INDEX

abomasal parasites, 49-50

abomasal parasite count (APC), 51-52, 411 Acanthamoeba spp., 170, 193-95, 290 acanthocephalans, 68-73, 4¹¹

anatomy, 68, 69fig. classification, 383, 386table control, 72

groups infecting wildlife, 386tαble infection of all classes of vertebrates, 69 life cycles, 70, 70fig.

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, 72 Moniliformis moniliformis, 73 mortality from, 68, 71, 72, 73 other acanthocephalans, 72-73 Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, 72 Polymorphus minutus, 70-72 Polymorphus/Profilicollis spp., 69-72 population effects, 71 proboscis of, 69, 69fig.

Profilicollis botulus, 70, 71, 72 reservoirs and transmission, 70-71 special problems, 71-72

acoelomate, 411

acquired immunity, 28, 33-37, 411 leukocytes and, 28-29, 29fig. unique qualities of, 33-34

ACTH, 62

adiaspores, 214,411 adrenal corticosteroids, 62

Aedes mosquitoes, 133-34 aerobe, 411

Aeromonas hydrophila, 364

aerosol transmission, 245 aflatoxins, 208, 224, 225

aflatoxicosis, 225 agglutination test, 402, 411 albendazole, 90, 93 alligators

as hosts for pentastomes, 73

West Nile virus in, 334, 335, 338

alopecia

from lice, 152

from mites, 153-54

from winter ticks, 150fig., 151

alpacas

Aspergillus infection in, 209

Brucella in, 262

amastigote, 179, 179fig., 412

amebae, 169, 383, 412

Acanthamoeba spp., 170, 193-95 ameboid locomotion, 169 classification, 169, 390table cysts, 169, 170, 170fig.

Entamoeba spp., 169-70 free-living, soil and water, 169, 170 life cycles, 170 pseudopodia, 169 trophozoites, 170

amebic meningoencephalitis, 194-95

Amidostomum anseris (gizzard worm), 48-49 amphibians

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in,

217-21, 363-64

chytrids in, 217-21 deformities in, 99, 100-101, 364-65 Francisella tularensis in, 276 fungal infections in, 217-21 immunity in, 39

as intermediate hosts for trematodes, 88, 98, 100 Listeria in, 290

Mycobacterium in, 271 pathogenic organisms and, 363-64 population decline, 219-20, 362-66 toxic pollutants and, 365 trade in, 221

West Nile virus in, 335

amphipods, 70, 71

amplifying hosts, 279, 412 anaerobe, 412 anamorph, 206, 412 anaphylaxis, 412

Anaplasma spp., 249-50

anapolysis, 412

anemia, 148, 175,412

Animalia (kingdom), 7, 382-83 annelids, 383

earthworms (Oligocheata), 73

leeches (Hirudinea), 73-74

sandworms (Polycheata), 73, 383

annoyance, 155

Anopheles mosquitoes, 133-34, ¹74 antelope, 52, 271, 292 anthrax, 135, 291-93

vaccine, 293

anthropozoonoses, 2, 412

antibiotics, 182

antibodies, 33-35, 412

serological and diagnostic tests, 401-9

structure of, 34, 34fig.

time for production of, 34

antigen(s), 28, 412

epitopes on, 33, 37

processing/presentation, 36, 36fig., 37, 412 receptors, 34, 37

antigen-antibody tests, 401-7, 412

agglutination test, 402, 411

complement fixation test, 403, 414

direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test, 404,405fig., 415 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 4⁰4^-5^, 4⁰5^fig., 4i6

false positives and negatives, 402, 417 hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI), 403,418 indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, 404, 4⁰4^fig∙^, 419

neutralization test, 403, 422

passive hemagglutination test (PHA), 402-3, 423 precipitin test, 402, 424

sensitivity of, 402, 425

specificity of, 402, 426 antihelminthics, 52, 109, 193, 412 antimicrobial defenses, 30-32 antiserum, 412

ants, 40

trematodes and, 94-95, 94fig., 95fig.

Apicomplexa (sporozoa), 170-76

arthropod-borne, 188-91

coccidia, 172-73

Eimeria spp., 172, 180fig., 182-84

life cycles, 170-71, 170fig.

wildlife diseases and, 171-76

apolysis, 412

arachnids, 136-56. See also mites; ticks

anatomy, 138-39

classes associated with wildlife diseases, 139 classification, 125, 389table

arboviruses, 157, 250, 412

West Nile virus, 333

Archaebacteria, 241, 383

Arctic, Trichinella infection in, 59, 61

Arctic foxes, 59

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 110

rabies in, 326

arterial worm (Elaeophora schneideri), 65-68, 135, 157, 159 arthropods, 125-66. See also insects; mites; ticks arthropod-borne parasites, 11, 15, 245 arthropod-vertebrate reservoir, 249-50,

333-41, 412

classification, 125, 383, 388-89table defined, 412

as disease vectors, 142-61, 188-91, 245, 275-77

as disease vectors, viral diseases, 333-41 diseases caused by, 142-61 generalized life cycle, 126

immunity in, 39-40

as intermediate hosts, 169 pathogenicity of, 8

Pavlovsky’s model for arthropod-borne diseases, 12 ascites, 412 ascomycota, 207, 214, 391table asexual reproduction, 168 aspergillosis, 208-10

Aspergillus spp., 208-10, 224-25

A.

A. parasiticus, 225 assassin bugs, 130 avermectins, 52 avian cholera, 4, 5fig., 13, 266-67. See also Pasteurella multocida

control, 267-68

enzootic regions for, 9-10

mortality, 15

avian coccidiosis, 183

avian influenza, 317-20

clinical effects, 320

control, 320

H5N1, 4, 319-20

human health impacts, 2, 3

population effects, 320

avian influenza viruses, 252, 317-20

reservoirs and transmission, 318-20

avian malaria, 15, 128, 134, 173

Plasmodium relictum and, 188-89

avian pox, 157

avian poxviruses, 245, 248

avian tuberculosis, 275

B-lymphocytes, 29, 29fig., 33-34,412 Babesia spp., 175-76, 180fig.

Bacillus anthracis, 251, 291-93 bacteremia, 413 bacteria, 241-314

Archaebacteria, 241, 383

Bacillus anthracis, 291-93

Borrelia burgdorferi, 284-88

cell wall, 242

cellular structure, 242 classification, 241-42, 392-93table Clostridium botulinum, 293-96 defined, 413

Eubacteria, 242, 383

Francisella tularensis, 275-78 identification, 242-43 introduction to, 241-43

Listeria monocytogenes, 290-91 Mycobacterium spp., 270-75 Mycoplasma spp., 268-70 Neorickettsia spp., 288-89 Nocardia spp., 251, 296 Pasteurella spp., 265-68 reservoir types, 246-52 reservoirs: arthropod-vertebrate, 249-50, 275-88 reservoirs: clinically active infections, 248-49,

270-75

reservoirs: helminth-vertebrate, 250-51, 288-90 reservoirs: invertebrate-vertebrate, 249-51 reservoirs: latent infections, 247-48, 259-70 reservoirs: soil and water, 251-52, 290-96 reservoirs: vertebrate-dependent, 247-49 Salmonella spp., 260-62 secondary invasion by, 69 transmission patterns, 243-46 vector-borne, 275-88

Yersinia pestis, 278-84 bacteriophage, 413 badgers, Mycobacterium in, 273, 275 Baermann apparatus, 62, 64 Balamuthia spp., 170 barrier hosts, 287, 420 Bartonella spp., 134, 137

B. bacilliformis, 134 transmission of, 244 basidiodiomycota, 207, 391table basophils, 29fig., 413

histamine production by, 31

bat bugs, 130

bat flies, 137 bat mite, 141

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), 5, 217-21 amphibian declines and, 217-21, 363-64 clinical effects, 218-19 control, 220-21

reservoirs and transmission, 218 bats

economic importance of, 223

Histoplasma capsulatum in, 214-15 rabies in, 4, 326, 327, 329fig.

as emerging human pathogen, 57 bears

canine distemper virus in, 331 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107 Mycobacterium in, 274 nematode parasites in, 59

Yersinia pestis in, 281

beavers, Francisella tularensis in, 276, 277

beetles

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72, 73 dung beetles, 53-54

behavioral defenses, 40 benzimidazoles, 52

Besnoitia spp., 172

bighorn sheep, 16

bighorn scabies, 153-54 mites and, 153-54 Mycobacterium in, 272-73 orbiviruses in, 340 Pasteurella in, 267 ticks and, 149

trematode parasites in, 91-92

binary fission, 13, 413

biocoenosis, 12, 413

biological nomenclature, 381

biological transmission, 157-58, 413

biological vector, 413

bird lice. See chewing lice

bird mites, 141

birds. See also specific birds, and entries beginning with avian

Aspergillus infection in, 208-9

Bacillus anthracis and, 291 botulism and, 293-95 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113

Eimeria in, 182-84 Entamoeba in, 170 epidemics among, 9, 416 flagellates in, 177 fungal infections in, 208-9, 215-16, 225 Histomonas meleagridis in, 191-93 immunity in, 38-39 immunoglobulins in, 35, 38 lead poisoning in, 354-56 leeches, nasal, 74 leukocytes in, 29 lice and, 130

Listeria in, 290 maggots and, 148

Mycobacterium in, 271-72 Mycoplasma in, 268, 269-70

Pasteurella in, 266-67 Salmonella spp. and, 260-62

Trichomonas in, 177, 180-81

West Nile virus in, 334-38

wild, as sources of infection for domestic birds, 4 bison, 14

Bacillus anthracis and, 291

Bison Management Plan, 265, 275

Brucella in, 262, 263-65 Mycobacterium in, 275 nematode parasites, 52 orbiviruses in, 340 trematode parasites in, 90, 92 biting flies, 137-38 biting lice. See chewing lice black bears. See bears black flies, 134, 276, 413 black-footed ferrets, 15, 279, 331, 332-33 black-tailed deer

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 chronic wasting disease in, 359 flies and, 155 maggots and, 149 nematode parasites in, 51, 54, 62, 67 trematode parasites in, 90 blackhead (histomoniasis), 192-93 blood

malarial parasites, 173-75

parasites in (parasitemia), 175 blood cells, relationships of, 29fig.

vaccines, 341

bobcats

canine distemper virus in, 332 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 Mycobacterium in, 274 bone marrow, 33, 38 Borrelia burgdorferi, 157, 284-88. See also Lyme disease

clinical effects, 287-88

control, 288

host range and distribution, 284

reservoirs and transmission, 245, 249, 284-87 vaccine, 288

bot flies, 132, 137-38, 138fig.

mouthparts of, 158

myiasis from maggots of, 143-44, ¹45-46 bottle flies, 143 botulism, 14, 290, 293-96

clinical effects, 295 bovids

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107-8, 112 Mycobacterium in, 271, 272 parasites of, 49-50, 52, 91 piroplasms in, 175 bovine tuberculosis, 275 bradyzoites, 184, 185, 413 bridge vectors, 160, 277 brood capsule, 413 Brucella spp., 262-65, 289

B. abortus, 14, 262

clinical effects, 263

control, 264-65

host range and distribution, 262-63

human infections, 263

latent infections, 247

population effects, 263-64 reservoirs and transmission, 263 surveillance programs, 263 transmission, 244, 245, 247, 250 brucellosis, 263-65 bubo, 413

bubonic plague. See plague

Buggy Creek virus, 149, 159 bugs, true, 130-31

mouthparts of, 158 bunyaviruses, 135, 320-25 bursa, 413 bursa of Fabricius, 38, 413

camels

abomasal parasites of, 50

Aspergillus infection in, 209

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108, 112

Mycobacterium in, 272

Canada goose

Eimeria in, 184

gizzard worm infections, 48-49

trematode infections, 96

cancer, 356-58, 413

devil facial tumor disease, 257-58

immune defense against, 29

vs. benign tumors, 356

Candida albicans, 208

canids

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113

Coccidioides infections in, 211

Entamoeba histolytica in, 169

lice and, 130

maggots and, 145

canine distemper virus, 4, 14, 330-33

clinical effects, 331

control, 333

host range and distribution, 330-31

lion population decline and, 15

population effects, 331-32

reservoirs and transmission, 331 canker, 181 cannibalism, as means of transmission, 244-45, 272 capture myopathy, 413 carbon tetrachloride, 49, 72 carcinoma, 413 caribou

Brucella in, 262

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 112

fly infestations and, 146, 155

nematode parasites in, 62, 64, 65

Pasteurella in, 266

trematode parasites in, 90

carnivores

Bacillus anthracis and, 292

canine distemper virus in, 331, 332

Eimeria in, 183

Francisella tularensis in, 276

Mycobacterium in, 274

piroplasms in, 175

Salmonella spp.

Trichinella infection and, 60-61, 60fig.

West Nile virus in, 334

Yersinia pestis in, 281

carriers, 413. See also hosts

recovered carrier, 259, 262

silent carrier, 260, 425

carrying capacity, 16

cats

Aspergillus infection in, 209 canine distemper virus in, 331, 332 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108 Pasteurella in, 266

Toxoplasma gondii and, 172, 184-86, 185fig. trematode parasites in, 93 trypanosomes in, 178

West Nile virus and, 336 Yersinia pestis in, 279 cattle

Brucella in, 262

Coccidioides infections in, 211 fly infestations and, 147 Mycobacterium in, 271, 273-74 nagana (trypanosomes) in, 179, 189-91 trematode parasites in, 90, 92, 93

cecum, 414

cell division

binary fission, 13, 413 of eukaryotes, 13 mitosis/meiosis, 13 of prokaryotes, 13 cell-mediated immunity, 33, 35-37, 414 cercariae, 88, 89fig., 94fig∙, 98, 414 cervids

abomasal parasites of, 49-50

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 108, 109, 112 Mycobacterium in, 271, 272 nematode parasites in, 65 piroplasms in, 175 trematode parasites in, 90, 91, 93 cestodes (tapeworms), 102-13, 414

anatomy, 102-3, 102fig.

avian cestodes, 113 classification, 85, 387table clinical effects, 109, 111, 113 coenurus, 41, 103fig., 104, 105fig., 108-9 control and host immunity, 105, 109, 112 cyclophyllidean cestodes, 102-5, 103fig., 113 cysticercus, 103fig., 104, 105fig., 107-8 density dependence and, 11 Echinococcus spp., 109-13 human infections, 111-12, 113 hydatid cysts, 103fig., 104, 106fig., 109-13 insect hosts for, 132 larval stages, 103-4, 103fig., 105fig. life cycles, 102-5, 103fig., 107-8, 110 mammalian infections, 102-5, 103fig. metacestodes, 103-4 mites as intermediate hosts for, 155 mortality, 109 number of species, 102 pastoral cycles, 104-5, 106fig., 112 populations effects, 109, 111 reservoirs and transmission, 108-9, 110-11 special problems, 111-12 sylvatic cycles, 104-5, 107, 108, 112-13 Taeniidae (Taenia spp.), 103fig., 105-13

Chagas disease, 126fig., 130-31, 180 chamois

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108

Mycoplasma in, 268

trematode parasites in, 90, 91 chewing lice, 129, 130, 414

biting lice, 130

dermatitis and hair loss from, 152

as intermediate hosts, 159

mouthparts of, 158 chickens

Eimeria in, 183

West Nile virus in, 335 chiggers, 139, 141 Chlamydia spp., 414

C.pneumoniae, 252

latent infections, 247

soil and water reservoir, 252 transmission of, 244, 247 Chromoalveolata (Supergroup), 383, 390table chronic wasting disease (CWD), 359-62

control, 361-62 chytrid fungus, 5, 217-21, 363-64,414 chytridiomycosis, 218-19 cilia, 30, 414 ciliated protozoa, 383 Ciliophora (ciliates), 176-77 cimicids, 131 citrinin, 224 civets

mange in, 152

mites in, 152, 155 cladistics, 381-82, 414 classification, 381-99, 384-97tables

cladistics, 381-82, 414

identification, 381

major kingdoms, 7, 382

nomenclature, 381

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes, 12-13,382 systems of, 381-83

clinically active infections, 248-49, 414

Eubacteria, 270-75

viruses, 326-33 clonal selection, 34 Clostridium botulinum, 251, 290, 293-96

clinical effects, 295

control, 296

host range and distribution, 293-94 population effects, 295-96 reservoirs and transmission, 294-95 toxin, 37, 293-95, 403 co-evolution, 414 coccidia, 172-73, 184, 383 Coccidioides spp., 210-14

C.immitis, 210-14

C. posadasii, 210-14

clinical effects, 213

control, 213-14

geographic distributions, 211-12, 211fig. reservoirs and transmission, 212-13 coccidioidomycosis, 210-14

coccidiosis, 213 cockroaches

as disease vectors,157 mouthparts of, 158 coenurus, 41, 103fig., 104, 105fig., 414 Colorado tick fever virus, 316 complement, 30-31, 414 complement fixation test, 403,414 conjunctiva, 414 conjunctivitis, 245, 269 conservation strategies, 5-6 contagious, defined, 414 coots, trematode parasites in, 97 copper, 89 coprophilous fungi (Pilobolus), 50, 53 cormorants, trematode parasites in, 98 cougar

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 113

Coccidioides infections in, 211 nematode parasites in, 59 coyotes

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 109

Coccidioides infections in, 211

Mycobacterium in, 274

Neorickettsia helminthoeca in, 289 rabies in, 326, 327

Yersinia pestis in, 281 crabs, acanthocephalan parasites and, 70 Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, 359 crocodiles, West Nile virus in, 334 crustacea

acanthocephalan parasites and, 70 classification, 389table

as intermediate hosts for trematodes, 88 Culex mosquitoes, 133-34, 173-74, 188, 336 Culicoides spp., 135, 173-74,340 Cuterbra spp., 145-46

bots in mouse groin, 146fig.

C. emasculator, 146 cyclophyllidean cestodes, 102-5, 103fig. cyclopropagative transmission, 414 cysticercus, 103fig., 104, 105fig., 107-8, 414 cystogenous glands, 88 cysts, 168-69, 170fig., 414 cytokines, 30, 36, 414 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, 35-36, 415

Davanidea proglottina, 113

DDT, 15 dead-end hosts, 2, 91, 251, 415 decimating factors, 13, 415 deer, 17. See also specific types of deer, e.g., white-tailed deer, fallow deer

abomasal parasite counts of, 51-52

Aspergillus infection in, 209

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286, 287 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108, 112-13 chronic wasting disease in, 359-60 densities of, 274-75 hair loss syndrome due to lice, 152 maggots and, 144, 147, 149 management of, 54, 274-75

mites and, 154

Mycobacterium in, 248, 272-75

nasal bots of, 147

nematode parasites in, 51-54, 62, 64, 66, 67 orbiviruses in, 340

population control, 54

Salmonella spp. and, 260

scabies in, 154

screw worm maggots and, 144

ticks and, 149

trematode parasites in, 90, 92

deer flies, 135, 157

Francisella tularensis and, 277

mouthparts of, 158

deer tick, 284

definitive host, 7, 415

dendritic cell, 29fig., 36, 415

density, 10-11, 415

density-dependent diseases, 10, 10fig., 11 density-independent diseases, 10-11, 10fig. disease and, 10-11 threshold density, 427

Dermacentor albipictus (winter tick), 141,

¹49^-5^{01, 1}5^0fig.

dermatitis, 151-55, 415 hypersensitivity reactions, 152 inflammation and, 151 from lice, 152 from mites, 142

sarcoptic mange, 152-55

dermatophytes, 224

deutonymph, 415

developmental transmission, 415

devil facial tumor disease, 257-58

diagnostic tests, 401-9

diapause, 415

Dicrocoelium dentriticum (lancet fluke), 92, 93-96 Dictyocualus viviparus, 52-54, 53fig.

dilution effects, 286-87, 415

dimazene aceturate, 191

dimorphism, 206, 415

dingoes, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113

direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test, 404,405fig., 415 direct life cycle, 7, 415

density dependence and, 10

nematodes, 47, 48-62

of protists, 168-69, 180-84, 180fig.

disease. See also health; wildlife diseases

causes of, 12-15

decimating factors, 13

defined, 415

models, 11-12, 12fig.

resistance mechanisms, 27-43

role in wildlife populations, 13-15

welfare factors, 13-14

disease spillover, 415

DNA

polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 406-7, 406fig., 424

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 407, 425

sequencing, 407

dogs. See also canids

Brucella- in, 263

canine distemper virus in, 332

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112 nematodes in, 55

Neorickettsia helminthoeca in, 289

Pasteurella in, 266

rabies in, 4, 326

reduction in numbers of strays, 112

trypanosomes in, 178

dolphins

Aspergillus infection in, 209

Coccidioides infections in, 211

fungal infections in, 209, 216

Toxoplasma gondii in, 187

domestic animals

diseases shared with wildlife, 3-4

health of, 3-4

donkeys, trematode parasites in, 93

ducks

acanthocephalan parasites and, 70, 71

duck plague virus, 244, 247

trematode parasites in, 97, 98

dung beetles, 53-54 dyspnea, 415

eagles, lead poisoning in, 355 earthworms

in transmission of Histomonas meleagridis, 192

in transmission of nematode larva, 50, 73 ecdysis, 415

Echinococcus spp., 109-13

E. granulosus, 109, 112-13

E. multilocularis, 109, 110-12

E. oligarthus, 113

E. vogeli, 113

ectoparasites, 7, 415

edema, 415

egrets, trematode parasites in, 98

eider ducks, acanthocephalan parasites and,

70,71-72

Eimeria spp., 172, 180fig., 182-84

Elaeophora schneideri (arterial worm), 65-68,

135, 157, 159

elephant louse, 130

elephants

Bacillus anthracis and, 292

Mycobacterium in, 271

ELISA. See Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay elk

Brucella in, 262, 263-65

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 112

chronic wasting disease in, 359-60

mites in, 154

Mycobacterium in, 272, 274

nematode parasites and, 51, 53, 63, 66

orbiviruses in, 340

scabies in, 154

ticks and, 149

trematode parasites in, 90, 92, 93

tule elk, 272, 274 embryonated egg, 415 emerging infectious diseases, 5, 377-79, 415 Emmonsia spp., 214 encephalitis, 64, 109, 416

Listeria and, 291 encephalomyelitis, 416 endangered species

extinctions from wildlife diseases, 5, 15 threats from wildlife diseases, 5, 15-16, 337 endemic, 9, 416 endocrine disruptors, 365 endomycetes, 391-92table endoparasites, 7, 416 endosymbionts, 393table endothelial cells, 416 endotoxin, 416

Entamoeba spp., 169-70, 180fig.

^cy^{st, 1}70^fig.

E. histolytica, 169

E. invadens, 170 enteritis, 69, 416 enteroviruses, 252 envelope, 316, 416 enzootic, 9-10, 14 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 4⁰4^-5^,4⁰5^fig., 4¹⁶

eosinophils, 29, 29fig., 31, 416

epidemics, 416 among birds, 9, 416 bubonic plague, 2, 9 defined, 416 world-wide (pandemic), 2, 9, 423 epidemiology (= epizootiology), 416 epimastigote, 416 epipharynx, 416 epitopes, 33, 37, 416 epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), 339-41

epizootics, 9, 248-49, 416

epornitic, 9, 416 equids. See horses equine encephalitis virus, 245, 250 eradication, 416 ergot alkaloids, 224 erythrocyte, 29fig., 416 estrogen, 354 Eubacteria, 242, 383 Euglenozoa, 178, 390table eukaryotes, 12-13, 168, 382. See also protists defined, 416 single-celled organisms, 165-204

Excavata (Supergroup), 169, 383 classification, 390table Euglenozoa, 178 flagellates, 177-80 Fornicata, 177

exopterygotes, 126, 416 exotoxin, 417 exsanguination, 134, 416 extinctions, from wildlife diseases, 5, 15

face fly, 138 Facebook, 379

facultative, defined, 417

falcons, Trichomonas in, 182 fallow deer

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286, 287

Mycobacterium in, 272

nematode parasites in, 62, 65

trematode parasites in, 90, 92 false negative rate, 402, 417 false positive rate, 402, 417 Fasciola hepatica, 92, 93

control of, 90

Fascioloides magna, 90-93

consumption (as food) by humans, 92 felids. See cats fenbadazol, 49 ferrets

black-footed, 15, 279, 331, 332-33 canine distemper virus in, 331, 332-33 Mycobacterium in, 271, 273 Yersinia pestis in, 279, 283 filarial nematodes, 65-68, 417 filariform esophagus, 417 filth flies, 137-38, 138fig. fish

as intermediate hosts for helminths, 289

as intermediate hosts for trematodes, 88, 98

Mycobacterium in, 271 fishers, as host for nematodes, 55 fitness, 5-8, 13-15, 417

reduction by parasites, 7, 8

reduction by wildlife diseases, 5, 13

reduction in, 6, 13, 14-15

fitness costs, 14-15

flagellates, 177-80, 383

flagellum, defined, 417

hemoflagellates, 178-80, 179fig.

intestinal, 177-78

flatworms, 84-123. See also cestodes; trematodes classification, 383, 387table

Phylum Platyhelminthes, 85, 383,387table flaviviruses, 333

transmission of, 245, 250 flea-borne rickettsiae, 132 fleas, 131-32, 417

jumping of, 131

Yersinia pestis and, 240, 246, 278-81, 382

flesh fly, 417

flies, 132-38, 417. See also specific types offiies

as disease vectors,157

fly worry, 155

life cycles, 132

mouthparts of, 158-59

myiasis from, 143-45

Florida key deer, 274

flukes. See also trematodes

blood flukes (schistosomes), 101-2

giant American liver fluke (Fascioloides magna),

90-93

intestinal flukes, 96-101

lancet fluke (Dicrocoelium dentriticum), 92, 93-96 liver flukes, 90-96

fly worry, 155

focal diseases, 12

foci, 12

follicle mites, 141-42

fomites, 244, 417

foot-and-mouth disease, 247

formic acid, 40

Fornicata, 177

fowl plague, 319

foxes

Brucella in, 263

canine distemper virus in, 332

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108, 109, 110, ιιι, 112 chemotherapy in, 112

mange in, 152

Mycobacterium in, 274 nematode parasites in, 59

Neorickettsia helminthoeca in, 289 rabies in, 10, 326, 327, 329fig.

ringworm in, 224

tick paralysis in, 156

Yersinia pestis in, 281

Francisella tularensis, 275-78

cannibalism and, 244

clinical effects, 277

control, 278

host range and distribution, 276 infectivity of, 8, 30 populations effects, 277-78 reservoirs and transmission, 276-77 soil and water reservoir, 252, 276 transmission of, 157, 159, 194, 245-46, 249, 276-77 frogs

malformations in, 100

Mycobacterium in, 271

West Nile virus in, 335

frounce, 181

fumonisins, 224-25

fungal diseases and agents, 208-15

allergic diseases, 208

Aspergillus/aspergillosis, 208-10

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), 217-21

Candida albicans, 208

chytridiomycosis, 218-19

Coccidioides spp., 210-14 coccidioidomycosis, 210-14 dermatophytes, 224

Emmonsia spp., 214

Histoplasma capsulatum, 214-15 infective fungi, 216-24

Lacazia loboi, 216

lobomycosis, 216

mycosis, 208

Pseudogymnoascus destructans, 208, 221-24 saprophytic fungi, 208-24

Sporothrix schenckii, 215-16 sporotrichosis, 215-16 subcutaneous diseases, 215-16 systemic diseases, 208-15

Trichophyton spp. (ringworm), 224

white-nose syndrome, 208, 221-24 fungi, 205-39, 382, 383, 4¹7∙ See also fungal diseases and agents

ascomycetes, 207 basidiomycetes, 207 chytridomycetes, 207, 217-21 classification/systematics, 206-7, 391-92table coprophilous, 50, 53 deuteromycetes, 207 dimorphism in, 206 identification, 207-8 infective, 216-24 introduction to, 205-8

mycotoxins, 208, 209, 224-25 parasitism in, 7 reproduction, 206 saprophytic, 208-24, 425 spores, 206 structures of, 205-6 yeasts, 206

zygomycetes, 207 Fusobacterium necrophorum, 247, 296

game destruction, as control strategy, 191 gametocyte, 417 gametogony, 417

in protozoa, 168

in sporozoa, 171 gastropods. See snails geese

Eimeria in, 183

gizzard worm infections, 48-49 as reservoir for A. anseris, 49 gel electrophoresis, 406, 417 gene-rearranging proteins, 37 genome, 417 giant American liver fluke. See Fascioloides magna Giardia spp., 177, 180fig. giardiasis, 157, 177 giraffes, abomasal parasites of, 50 gizzard worm (Amidostomum anseris), 48-49 Glossina morsitans, 191 goats

Brucella in, 262

nematode parasites in, 52, 66, 67 trematode parasites in, 90 gram-negative/gram-positive, 417 granulocyte, 417 granulocytic ehrlichiosis, 249-50 granuloma, 417 griseofulvin, 224 ground squirrels

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72

Francisella tularensis in, 276 nematode parasites in, 55

Yersinia pestis in, 279

Haemonchus contortus, 50, 52 Haemoproteus spp., 174, 175 Haemosporidia. See malarial parasites Haller's organ, 418 hantaviruses, 320-25

control, 325

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, 2, 3, 321, 323-24 host range and distribution, 321 human infections, 323-24, 324fig.

latent infections, 247, 320-25 reservoirs and transmission, 321-23, 322fig. Sin Nombre virus, 321, 323 in Yosemite National Park, 323-24, 324fig.

harbor seals, 13, 245, 268, 289 hard ticks, 139-41, 418 Hawaiian native birds, 15-16, 188-89 head bots, 147 health, 2-6, 418

domestic animal, 3-4

human, 2-3 measures of, 6 wildlife, 4-6 heart worms, 152, 157, 159 helminths

antihelminthics, 52, 109, 193,412 defined, 418

helminth-borne vectors, 191-93, 245-46 helminth-mediated transmission, 245-46 helminth-vertebrate reservoir, 250-51, 418 helminth-vertebrate reservoir: Eubacteria, 288-90 helminth-vertebrate reservoir: viruses, 341 infections, control of wildlife populations and, 15 infections, shared by wildlife and domestic animals, 4

pathogenicity of, 8 helper T-lymphocytes, 34,418 hemagglutination inhibition test (HAI), 403, 418 hemocoel, 418 hemoflagellates, 178-80, 179fig., 418 hemolysis, 148-51, 418 hemolytic anemia, 175 hemorrhage, 418 hemorrhagic disease of ruminants, 339-41 hepatitis, 183, 418

hepatitis A virus, 252 Hepatozoon spp., 172 herd immunity, 341 hermaphrodite, 383, 418 herons, trematode parasites in, 98 herpesviruses, 247 heteroxenous, 418

coccidia life cycles, 172, 172fig.

digenetic trematodes as, 87 protist lifestyles, 169, 184-93 protozoan life cycles, 169 hippoboscid flies (keds), 132, 136-37, 136fig., 418 malaria and, 173

Hirudinea (leeches), 383 histamine, 30, 31 Histomonas spp., 177

earthworms and, 192

H. meleagridis, 191-93, 251 histomoniasis, 192-93 Histoplasma capsulatum, 214-15 histoplasmosis, 214-15 homidium bromide, 191

hookworms, 418

horizontal transmission, 244,418 hormones, 354 horseflies, 135, 157

Francisella tularensis and, 277 microfiliariae transmitted by, 66-67 mouthparts of, 158

horses

equine encephalitis virus, 245, 250 nematode parasites in, 65 trematode parasites in, 90 West Nile virus in, 334 hosts. See also carriers

aberrant, 411

amplifying, 412

dead-end, 2, 415

definitive, 7, 415

indicator, 419

intermediate, 7, 420

parasites and environment and, 12, 12fig., 18 paratenic (transport), 7, 423 zooprophylactic (barrier), 420 human diseases, models for, 3 human health, 2-3

measures of, 6

wildlife diseases and, 2-3 humoral immunity, 33, 34-35,418 hydatid cysts, 41, 103fig., 104, 105fig., 109-13

multilocular, 106fig., 109, 422

unilocular, 428

hyenas

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72

canine distemper virus in, 331 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 109, 113 trypanosomes in, 180 hyperdisease, 419 hypersensitivity, 152, 419 hyphae, 205-6, 419 Hypoderma spp., 146-47

H. tarandi, 146-47 Hypodermia tarandi, 146-47

ibex

Mycoplasma in, 268

scabies in, 154

identification, 381

immunity, 27-43

acquired, 28, 33-37, 411

active, 411

antimicrobial defenses, 30-32

in arthropods, 39-40

cell-mediated, 33, 35-37, 414 clonal selection, 34 definitions, 411, 414, 418, 423 disease effects on, 14 distinguishing self from not-self, 28 functions of immune system, 27-28 herd immunity, 341 humoral, 33, 34-35, 418 innate, 28, 29-33,419 leukocytes involved in, 28-29, 29fig. in mammals and birds, 38-39

passive, 423

passive barriers, 30

in reptiles, 39

specificity in, 33-34

speed of response, 28

immunoblot test. See western blot test

immunoglobulins, 33, 34-35. See also antibodies

^a, 35^, 3⁸

^d, 35

defined, 419

E^, 3^1, 35

^g, 35^, 3⁸

M, 35, 38

^y, 35^, 3⁸

immunohistochemistry (IHC), 406, 419 immunological memory, 34, 37, 419 immunosuppression, 419 incidence, 7, 419

incubation period, 419

indicator host, 419

indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, 404,

4⁰4^fig., 4¹9

indirect life cycle, 7, 419

density dependence and, 11

of digenetic trematodes, 87

of nematodes, 47-48

of protists, 180fig.

infectivity, 8, 12-13, 419

inflammation, 32-33,419

benefits vs. problems of, 32

as immune defense, 30, 31, 32-33 influenza. See also avian influenza

avian, 317-20

avian, human health impacts, 2, 3

clinical effects, 320

latent infections, 247

population effects, 320

Type A,317-18

viruses, 247, 341

wild and domestic reservoirs for, 4 infrapopulation, 419 ingestion, as means of transmission,

244-45

innate immunity, 28, 29-33, 419

inner ear infections, 154

insects, 126-38, 419. See also fleas; lice

blood meal, 131-32

bugs, true, 130-31 characteristics of, 126 classification, 388-89table diseases caused by, 142-61 flies, 132-38 holometabolus (complete) metamorphosis, 126-28, 127fig., 131-38

immunity in, 40

lice, 129-30

life cycles, 126-28, 126fig., 127fig.

^magg^{ots, 1}37^-3^{8, 1}3^8fig.

mosquitoes, 132-34, 133fig. parthenogenesis in, 126, 129 paurometabolus (incomplete) metamorphosis, 126, 129-31

pupae, 126-27

transstadial transmission, 127-29

insects, mites, and ticks, diseases caused by, 142-61 annoyance, 155 blood loss and hemolysis, 148-51 dermatitis, 151-55 myiasis, 142-48 toxicosis, 155-56

vector-borne diseases, 156-61

intensity, 7-8, 420 interferon, 31, 419 intermediate host, 7, 420 Internet resources, 378-79 intestinal flagellates, 177-78 intestinal nematodes, 4, 48-52 intestinal trematodes, 96-101 invasiveness, 8, 420 invertebrate-vertebrate reservoirs, 249-51 isopods, 72 isotype, 420

itraconzaole, 210 ivermectin, 65

jackals, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 jaguars, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 5

keds. See hippoboscid flies ketoconazole, 195, 215 kidney worms, 48fig. kingdoms, major taxonomic, 12-13, 382 kinkajous, 55 kissing bugs, 130

Kruger National Park, 293

Lacazia loboi, 216 lagomorphs

acanthocephalan parasites in, 73 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 108 Eimeria in, 183

Francisella tularensis in, 276, 277 trematode parasites in, 93 trypanosomes in, 178 Yersinia pestis in, 279

lancet fluke. See Dicrocoelium dentriticum

latent infections, 247-48, 420

Eubacteria, 259-70

viruses, 317-25

latent period, 420 LD50, 8, 8fig.

lead poisoning, 14, 354-56

leafhoppers, 130 leeches, 73-74, 420

transmission of trypanosomes by, 73-74 Leishmania spp., 134, 178, 180, 180fig. Leptospira spp., 244 Leucocytozoon spp., 174, 175, 180fig. leukemia, 420 leukocytes, 28-29, 29fig., 420

cytokines secreted by, 30

lice, 128fig., 129-30

African blue louse, 148-49

chewing lice, 129, 130, 152, 414 definitions, 414, 420, 426 dermatitis from, 152 as intermediate hosts, 152 mouthparts of, 158 number of species, 129 population effects, 130 sucking lice, 129, 130, 148-49, 426 lions, 15

canine distemper virus in, 332

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107-8 trypanosomes in, 189

Listeria monocytogenes, 10, 194, 290-91

soil and water reservoir, 251, 252, 290 liver trematodes, 90-96. See also trematodes

consumption (as food) by humans, 92 lizards, Borrelia burgdorferi and, 287 llamas

abomasal parasites of, 50

trematode parasites in, 91 lobomycosis, 216 lobster, acanthocephalan parasites and, 70 loons, Aspergillus infection in, 209 louse. See lice louse flies. See hippoboscid flies ^lung^worms, 4^, 47^, 5^2-54^, 53fig.

bacteria transmitted by, 245, 250, 263, 266, 289 Lyme disease, 2, 139, 140, 157, 249, 284-88.

See also Borrelia burgdorferi clinical effects, 287-88 control, 288

vaccine, 288 lymphocytes, 29, 29fig., 33, 420

B-lymphocytes, 29, 33, 412 cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, 415 helper T-lymphocytes, 34, 418 heterogeneity, basis of, 37 natural killer (NK) cells, 29, 32, 422 T-lymphocytes, 29, 33, 415, 418, 427 lymphocytic choriomeningitis, 245 lymphoid tissue, 420 lymphokine, 420 lymphoma, 420 lynx

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107

Mycobacterium in, 273

Pasteurella in, 266 lysosomes, 31, 420 lysozyme, 31, 32, 420 lyssaviruses, 248, 326

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus, 72 macrogametocyte, 420 macroparasites, 45-166, 421 macrophages, 29, 29fig., 31-32, 421 mad cow disease, 359 maggots, 137-38, 138fig., 142-48

“blood-sucking,” 143, 147-48

keeping wounds clean with, 142

myiasis, 142-48

major histocompatibility complex (MHC), 36,

3⁶fig∙^, 4²¹

malaria

avian, 15, 128, 134, 173, 188-89 stages of infection, 175, 175fig.

malarial parasites (Haemosporidia), 173-75, 383 arthropod hosts for, 134, 173-74 avian malaria, 15, 128, 134, 173, 188-89 intermediate hosts for, 169 ^{life c}y^cles, 173^-75^, 174fig.

mosquitoes and, 134, 173-74 prepatent and patent period, 175, 175fig. stages of infection, 175, 175fig.

malathion, 225

malignant catarrhal fever virus, 244, 247 mallards, trematode parasites in, 97 mammals

Aspergillus infection in, 209-10

Bacillus anthracis and, 291 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 102-5 Coccidioides infections in, 211

Eimeria in, 183

Francisella tularensis in, 276 fungal infections in, 209-10, 214, 215-16 immunity in, 38-39 immunoglobulins in, 34-35 leukocytes in, 29

Listeria in, 290

Mycobacterium in, 271 Pasteurella in, 266-67 piroplasms in, 175

West Nile virus and, 334, 337-38

mange, 152-55,421

Mannheimia spp., 265-68

marine mammals

Brucella in, 263

Coccidioides infections in, 211

Toxoplasma gondii in, 187

marmots

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107 nematode parasites in, 55 Yersinia pestis in, 279

marsupials

Mycobacterium in, 271

Salmonella spp. and, 260 trypanosomes in, 178

martens, nematode parasites in, 55, 59

mast cells, 29fig., 31, 421 measles virus, 330 meat products, cooking of, 61-62 mechanical transmission, 421 mechanical vector, 421 meiosis, 168

melanization, 40

memory cells, 34, 37, 421

meningeal worm (Parelaphostrongylus tenuis), ^62-65^{, 6}3^fig.

meninges, 421

meningitis, 64, 109, 338, 421 meningoencephalitis, 65, 109, 194-95, 421 merogony, 421

in piroplasms, 176

in sporozoa, 171

meronts, 421

of malarial parasites, 174, 174fig.

of sporozoa, 171 merozoites, 421

of coccidia, 172, 172fig.

of malarial parasites, 174, 174fig.

of sporozoa, 171 metacestode, 421 metamorphosis, 421 metazoan, 421 MHC. See major histocompatibility complex mice

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 110, ιιι hantaviruses in, 321, 322-25,323fig., 324fig. mites in, 155 tick paralysis in, 156

Yersinia pestis in, 279 microfilaria, 421 microparasites, 9, 241-57, 421 midges, 134-35, 340, 421 milbemycin oxime, 58 mink encephalopathy, 359 miracidium, 87-88, 87fig., 93-94,421 mites, 138-39, 141-42 anatomy, 139, 140fig.

astigmatid, 142, 153-54 cheyletid, 142 chiggers, 139, 141 defined, 422 diseases caused by, 152-61 follicle mites, 141-42 inner ear infections from, 154 as intermediate hosts, 155 life cycles, 139, 153, 154-55 mesostigmatid, 141 prostigmatid, 141-42 psoregatid, 142 sarcoptic mange (scabies) from, 152-55 moles, acanthocephalan parasites in, 72 mollicutes, 268 molluscicides, 89, 422 molluscs

control of, for control of trematodes, 89 as intermediate hosts for nematodes, 62-63, 63fig. as intermediate hosts for trematodes, 88, 89

Monera (kingdom), 13, 241-42, 382, 383. See also bacteria Archebacteria, 241, 383

Eubacteria, 242, 383 parasitism in, 7 mongoose rabies, 327 Moniliformis moniliformis, 73 monkeys, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 110 monocytes, 29, 29fig., 31-32, 422 monoxenous life cycles, 168-69, ¹72, 177, 422 moose, ιι, 17

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 112 ghost moose, 150fig., 151 moose sickness, 64

nematode parasites in, 62, 63, 65, 66 trematode parasites in, 91, 92 winter ticks and, 149-501, 150fig.

morbidity (defined), 8, 422 morbilliviruses

canine distemper, 330-33

clinically active infections, 248 rinderpest, 3, 16, 248

mosquitoes, 132-34, 133fig.

Aedes, 133-34

Anopheles, 133-34, 174

Culex, 133-34, 173-74, 188, 336

diseases transmitted by, 134, 157, 160, 173-74, 188

Francisella tularensis and, 276

life cycles, 132-34, 133fig.

West Nile virus and, 334-38

mucous membranes, 30, 422

mule deer

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113

chronic wasting disease in, 360 nematode parasites in, 51, 62, 64, 66, 67 orbiviruses in, 340

multilocular hydatid, 106fig., 109, 422 multiple fission, 422

multiplicative transmission. See propagative transmission

muscid flies, 137-38, 138fig.

muscoid flies, 148 muskoken, 52 muskrats

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72

Francisella tularensis in, 276, 277 ringworm in, 224 mute swans, 96, 97 mxyoma virus, 15 mycelium, 205-6, 422 Mycobacterium spp., 270-75

cannibalism and, 272

classification, 393table

clinical effects, 273

clinically active infections, 248, 249 control, 274-75

host range and distribution, 271-72

M. avium, 194, 252, 271-72, 296

M. avium paratuberculosis, 272

M. bovis, 244, 248, 271-73

M. bovis, vaccine, 275

M. leprae, 194

M. paratuberculosis, 271, 272

M. tuberculosis, 8-9, 271

pathogenic species, 271

population effects, 273 reservoirs and transmission, 272-73 soil and water reservoir, 252, 272, 296 transmission of, 244, 248, 251

Mycoplasma spp., 268-70, 422 classification, 393table clinical effects, 269 control, 270 host range and distribution, 268 latent infections, 247

M. conjunctivae, 245, 269, 270

M. gallisepticum, 268, 269, 270 population effects, 269-70 reservoirs and transmission, 268-69

transmission of, 244, 245, 247 mycoplasmosis, 269 mycosis, 208, 422 mycotoxicosis, 224-25, 422 mycotoxins, 208, 209, 224-25, 422 aflatoxins, 208, 209, 224, 225 myiasis, 142-48, 422

accidental, 142-43 facultative, 143 obligatory, 143-45

myopathy, 422

myxoma virus

fleas and, 250

mosquitoes and, 134, 245

nagana disease, 179, 189-91 nasal bots, 147

natural killer (NK) cells, 29, 32, 422

necrosis, 422

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 248 nematodes, 45-68, 422

abomasal parasite count (APC), 411 abomasal parasites, 49-50 adult kidney worms, 48fig.

Amidostomum anseris (gizzard worm), 48-49 anatomy, 45-46, 46fig.

ascarids, 47

Baylisascarisprocyonis, 54-58, 56fig. classification, 46, 383, 384-85table control, 49, 52, 54, 57-58, 61-62, 65, 67-68 Dictyocualus viviparus, 52-54, 53fig.

direct life cycle, 47, 48-62

Elaeophora schneideri (arterial worm), 65-68 as emerging human pathogens, 57 filiarial, 65-68

free-living nematodes, 47-48

Haemonchus contortus, 50, 52

hosts for, 47-48

indirect life cycle, 47, 62-68 infection and transmission, 47-48 insect hosts for, 132, 134 intermediate hosts for, 47, 55, 62-63, 63fig. intestinal, 4, 48-52 life history, 47, 47fig.

lungworms, 52-54, 53fig. mortality from, 46 number of species, 47 Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (meningeal worm), 6^2-65^{, 6}3^fig.

population effects, 49, 51, 54, 57, 61, 64-65, 67 reservoirs and transmission, 49, 50, 52-54, 55-57, 56fig., 60-62, 63-64, 66-67

Trichinella spp., 58-62, 60fig.

as vectors, 251

Neorickettsia spp., 245, 250, 288-89

clinical effects, 289-90

control, 290

host range and distribution, 289

N. helminthoeca, 289-90 population effects, 290 reservoirs and transmission, 289 neutralization test, 403, 422

neutrophils, 29, 29fig., 31, 32, 422 niclosamide, 109, 113 nidus/nidi, 12, 422

nit, 422 nitroimidazole, 182

Nocardia spp., 251, 296 nocardioforms, 393table nomenclature, 381 noneukarotic agents. See bacteria; prions;

viruses

noninfectious diseases, 354-56 Notoedres spp., 152-53, 154 nurse cells, 60

nymphs, 126, 422

ocelots, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 ochratoxin, 225

oestrid flies, 138, 138fig., 146-47

myiasis from maggots of, 145-46 oligochaetes (earthworms), 73, 383 oncospheres, 109, 423 One Health concept, 6 oocysts, 184, 423 opaleye fish, 341

opossums

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 Mycobacterium in, 273 screw worm maggots and, 144 opsonization, 31, 423 orbiviruses, 250, 339-41 otitis externa, 154 overgrazing, 54

oysters, Toxoplasma gondii and, 187

pampas cats, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 pandemic, 9, 423

panzootic, 423 papillomavirus, 244, 248 parasites

behavioral defenses to, 40 classification, 383-84, 384-97tables classification systems, 383-84 defined, 6-7, 423

density dependence/independence, 10-11 direct life cycles, 7

disease concepts and terms, 7-9, 17 disease model for, 12, 12fig.

as disease vectors, 157 ectoparasites, 7 endoparasites, 7, 416 enzootic infections, 9-10, 14 host fitness reduced by, 7, 8 hosts for, 7

immune defenses against, 29 indirect life cycles, 7 infection from, 7, 157 infestation with, 7 macroparasites, 45-166, 421 microparasites, 241-57 number of species worldwide, 2, 12, 383 parasitic lifestyle, 6-9

predation and, 7

transmission of, 7

vectors for, 7

virulence, 8-9

wildlife population control/regulation through, 15

paratenic (transport) hosts, 7, 47, 423 paratuberculosis, 273, 274

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (meningeal worm),

6^2-65^{, 6}3^fig.

paroviruses, 251 parthenogenesis, 126, 129, 423

passive hemagglutination test (PHA), 402-3, 423 passive immunity, 30, 423

Pasteurella multocida, 4, 5fig., 194, 266. See also avian cholera

in bighorn sheep, 16, 267

invasiveness of, 8, 9

latent infections, 247

mortality from, 54

soil and water reservoir, 252, 266, 296

transmission of, 244, 245, 247

virulence of, 9

Pasteurella spp., 265-68

classification, 265,392table

clinical effects, 266

control, 267-68

host range and distribution, 265

population effects, 266-67

reservoirs and transmission, 265-66 pasteurellosis, 266 pastoral cycle, 423

of cestodes (tapeworms), 104-5, 106fig., 112 patent period, 175, 175fig., 423 pathogenicity, 8, 423

LD50 test, 8, 8fig.

pathogens, 15-16

pathogen pollution, 423

patulin, 225 paurometabolous insects, 126, 129-31 Pavlovsky, Evgeny N., 12

PCR. See polymerase chain reaction

Pekin ducks, 97

pelicans, trematode parasites in, 98 pentastomes (tongue worms), 73, 386table, 423

Sebekia mississippiensis, 73

peritoneum, 423

pesticides, 11, 15, 353

pet trade

in amphibians, 217

Salmonella spp. and, 262

in turtles, 262

Peyer's patches, 33, 423 phagocytes, 28-29, 29fig., 31-33, 423 pheasants, 14

phenoloxidase, 40

phocine distemper virus, 13, 330

phoretic transfer, 157

physical contact, as means of transmission, 244 pigeon fly, 137

pigeon herpesvirus, 247

pigeons

Trichomonas gallinae in, 177, 180-82

West Nile virus in, 335

pigs

Brucella in, 262

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 110

Coccidioides infections in, 211

Salmonella spp. and, 260

trematode parasites in, 90, 93

pillbugs, 72

Pilobolus spp., 50, 53

pinworm, 178

piperazine salts, 67-68 piroplasms, 175-76, 383, 424

intermediate hosts for, 169

life cycles, 176

vectors for, 175, 176

Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, 72 plague, 278-84. See also Yersinia pestis

bubonic plague, 2, 9, 16, 157, 250, 282 cannibalism and, 244 control, 283-84

duck plague virus, 244, 247

enzootic to populations and regions, 9 epidemics and pandemics, 2, 9 latent infections, 247 natural cycles of, 280-82, 280fig. in prairie dogs, 16, 279, 281-84 septisemic plague, 282

transmission of, 245, 246, 250, 278-82, 280fig.

Plantae (kingdom), 382

parasitism in, 7

plasma, 401, 424

plasma cells, 29fig., 35, 424

Plasmodium spp., 174-75, ¹80fig.

P. relictum (avian malaria), 188-89 platelets, 29fig.

Platyhelminthes (flatworms), 85-123, 383, 387table.

See also cestodes; trematodes

plumbism (lead poisoning), 354-56

Point Reyes National Seashore, California, 274 polar bears, Trichinella infection in, 59, 61 polychaetes (sandworms), 73, 383 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, 406-7,

4⁰6fig∙^, 4²4

quantitative real-time (QRT-PCR), 407 polymorphonuclear leukocyte, 424 Polymorphuss spp., 69-72

P. minutus, 70-72

population effects

of acanthocephalans, 71

on amphibians, 219-20, 264-65

of aspergillosis, 210

of avian influenza, 320

of avian malaria on Hawaiian native birds,

188-89

of Bacillus anthracis, 292

of Brucella spp., 263-64

of canine distemper virus, 331-32

of cestodes (tapeworms), 109, ιιι

of chronic wasting disease, 360-61 of Clostridium botulinum, 295-96 of devil facial tumor disease, 257-58 of Eimeria stiedae, 183-84 of Francisella tularensis, 277-78 of Histomonas meleagridis, 193 of lead poisoning, 355 of lice, 130 of Listeria, 291

of Mycobacterium spp., 273 of Mycoplasma spp., 269-70 of nematode parasites, 49, 50, 54, 57, 61, 64-65, 67

of orbiviruses, 340-41

of Pasteurella spp., 266-67

of rabies, 328

of Salmonella spp., 261-62

of Toxoplasma gondii, 186

of trematode parasites, 92, 95, 97, 100 of Trichomonas gallinae, 182 of West Nile virus, 337-38

of white-nose syndrome in bats, 222-23 of Yersinia pestis (plague), 282 populations

density dependence and, 10-11, 10fig. diseases in, 9-10 regulation by diseases, 15-17 role of diseases in, 13-15

porcupines, mites in, 155 pork products, cooking of, 61-62 poxviruses, 245, 248, 249 prairie dogs, plague in, 16, 279, 281-84 praziquantel, 90, 109, 112, 290 precipitin test, 402, 424 prepatent period, 175, 175fig., 424 prevalence, 7, 424 primates

Entamoeba histolytica in, 169 Mycobacterium in, 271, 272 Salmonella spp. and, 260 trematode parasites in, 93 trypanosomes in, 178 prions, 7, 13, 358-62, 383-84

chronic wasting disease (CWD), 359-62 defined, 358, 424

prion diseases, 358-62 prion proteins, 358-59

TSEs, 359

proboscis, 424 procyclic stage, 424 Profilicollis spp., 69-72

P. altmani, 71

P. botulus, 70, 71, 72

proglottid, 424 prokaryotes, 382, 424

binary fission by, 13, 413 promastigote, 424 pronghorn

mites in, 154 orbiviruses in, 340 scabies in, 154 screw worm maggots and, 144 propagative transmission, 424 prostaglandin, 30 protists (protozoa), 13, 167-204, 382, 383. See also specific major groups, e.g., amebae, sporozoa amebae, 169-70 Apicomplexa (sporozoa), 170-76 asexual reproduction, 168 characteristics of, 168 ciliated, 383

Ciliophora (ciliates), 176-77 classification, 168, 390table control strategies, 169 cyst stage, 168-69, ¹70fig. definition of protozoa, 424 direct life cycles, 168-69, 180-84, 180fig. Excavata (Supergroup), 169, 177-80 flagellates, 177-80 free-living soil and water, 169, 170, 180fig. fungi, 205-39 groups important to wildlife diseases, 13, 383 indirect life cycles, 169, 184-93 life cycle strategies of protozoa, 168-69, 180fig. life history types, 180-95, 180fig. malarial parasites, 173-75 number of species, 167 parasitism in, 7 piroplasms, 175-76 protist life cycles, 168-69, ¹72 sexual reproduction, 168 terminology, 168 trophozoites, 170

Protocalliphora spp., 147-48 protozoa. See protists pseudocoel, 45 pseudocoelomates, 46, 424 pseudocysts, 184-85,424 Pseudogymnoascus destructans, 208, 221-24 pseudopodia, 169, 193, 425 pseudorabies virus, 244

Psoroptes spp., 153-54 public health risks, 2 puma. See cougar pyrethrum, 191

quinapuramine sulfate, 191

rabbit bots, 145 rabbit fever, 276 rabbit tick, 277 rabbits

acanthocephalan parasites in, 73

B. procyonis infection in, 57

Brucella in, 262 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 108, 113 Eimeria in, 183

Francisella tularensis in, 276 maggots and, 144, 145 mxyoma virus in (Australia), 15 Mycobacterium in, 272 Salmonella spp. and, 260 trematode parasites in, 93

trypanosomes in, 178

West Nile virus in, 334, 338

Yersinia pestis in, 282

rabies, 326-30

clinical effects, 327-28

clinically active infections, 248, 326-30

control, 330

as density-dependent disease, 10 domestic dog reservoir for, 4,326 host range and distribution, 326, 329fig.

human infection, 328-30

impact on human health, 2-3

impact on wildlife and domestic animals, 4, 14 phases of, 327-28

population effects, 328

reservoirs and transmission, 326-27, 329fig.

vaccination, 330

viruses, 326-30

raccoons

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 110

as host for nematodes, 55, 56, 56fig.

Mycobacterium in, 274 rabies in, 326, 327, 328, 329fig.

raccoon latrines, 56-57

West Nile virus in, 334 rafoxanide, 52, 90 Raillietina spp., 113 range management, 54 raptors

lead poisoning in, 354

Trichomonas in, 182

West Nile virus in, 336

Yersinia pestis in, 281

rat mite, 141

rats

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286

Brucella in, 263

Francisella tularensis in, 276

hantaviruses in, 321

mites in, 141, 155

Pasteurella in, 265

wood rats, 28, 57, 286

Yersinia pestis in, 278, 279, 283

recovered carrier, 259, 262

red deer

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286, 287

Mycobacterium in, 275

nematode parasites in, 62, 65 trematode parasites in, 90, 92, 93 red foxes. See foxes

red squirrel, 17

redia, 425

reduviids, 130-31, 178 reindeer

Brucella in, 262

fly infestations and, 146, 155

nematode parasites in, 62, 64, 65

reptiles

Entamoeba in, 170

immunity in, 39

Listeria in, 290

Mycoplasma in, 268

Salmonella spp. and, 261

West Nile virus in, 335

reservoir species, 10 reservoirs, 10, 246-52, 425 arthropod-vertebrate, 249-50, 275-88, 333-41 for bacteria and viruses, 246-52 clinically active infections, 248-49, 270-75, 3²6^-33

helminth-vertebrate, 250-51, 288-90, 341 invertebrate-vertebrate, 249-51 latent infections, 247-48, 259-70, 317-25 reservoir competence, 425

soil and water organism reservoir, 251-52, 290-96, 425

vertebrate-dependent, 247-49

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), 407, 425

retroviruses, 247 rhabditiform esophagus, 425 rhabdoviruses, 135

Ribeiroia spp., 97-101

R. congolense, 97

R. marini, 89, 97, 100

R. ondatrae, 97-101

ribosome, 425

rickettsias, 132, 393table, 425

Rift Valley fever, 134 rinderpest, 3, 16, 191, 330 transmission of, 244, 248 vaccine for, 16

ringworm, 224 rodent bots, 145 rodents

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 285-86

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 110

Eimeria in, 183

Francisella tularensis in, 276, 277 hantaviruses in, 321-25 maggots and, 145

Mycobacterium in, 271 piroplasms in, 175 trematode parasites in, 93 trypanosomes in, 178 Yersinia pestis in, 278-79, 282-84 roe deer

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108 trematode parasites in, 90, 91, 92

rostellum, 425

ruminants, abomasal parasites of, 49-50

Salivaria, 180, 190fig., 425 salmon poisoning disease, 288 Salmonella spp., 2, 157, 260-62 clinical effects, 261 host range and distribution, 260 infectivity of, 8 latent infections, 247, 260-62 population effects, 261-62

reservoirs and transmission, 252, 260-61

S. enterica, 194, 251, 260, 261

S. pullorum, 14

S. typhimurium, 244, 260 serotypes, 260 soil and water reservoir, 252, 261, 296 toxins, 261

transmission of, 244, 251 salmonellosis, 157, 260-62 sand flies, 134,425 sandworms (Polycheata), 73 saprophytes, 208-24, 425 sarcocyst, 425 Sarcocystis spp., 172, 180fig. sarcoma, 425 Sarcoptes scabei, 152-53, 154-55 sarcoptic mange, 152-55 scabies, 152-55, 425 scaups, trematode parasites in, 97 schistosomes (blood flukes), 101-2 schizogony. See merogony schizonts, 171, 174, 174fig., 425 scorpions, 139 screw worm maggots, 143-44 sea lions

Coccidioides infections in, 211

San Miguel Sea Lion Virus, 250, 251, 341 sea otters

Coccidioides infections in, 211

Toxoplasma gondii in, 186, 187 seals

bearded seals, 59 harbor seals, 13, 245, 268, 289 Mycoplasma in, 268 Trichinella infection in, 59, 61 West Nile virus in, 338 Sebekia mississippiensis, 73 septicemia, 8, 291, 425 serological tests, 401-7 serology, 401-9, 425 seroprevalence, 425 serotonin, 30 serotype, 260, 425 serum, 401, 425 sexual selection, 14, 425 sheep

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 287 Brucella in, 262

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 109, 112 Coccidioides infections in, 211 management plans, 267 nematode parasites in, 52, 66, 67 Pasteurella in, 265, 267 trematode parasites in, 90, 93

Shigella, 8 Sika deer, 66, 67 silent carrier, 260, 425 Sin Nombre virus, 321, 323 skin

as immune defense, 30 penetration by parasites, 47, 101

skunks

canine distemper virus in, 331 as host for nematodes, 55 rabies in, 326, 329fig.

sleeping sickness, 135

slugs, as intermediate hosts, 62-63, 63fig. snails

castrated by trematodes, 89 control of, 96, 97, 101 as intermediate hosts for helminths, 289 as intermediate hosts for nematodes, ⁶2^-63^{, 6}3^fig.

as intermediate hosts for trematodes, 87-88, ⁸7^fig∙^, 9^1, 93^-94^, 94^fig∙^, 9^6, 9^8-99 predators for, 101

snake mites, 141 snakes

Salmonella spp. and, 261

West Nile virus in, 335 snowshoe hare, 108 soft ticks, 141, 426 soil and water

Bacillus anthracis in, 291-92 free-living protists, 169, 170, 180fig. opportunistic organisms, 193-95 organism reservoir, 251-52, 290-96, 426 soil moisture, 52 sorehead, 67 specific immunity, 33-34,426 Sphaeridiotremaglobulus, 96-97 Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus, 96-97 spiders. See arachnids spiny-headed worms. See acanthocephalans spiny rats, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 113 spirochetes, 157, 392table, 426 spores, 206, 383, 426 sporocyst, 94fig., 426 Sporothrix schenckii, 215-16 sporotrichosis, 215-16 sporozoa, 170-76

life cycles, 170-71, 171fig.

piroplasms, 175-76

sporozoites, 426

of coccidia, 172, 172fig., 183

of malarial parasites, 174, 174fig.

of piroplasms, 176 squirrels

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72 Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107 Francisella tularensis in, 276 mange in, 152 mites in, 155 nematode parasites in, 55

West Nile virus in, 334, 335, 338

Yersinia pestis in, 279 stable flies, 138 starlings, acanthocephalan parasites and, 72 stercoraria, 426 stomach pH, 30

Streptococcus spp., 248 sucking lice, 129, 130, 426 blood loss from, 148-49 mouthparts of, 158

suids

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 108 trematode parasites in, 91 surf scoters, 71 susliks, 107 swallow bugs, 149 swallows, maggots and, 149 “swamp butterflies” (Fascioloides magna), 92 sweating sickness, 156 “swimmer's itch,” 101 swine. See pigs swine fever virus, 247, 250, 341 swine influenza virus, 245, 250 swine lungworm, 245, 250 sylvatic cycle, 426

of cestodes (tapeworms), 104-5, ^þ7, 108, 112-13 of Trichinella spp., 60-61, 60fig.

symbiosis, 6, 426 syngamy, 171, 427 synlophe, 427

T-cell receptors, 36, 36fig.

T-lymphocytes, 29, 29fig., 33, 35-37, 427

in cell-mediated immunity, 33, 35-37

cytotoxic, 35-36, 415 helper, 34, 418

tabanid flies, 159, 276

tachyzoite, 427

Taenia spp., 103fig., 105-10

T. crassiceps, 107

T. crocutae, 107-8

T. hydratigenea, 108

T. multiceps, 108-10

T. ovis krabbei, 107

T. pisiformis, 107

taeniasis, 107

tapeworms. See cestodes

target cell, 427

Tasmanian devils, 55, 257-58 taxonomy. See classification teleomorph, 206, 427 test and slaughter, 427

Theileria spp., 176 thiabendazole, 72 threshold density, 427 thymus, 33, 38, 427 ticks, 139-61

anatomy, 139, 140fig.

blood loss from, 149-51

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 284-88 defined, 427

diseases and parasites associated with, 142-61, 175, 176, 272, 276, 284-86

family Argasidae, 141

family Ixodidae, 139-41, 140fig., 285fig.

hard ticks, 139-41, 418

life cycles, 139-41, 285fig.

orders of, 139

soft ticks, 141, 426

tick paralysis, 155-56

toxicosis, 155-56

as vectors, 245-46, 249

West Nile virus and, 336

winter tick, 141, 149-501, 150fig. time scale, 10 titer, 427 toads

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in, 218-19 malformations of, 100

togavirus, 149 toll-like receptors (TLRs), 32-33, 427 tongue worms (pentastomes), 73, 386table toxicosis, 155-56 toxins, 401-3

aflatoxins, 208, 224, 225 botulism, 37, 293-95,403 density independence of, ιι endotoxins, 416 exotoxins, 417 LD50 for, 8 lead, 14 lead poisoning, 354-56 mycotoxins, 208, 209, 224-25 pathogenicity of, 8 pesticides, ιι, 353

Salmonella spp., 261

spider and scorpion, 139

ticks and, 155-56

Toxoplasma spp., 172, 180fig., 184-87 cats as host for, 172, 184-86, 185fig. life cycle, 184-86, 185fig.

population effects, 186

T. gondii, 184-87 toxoplasmosis, 186 transmissible spongiform encephalopothasies

(^ts?s), 359 transmission

aerosol, 245

biological, 413

cyclopropagative, 414 developmental, 415 by fomites, 244 horizontal, 244,418 ingestion, 244-45 mechanical, 421 physical contact, 244 propagative, 424 between species, 2 transmammary, 47, 244 transovarial, 176, 427 transplacental, 48 transstadial, 127-29, 176, 427 vertical, 244, 420

transovarial transmission, 176, 427 transstadial transmission, 127-29, 176, 427 tree squirrels

acanthocephalan parasites in, 72

mange in, 152

mites in, 152, 155 trematodes (flukes)

amphibian malformations due to, 99, 100, 365

anatomy, 86, 86fig.

ants as intermediate hosts, 94-95, 94fig., 95fig. blood flukes (schistosomes), 101-2 cercariae, 88, 89fig., 94fig., 98 classification, 85, 86, 387table clinical effects and pathology, 86, 91-92, 95, 96-97, 99-100

control and host immunity, 89-90, 92-93, 96,

97, 101

dead-end hosts, 91 defined, 427 Dicrocoelium dentriticum (lancet fluke), 92, 93-96 digenetic trematodes, 86-101

Fasciola hepatica, 90, 92, 93 Fascioloides magna, 90-93 human infection, 88, 93, 101 immunization for, 90 intermediate hosts, 87-88 intestinal trematodes, 96-101 life cycles, digenetic, 87-90, 87fig., 91, 93-94, 94^fig., 9^6, 9^8, 99^fig.

liver trematodes, 90-96

miracidia, 87-88, 87fig., 93-94, 94fig. mortality from, 92, 96, 99-100 number of eggs produced, 89 number of species, 86 parasitization of all classes of vertebrates, 86 populations effects, 92, 95, 97, 100 redia, 88, 88fig.

reservoirs and transmission, 91, 94-95, 96, 98-99 Ribeiroia ondatrae, 97-101

shared by domestic animals and wildlife, 4 snails as intermediate hosts, 87-88, 87fig., 91, 93^-94^, 94^fig., 9^6, 9^8-99

special problems, 92, 95, 100-101 Sphaeridiotremaglobulus, 96-97 Sphaeridiotrema pseudoglobulus, 96-97 sporocysts, 94fig.

Trichinella spp., 58-62

control, 61-62

geographic distribution, 59 infection of reptiles and birds, 59 life cycles and variations, 59-60, 60fig. mammals as hosts for, 59 reservoirs and transmission, 60-61, 245 sylvatic cycle, 60-61, 60fig.

T. britovi, 58

T. murrelli, 58

T. nativa, 58

T. nelsoni, 58-59

T. papuae, 59

T. pseudospiralis, 59

T. spiralis, 58, 245

T. zimbabwensis, 59 trichomonads, 177-78, 427 Trichomonas spp., 177, 180-81, 180fig.

control, 182

T. foetus, 181

T. gallinae, 177, 180-82

T. vaginalis, 181

trichomoniasis, 181-82

Trichophyton spp. (ringworm), 224

Trichostrongylidae, 49 50 triclabendazole, 90, 93 tritonymph, 427 trophozoites, 427

of amebae, 170

of coccidia, 172, 172fig.

of flagellates, 177

of malarial parasites, 174, 174fig.

Trypanosoma spp., 178-80, 189-91

life cycles, 179-80, 180fig., 190fig.

nagana from, 179, 189-91

T. brucei, 179

T. brucei brucei, 179, 189

T. congolense, 179, 189

T. cruzi, 130-31, 178-79, 180

T. vivax, 179, 189

trypanosomes, 427

amastigote, 412

control, 190-91

epimastigote, 416

insect vectors for, 130-31, 132, 135-36 intermediate hosts for, 169 nagana disease and, 179, 189-91 transmitted by leeches, 73-74 transmitted by tsetse flies, 189, 190fig.

Trypanosoma cruzi, 130-31, 178-79 trypanosomiasis, 135, 179, 190 trypomastigote, 179, 179fig., 427 TSEs, 359 tsetse flies, 132, 135-36, 427

control, 190-91

as vectors for trypanosomes, 179, 189, 190fig. tuberculosis, 9, 249, 273 tularemia, 135, 157, 159, 277-78

cannibalism and, 244

infectivity of, 8, 30

transmission of, 245-46, 249, 276-77 tule elk, 272, 274 tumor necrosis factor, 30 turkeys

Eimeria in, 183

Histomonas meleagridis in, 192, 193

Mycoplasma in, 269

West Nile virus in, 335

turtles

Mycobacterium in, 271

Salmonella in, 262

Twitter, 379

vaccination, 249, 428 vector, 7, 428

biological, 413

mechanical, 421

mouthparts of, 158-59

pathogen life cycles and transfer, 157 vector-borne diseases, 156-61

arthropods as vectors, 156-61

bacteria, 275-88

biological transmission, 157-58

bridge vectors, 160, 277

malaria, 173-75 non-volant vectors, 159 phoretic transfer, 157 viruses, 333-41

vector capacity, 420 vector competence, 280, 420 venereal diseases, 248, 270, 420 vertical transmission, 244, 420 viremia, 420 virion, 315, 420 virulence, 8-9, 420 viruses, 7, 13, 315-51, 383

arthropod-borne diseases, 245, 333-41 avian influenza viruses, 252, 317-20 blue tongue virus, 339-41 canine distemper virus, 330-33 classification, 243, 394-97table defined, 420 DNA viruses, 316 hantaviruses, 320-25 identification, 243 infected with other viruses, 383 introduction to, 243, 315-17 isolation and cultivation, 243 life cycle of, 316-17 orbiviruses causing hemorrhagic disease of ruminants, 339-41 rabies viruses, 326-30 reservoir types, 246-52 reservoirs: arthropod-vertebrate, 249-50, 333-41 reservoirs: clinically active infections,

²4^8-49^, 32^6-33

reservoirs: helminth-vertebrate, 250-51, 341 reservoirs: latent infections, 247-48, 317-25 reservoirs: soil and water, 251-52 reservoirs: vertebrate-dependent, 247-49 RNA viruses, 316-17, 330 structure of, 243, 315-16 transmission patterns, 243-46 unique properties of, 243 vector-borne diseases, 333-41 West Nile virus, 333-39

voles

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107 Francisella tularensis and, 252 hantaviruses in, 321 maggots and, 145 Mycobacterium in, 271 Yersinia pestis in, 279

walruses, 59, 61 warble flies, 138, 420

myiasis from maggots of, 143-44, 145-46 water bugs, 130 water rats, 276, 277 waterfowl

botulism and, 293, 294 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 105, 113 Entamoeba in, 170 fungal infections in, 208 influenza viruses and, 251

lead poisoning in, 354-56

lice and, 130

maggots and, 145

malarial parasites in, 174

trematode parasites in, 96-97 welfare factors, 13-14, 92, 420 West Nile fever, 2, 134, 160-61, 338-39

density dependence and, ιι West Nile virus, 157, 245, 333-39

clinical effects and identification, 338-39 control, 339

host range and distribution, 333-34 human infections, 333, 336-37 life cycles, reservoirs, and transmission, 334-38 mortality from, 334 mosquitoes and, 334-38 population effects, 337-38 transmission of, 245, 250 vaccination strategies, 339 western blot test, 406, 420 white-footed mice, 58 white-nose syndrome, 5, 208, 221-24, 378 white-tailed deer

Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease) and, 286 cestodes (tapeworms) in, 112-13 maggots and, 144, 149 mites in, 154

Mycobacterium in, 275 nematode parasites in, 51, 62, 63-64, 66 orbiviruses in, 340 scabies in, 154

trematode parasites in, 90, 92, 93 wildebeest, 16, 244

Bacillus anthracis and, 292

fly infestations and, 146

Wildlife Disease Association (WDA), vii, 5 wildlife diseases

definitions and concepts, 6-12, 411-28 effects on individuals, 18 emerging, 377-79 history of study, 377 introduction, 1-25 noninfectious, 354-56

overview, 1-25

publications on, 377

reasons for study, 1-6

role in populations, 13-15

wildlife health, 4-6

wind turbines, 354

winter tick (Dermacentor albipictus), 141, 149-501,

¹5⁰fig-

Wohlfartia spp., 144-45

wolves, 17

cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107, 109, 110

Neorickettsia helminthoeca in, 289

rabies and, 3

Wood Buffalo National Park (Alberta, Canada),

264-65, 273, 275

Bacillus anthracis and, 291, 292, 293 woodchucks, cestodes (tapeworms) in, 107 woodrats, 28, 57, 286

Xenopus laevis, 217

yaks, trematode parasites in, 90 yeasts, 206, 420

Yellowstone National Park, 53, 264-65

Yersiniapestis, 2, 157, 278-84. See also plague clinical effects, 282 control, 283-84

enzootic in rodent populations, 9

host range and distribution, 278

infectivity of, 8, 281

population effects, 282

reservoirs and transmission, 278-82, 280fig. transmission of, 240, 245, 246, 278-82 vaccines, 283

Yosemite National Park, hantaviruses and, 3²3^-24^, 3²4^fig.

zearalenone, 225

zooanthroponosis, 420

zoonoses, 2-3, 420

zooprophylactic (barrier) hosts, 287, 420 zoospore, 420

zygospores, 207, 420