INDEX

Abbas, Ferhat, 154

Abbasid caliphate, 202,203 Abd al-Qadir, 154 Abd el Krim, 126

Abdul-Hafiz (sultan of Morocco), 82-83 Abyssinia. See Ethiopia

Adowa, Battle of, 85,257 Afghanistan, 10,11,255

Africa: and European empires, 10, 11, 48, 88, 89,91; and colonialism’s impact, 16; and European influence, 22,394; and phase 3, 23, 81,83,84,91,98,99,106,231; and the­ory of imperialism, 28; and trade, 48,58, 60,180; and race relations, 55,286; and Britain, 80,139, 222; and commodities, 97,113; and private profit institutions, 102; and missionaries, 103,198,231,237, 238; and phase 4,114; and invention of tradition, 120; and pan-African ideology, 128,131,369; and colonized, 129,130,364; and decolonization, 138,140,141,142; and economics, 164-65; and international demonstration effect, 168,169,170,172; and interstate competition, 210,211; and Portugal, 213,233; and Germany, 223; and exit option, 304; and education, 334,335; and authoritarian government, 367.

Al-Idrisi, Abu, 189

All-African People’s Conference, 169 American Duties (Sugar) Act (1764), 64 Amerindians: and phase 1,53,54,91; and phase 2,72,74; and phase 3,85,91; and Spain, 214; and religious institutions, 221, 231, 232; and resistance, 257; and individ­uals’ roles, 272; and exit option, 304

Amritsar massacre, 110,128,129,155,351, 354,357

Andrade, Jose Bonifacio de, 330,331 Anglo-Boer War, 93

Anglo-Burmese War, 25,81-82,179 Angola: and Portugal, 72,84,148,170,214;

and decolonization, 142,147; and vio­lence, 148,159; and resistance, 257,273; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 367

Arab-speaking world: and maritime capac­ity, 29,177-78,181; geographic features of, 32,184-85; and interstate systems, 35, 213; and phase 1,176; and trade, 180,181, 203; and western Europe, 183,202-3,205; and Islam, 199; and sectors, 202-3,²°5> 225,242,244-45,247; and Malacca, 243, 245,246; and resistance, 257; and Otto­man Turks, 346,349

Arciniegas, Germain, 191 Argentina, 65, 67,91,353

Asia: and country names, 16; and European influence, 22,394; and phase 3,23,81,

Asia (continued)

90-91,98,99,106; and theory of imperi­alism, 28; and trade, 37,48,60,180; and Portugal, 46,213,233,265; and race rela­tions, 55; and Britain, 80,82,139,219; and disease, 91,180; and commodities, 96,97; and religious institutions, 103,238; and plantation model of production, 113; and phase 4,114; and economics, 164,165; and international demonstration effect, 168,169,170; and technological advances, 177; and Christianity, 198; interstate sys­tem of, 212; and colonial society, 286; demographic composition of, 364.

ain, 70,84,376; and phase 3,81,91,92,93; and settlers, 92,101, 219,320,330,377; and commodities, 102; and mandate sys­tem, 106; and phase 4,107,117; as sover­eign state, 148; and public institutions, 270

Austro-Hungarian empire, 105,128,346 Awokoya, Stephen, 165

Axtell, James, 60,271 Ayacucho, Battle of, 25,65 Azikiwe, Nnamdi, 317,335 Aztec Empire: as non-European empire, 7;

and disease, 10,261; and cultural assim­ilation, 11-12; and Cortis, 47,179,214, 248,262,272; and mineral wealth, 179- 80; and Spain, 214,228,248; as hinterland polity, 260; rivalries within, 265; and forced labor, 270

Babur (Mughal emperor), 7 Baganda, 241

Bagyidaw (king of Burma), 82 Bahamas, 138,142 Bahrain, 21,141

Baikie, W. B., 97-98 Bairoch, Paul, 96, 98 Bakufu government (Japan), 86 Balfour, Arthur James, 108 Balfour Declaration (1917), 108,115,150 Balfour Report, 321

Banda, H. Kamuzu, 334 Bandaranaike, S. W. R. D., 335 Bandung Conference (1955), 169 Bangladesh, 142,· 160,369 Baring, Evelyn, 1st Earl Cromer, 355

Barth, Heinrich, 83,201

Baudouin (king of Belgium), 158,400 Bechuanaland, 222

Belgian Congo, 123,125,129,168,284,306, 358

Belgium: as European empire, 6; and na­tionalism, 72,314; and phase 3,84-85, 87; and phase 4,106,115; and colonized, 123,126,129; and independence move­ments, 133; and phase 5,143; and vio­lence, 151,157-58,160; and trusteeships, 171-72; and interstate competition, 222- 23; and France, 347,358; and wars, 348; and Zaire, 365; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 368; and preparation for self-government, 406

Berbers, 181

Berlin Act, 85

Berlin Conference (1884-85), 10, 85,88,102, 210,211,222,223,378

Betts, Raymond, 17,114,249

Bismarck, Otto von, 85, 216,223,377,379 BNA colonies. See British North American (BNA) colonies

Boers (Afrikaners), 10,57,93-94,208,353 Bolivar, Simon, 65,66,77,78,330,353,358 Bolivia, 65,72

Borneo, 125,284

Brazil: and Portugal, 8,49,53; and race rela­tions, 55,73; and colony type, 56; and phase 2, 66, 67,72; and slavery, 74,75, 293; and trade, 197; and missionaries, 198, 240; and resistance, 258; and public institutions, 270; and exit option, 303; and independence, 330,331; and bound­aries, 369

Britain: and Ch’ing dynasty, 9-10; and World War 1,18,108,112,117,127,348; and imperialism, 20-21; and phase 3,30, 37, 84, 87,92,100,219,220, 221,230,280, 287,320,321,42806; and independence movements, 41,65,71,80,133,159,330, 434m; and India, 41,70,84,90,97,98, 109-10,123,127,128,148-50,152,219,220, 237-38,284,365,392-93,397,398,401-2, 406,429n27,435m6; and phase 2,65-66, 67,70, 84,139,143,152,358; and France, 71,72,75, 87, 88,216,219,349,350,351; and nationalism, 72,314-15,320-21; and Africa, 80,139,222; and Asia, 80,82,139, 219; and phase 5,80,139,157,315,320,330, 358; and Burma, 81-82,145, 42702; and West Africa, 84,145,268; and Russia, 86, 90,219; and South Africa, 93,266,272;

and settlers, ιοί, 219,287; and Middle East, 105,107,128; and phase 4,106,107- 11,114,117,287,320,321,330,358; and colonized, 123,126,129; and Germany, 136; and Southern Rhodesia, 137-38; and World War II, 154; and violence, 160-61; and public institutions, 161,166,222,234; and international demonstration effect, 171,172,358-59; and exploration, 191; and Roman Empire, 195; and interstate com­petition, 209,210-11,218-22,223; and Portugal, 214; and Afghanistan, 255; and Egypt, 258,269; and Spain, 346; and wars, 347-48; and self-government, 403- 4,406.

Commonwealth

British East India Company. See English

East India Company British Guyana, 160,161 British North America Act (1867), 93 British North American (BNA) colonies:

racial composition of, 54,73; and colony type, 56; and private profit institutions, 61,343-44.354; and phase 2, 64-65, 71, 139,326,342; and Seven Years’ War, 64, 75.329.345.349.350,352.357! and set­tlers, 219, 259, 287,319,321,326,342-44, 350,352,359,376; and indigenous resis­tance, 258,283; and indigenous rivalries, 266; and individuals’ roles, 273; and pub­lic institutions, 287,326,342,343; and nationalism, 320; and decolonization, 326,329; and Declaration of Indepen­dence, 352; and boundaries, 370

British South Africa Company, 102,137, 208, 239

British West Indies, 54 Buganda, 242, 273

Bulls of Donation (1493), 232 Bunker Hill, Battle of, 25, 64, 65,352 Burma: and Britain, 81-82,145,427Ï2; and

race relations, 94; and commodities, 114, 129; and colonized, 124; and Japan, 136; and decolonization, 140,142,150; and World War II, 144; and resistance, 273; and collaborators, 284; and economics, 373

Burton, Richard, 83, 253

Cabot, John, 46, 201, 223 Caetano, Marcello, 148,377 Caillie, Rene, 83, 253 Calico Act (1721), 381

Cameroon, 147,172,234-35,369 Camoens, Luis Vaz de, 194,202 Canada: as quasi colony, 21,84; and Seven

Years’ War, 52; and observation effect, 72, 358.359! and United States, 79; and Brit­ain, 80,84,220,330; and phase 3,92,93; and commodities, 102; and phase 4,107; and private profit institutions, 117; as sovereign state, 148; and trade, 197; and missionaries, 198; and France, 216; and sector coalitions, 235; and settlers, 318-21, 377; and language, 370

Canning, George, 72,346

Cao, Diogo, 45

Cape Bojador, 5,6,45,181 Cape of Good Hope, 67,84 Cape Town, 48,55,70 Cape Verde, 139,142,277 Capitalism: and imperialism, 19,30,379;

and industrialization, 95-96; and phase 3,102; and phase 4,117,119; and colo­nized, 124; and Great Depression, 127; and Soviet Union, 146; and decoloniza­tion, 147; and Vietnam, 153; and phase 5, 166; and phases of expansion, 176; and private profit institutions, 194,195-97, 237.439-40047; and western Europe, 200, 202; and Holland, 218; and colo­nizers, 290; and colonialism, 338,379-80, 402-3

Caribbean: and Spain, 49; and Seven Years’ War, 52; and disease, 53; demographic and social dimensions of, 54; and colony type, 56; and slavery, 60; and Britain, 67, 80,84; and phase 2, 67,71,72, 79,163; and United States, 86; and phase 3, 92,94; and Great Depression, 129; and colo­nized, 130; and decolonization, 138-39; and resistance, 257; and public institu­tions, 270; and settlers, 289; and exit option, 303; and nationalism, 313; and rebellion, 321; and migration, 364 Central African Federation, 168 Central African Republic, 140 Central America, 47, 49,72,74, 98,117 Cesaire, Aime, 131,145,388,391-92,394,396 Ceuta: and Portugal, 3-4,7, 8, 25,28, 45, 49, 213; and Treaty of Fez, 83; and western Europe, 201

Ceylon, 67,70,92, 94,114,140,150 Chamberlain, Joseph, 187, 216,377 Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor; as

Charles I, king of Castile), 228,253 Charles X (king of France), 65, 216

Chartered companies: and sector coali­tions, 37-38,61,233,235,238-39,292, 294; and Britain, 45,48,219,220,233,292; and phase 1,52,58,61,227-28; and phase 3,102; and Holland, 217,218,233,292; and settlers, 229; and nationalism, 230; and individuals’ roles, 253.

Cheng Ch’eng-kung, 257

Cheng Ho, 7,181,182,183,189,212,243,244 Ch’ien-lung (emperor), 60

Chile, 66,91,353

China: and Portugal, 8,49; and European empires, 10,12; and maritime capacity, 29,177; geographic features of, 32,182- 83,184,185; and interstate system, 35,212, 213; and chartered companies, 58; and trade, 60,99,180,182,183,184,242,243- 44; and Roman Catholic missionaries, 62; and phase 3,81; and Japan, 90,111, 212; and independence movements, 133; and phase 1,176; and exploration, 189; and western Europe, 202,203-5; and sec­tors, 203-5,225, 242-47,270,374; and resistance, 255,256; and indigenous divi­sions, 269; and migration, 364

Ch’ing dynasty (Qing or Manchu; China),

7,9-10,90,91,111,203,212,257

Chou En-lai, 169

Christianity: and Islam, 5,37,198-99, 202, 258,272; and European empires, 6,15, 341, 373-74; and languages, 15,42on25; and country names, 16; and western Europe, 34,184,197,198-99, 202; and non-Europeans, 37,240, 258, 272, 297; and colonies, 124,295; and exploration, 191,201; and sectoral autonomy, 194; and Amerindians, 221; and India, 237-38. See also Eastern Orthodox Christianity; Protestant denominations; Roman Cath­olic Church

Chulalongkorn (ruler of Thailand), 257 Churchill, Winston, 100,144,348

Cipolla, Carlo, 178,179 Citizenship, 163-64, 281,329,330,364-65 Civil service and bureaucracy: and nationalism, 166-67,314,318; and west­ern Europe, 192-95; and China, 256; and metropoles, 279; and non-Europeans, 284,318,333,334,335; and colonizers, 285, 288; and settlers, 289; and sector coali­tions, 295; and boundaries, 370

Cochinchina, 81,242

Coercion: and empire, 22; and public insti­tutions, 37,390; and phase 1,60; and religious institutions, 62; and phase 2, 75; and phase 3,99-101; and colonized, 121,382; and sectors, 231; and sector coalitions, 235,248; and resistance, 259; and colonizers, 284; and missionaries, 297

Cold War, 14,146,147

Colonialism: and independence of sov­ereign states, 13; global impact of, 15,16, 384-86; legacies of, 15-17,363-86; de­fined, 18,19-20,22,363; and nationalism, 42,363,365-66,406; and Soviet Union, 118; rationale for, 119,127, 288,296-97; reform of, 132; and World War II, 144; moral evaluation of, 147,387-407; ideo­logical attacks on, 162; hierarchy of groups in, 282,283; missionaries’ justifi­cation of, 296-97; contradictions of, 326, 327-31; and capitalism, 338,379-80,402- 3; and economics, 371-73,404-5 Colonies: definition of, 18,19,21-22; and wars, 41,348; types of, 55-57,92,93; and violence, 70-72; and phase 4,104,112-14; exploitation of, 112,226,390; and Chris­tianity, 124,295; and Atlantic Charter, 144; and nationalism, 146; and metro­poles, 227, 278-86,345,347; and sectors, 227,369; and moral evaluation of colo­nialism, 388-98

Colonists.

Colonized: defined, 23; and power, 31,33, 112,121-26, 278; general features of, 38- 39; and consumer goods, 101,113,123, 302,305,306-7; and mandate system, 106; anthropological studies of, 115,119, 286,433031; and education, 119,121,122, 123, 285, 299,302,332, 405; and race rela­tions, 121,122,131,277,278; and colo­nizers, 122,126-30,147,298-99; and public institutions, 122-25,33i-32> 334, 347; and nationalism, 130-32,313-18; and sectors, 277-78, 290,294,306,333; rebel­lions of, 282,307-12,333; and war, 283; and exit option, 303-5,316; and resis­tance, 304,306; and avoidance and sabo­tage, 305-6,316; displacement and self- abasement, 306-7,316,395-96,399,406; colonialism’s impact on, 364-75,388

Colonizers: and power, 26,31; and colo­nized, 122,126-30,147,298-99; and race relations, 278, 285; and mercantilist doc­trine, 280; and government, 281-86; and resistance, 282-84,406; and indirect rule, 284-85,314-15,406; and settlers, 286-89; and sectors, 289-92

Columbus, Christopher: and Amerindians, 17> 53, 2.57; motives of, 46,182,184,211, 438ni7,447^2; and claiming land for monarchs, 47,52,186; sponsors of, 201, 213,214,223; and religious institutions, 231,232

Commodities: and metropoles, 8,11,280- 81,380-81; and European empires, 10- 11; and non-European empires, 10; and country names, 16-17; and phase 1,57, 60,61; and sector coalitions, 61-62; and phase 3,96-97; and coercion, 99-100; and settlers, 101; and Industrial Revolu­tion, 103; and phase 4,113-14; and Japan, 136; and exploration, 197; and Spain, 215, 343; and private profit institutions, 237; and newly independent states, 373. See also Trade

Commonwealth, 107,138

Communism, 131,147,153,170 Compliance mechanisms: and material inducement, 37,101,236; and normative appeals, 37,236,291,297; and sector coalitions, 37,236; and phase 3,99-101. See also Coercion

Comprehensiveness tests: spatial, 27,28,37, 175,176,201; temporal, 27,28,175-76, 201; and theory of imperialism, 27,32,83, 175-77

Conference of Independent African States, 169

Congo-Brazzaville, 157 Congo-Leopoldville, 157-58,169,222,369 Congress of Berlin (1878), 90 Constantine (Roman emperor), 200 Consumer goods: and industrialization, 95; and non-Europeans, 100,239-40,271; and colonized, 101,113,123,302,305,306- 7; and trade, 180; and Holland, 217; and sector coalitions, 235; and labor, 290-91; and settlers, 381

Convention People’s Party, 162,165 Cook, James, 46,70,83,191 Cornwallis, Charles, 70,71

Cortos, Hernän: and interiors exploration, 46; and Aztec Empire, 47,179,214,248, 262,272; and wealth, 186,236; as imperial agent, 228,249,253,443Π5; and disease, 261; and indigenous rivalries, 265

Cote d’Ivoire, 140

Crow, John, 300-301,330-31 Crusades, 188,199

Cuba, 15,67,84

Cyprus, 105,140,160

Da Gama, Vasco, 45,59,83,181,202 Dahomey, 140,238,273

De Gaulle, Charles, 154,155-57,168,169, 358,383

Decolonization: defined, 18,22; theory of, 40-42,325-26; and phase 2, 64-80,325, 326,327,329; and violence, 70-72,147- 61; and phase 5,133-72,325,326,327,329; spatial and temporal aspects of, 138-43; and World War II, 143-47; and contra­dictions of colonialism, 327-31; and wars, 345,359

Dekker, E.

Denys, Nicolas, 239

Depression, world, 126-27,129 Deutsch, Karl, 121,125

Diana, 82,179

Disease: demographic consequences of, 8, 9,53, 9i> 92; and non-Europeans, 53,179, 236,364; and Old World, 53,91-92,180, 255; and Anglo-Burmese War, 82; and resistance, 261

Disraeli, Benjamin, 216,377 Dom Pedro, 66, 72,330

Dominican Republic, 78,369 Drake, Francis, 46, 83

Du Bois, W. E. B., 128,131 Duignan, Peter, 222,388,394,397 Durham Report (1839), 80,93,359 Dutch East India Company: and interstate competition, 53; and South Africa, 56- 57; and sector coalitions, 62; and phase 2, 67,70; and Hudson, 201; as chartered company, 217-18; and sectors, 228, 444Ï9; and nationalism, 230,328,338; and wealth, 280,377; and indirect rule, 284

Dutch East Indies: and phase 1,52, 58; and race relations, 55,94, 286; and phase 3, 84; and trade, 114,197; and religious in­stitutions, 123; and colonized, 126,129, 307; and phase 4,127,128; and Japan, 136, 151,348-49; and phase 5,137; and World War II, 144; and decolonization, 151; and collaborators, 284; and World War 1,349; and postwar crises, 351; and indigenous polities, 384. See also Indonesia

Dyer, Reginald, no, 351,354

Eannes, Gil, 5-6,45,181

East Africa: and Portugal, 8; and race rela­tions, 94; and religious institutions, 102, 234; and India, 109; and World War II, 144; and trade, 180; and resistance, 258, 273; and indigenous polities, 384

East African Federation, 369 East Asia, 48,58,177,424H20 Eastern Orthodox Christianity, 7,198 Economics: and global economy, 15,385;

and colonizers, 20,282,287-88; and phase 1,57-61,230; and phase 3,95-99; and phase 4,104,108,112-14, U7> 118,123, 128-29,37i; and phase 5,139,164,165-67, 371,372-73; and phases of expansion, 176; and China, 182,183; and private profit institutions, 194,287-88,290; and interstate competition, 210; and Portu­gal, 213; and India, 344; and decoloniza­tion, 359; and colonialism, 371-73,404-5; and western Europe, 380-81 Education: and independence movements,

40-41,109,340,342,356,357; and colo­nized, 119,121,122,123,285,299,302,332, 405; and non-European elites, 162,163, 166; and mission agencies, 227,237,291, 295,296,334,340,456ml; and sector coalitions, 295,334; and non-Europeans, 299,332,334-41,359,371,374; and Euro­pean political trends, 328

Egypt: and phase 3, 84, 87,100; and phase 4, 105,107,108,117; and colonized, 124,129, 277; and Fourteen Points, 128; and mari­time capacity, 177; and Ottoman Turks, 185; and interstate competition, 210-11; and France, 216; and sector coalitions, 233; and financial credit, 256; and Britain, 258,269; and resistance, 258, 273; and col­laborators, 273; and postwar crises, 355 El Ksar-el-Kabir, Battle of (1578), 48,257,

258,377

Elites: and relations among societies, 39; and independence movements, 40,41; and trade, 59, 97; of Brazil, 66; and phase 2, yi-yj, 164,167; and race relations, 73; and non-Europeans, 161,315,399; and phase 5,161-67; of newly independent states, 331-33; and wars, 347; and lan­guage, 370; and religious institutions, 374 Elizabeth I (queen of England and Ireland),

252,375

Empire: definition of, 18,19-22; conditions for, 25-26; and power, 26,29-30 Empires, European: and Ceuta, 4-5; dis­tinctive features of, 6-12; extent of, 12- 13; and modernity, 13-14; and power, 13, 29,117-21,382; and global impact of, 15, 16,32,384-86; conditions conducive to global dominance, 32-40; and phase 3, 84-87; and phase 4,105-6,111-17; and decolonization, 138-39; and World War II, 143-47; legacies of, 363-86; and race relations, 364-66,382-83,399; spatial and temporal dimensions of, 409-16. See also specific metropoles

Empires, non-European: and western Europe, 7; and disease, 9; and com­modities, 10; and settlers, 11; and phase 3, 86; and war, 89; and phase 4,106,118; and explore-control-utilize syndrome, 189; European empires’ replacement of, 393. See also specific empires

England: and phase 1,49,52,423Ï4; and France, 52,53; and Spain, 52,232; and chartered companies, 61; and religious institutions, 62; and public institutions, 193; and Roman Catholic Church, 197; and Columbus, ioi; and exploration, 204,207; and interstate competition, 211, 212,379; and Portugal, 214; and sector coalitions, 235; and Japan, 255; and Glori­ous Revolution of 1688,328,329. See also Britain, for phases 2-5

English East India Company: and Mughal Empire, 9, 268; and Regulating Act of 1773,455 and India, 48, 239,257,300,381; and trade, 59-60,97; and sector coali­tions, 62; and Anglo-Burmese War, 82; and technological advances, 179; and interstate competition, 219-20; and nationalism, 230; and indigenous rival­ries, 267; and Singapore, 268; and Great Mutiny, 310,311

Entente Cordiale (1904), 88,105,112, 211 Ethiopia: independence of, 10; and Italy, 85, 105,106,130, 224,257; and Britain, 145; as hinterland polity, 260; and individuals’ roles, 273; and colonized, 277; and mod­ernization, 394

Euro-Christianity, 198-99,201, 202,272, 373-74· See also Christianity

Exploration: and European empires, 8,185; and country names, 16; and phase 1,45- 47,50-51,105; and phase 3,83-84; and explore-control-utilize syndrome, 187; and technological advances, 190-92; and commodities, 197

Explore-control-utilize syndrome: and western Europe, 34,185-92; and non­Europeans, 39,187,263-64; and private profit institutions, 196; and settlers, 229; and European empires, 360; and eco­nomics, 371,404-5; and industrializa­tion, 372; and environment, 385-86

Faisal (king of Iraq), 108 Fanon, Frantz, 375,388 Fascism, 119,145 Ferdinand V (king of Castile and Aragon),

47,49,184,186,201,232

Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 71,348,349, 350,353

Ferry, Jules, 209,216,234,377

Fez, Treaty of, 25,82-83 Fieldhouse, D. K., 55,56,106,208

Fiji, 94,141,150,286

Financial credit: and trade, 61; and phase 3, 83; and phase 5,165; and Third World countries, 166; and private profit institu­tions, 195; and sectors, 226,233,294; and Japan, 256; and settlers, 319

Forced labor: and phase 3,100; and colo­nized, 121,288; and World War II, 144; and sector coalitions, 236; and non­Europeans, 270,284,399; and colonizers, 281,290,404; and resistance, 282; and missionaries, 293; and exit option, 304; and economic exploitation, 389; and moral evaluation of colonialism, 404, 405,406. See also Slavery

Fourteen Points, 128,144,346,349-50,355 France: as European empire, 6,379; and North Africa, 9; and phase 1,37,46,48, 49,52,216; and phase 3,37,84,87,209, 210,234; and independence movements, 41,71,133,142,156,168; and postwar crises, 41,351,355-56,357; and England, 52,53; and Spain, 52,71-72,330; and chartered companies, 61,62; and Roman Catholic missionaries, 62; and British North American colonies, 64; and Haiti, 65,310,329,353; and phase 2,65,67,143, 152; and Holland, 67, 217,328; and Brit­ain, 71,72,75,87, 88,216, 219,349,350, 351; and nationalism, 72,314; and Mex­ico, 81; and Morocco, 82-83,87,116,155, 267,284,365,378; and Algeria, 83,127, 128,152-57,216,267,284,350,365,376, 377,388-89; and West Africa, 83,216,267, 286; and Germany, 85,136,216,223; and Russia, 90; and South Africa, 93; and pri­vate profit institutions, 102; and Middle East, 105,128; and phase 4,106,114-15, 117; and World War 1,108,112,117; and India, 109; and International Colonial Exposition, 116; and colonized, 123,129; and Vietnam, 127-28,137,143,153,155, 157,284,331; and phase 5,139,143,147; and violence, 151-59,160; and trustee­ships, 171-72; and public institutions, 193; and Columbus, 201; and interstate competition, 208,210-11,215-17,223; and Senegal, 235,267,268,365; and mis­sionaries, 238,242,445Ï27; and individ­uals’ roles, 249,253; and indigenous ri­valries, 266; and Egypt, 269; and French Revolution, 328,330; and Belgium, 347, 358; and World War II, 348; and demo­cratic versus authoritarian rule, 368; and international relations, 383

Francis I (king of France), 209 Franco-Prussian War, 87

Frank, Andre Gunder, 30,388 Franklin, Benjamin, 75,343 Free trade, 76,99,230,381,385 French Communist Party, 153 French East India Company, 62 Frente de Liberta^ao de Mozambique (FRELIMO), 148,163,169

Frente Nacional de Libertazao de Angola (FNLA), 169

Frobisher, Martin, 46

Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN), 155, 159-60,163

Froude, J. A., 30 Furnivall, J. S., 119

Gabon, 140,238

Gandhi, Mohandas K.: and Amritsar mas­sacre, no; and Britain, 111,145; satyagraha campaigns of, 129,130,149,168; and Jin- nah, 317; and Indian National Congress, 343,354; education of, 344; and Rowlatt Acts, 353-54; Zaghlul compared to, 355; and critique of development, 385

Gann, L. H., 222,388,394,397

Garvey, Marcus, 129,131

Gender: and colonized, 122,129,131,286; and imperialism as male-dominated, 252; and colonizers, 286

Geographic factors: and race relations, 21; Western Europe compared to China and Arab-speaking world, 32,177-84; and resistance, 259-61

George III (king of England), 60,75,320, 350,352

Germany: as European empire, 6,379; and phase 3,37,83,84,85,87; and France, 85, 136,216,223; and phase 4,105; and World War 1,112,117,346; and public institu­tions, 193; and interstate competition, 208,210,211,223,379; and sector coali­tions, 234-35; and European interstate system, 378

Ghana, 140,168,169,312,337,358,359,367 Giap, Vo Nguyen, 153,356

Gold Coast, 150,165,168,266,284,312,339 Goldie, George Taubman, 102,230 Government of India Act (1935), 109,353 Granada, defeat of, 4,184,200,215 Grandifere, Pierre de la, 249

Great Depression, 126-27,129

Great Mutiny (India): and Britain, 9,220; and Indian National Congress, 149; and missionaries, 237,300; and Islam, 258; and Sikhs, 266,282; and resistance, 283, 310,333; Nehru on, 311

Guinea, 140,156,157,168,284 Guinea-Bissau, 142,147,148,170 Guyana, 141, 286

Habsburg dynasty. See Austro-Hungarian empire

Haiti: and independence movements, 41, 65,67,71-74,78-80,310,329; and race relations, 55,73,161, 289; and slavery, 59, 65,72,73,77,163,349,350; and observa­tion effect, 358; and boundaries, 369; and economics, 373

Hatta, Mohammad, 129,136,151,334 Hawaiian islands, 86,272

Headrick, Daniel, 82,100

Hennessy, Alistair, 48,198

Henri Christophe (king of Haiti), 73 Henry the Navigator (prince of Portugal), 5-6,181,187

Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 66,71,72,74, 310,311

Hirohito (emperor of Japan), 356 Hispaniola, 53, 65, 66, 67,257,369 Historical trends, causal explanation of, 25-

27,175-77

Hitler, Adolf, 105,145

Ho Chi Minh, 128,131,143,153,331,335,338, 356

Hobbes, Thomas, 218,392,395

Hobson, J. A., 28,30,338

Holland: as European empire, 6; and Java, 48,67,84,265-66, 280; and phase 1, 48, 49,52, 217, 218,280; and Japan, 49,255; and England, 52,53; and Spain, 52,217; and religious institutions, 62; and phase 3,84,87,217,218,280; and South Africa, 93; and colonized, 123; and independence movements, 133,377; and Germany, 136; and phase 2,139,143; and violence, 151, 152; and indirect influence effect, 170, 358; and Roman Catholic Church, 197; and trade, 207; and interstate competi­tion, 210,211,212,217-18; and sector coalitions, 235; and Malacca, 243; and resistance, 257,258; and India, 265; and nationalism, 314,328,338; and wars, 348; and postwar crises, 357; and Indonesia, 365; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 368. See also Dutch East India Com­pany; Dutch East Indies

Hong Kong, 10,133 Hudson, Henry, 46,201 Hudson’s Bay Company, 62,220 Husain, Sharif of Mecca, 107,127

Ibn Battuta, 189,243

Ibn Hawqal, 189 Imperial British East Africa Company, 102 Imperial Conferences (Britain), 107,321 Imperialism: and naval power, 5; of western

Europe, 9,12; and nationalism, 13-15; defined, 18-19, 21,22; and capitalism, 19, 30,379; and technological advances, 26, 34,177; theory of, 27-30,40,42,83,175- 76,325,363; and phases of expansion, 29, 42; and explore-control-utilize syn­drome, 34,191-92; and war, 88; and World War II, 145; moral justification for, 193; and interstate competition, 206- 10; and sectors, 226; role of individuals in, 249-53; and principal-agent relation­ships, 279

Inca Empire: as non-European empire, 7; and disease, 10,261; and phase 1,47; and mineral wealth, 179-80; and Spain, 214; as hinterland polity, 260; and Pizarro, 268; and public institutions, 270; and exit option, 303,304; and Tupac Amaru, 312; and European empires, 393

Independence movements: and education, 40-41,109,340,342,356,357; and non­Europeans, 40-41,75-76,322,325,332, 333, 426-271115; and settlers, 40,41,322, 325,332-33; and phase 2,41,73-74,76, 77-80,229,322,325,332; and violence, 71,147-48; and elites, 72-77; relations among, 77-80,357; and phase 4,107,229;

and phase 5,140-43,325,327,332; and rebellion, 312; and wars, 345; and postwar crises, 346,350-57; and psychological independence, 374; and sectors, 406 India: and Mughal dynasty, 7,9; and Brit­

ain, 41,70,84,90,97,98,109-10,123,127,

128.148- 50,152,219,220,237-38,284, 365,392-93.397.398.401-2,406,429027, 435016; and independence movements,

41.148- 49; and phase 1,45,52,91; and English East India Company, 48,239,257, 300,381; and Portugal, 49; and England, 53; and trade, 59,99,114,180,181,197,381; and phase 2,70,71; and phase 3,81,92, 93; and phase 4,108-9, m> 117, 130,131, 326,342,343,344; and nationalism, 109, 149.313> 317,343.344; and World War I, 112,348; and Roman Catholic mission­aries, 116,123; and colonized, 123,124,125, 131; and private profit institutions, 125, 344,354; and phase 5,140; and Atlantic Charter, 145,355; and Holland, 151,265; and violence, 160,161; and international demonstration effects, 168,169,170,359; and maritime capacity, 177; and Chris­tianity, 198,344; and interstate competi­tion, 211; and sectors, 227; and mission­aries, 237,269; and civil service and bureaucracy, 256,343; and resistance, 257, 258,259,273,283; and public institutions, 326,342,344; and postwar crises, 350-51, 353-54.357; and migration, 364; and Westminster model, 367; and bound­aries, 369; and language, 370; and eco­nomics, 373; and indigenous polities, 384

India Act (1784), 70 Indian Civil Service, 123,130,343,344 Indian National Congress (INC): and

nationalism, 108-9, no, 124,149,313; and Britain, 111,148-50; mass support base of, 126,162,343,354; and public institu­tions, 130; and Muslim League, 131,317; and populism, 344; and World War 1,345 Indian Ocean: and Portugal, 8,29,213,247,

248; and western Europe, 32; and explo­ration, 45; and phase 1,46; and trade, 58,180,184,207,242,247; and phase 2, 67,70,71; and phase 3,90; and Great Depression, 129; and Britain, 139; and maritime capacity, 177,178; and Arab­speaking world, 181; and hinterland poli­ties, 260; and individuals’ roles, 273; and migration, 364

Indigenous peoples. See Non-Europeans

Indirect method of difference, and theory of imperialism, 28,422017

Indochina: and France, 84; and race rela­tions, 94; and Roman Catholic mission­aries, 116; and religious institutions, 123, 125; and colonized, 126,128; and Japan, 136; and international demonstration effects, 169,170,358; and sector coali­tions, 235

Indochinese Communist Party, 153

Indonesia: and independence, 137,140,142; and decolonization, 147,151; and inter­national demonstration effect, 169,170, 358; and trade, 181; and nationalism, 338; and World War II, 348; and Japan, 356; and Holland, 365; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 367. See also Dutch East Indies

Indonesian National Party, 124

Industrial Revolution: and colonial com­modities, 11,202; and Old World, 49; beginning of, 59,425023; and phase 2, 76; and Anglo-Burmese War, 82; second Industrial Revolution, 85,42808; aod phase 3,101-2,103; first lodustrial Revo­lution, 176,220; and private profit insti­tutions, 195; and Britain, 220; and con­sumer goods, 271

Industry and industrialization: and phase 3, 95-99.186,371-72; and welfare state, 164; and financial credit, 165; and interstate competition, 220; and private profit institutions, 289; and India, 348; and Britain, 376-77,381

Informal influence: and international rela­tions, 20; and theory of imperialism, 22, 363; and phase 1,45,175; and United States, 118; and phase 5,139; and Britain, 210; and sector coalitions, 236; and resistance, 258; and economic develop­ment, 394,395

Institutions, defined, 35,423021 International Colonial Exposition, 116 International demonstration effects: direct influence effect, 77,78,168,169,172,358; observation effect, 77, 79, 80,107,130, 150,168,172,357-58; indirect influence effect, 168,169-72,358; and decoloniza­tion, 327,357-59

International Missionary Council, 116 International relations: and bureaucratic states, 14-15,4i9-2on. 23; and quasi colonies, 21; and scope of empires, 106; and India, 110-11; and Soviet Union, 118;

International relations (continued) and power, 139; and guilt, 383-84; colo­nialism’s effects on, 384

Iraq, 105,108,117,129

Isabella I (queen of Castile), 47,49,184,186, 201,232,252,375

Islam: and western Europe, 4; and Chris­tianity, 5,37,198-99,202,258,272; and Constantinople, 7; and exploration, 189; interstate system of, 212; and Portugal, 213; and Arab-speaking world, 245

Israel, 139,140,147,151.159> 340

Italy: as European empire, 6; and phase 3, 83,84,85,87; and Ethiopia, 85,105,106, 130,224,257; and independence move­ments, 133; and Algeria, 154; and Spain, 214; and interstate competition, 223-24; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 368

Iturbide, Agustin, 73,74

Jamaica, 124,129,138,141,150,303,304,359 James, C. L R., 59,329

Japan: and Korea, 7,86,90; and Meiji Res­toration, 7,86,256,372; and land, 8, 4i8nio; independence of, 10; and South­east Asia, 25,136,137,346,348; and Ro­man Catholic missionaries, 48-49,62, 241,255; and chartered companies, 58; and phase 3,86, 87,91; and Russia, 86, 89,90; and China, 90,111,212; and man­date system, 106; and Britain, 110; and factory-made goods, 113; and World War 1,118; and Dutch East Indies, 136,151, 348-49; and phase 5,136-37; and decolo­nization, 142; and World War II, 144; and Holland, 217; and resistance, 255-56; and public institutions, 256,270; and individ­uals’ roles, 272; and postwar crises, 356; and industrialization, 371-72; and Chris­tianity, 374; and economic development, 394

Java: and Holland, 48,67, 84,151,218,265- 66,280; and race relations, 55; and Brit­ain, 70; and Japan, 136

Jews, 108,115-16,150,232,351,44ΟΠ49 Jinnah, M. A., 131,149,317,335,344,456n22 John I (king of Portugal), 3-4

John IV (king of Portugal), 293 John VI (king of Portugal), 66

Kanagawa, Treaty of, 86 Kane, Cheikh Hamidou, 302 Kasavubu, Joseph, 158

Katanga, 369

Kaunda, Kenneth, 168,400

Kemal, Mustapha (Ataturk), 111

Kenya: and European empires, 92; and Ger­many, 112; and Britain, 115; and religious institutions, 125,340; and colonized, 129; and decolonization, 141,147; and vio­lence, 150; and collaborators, 284; and colonial society, 286

Keynes, John Maynard, 76,166 Khai Dinh (Vietnamese ruler), 335 Khama, Seretse, 334

Kimbangu, Simon, 125,129,340

King George’s War, 53 Kingsley, Mary, 83,253

Kino, Eusebio, 202

Kipling, Rudyard, 192,253

Korea, 7,86,90

Kuwait, 21,141

La Ronciore le Noury, Camille, 187

Labour Party (Britain), 149-51,159,166,315 Laissez-faire doctrines, 76,166

Lambton, John George, ist Earl of Dur­ham, 92-93

Land and land alienation: and settlers, 11, 101,115,150,182,187-88,229,259,262-63, 288,294,390,407; and non-Europeans, 38-39,187-88,262-64,288,290,393,399, 404; and phase 1,47,55-56; and phase 2, 74,75; and western Europe, 185-86; and capitalism, 196,290; and worldview, 262- 64; and missionaries, 293

Langer, William, 28,208

Laos, 140,170

Las Casas, Bartolome de, 293,383

Lasuen, Fermin, 232 Latourette, K. S., 123-24

Lausanne, Treaty of, 111

Lavigerie, Charles, 103,203,231,234

League of Nations, 9,105-6,115,130,171, 346,359

Lebanon, 105,138,140,142

Lenin, V. L: and imperialism, 19,28,30,88; and capitalism, 176,338,403,42003; and Ho Chi Minh, 335; and World War 1,378; and Marx, 402

Leopold II (king of Belgium), 201,222-23 Libya, 85,138,140,258

Linlithgow, Victor Hope, Second Marques of, 111

Livingstone, David, 83,103,222,238,252,

253

Lobengula (ruler of Ndebele), 239

Locke, John, 187,329

Lugard, Frederick, 112,268,388,392 Lumumba, Patrice, 158,169,400-401 Lyautey, Louis Hubert, 116, 234,447Π52 Lynch, John, 77,78

Macao, 133,255,256

Madagascar, 84,87,147,235,258,273,356 Magellan, Ferdinand, 46,83,201,261 Malacca: and Portugal, 8,29,37,46,53, 246-47,248; and sector coalitions, 37, 242-49; and indigenous divisions, 269 Malaya: and race relations, 94; and eco­nomics, 114; and Britain, 136,249,284; and decolonization, 140,143,147; and violence, 150,160; and Portugal, 248,249; and resistance, 258; and colonial society, 286

Malaysia, 141,143,369 Mali, 141,365,369

Manuel I (king of Portugal), 246 Maratha War, 70

Marchand, Jean-Baptiste, 83,211

Maritime capacity: and imperialism, 5,26; and China, 29,177; and trade, 58,195-96; and western Europe, 177,178,180-82; and Portugal, 213; and Britain, 219,348; and non-Europeans, 259-60

Marshall Plan, 151,170

Marsot, A. L. Al-Sayyid, 269,355 Marx, Karl, 335,338,393,401-3,420Π3, 439Π47

Masude, al-, Abu Al-Hasan, 189 Mauritania, 141,370-71 Mauritius, 67,94,141 Maw, Ba, 136,145

Maximilian (emperor of Austria), 81 McMahon, Henry, 107,127

McMahon, Robert, 280,348-49

Mediterranean: and Portugal, 6,213; and wars, 71; and Russia, 89-90; European influence in, 105; and maritime capacity, 177,178; and trade, 180; and Islam, 258 Menelik II (emperor of Ethiopia), 106,257 Mercantilist doctrine: and phase 1,58,385; theory versus practice of, 58,99; decline of, 76,166,210; and metropoles, 98,230; and imperialism, 207; and colonizers, 280; and Napoleonic Wars, 348

Method of agreement, and theory testing, T], 422Π14

Metropoles: and export commodities, 8, 11,280-81,380-81; legacies of, 15; and empire, 19,20,21,22,25-26; and author­itarianism, 20,328,367; and phase 4,24; and theory of imperialism, 28; and power, 31,279; and sectors, 35-38,227; and sector coalitions, 37-38,62-63; and hegemonic wars, 41; and independence movements, 42,66,71; and phase 1,52, 59; and economics, 57-58,113,391; and trade, 59,61; and World War 1,112,348; and World War II, 143-44,146, 147, 348; and violence, 147-59; and phases of expansion, 176-77; and land and land alienation, 182; and interstate competi­tion, 207, 213—24; and colonies, 227,278- 86,345,347; and settlers, 229-30,320, 332-33,444n8; and public institutions, 279,288,327,366; and nationalism, 314, 33L 357! and non-Europeans, 336-38,341; and wars, 345,348,360; and postwar crises, 350,354; language of, 370-71,384; and European interstate system, 377—79; and moral evaluation of colonialism, 388; and self-government, 406

Metropolitans. See Colonizers Mexico, 47,81

Middle East: and Britain, 105,107,128; and India, 109; and phase 4,117,128; and decolonization, 140,141; and World War II, 144; and technological advances, 177; and Mongol Empire, 183; and postwar crises, 351

Ming court (China), 7,177,182,183,189, 203,212

Miranda, Francisco de, 77,330 Missionaries and mission agencies: and phase 1,37,48,201; and phase 4,121,122, 130; and colonized, 123-24; and elites, 162; and western Europe, 197-202,203, 205; and Arab-speaking world, 202,205; and financial credit, 226; and education, 227, 237, 291,295,296,334,340,456ml; and health care, 227,291-92,296; and nationalism, 231; and Germany, 234-35; and sector coalitions, 235,236,238,295- 97; and non-Europeans, 237,241,291; and individuals’ roles, 253; and Old World, 258; and disease, 261; and indige­nous divisions, 269; and non-European sectors, 270; autonomy of, 292; and resistance, 293,296; and settlers, 295-96; and public institutions, 373-74

Mitterand, Francois, 383 Mollet, Guy, 152-53 Moluccas, 53,58,246 Mongkut (ruler of Thailand), 257

Mongols, 7,32,183,184,199-200, 205 Monroe Doctrine (1823), 86,358 Montagu, Edwin, 109,127,354 Montagu Declaration (1917), 349,353 Montagu-Chelmsford constitutional pro­posals, 109

Moorehead, Alan, 241 Moors, 3,48,214,247 Morelos, Jos6 Maria, 66,71,72,310,311 Morocco: and European empires, 48,49;

and France, 82-83,87,116,155,267,284,

365,378; and colonized, 126; and decolo­nization, 140; and observation effect, 168; and sector coalitions, 233; and financial credit, 256; and resistance, 257,258 Mountbatten, Louis and Edwina, 150 Mouvement National Congolais, 169 Movement/armies, 162-63,169,172 Mozambique: and Portugal, 48,59,84,170,

214,266; and independence, 142; and vio­lence, 147,148; and movement/armies, 169

Mughal Empire: and India, 7,9; and Brit­ain, 9,70; and Afghanistan, 11; and phase 3,90,91; and settlers, 183; and resistance, 256; as hinterland polity, 260; and En­glish East India Company, 268; and re­bellion, 312; and European empires, 393

Muslim League, 131,149,150,162,317,343 Muslims. See Islam

Mussolini, Benito, 105,224

Nachtigal, Gustav, 83 Namibia, 106,170,172 Napoleon Bonaparte: and Haiti, 65,71,163,

349, 35o; and Portugal, 66; and Spain, 67; defeat of, 70; rise of, 143; and Egypt, 216 Napoleonic Wars: and postwar crises, 41;

and European hegemony, 67,71; and English East India Company, 97; and ter­ritorial reshuffling, 106; and metropoles, 143; and nationalism, 330; and settlers, 333; and imperial decline, 345; and Spain, 347,348; and England, 378 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 139,169 National Council of Nigeria and the Cam-

eroons (NCNC), 317-18 Nationalism: and imperialism, 13-15; and

colonialism, 42,363,365-66, 406; and phase 2,73,168,230,313,331,371,385; and phase 4,107,119,129,130-32,313,314,316, 333; and India, 109,149,313,317,343,344; and public institutions, 124; and Four­teen Points, 128,346; and colonized, 130- 32,313-18; and phase 5,136,158,161-67, 168,313,314,315,316,320,331; and World War II, 146,167; and Portugal, 148; and Vietnam, 153; and phases of expansion, 176; and phase 3,230,313,314; rebellion compared to, 311; and non-Europeans, 313-18,321,351,371,385; and settlers, 313, 314.3i5> 318-21,341; and metropoles, 314, 33i> 357! and colonizers, 327-28; and sov­ereign states, 328,365-66; and French Revolution, 330-31; and Westminster model, 367; and economic development, 385-86

Nauru, 106,133

Nazism, 116,119,145,146,149,154,348 Near East, 23,138. See also Middle East Nehru, Jawaharlal: and Amritsar massacre, no; and Indian National Congress, 126, 343; and economics, 165; and direct influ­ence effect, 169; and Britain, 239,435ni6; and Great Mutiny, 311; education of, 335, 338-39> 344,452n22; and Westminster model, 367; and technological advances, 397> 402

Neo-Destour Party, 124,162 Netherlands. See Holland

New Caledonia, 92

New Granada, 65,71,72,320,353

New Guinea, 106

New Laws (1542), 293

New Spain: preconquest population of, 53; and race relations, 55,73; and colony type, 56; and East Asia, 58; and coercion, 60; and phase 2, 65, 66,71,74; and mines, 215; and sectors, 228; and indigenous resistance, 257-58; and individuals’ roles, 273; and rebellions, 310,311; and indige­nous polities, 384. See also Mexico

New World: empires of, 7; and disease, 8-9; and Spain, 11,248; and country names, 16; indigenous people of, 17; and Euro­pean influence, 22; and phase 1, 23,40, 45,46,53,81,179,249, 258; and phase 2, 23,24, 66,75,93,138; and geographic fac­tors, 32; and independence movements, 40,41; Europeans’ attitudes towards, 47; and race relations, 54-55,95; and East Asia, 58; political boundaries (1830), 68- 69; and commodities, 96; and decoloni­zation, 141,142; and Roman Empire, 194; and Portugal, 213; demographic com­position of, 364

New Zealand: and phase 3, 81, 92, 93; as quasi colony, 84; and commodities, 102; and mandate system, 106; and phase 4, 107,117; as sovereign state, 148; and set­tlers, 219,320,330,377; and indigenous resistance, 258,259,273

Niger, 141,238

Nigeria: and Germany, 112; and trade, 114; independence of, 141; and violence, 160, 161; and education, 165; and mission­aries, 222,238; and resistance, 258,259; and indigenous divisions, 268; and pub­lic institutions, 270; and collaborators, 273, 284; and Britain, 284, 285; and na­tionalism, 317-18; and World War II, 350; and Atlantic Charter, 355; and bound­aries, 369; and indigenous polities, 384

Nkrumah, Kwame, 53,165,168,169,335, 336-37,367,374,388

Non-Europeans: and European empires, 10, 48; naming of, 17; definition of, 23; and race relations, 23,122,334,365,374; and power, 30,39,122; and European global dominance, 32; and Christianity, 37,240, 258,272,297; and land and land aliena­tion, 38-39,187-88,262-64,288,290, 393,399,4θ4; and explore-control-utilize syndrome, 39,187, 263-64; and public institutions, 39, 40,193,240,284,326,332, 333,334,34i; and sectors, 39,40,205,225, 242,270-72,293,303,322,399,407; and independence movements, 40-41,75-76, 322,325,332,333, 426-27Π15; and private profit institutions, 40,75,270-71; and religious institutions, 40,239,272; and New World, 47; and disease, 53,179,236, 364; and colony types, 55-56; and trade, 60,264-65,270,271; and Roman Cath­olic missionaries, 62; and phase 3,85, 91, 94, 270; and consumer goods, 100,239- 40,271; and settlers, 101,229; and phase 4,104,114,333,341; and Britain, 107,127, 221; anthropological studies of, 115,119, 286,433031; and invention of tradition, 120-21; and Japan, 136; and violence, 160; and elites, 161,315,399; and technological advances, 178,179, 271; and Spain, 215; and missionaries, 237, 241,291; and resis­tance, 254,255-64,301; and geographical factors, 259; relations among, 264-67; divisions among, 268-69; and individ­uals’ roles, 272-73; as collaborators, 273, 284,301-3,313,316; and civil service and bureaucracy, 284,318,333,334,335; and colonizers, 288, 299; and sector coali­tions, 294; and education, 299,332,334- 4i> 359> 37i> 374! and accommodation, 302,313,316; and rebellions, 308-9; and nationalism, 313-18,321,351,371,385; and phase 5,329,341; and metropoles, 336- 38,341; and moral evaluation of colonial­ism, 388; economic exploitation of, 389- 91

North Africa: and Roman empire, 4; and western Europe, 6-7; and Ottoman Turks, 9; and European empires, 48; and religious institutions, 103; and decoloni­zation, 138,139,141; and World War II, 144,154; and interstate competition, 210

North America, 52,53,60,164-65 Northern Rhodesia, 17,129,168,220,273 Nyasaland, 222,240,296

Nyerere, Julius, 165,171,315,335

Oceania: and disease, 9; and migration, 11; and country names, 16; and phase 3,23, 81,91,106; and phase 5, 23,136; and the­ory of imperialism, 28; and plantation model of production, 113; and decoloni­zation, 138,141,142; and World War II, 144; and interstate competition, 211; and Germany, 223; and sector coalitions, 235; demographic composition of, 364 Old World: and phase 3,23,24,32,40,81, 83,84,92,94,179,249; and phase 5,23, 24,138; and phase 4,24, 40; and indepen­dence movements, 40-41; and European empires, 48-49,180,183; and phase 1, 48-49,56-57,81,238,258; and disease, 53,180,255; and slavery, 55; and coercion, 60-61; and phase 2,64,70; and Holland, 67; and horses, 179; and Portugal, 248 Omdurman, Battle of, 100 Opium War of 1839-42,10, 256

Ottoman Turks and Ottoman Empire: and western Europe, 7,9; and Anatolia, 11; and geographic factors, 32,185; and Rus­sia, 90; and phase 3,91; and phase 4,105, 107-8,117; and capitulations, 111; and Fourteen Points, 128; and maritime ca­pacity, 177,178; and trade, 181; and set­tlers, 183; and Egypt, 185; and Islam, 198, 199,203; and public institutions, 202, 203; and resistance, 258; and Arabs, 346, 349; and World War 1,346,351; and European empires, 393

Padmore, George, 131,337 Pakistan: and independence, 140,142,160, 168; and Muslim League, 149,150,317;

Pakistan (continued) naming of, 338; and Britain, 365; and boundaries, 369

Palestine, 105,108,115-16,117,147,159,351 Pan-African Congress, 128,131,433Π44 Papua New Guinea, 133

Paraguay, 198,240,320 Parry, J. H., 59,228

Parti Democratique de Guinee, 162,316-17 Parti Democratique de la Cote d’Ivoire, 162, 317

Partido Africano de Independencia de Guine e Cabo Verde (PAIGC), 148,163

People’s National Movement, 162

People’s National Party, 124

Persia, 255,258 Persian Gulf, 8,181

Peru: and Amerindians, 54; and race rela­tions, 55; and colony type, 56; and East Asia, 58; and coercion, 60; and phase 2, 65-66,72,78; and settlers, 101; and Spain, 215; and individuals’ roles, 273; and resis­tance, 283,289; and non-Europeans, 303; and rebellions, 310-12

Phase 1: and New World, 23,24,40,45,46, 53,81,179,249,258; initial and conclud­ing events of, 25,81-83; and theory of imperialism, 27,28,29,175-76; and geo­graphic factors, 32; and religious institu­tions, 37,199,201; and sector coalitions, 37,235,236,238; and exploration, 45-47, 50-51,105; overview of, 45-49; and Old World, 48-49,56-57,81,238,258; and European state competition, 49-53; and trade, 50-51,56,57-60,61,98,180,197; and wars, 52,178,378; demographic and social dimensions, 53-55,72; types of colonies, 53-57; economic dimensions, 57-61,230,381; and sectors, 61-63,227- 28; and maritime capacity, 177-78, 196; and assertive worldview, 185; and explore-control-utilize syndrome, 186, 189-90; and public institutions, 193,201; and interstate competition, 211,212,379; and individuals’ roles, 250-51; and rebellions, 308,310

Phase 2: and New World, 23,24,66,75,93, 138; initial and concluding events of, 25; and theory of imperialism, 27,40; and independence movements, 41,73-74,76, 77-80,229,322,325,332; and violence, 65-66,70-72,143,159; and settlers, 66, 73,163,319,329,341,385; and elites, 72- 77; and race relations, 72-73,74,364-65; and nationalism, 73,168,230,313,331,371, 385; and industry, 195,372; and individ­uals’ roles, 250-51; and rebellions, 308; and wars, 345,378; and colonialism, 363; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 367; and boundaries, 368-69; and Christianity, 373

Phase 3: and Old World, 23, 24,32,40, 81, 83, 84, 92, 94,179,249; initial and con­cluding events of, 25; and theory of im­perialism, 27,28,30; and sector coali­tions, 37, 233, 238, 293; and European empires, 84-87; and settlers, 84,92-93, 101-2,103,319; and non-Europeans, 85, 91, 94, 270; and relations among imperial powers, 87-91; and wars, 87, 88,117,378; demographic and social dimensions of, 91-95; and economics, 95-99; and trade,

98- 99,385; and compliance mechanisms,

99- 101; and assertive worldview, 185; and explore-control-utilize syndrome, 186; and technological advances, 191; and industry, 195; and interstate competition, 208, 210; and nationalism, 230,313,314; and individuals’ roles, 251; and rebel­lions, 308-9; and citizenship rights, 329; and education, 334

Phase 4: as exception, 23; and Old World, 24,40; initial and concluding events of, 25; and economics, 104,108,112-14,117, 118,123,128-29,37i; and empire’s scope, 105-6; and Britain, 106,107-11,114,117, 287,320,321,330,358; and nationalism, 107,119,129,130-32,313,314,316,333; and trade, 113,114,118,385; and settlers, 116, 127,319; and European power erosion, 117-21; and wars, 117,346; and colo- nized’s power, 121-26; and colonized versus colonizers, 126-30; and rebellions, 308-9; and citizenship rights, 329,330; and education, 334; and religious institu­tions, 340

Phase 5: and Old World, 23,24,138; initial and concluding events of, 25,136-38; and theory of imperialism, 27,40; and inde­pendence movements, 41,140-43,325, 327,332; and public institutions, 76,80, 162; and decolonization, 133-72,325,326, 327,329; and nationalism, 136,158,161- 67,168,313,314,315,316,320,331; spatial and temporal aspects of, 138-43; and economics, 139,164,165-67,371,372-73; and violence, 143,147-61; and World War II, 143-47; and international dem­onstration effects, 150,168-72,358; and elites, 161-67; and race relations, 161-62, 365; and rebellions, 309,312; and citizen­ship rights, 330; and wars, 345; and colo­nialism, 363; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 367-68; and bound­aries, 369; and psychological indepen­dence, 374

Phases of contraction: classification scheme of, 23-24; and power, 31; and imperial theory, 40; and decolonization theory, 42,325-26. See also Phase 2; Phase 5

Phases of expansion: classification scheme of, 23-24; and theory of imperialism, 29, 42; and power, 30,31,33; model of, 33; and interstate system, 35; and sectoral institutions, 37; and non-European soci­ety competition, 39; and sector coali­tions, 236; and economics, 359-60. See also Phase 1; Phase 3

Philip II (king of Spain), 48,375-76 Philippines: and Spain, 48,52,84,201; and

United States, 118; and independence, 133; and Japan, 136; and resistance, 257; and worldview, 261; and indigenous divi­sions, 269, 450n37

Pius II (pope), 199

Pizarro, Francisco, 47,65,179, 214,228, 236, 253, 261, 268

Plantations: as outdoor factories, 11,59, 61; and slavery, 14,56, 60,74-75, 286,381; and phase 1,56,381; and phase 2,72; and phase 3, 94

Plassey, Battle of, 9,45,179

Polo, Marco, 183,243,438ni7

Portugal: and Ceuta, 3-4,7,8,25,28,45,49, 213; and Moors, 3-5,4i7n2; as European empire, 6; and Malacca, 8,29,37,46,53,

243.246- 47,248; and theory of imperial­ism, 29; geographic features of, 32; and Asia, 46,213,233,265; and Morocco, 48, 257; and Mozambique, 48,59,84,170,214, 266; in phase 1,49,52; and Spain, 52,53, 213,247,377; and Holland, 53,217; and sector coalitions, 62,233,247; and phase 2,66,143,348; and World War II, 72; and phase 3,87; and World War 1,112; and phase 4,115; and colonized, 123,126; and independence movements, 133; and trade,

139.207.246- 47; and Angola, 148,170, 214; and violence, 148,151,152,158,160; and phase 5,164; and technological ad­vances, 178; and public institutions, 193; and exploration, 194,204; and interstate

competition, 211,213-14; and sectors, 227; and Japan, 255-56; and colonial society, 286; and nationalism, 313,314; and set­tlers, 319,376; and non-Europeans, 336; and direct influence effect, 358; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 368; and self-government, 406 Potsdam conference, 152 Power: and European empires, 13,111-12, 117-21,382; and imperialism, 14,254; for­mal power, 20,22; and empire, 26,29- 30; and capacity to act, 30-31,39,42,111,

117- 18,176,320,321,331,347-49; and colonized, 30,31,33,112,121-26; compo­nents of, 30-31; and non-Europeans, 30, 39,122; and will to act, 30-31,39,42,111,

118- 19,177,185,201,320,321,332,347; and hegemonic wars, 41; and exploration, 46; and international relations, 139; add China, 189; and western Europe, 193; and interstate competition, 209; and sectors, 225,226,293; and race relations, 281,393, 405; and wars, 345. See also Informal influence

Prester John, 5,199,201

Private profit institutions: and western Europe, 35-36,195-97,2oo, 201,205, 379-80; and material inducement, 37, 236; and sector coalitions, 37,61,234,235, 236; and non-Europeans, 40,75,270-71; and settlers, 61,229, 287,319,343; and phase 2, 76,167; and industrialization, 95, 372; and phase 1,101,360; and phase 3, 101-2,103,360; and phase 4,112,113; and colonized, 122,123,124,125; and phase 5, 164,166; and nationalism, 166,316; and public institutions, 194,196,226, 230, 233, 235,238-39,241, 278,287-90,292-93, 294, 295,405; and Arab-speaking world, 202,203,205,245; and China, 204,243- 44,245; and interstate competition, 208; and Holland, 217; and Britain, 222,234; and infrastructure expenses, 236-37; and individuals’ roles, 250,251; and Old World, 258; and colonizers, 289; and resistance, 293

Protestant denominations: and mission­aries, 49,62; and Roman Catholic Church, 52; and colonized, 123; auton­omy of, 194,197, 200, 229; and interstate competition, 211-12; and Holland, 217; and England, 220-21; and Spain, 232; and British North American colonies, 296,343; and settlers, 319

Protestant missionaries: and phase 3,62, 102-3,215,296; and Africa, 116; and Brit­ain, 215,221-22; and nationalism, 231; and metropoles, 291

Protostates: colonies as, 21,193-94,279, 327, 366; construction of, 281

Public institutions: and western Europe, 35-36,192-95, 200,201,202,205; and sector coalitions, 37,61,62,182,234;

and non-Europeans, 39,40,193,240,284, 326,332,333,334,341; and independence movements, 75; and phase 5,76,80,162; and phase 4,113; and colonized, 122-25, 331-32,334,347; and Britain, 161,166, 222,234; and nationalism, 163,166,316; and explore-control-utilize syndrome, 188,405; and phase 1,193,201,230,250; and private profit institutions, 194,196, 226,230,233,235,238-39,241-42,278, 287-90,292-93,294,295,405; and religious institutions, 194,226,231-33, 235,237,241-42,278,292,373; and Arab­speaking world, 202,205,244-45; and China, 203-4,205,244,245,246; and France, 215; and individuals’ roles, 250, 251; and Japan, 256; and metropoles, 279,288,327; and colonizers, 281,285, 406; and British North American colo­nies, 287,326,342,343; and settlers, 319; and wars, 348; colonial origin of, 366; and industrialization, 372; and trade, 385

Quasi colonies, 21,84,107,133,368

Race and race relations: and geographic differences, 21; and mixed-race groups, 23,54-55,56,57, 95,281,286,429Ï24; and non-Europeans, 23,122,334,365,374; and phase 1,54,321; and phase 2,72-73,74, 364-65; and phase 3,94-95,106; and phase 4,107,115,119; and colonized, 121, 122,131,277,281; and World War 1,127; and Southern Rhodesia, 137; and World War II, 145-46; and Britain, 150,160-61; and elites, 161,163-64; and phase 5,161- 62,365; and colonizers, 278,285; and power, 281,393,405; and settlers, 287,319, 365; and sector coalitions, 294,298-99; and western Europe, 298-99,339,382- 83; and self-abasement, 307; and citi­zenship rights, 330; and colonialism’s impact, 364-66; and European empires, 364-66,382-83,399; and moral evalua­tion of colonialism, 404,405,406; defini­tions of, 423-24010

Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 249,268 Rahman, Tunku Abdul, 335,337 Railroads: and phase 3,84,85,90,101,178;

and phase 4,112,126; and colonized, 126, 396-97; and technological advances, 179, 397

Raleigh, Walter, 186-87,215,257,261 Rassemblement Democratique Afr icain (RDA), 156,162,336,356

Red Sea, 180,181

Regulating Act (1773), 25, 45,352

Religious institutions: and western Europe, 35-36,197-202; and sector coalitions, 37, 62,234; and non-Europeans, 40,239,272; and phase 3,101,102-3; and phase 4,116, 130,131; and colonized, 122,123,125; and public institutions, 194,226,231-33,235, 237,241-42, 278; and Arab-speaking world, 203,244; and China, 204,205,244, 245,246; and interstate competition, 208; and Britain, 220-21,222, 234; autonomy of, 230,292,373; and Malacca, 247; and individuals’ roles, 251; and wars, 258; and colonizers, 291-92; and nationalism, 316; and British North American colonies, 343

Reunion, 67,94

Rhodes, Cecil, 102,187,195,208, 222,230 Rhodesia, 160,161,162,163,171,172,358. See also Southern Rhodesia

Rodney, Walter, 388,390-91,392,396-97 Roman Catholic Church: and western

Europe, 4,33,36,197; and modernity, 14; and sector coalitions, 37,296; and Japan, 49; and Protestant denominations, 52; and Spain, 74; and colonized, 123; au­tonomy of, 194,197,200, 204, 205; and interstate competition, 211-12,224; and England, 220,221; authority of, 228-29; and nationalism, 231

Roman Catholic missionaries: and Japan, 48-49, 62,241; and phase 1, 52, 62,102; and phase 3,102-3; and Africa, 116; and cosmopolitanism, 201-2; and Spain, 215; autonomy of, 230; and France, 234; and metropoles, 291; and sector coalitions, 295; and believer settlements, 296

Roman Empire, 194,195,204-5,223,382 Roosevelt, Franklin, 144,154,166 Roosevelt, Theodore, 392-93

Rowlatt Acts, 109-10,128,351,353-54,357 Royal Niger Company, 102

Ruanda-Urundi, 172,285

Rupert (prince of Bavaria), 201

Russia: empire of, 7; and land, 8,4i8mo; and phase 3,85,86; and phase 5,85; and Britain, 86,90,219; and Japan, 86,89,90; and World War 1,118; and Spain, 232; and France, 330; and industrialization, 371-72

Said, Edward, 382

Saint Domingue. See Haiti San Martin, Jos6 de, 66,78,330 Sao Τοιηέ and Principe, 139,142,277 Sarraut, Albert, 112,127-28,378,388 Schumpeter, Joseph, 28,30,218 Sebastian (king of Portugal), 48 Sectors: within metropoles, 35-38; and sector coalitions, 37-38,61-63,182,231- 49,278,294-98,326-27; and non­Europeans, 39,40,205,225,242,270-72, 293,303,322,399,407; and decoloniza­tion theory, 42; and phase 1,52,61-63; and phase 3,101-3; within western Europe, 192-202; autonomy of, 194,197, 231,235,237,292-93,294; specialization of, 225-31; and colonies, 227,369; and principal-agent relations, 227-28; and cross-cultural comparison, 242-49; and individuals’ role, 249-53; and colonized, 277-78,290,294,306,333; and control techniques, 277-99; and colonizers, 289- 92; and health care, 295; and national­ism, 303,322; and independence move­ments, 406

Seeley, J. R., 30, 222

Seljuk Turks, 198

Senegal: and independence, 15,141; and France, 67, 235,267, 268,365; and phase 3, 81, 93; and education, 285

Senegambia, 52

Senghor, Leopold, 131,335 Setif massacre, 154,155,351,388 Settlers: and land and land alienation, 11,

101,115,150,182,187-88,229,259,262-63, 288, 294,390,407; definition of, 21-22; and decolonization, 30; and indepen­dence movements, 40,41,322,325,326, 332-33; and phase 1,53-57,93,102,215, 319,341; and private profit institutions, 61,229, 287,319; and sector coalitions, 62-63; and phase 2,66,73,163,319,329, 341,385; and phase 3, 84,92-93,101-2, 103,319; and Britain, 101, 219,287; and Spain, 101,215,248,287,289,319,343,367; and plantation model of production, 113; and phase 4,116,127,319; and Zimbabwe, 137; and France, 152,154; and Rhodesia, 160,161,162; elites, 163-64; and phases of expansion, 176; and China, 182-83,244! and sectors, 226-27,229,322; and metro­poles, 229-30,320,332-33,444n8; and religious institutions, 231; and resistance, 259,293; and indigenous rivalries, 266; and colonizers, 286-89; and race rela­tions, 287,319,365; and missionaries, 295-96; and nationalism, 313,314,315, 318-21,341; and language, 370; and Christianity, 373; and economics, 380, 381; and moral evaluation of colonialism, 388

Seven Years’ War: and Fort Duquesne, 52; and British North American colonies, 64,75,329,345. 349.35°, 352,357; and ter­ritorial reshuffling, 106; and settlers, 333; and England, 347,378

Seychelles, 67,142

Sierra Leone, 6,141,258,273,284 Singapore, 143,160,268,348 Sithole, Ndabaningi, 340-41 Sjahrir, Soetan, 385-86

Slavery: and Portugal, 6; and social struc­ture, 11; and plantations, 14,56, 60,74- 75,286; and non-Europeans, 23; and phase 1,54; and slave raiding, 55, 60,238; and South Africa, 57; and slave trade, 58, 61, 98, 99; and Haiti, 59, 65,72,73,77,79, 163.349.350; and phase 2, 65,72,73,74, 77,79; and slave revolts, 65,73,79,288, 304,310,329,349; and Brazil, 74,75,293; and Britain, 75, 221-22; and phase 3,94, 98,99; and commodities, 97; and Euro­pean empires, 180,364; and missionaries, 269; and colonizers, 281,404; and capi­talism, 290; and exit option, 303,453H4; and avoidance and sabotage, 305; and economic exploitation, 389; and forced labor, 399; and moral evaluation of colo­nialism, 404,405,406. See also Forced labor

Smith, Adam, 166,394,461-62011

Social sciences, 24-25, 437m Socialism, 166,167

Somalia, 141,258,369 Songhai Empire, 7,10

South Africa: and Holland, 52; and colony type, 56-57; and phase 3, 81,92, 93-94; and Britain, 93,266, 272; and commodi­ties, 102; and mandate system, 106; and South Africa (continued) phase 4,107; and World War 1,112; and religious institutions, 125; and colonized, 129; as sovereign state, 148; and Gandhi, 168,353; and indirect influence effect, 170,171; and trusteeships, 172; and mis­sionaries, 238; and indigenous resistance, 273; and Protestant denominations, 296; and settlers, 318,320,365,376,377; and language, 370

South America: and phase 1,47; and Spain, 49; and Holland, 52; and phase 2,72; and phase 3,98; and private profit institu­tions, 117; and quinine, 180; and resis­tance, 257; and Amerindians, 303; and Britain, 372

South Asia, 48,84,138,139,140,369

South West African People’s Organization (SWAPO), 172

Southeast Asia: and Japan, 25,136,137,346, 348; and Britain, 82, no, 119; and Great Depression, 129; and decolonization, 138, 140,141; and World War II, 144; and mar­itime capacity, 177; and trade, 180-81, 182; and interstate competition, 210,211; and China, 244,246; and displacement, 306; and education, 334,335; and migra­tion, 364; and Holland, 377

Southern Rhodesia: and independence, 17; and European empires, 92; and Britain, 137; and settlers, 219,319; and chartered companies, 220; and resistance, 258,259; and indigenous rivalries, 266; and indi­viduals’ roles, 273; and modernization, 394. See also Rhodesia

Southern Sudan, 369

Southwest Africa, 106,258,273

Sovereign states: and imperialism, 20,21; and decolonization, 22,325,327,455m; and interstate system, 34,384; and phase 2,64; and League of Nations, 130; newly independent states, 147,365; and inter­state competition, 206; and nationalism, 328,365-66; elites of new states, 331-33; and democratic versus authoritarian rule, 367-68; and colonial boundaries, 368-70; and metropole’s language, 370- 71; and psychological independence,

374- 75; and state formation acceleration,

375- 76

Soviet Union, 91,118,146,151,152,166,170,

172

Spain: and Ceuta, 4; as European empire, 6, 379; and New World, 11,248; and inde­pendence movements, 41,65-66,67,71, 74, 77-78,133,353; and postwar crises, 41, 357; and phase 1,46,47-48,49,52,207, 248,280,287,292,321; and France, 52,71- 72,330; and Holland, 52,217; and Portu­gal, 52,53,213,247,377; and coercion, 60; and sector coalitions, 61,62,231-33,235; and Roman Catholic missionaries, 62, 231,444mo; and phase 2,65-66,67,74, 139, M3,144; and phase 3,84,87; and United States, 86,89; and settlers, 101, 215,248,287,289,319,320,343,367; and World War 1,112; and Algeria, 154; and public institutions, 193,292; and reli­gious institutions, 200,231-32,292; and interstate competition, 209,211,212,214- 15; and sectors, 228-29; and Japan, 255; and indirect rule, 284; and Britain, 346; and Napoleonic Wars, 347,348; and Fer­dinand VII, 349; and observation effect, 358; and democracy versus authoritarian rule, 368

Spanish Succession, War of, 52

Spear, Percival, 349-50

Spice Islands, 8,29,46,58,70,181,207,242, 247

Stamp Act Congress, 64,342,352,354 Stamp Act of 1765,64,350,352,354,357 Stanley, Henry Morton, 83,201 Statute of Westminster (1931), 107,314,319,

320

Strang, David, 359-60

Sucre, Antonio Jose de, 66,78

Sudan, 140,160,161,238,257,273, 285,369,

370

Suez Canal, 87,90,105,139,147 Sukarno, 129,136,151,169,356 Suleiman I (sultan of Turkey), 7 Sumatra, 8, 84,151,257 Superpowers, 146,147,372 Sykes-Picot negotiations, 108 Syria, 105,138,140,142,145,304

Taiwan, 7,86,257,273 Tanganyika, 141,143,171,359 Tanganyika African National Union

(TANU), 162,171,315 Tanzania, 143,169,358 Tata, J. N., 125 Tawfiq (khedive of Egypt), 210,269 Technological advances: and commodities, 11; and imperialism, 26,34,177; and Old World, 49; and Anglo-Burmese War, 82, 179; and Japan, 86,256; and wars, 100, 126,206-7; and colonized, 126,306-7; and western Europe, 177-84; and non­Europeans, 178,179,271; and exploration, 190-91; and private profit institutions, 196, 295; and Britain, 219; and econom­ics, 371

Tevoedjre, Albert, 299,339 Thailand, 10,255,257,273 Thatcher, Margaret, 150,166

Theory: defined, 25-27; methods for test­ing, 27-29,32,37

Third World countries, 13,147,166,169 Tibet, 7,255

Tilly, Charles, 24,193,195,376 Togo, 141,171.371

Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 52,209,211,378 Tours, Battle of, 4,199

Toussaint L’Ouverture, Francois, 65,71,78, 310,349.353

Trade: and Asia, 37,48,60,180; and phase 1, 50-51,56,57-60,61,98,180; and non­Europeans, 60,264-65,270,271; and phase 3,98-99,385; and phase 4,113,114, 118,385; and trade diaspora, 182; and maritime capacity, 195-96; and West Africa, 197,241; and Portugal, 233; and chartered companies, 238-39; and Malacca, 242-46; and disease, 261; and mercantilist doctrine, 280; and wars, 348; and industrialization, 381. See also Commodities

Trinidad-Tobago, 67,139,141,286 Tunisia: and colonized, 124; and Great

Depression, 129; and decolonization, 140; and nationalism, 155; and observation effect, 168; and interstate competition, 210; and sector coalitions, 233; and religious institutions, 234; and financial credit, 256; and resistance, 258; and France, 284

Tupac Amaru Rebellion, 283,289,300,310- 11,312.333

Tzeltal Revolt, 311

Uganda, 141,150,161,222,284,286 Umayyad caliphate, 202, 203

Uniao des Populates de Angola (UPA), 169

Union Act of 1840 (Canada), 93

United East India Company. See Dutch East India Company

United Nations, 12-13,147.148.151.170-72, 358,359

United States: independence of, 65-66,67; and nationalism, 73; and slavery, 74,75; and public institutions, 76-77,166; and Canada, 79; and phase 3,85,86,87,92; and phase 5,85,91; and Spain, 86,89; and China, 111; and factory-made goods, 113; and phase 4,117; and World War 1,118, 128; and World War II, 146,154; and Hol­land, 151; and Yalta conference, 152; and Vietnam, 153; and indirect influence effect, 170; and Soviet Union, 172; boundaries of, 368-69

Venezuela, 65,67,71,72,77,201,353 Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie (VOC). See Dutch East India Company

Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 46,201,223 Versailles Peace Conference (1919-20), 128, 351

Vespucci, Amerigo, 16,46,201,223

Victoria (queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), 90, 239,289,320

Viet Cong, 153,163

Viet Minh, 163,356

Vietnam: and postwar crises, 41,351,356; and phase 3,81; and colonized, 124,129; and France, 127-28,137,143,153,155,157, 284,331; and nationalism, 137; and decol­onization, 140,143,147; and violence, 153, 155,157; and east-west rivalries, 170; and missionaries, 241; and individuals’ roles, 272; and World War 1,349; and democ­racy versus authoritarian rule, 367

Violence: and phase 2,65-66,70-72,143, 159; horizontal violence, 143,149,150,158, 159-61; and phase 5,143,147-61; vertical violence, 143,147-59; and nationalism, 313

Virginia Company, 61,219

Wafd Party, 108,124,355 Waitangi, Treaty of, 239 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 30,58,440Ï47 Wars: for global hegemony, 41,71,144,327, 345-46,347.356-57.359,360,378; and phase 1,52,178,378; and phase 2,70-72; and phase 3,87,88,117,378; and phase 4, 117,346; and technological advances, 126, 206-7; and phases of expansion, 176; and public institutions, 193; and interstate competition, 206,211,378-79; and mer- cantalist doctrine, 207; and Japan, 255, 256; and non-Europeans, 257; and reli­gious institutions, 258; and colonized,

Wars (.continued)

283; and colonizers, 288; and national­ism, 317; and France, 330; and capacity changes, 347-49; and wartime expecta­tions, 349-50

Washington Conference (1922), 111 Washington Naval Disarmament Con­ference (1921-22), 118

Washington, George, 65,75

Wellesley, Arthur, Duke of Wellington, 70, 249

West Africa: and Portugal, 8,53; and France, 83,216,267,286,356; and Britain, 84,145,268; and phase 3,87; and race relations, 94; and commodities, 98; and Great Depression, 129; and trade, 197, 241; and resistance, 257,273; as hinterland polities, 260

Western Europe: and Muslims, 4; and non­European empires, 7; imperialism of, 9, 12; and interstate competition, 9,49-53, 206-24,346,378-79; interstate system of, 9, 34-35,206,212,215,357,377-79, 384; general characteristics of, 32-34, 175-205; geographic features of, 32,177- 84; imperial expansion model, 33; and private profit institutions, 35-36,195- 97,200, 201,205,379-80; and interstate wars, 70; and economics, 164; geostrate­gic considerations, 184-85; and assertive worldview, 185-92; and sectors, 192-202, 235; and cross-cultural comparisons, 202-5; and race relations, 298-99,339; and foreign aid, 372; colonialism’s impact on, 375-84; and domestic political sta­bility, 376-77

Western Samoa, 106,133

Williams, Eric, 335,381

Wilson, Woodrow, 128,144,346,349-50, 355,358

Win, Ne, 136

Winthrop, John, 91,188,221

World War I: and Ottoman Turks, 9; and treaty ports, 10; and modernity, 14; and Britain, 18,108,112,117,127,348; and phase 4,24,104-6; and imperialism, 89, 378; and European empires, 117,118,345, 346; and colonized, 126-27; and Indian National Congress, 345; and postwar crises, 350-51,357

World War II, 72,143-47,345,346,350,351- 52

Yalta conference, 152

Yandibaw, Treaty of (1826), 82

Yuan dynasty (Mongol dynasty ruling China), 11

Zaghlul, Saad, 108,128,355

Zaire, 317,365,367

Zambia, 17,141,150 Zamorin of Calicut, 59

Zanzibar, 141,143

Zimbabwe, 17,25,137-38,142,267 Zulu empire, 7,10,266,312,353