Evidence for Disease Susceptibility Differences in Deer
While few studies have investigated differences in MAP susceptibility across farmed deer species, it has been established that susceptibility to MAP infection differs across lines of red deer (Cervus elaphus) (Mackintosh et al., 2012; Dobson et al., 2013).
Several studies have also investigated differences in susceptibility to MAP infection between farmed animal species that graze common pastures, including red deer, Wapiti (elk), cattle and sheep (Verdugo et al., 2014; Forde et al., 2015). Species comparisons have shown that red deer tend to be more susceptible to infection by MAP-C than MAP-S strains (see Chapter 6 for a full description of MAP strain types) (O’Brien et al., 2006; Verdugo et al., 2014). It has been suggested that differences in susceptibility between deer and other species may be due to intra-uterine transmission of MAP, which has been reported to occur in approximately 2% of ewes (Lambeth et al., 2004), in 9-39% of cows (Whittington and Windsor, 2009), and in about 78% of hinds (female red deer; Thompson et al., 2007).4.5.1 Heritability estimates
Heritability estimates in domesticated red deer have been moderate, ranging between 0.16 and 0.3, which is similar to the aforementioned herit- ability estimates for cattle, sheep and goats (Griffin et al., 2012; Mackintosh et al., 2012; Johne's Disease Research Consortium, 2016). These herit- ability estimates support that selection of deer and other ruminant species for enhanced resistance to MAP infection could be useful in reducing the disease in domestic animals.
4.5.2 Genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies
Currently, no GWAS or candidate gene studies in farmed deer have been published.
4.5.3 Pathway analysis
While no GSEA-SNP has been performed in deer, there have been studies using IPA to investigate how the genes that are differently expressed in MAP-infected and healthy deer interact with one another. A MAP challenge study by Mackintosh et al. (2016) compared differentially expressed genes between red deer from resistant and susceptible sire lines. After the MAP challenge, deer were tested throughout the 50-week study period for MAP antibodies using the serum Paralisa™ ELISA test. Over the duration of the study and after its conclusion, lymph node biopsies were taken for gene expression analysis. Genes that were differentially expressed in resistant deer after the MAP challenge were associated with pathways related to adaptive immunity. In contrast, genes that were differentially expressed in susceptible deer after a MAP challenge were associated with pro-inflammatory responses pathways (Mackintosh et al., 2016). Of these differentially expressed genes, two (CD209 and SLC11A1) have been previously investigated as candidate genes in other species (Table 4.2).
4.6
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