 150 insurance benefits, 193

International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights (ICCPR), 247 International Covenant on Economic,

Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR),

247

Internet, use of, 185-6, 216

Intifada: first, 128, 145; relation to civil society, 144; second, 113, 120, 123—4, i44, ¹57.

Iran, 3, 13; as Islamic Republic, 262;

revolution in, 145

Irfan, Kareem, 191 Islam, 161, 162, 254; and rights of women,

214; as discursive tradition, 131; as ideology, 112; as official religion of Palestine, 121; as part of Palestinian culture, 120; as politics, 129; as religion of state, 119; as resource for official legimitation, 120; as solution, 129; authenticity of, 251; conversion to, 208; discrimination against women, 235; progressive, 62-3; stereotypes of, 195 Islamic family law, 3; as part of Islamic identity, 125; different approaches to, 4; global survey of, 180; in Egypt, 15-94; in Palestine, 95—175 (in transitional period, 99—111); in the United States, 2-3, 177-229 (future trends of, 213—17; in US courts, 199—212); variety in, 187 IslamicJihad, 154 Islamic law: as contested ground, 1; in

Palestine, 95-175; more beneficial to women, 209—10; state-law, 5, 6; structure of authority in, 181

Islamic Research Academy, 65, 66 Islamic social contract, 260 Islamic Society of North America, 186 Islamic Studies Academy (Egypt), 59-61 Islamic University (Gaza), 145 Islamism, 113, 116, 122, 126, 129, 145, 151-2,

¹53> 237, 257, 260 Islamist movements, 97; clashes with

nationalists in Palestine, 145 Islamization, 259; in Nigeria, 258—9; in

Pakistan, 264-7; influence of trans­national discourse, 237; of Western disciplines, 213

IsraekJewish nature of state, 257; labour market in, 149; occupation of Palestine, 144; personal status law in, 257-8; struggles of Arab women in, 257

Jabri v. Jabri case, 207 Jamila bint Abdullah, 68 Jasper_jJames, 127 Jerusalem: East, 99—111 (Israeli annexation

of, 99, ιoι, 113); Islamic sites in, 106; shar’ia courts in, 107-8; status of, 114 Jewish community in US, 218; dispute resolution in, 215 jihaz, 34 Johnson, P, 124, 148, 152 Jones_jJameelah, 193 Jordan, 8, 99, 106; khul' in, 6 Jordanian law, io, 100, ιoι, 102, 103_j ιo8,

148, 165

Jordanian Law of Family Rights (ι 951), 101

Jordanian Law of Personal Status (1976),

101, 103, 104, 108, 155

Jordanian Law of Shari'a Procedure (1959), 165

Judaism, 194

judges: education of, 206; female, 89 see also judiciary

Judicial Authority Law (Palestine), 109 judiciary: independence of, 158;

Islamicization of, 265

Kadri, Cherrefe, 182

Kandiyoti, Deniz, 112, 250, 267

Kapigian v.

Karamah: Muslim Women Lawyers for Human Rights, 185, 186, 190, 214, 216 ketuba, 203

Khader, Asma, 149, 151-3 al-Khansa Society for Women, 153 al-Khateeb, Sharifa, 184, 186, 190, 197 khul', 2, 6, 59-60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67,

71, 74-6, 82-3, 102, 141—2, 187, 189, 190, 202, 206, 209; judicial, 67-8, 261; wife’s right to, 59-60

Labadi, Fadwa, 113, 117

Labour Party (Egypt), 66-7 landlessness, 150 law: clan-based {al-qada al-'asha'iri), 165;

common, 200, 266; customary, 165, 168—71; knowledge of, among population, 81-2, 88

Law of Shar'ia Procedure 1959 (Jordan), 101

Law of Evidence (Pakistan), 264

Law of Family Rights (1954) (Gaza Strip),

102, 103, 104

Law on the Execution of Foreign Judgements (1952) (Jordan), 108

Law to Encourage Investment (Palestine),

122

Law to Regulate Industrial Zones (Palestine), 122

Lebanon, 160; marriage in, 4 legal aid for women, 90

Legislative Council (Palestine), 108

lex domicili, 208

li'an procedure, 41

Libya, reservations to CEDAW, 253 lobbying and advocacy, 146

Lummis, A.T., 219

ma'dhun (marriage notary), 136 mahr, 198, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 209-

10, 215

maintenance of wives, 33, 34, 35, 36, 56-7, 64, 88, 89, 102, 103-4, 136, 148-50, 184, 254; implementation of, 40; non­payment of, 70 (prison for, 18, 70); refusal to pay, 79-81

maintenance funds, 150 Malak v. Malak case,∙ 210 male guardianship over women, 6, 12, 30,

31, 183, 184, 195, 242, 246 male maintenance (nafaqd}, 148 males: as breadwinners, 166—7; economic

dependence on,242 Malik, Imam, 33, 63 Maliki school, 32, 34, 59, 104, 183 Maqsood, R.W, 184 marital home see matrimonial home marriage, 102, 135-6, 179, 182, 183, 185;

age certificates, 28; age of, 4, 103, 137—9, 154 (ideal, 2, 47-8); ambulant, 7 (in Saudi Arabia, 12); arrangements of, 49—50; authority of male guardian in, 4, 183—4; breakdown of, 28; bureau­cratic impositions on, 9; civil, 4, 188 (licences, 188); clarity of terms of, 203; common-law, 200; conservative view of, 24; contracts, 35; dissolution of see divorce; early, 23, 28, 46, 47-8, 155; forced, 236, 245-6; inter-religious, 194; minimum age of capacity for, 10, 28, 30, 90, 108, 156, 159; Muslim, in USA, validity of, 199-200; of minors, 89; out- of-court, 110; popular view of, 26; proxy weddings, 199; registration of, 70-1, 135, 155, 156; saving from dissolution, 245 see also reconciliation; taken to court cases in US, 180; to non-Muslim men, 194; to relations, 28; underage, no (forced, 200); without a guardian, 183-4 marriage contracts, 18, 37, 61, 70-1, 85 6,

⁸7, ¹5¹> ⁱ59> ⁱ⁸4, ¹⁸⁶> ⁱ⁸9> ∙9⁶, ’99, 2°9> 210, 215-16, 245; as pre-nuptual agreements, 202, 207, 218; enforce­ability of, 200-8; in Egypt, it; in US, 10; in West Bank, 11; model, 190; particularization of, to, 190-2; terms of, 188-92 maternity leave, 148 matrimonial home, 39, 43, 88; location of,

11, 192; rights to, 36-7, 38, 86 Al-Maududi, A.A., 25 Mayer, Ann, 254 McCloud, Aminah Beverly, 192-3, 217 medical examinations before marriage, 90,

156

Memon, Kamran, 196 methdology of held studies, 19—21 Minya (Egypt), 20, 45

Mir-Hosseini, Ziba, 262-3 missionaries, ‘civilizing mission’ of, 250 model parliament (Palestine), 13, 97, 147- 8, 49’ ¹5⁰> ⁱ5ⁱ> ⁱ54> ⁱ57> ⁱ591 defence of, ¹53~4

monogamy, 186, 190, 191, 193, 194; promises of, 201

Morocco, reservations to CEDAW, 253

The Alusque in America, 218—19 mosques: built in Hebron, 171; in Gaza, 145, 152; in West Bank, 145; women’s space in, 218

motherhood, primacy of, 185 mu'amalat, 32

Mughrabi, Fouad, 127

muhallal, 27 Muhammad, Prophet, 60, 65, 68, 244 Musharraf, Parvaz, 265

Muslim American Society, 191

Muslim Brotherhood, 65, 67, 106, 145, 146 Muslim Law Shariah Councils (MLSC) (UK), 214-15

Muslim tribunals, in US, idea of, 215

Muslim Women (Protection of Rights in Divorce) Act, 258

Muslim Women’s League (USA), 185, 187, ¹93

Mustafaa, Ayesha, 191 mut'a marriage, 200

Nakba, 99

nasab, 40-1

Nasser Social Bank, 70, 79 Al Nasser, Farouq Saif, 58 National Association of Muslim Lawyers (NAML) (USA), 216

National Council of Women (Egypt), 58 National Democratic Party (Egypt), 58, 64, θ5, θ7.

National Islamic Salvation Party (Palestine), 116

nationalist movements, 8, 120, 124, 133, 145, 157; in Palestine, 162

nationality of children, 87 nationalization of religion, 259-62 Nigeria: Islamization in, 258-9; personal status law in, 257

niqab, wearing of, 25 non-governmental organizations (NGOs),

22, 123; as model, 146; women’s, professionalization of, 146 norms, development of, 12 Northern Nigerian Penal Code, 259 Not Without Mj Daughter, 195

NT.

obedience of wives and women, 4, 5, 12,

35, 36, 38, 63, 65, 88, 102, 184, 185, 196, 233> 243, 244, 245, 260

occupation situations, regulation of law in, ”3

Odatalla v. Odatalla case, 201, 203 Office for Religious Affairs (Palestine), 102 opting out of US legal norms, 197—8 Organization of Islamic States (OIS), 255 OsloAccords, 112, 116, 122, 146; Islamic resistance to, 115—16

Oslo peace process, 105—8

Ottoman Law of Family Rights (1917) (Palestine), 102, 103

Owen, Roger, 120

Pakistan: domestic violence in, 241, 264; Islamization of, 264-7

Palestine, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 13, 14; as cradle of religions, 121; Constitution of, 162 (draft, 123-4); Declaration of Independence, 115, 118, 121, 147, 151, 154, 158; democracy in, 142; Draft Law Regarding the Judicial Authority, 122; major social priorities for, 130; marriage in, 4; reform of personal status law in, 125—43; shar'ia law in, 112—24; state formation in, 161; transition to statehood in, 95-163

Palestine Legislative Council, elections for,

116

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 114, 118, 120, 123, 128, 151, 166; defeat of, in Lebanon, 145; political culture of, 145

Palestine National Council, 118 Palestinian Authority (PA), 2, 97, 99, 105, 107, 112, 114, 115, 116-18, 123, 126, 164, 166, 168; control of mosques, 152; relations with Jordan, 106; US attitude to, 114

Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics,

150

Palestinian Legislative Council, 97, 105, 109, in, 112, 122, 142, 147, 157, 168

Palestinian Monetary Authority, 122 Palestinian nationalism, crisis of, 146 Palestinian people, as source of authority, n9-²4

parental child abduction, 195

paternity, 32; denial of, 40-1, 61; establishment of, 61

patriarchy, 3, 256; challenge to, 267 Peaceful Families Project (USA), 197 personal status law: circumvention of, 26-7; in Egypt (development of, 33—9; oven^τiew of, 30-44); in Palestine, reform of, 125-43

Peteet_jJulie, 166

Philips, Abu Ameenah Bilal, 193 pluralism, legal, 5

polygyny, 4, 7, 9, 12, 30, 35, 37, 45, 87, 102, 139, 159, 181, 192, 193; abolition of, 30, 154, 156; attitudes to, 52 (in US, 8); restrictions on, 159

poverty, 23; increases women’s vulnerability, 258

pre-nuptual agreements see marriage contracts

prison sentences: for non-payment of maintenance, 70, 79, 85, 91; in personal status cases, 64

privatization, 24

property, 202; community, 204, 205, 207; distribution of, 197, 198; of women, 7, 210; women’s access to, 132 -3

public advocacy, influence of, 122

public opinion polling: data, use of, 126- 43; in Middle East, 126-7

public sphere, 115

qadhf(false accusation), 41

qadi: as mediator in marriage dissolution, 215; role of, no

Qadi al-Quda, ιoι, 107, no, in, 156, 165; Deputy, 108, no-è, 155, 156, 169, 171 al Qaradawi, Y, 183 al-Qasem, DrAnis, 118, ng

Qena (Egypt), 20, 45

Qisas and Diyat Ordinance (ιg90) (Pakistan), 265—6

qisas, 244, 265-6

qiwama, principle of, 6, 7, 12, 30-1, 62, 74, 76, 78, 85, 243

Quick, A.H., 184

Qur'an, 64, 65, 66, 74, 79, ιog, 187, 18g, 193, 195, 1g6, 235, 267; gender issues in, 30; interpretation of, 217; Sura 2:223, 245; Sura 30:21, 244; Sura 4:34, 3, 30-1, 243, 263; Surat al-Baqara:228, 31; Surat al- Baqara:22g, 67, 68; Surat al-Nisa:ig, 67; Surat al-Nisa:34, 30; view of marriage in, 246

Qutub, Shaykh Gamal, 62

Rabat, women’s demonstration in, 233 Rabin, Yitzhak, 107

Rahman, Fazlur, 195, 213 rape, 264; marital, 236, 245, 248, 259 Rapoport, Y, 184, 206 reconciliation between spouses, 64, 69, 72—

4, 76, 104, 215; review of procedures, 8g refugees, 114 religion: attitudes to, 128-9;

Communalization of, 237; free exercise of, 201; nationalization of, 237, 259—62; role of, 179; theocratization of, 237; Versuspolitics, 129

religiosity, complexity of, 131 religious upbringing of children, 207-8 remasculinization of politics, 114-15 resistance, cultures of, 249—52 Rida, Rashid, 213 rights of women, 4, 10, 14, 18, 23, 31, 148,

216, 233, 238, 240, 242, 243; and Islam, 214; and shari’a, 252; as human rights, 250; as sign of modernization, 251; in Egypt, 260-2; international framework for, 24g; legal framework for, 252; resistance to, 251, 252; UN position on, 254-5; viewed as un-Islamic, 252; within UN, 23g; political, 132; support for, 131 - 3; to vote, 35 see also human rights Robinson, G., 99 rule of law, 158 rulings in absentia, 8g

S^,ad bin Rabi’, 244 Sabeq, Shaykh Sayed, 63 Sabri, Shaykh Ikrameh, 106, in, 155, 156 sadaq, 201, 203, 206, 207 al-Sadat, Anwar, 35 SadatJihan, 35, 37 Said, Edward, 121 Said, Nadir Izzat, 127 Said, Naima, 182 al-Sarraf, Sermid, 182, 189, 197 sati, 251

Saudi Arabia, 7; ambulant marriage in, 12 SeagerJoni, 241 secularism, 151, 152, 162; in Palestine, 98 segregation see gender segregation separation of powers, 158 Seth v. Seth case, 209 sex, 27; talking abut, 26; wives’ submission

to, 263

Shaban v. Shaban case, 203, 204, 207 shabka, 74; purpose of, 50-2 Shafi'i, Imam, 63 ShafTi school, 149 Shah Bano case, 258 Shaham, R., 184

Shaltut, Shaykh Mohammed, 31 shaτi'a, ι, 2, 5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 26, 27, 32,

34, 35, 3θ> 37, 39, 4θ, 42, 58, 59~θ3, ⁶4, 65, 67, 68, 70, 74, 85, 87, 98, 105, 106, 119, 122, 123, 126, 139, 161, 162, 181, 186, 196, 198, 210, 214; and women’s rights, 252—6; as doxa, 134, 141, 142; as living law, 244; attitudes to, 125, 134-5; contested approaches to, 151; contra­diction with international law, 255; defenders of, 255; domestic violence and, 231—67; enforcement of, in Nigeria, 259; feminist re-reading of, 263—4; 'ⁿ Palestine, 112-24; informal, 5-6; interpretation of, 151, 240, 260 (vari­ations in, 237); reform of, 157, 160 (in India, 258); state interference in, 115-16; variations in role and uses of, 256 shari'a courts, 10, 99-nι, 155, 160, 164, 165, 170-1, 264; divorce in, 245; in Egypt, organization of, 34-5; regulation of, 32; use of, 135-7

Shaτ'ia Court of Appeal (Palestine), 107 shaτ'ia court system, and Palestinian national struggle, 109

shari'a family law survey, in Palestine (2000), ¹35~9

shari’a positions on personal status law, 108-ιι

Sharawi, Hoda, 156 Sharif, Nawaz, 264 Al Sharqia, (Egypt), 20, 45 Shi’a, 59, 200 Shike v. Shike case, 199 Shikoh v. Shikoh case, 208 Shuaibi, Dr Azmi, 118, 119 sisters’ list (Canada), 185 Sonbol, Amira el-Azhary, Women, the Family

and Divorce Laws in Islamic History, 183 South Africa, domestic violence in, 241 sovereignty, Palestinian, 113 spinsterhood, 48 state: Islamic, 262; mediating gender relations through law, 236; relation to religion, 256—67; role of, 5 state-building, in Palestine, 157 state responsibility, doctrine of, 248-9 Statute of Frauds (USA), 203 stoning to death of women, 40, 41 Stowasser, B., 30 sunduq nafaqa, 156, 159 Smna, 66, 78, 79, 109 Sunni, 63, 102, 155, 200

Supreme Fatwa Council (Palestine), 155, 156 ‘suspended women’, 42-3

Sweden, 254 Syria, 160

ta'a (obedience), 79, 148, 243 see also obedience of wives

Tagammu' Party (Egypt), 65-6 al-Tahtawi, Rafa, 30 talaq (unlilateral repudiation), 4, 11, 26, 32, 34> 38, 39, ⁶²> θ⁸, 69, 71, 72, 74, 76, 88, 102, 104, 186, 190, 192, 197, 206, 208, 209; concealment of, 38; delegated power of {al-'ismd), 86; establishment of, 68; frivolous abuse of, 78; hiding of, 37; non-validity of, 59; revocation of, 69; witnessing and documentation of, 60, 68, 84

Tamimi, Rajib, 165

Tamimi, ShaykhTaysir, 106, 108, 109, no, in, 156, 165, 166, 169, 170, 171

tatliq, 72

Thabit Ibn Qays, 68 thalassimia, 156 theocratization, 262—7 Thompson, E., 160 torture, 113 travel rights of women, 18, 59, 62, 63, 65, 66, 78-9, 84-5, 86, 91 tribal courts, 165 Tunisia, 161

unemployment, of women, 24 unification of personal status law in

Palestine, 99, 118, 151, 156, 157, 163 United Kingdom (UK), Muslim Law

Shariah Councils in, 214-15

United Nations (UN), 117, 151, 152; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 87, 90, 151, 158, 247-8, 252-3, 259, 265; Optional Protocol to, 248; ratification of, 239; reservations to, 253, 254, 256; Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, 252-3; Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women, 248; interest in women’s rights, 239; report on domestic violence, 265; study of women and Islam, 254

UN Development Programme (UNDP), 117; Human Development Report, 24

UN World Conference on Women (Beijing), 67, 216; Platform of Action, 248

UN World Conference on Women (Nairobi), 247

United States of America (USA), 5, 13, 124; attitudes to polygyny in, 8; demography of Muslim population in, 211; domestic violence in, 241; Islamic family law in, 2-3, 4, 177—229; Muslim law professors in, 214

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), 158, 247

universalism, resistance to, 249 -52

'uιfι marriage, 8, 9, 27, 42—3, 59, 60, 67, 8g; divorce from, 69, 72, 84; in Palestine, 10

veiling of women, 146

violence against women, 13, 55- 6, 86, go,

148, 184 see also children, violence against and domestic violence

virginity: importance of, 41-2, 48; related to family honour, 27

voting rights of women, 35

Vryonis v. Vryonis, 200

Wadud, Amina, 193, 217

Wafd Party (Egypt), 66 waged work of women, 23-4, 25, 53-4,

149, 150, 166 71, 191, ιg6, 198; for­bidding of, 71; right to, 39, 86, 132, 190

cca¾f(pious endowments), ιoι, 102, 107,

167; Palestine as, 121

Wasel, Dr Nasr Farid, 59 wasta (patronage), 130

Webb, Gisela, Windows of Failh..., 184, 185

Weisbrod, Carol, 201

Welchman, Lynn, 121, 191

West Bank, 8, 97, 99-111, 126, 127, 128-9, 136; Jordanian law in, 10; marriage contracts in, π; mosques in, 145; Muslim family law in, 2; shari'a survey _r in, 135-9

Western agendas, in Palestine, 152—3 wives: age of, 28; beating of see beating of wives; changing of names, 200; denied decision-making role, 26; educational level of, 28; physical punishment of,

55-6; right to travel abroad see travel rights of women

women: access to property, 132-3; and childrearing, 204; and housework, 204; and Islam, 184; as ‘protected dependents’, 148; as breadwinners, 166—7; ^as electoral candidates, 147; as homemakers, 25; as markers of cultural authenticity, 251; as tools for sex, 25; autonomy for, not accepted, 246; choice of partners, 45, 48-9, 87, 137 -9; denied leadership roles, 25; discrimination against, 18; donor aid directed to, 117; duty of obedience see obedience of women and wives; empowerment of, 116; half the value of men, 164—71; killings of, 266; leadership capacities of, 132; Palestinian, activism of, 115; rights of see rights of women; role in national struggle, 154; seen as weaker sex, 22; segregated spaces in mosques, 218, 21g; social status of, 22; waged work of, 5; without husband or male children, 25 see also empowerment of women and work of women

Women’s Charter (Palestine), 147, 154 Women’s Committee for Legal Aid and Counselling (WCLAC) (Palestine), 148 women’s committees, in Palestine, 145, 146 women’s movement, 90, 152, 160, 161, 163; in Palestine, 116-18, 123, 126, 162 (divisions and compromises in, 157-8) women’s organizations, 185; Islamic, in USA, è

work of women, 48; domestic, payment for, 210 see also waged work of women World Bank, 117, 122

World Conference on Human Rights (Vienna), 248

World Health Organization (WHO), 248

Zaqzouq, Dr Hamdi, 59 Zorn,Jean, 251 Zubaida, 120 lζμmmo v. fummo, 208

Zed's titles on women's rights

A.A. An-Na^,im, Cultural Transformation and Human Rights in Africa

A.A. An-Na’im, Islamic Family Law in a Changing World

Wolfgang Benedek, Esther M. Kisaakye and Gerd Oberleitner, The Human Rights of I Vomen

Kum-Kum Bhavnani_jJohn Foran and Priya Kurian, Feminist Futures: Re-imagining Women, Culture and Development

I. Bibars, Victims and Heroines: Women, Welfare and the Egyptian State

Gabriele Griffin and Rosi Braidotti, Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women’s Studies

M. Gutierrez, Macro-Economics: Making Gender Matter

H. Moghissi, Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Post-modern Analysis Ranjani K Murthy and Lakshmi Sankaran, Denial and Distress: Gender, Poverty and Human Rights in Asia

R.P Petchesky, Global Prescriptions: Gendering Health and Human Rights

M. Poya, Women, IVrk and Islamism: Ideology and Resistance in Iran