NOTES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

1. Raymond Aron. The Opium of the Intellectuals, translated by Terence Kilmartin, New York, 1957/1962, p. 303.

GENERAL INTRODUCTORY QUOTES

1. Following a visit to Newport, RI, in August, 1790, and

his warm reception by the local Jewish community, represented in a letter by Moses Seixas, George Washington wrote this moving reply to Touro's congregation.

http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0915/p12s01-lire.html; “Address to the President from the Hebrew Congregation,” Newport, Rhode Island, 17 August 1790 http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/documents/hebrew/address.html.

2. Jacob Burckhardt. Reflections on History, [Lectures from 1865-1885]; Liberty Fund, 1979, p. 141. An iconic figure in the annals of Western historiography, Jacob Burckhardt (1818­1897) was a pioneering scholar of “cultural history.” Burckhardt, whose best known work is The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860), believed it was the solemn duty of Western civilization's heirs to study and acknowledge their own unique cultural inheritance—starting with the culture and heritage of classical Athens. Burckhardt emphasized how the Western conception of freedom was engendered in Athens, where its flowering was accompanied by the production of some of history's most sublime literary and artistic works. Moreover, while Burckhardt affirmed the irreducible nature of freedom, and upheld equality before the law, he decried the notion—a pervasive, rigidly enforced dogma at present—that all ways of life, opinions, and beliefs were of equal value.

3. Ignaz Goldziher. “A Muhammedan KozvelemenyroF [“Muhammadan Public Opinion”], Budapesti Szemle, 1882 (January), Vol. 30, pp. 234-265. Translated by Jerry Payne and Philip Sadgrove as “Muhammadan Public Opinion,” Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 38, pp. 97-133. Extracts quoted from pp. 97-98. Goldziher (1860-1921), the preeminent Hungarian scholar of Islam, has been widely acclaimed as one of the most profound and original European scholars from an era that produced seminal investigators. The English translations of his major works published between 1967 and 2006, include: Muslim Studies, A Short History of Classical Arabic Literature, The Zahiris, Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, and Schools of Koranic Commentators.

4. James Freeman Clarke. Ten Great Religions. Part II. Boston, 1883, p. 67ff. Clarke (1810-1888) was an American theologian, philosopher, author, and abolitionist. He also became one of the first American scholars to study and write about Eastern religions, including, notably, Islam.

5. C. Snouck Hurgronje. The Acehnese, (English translation by A.W.S. O’Sullivan), London, Volume 2, 1906, pp. 342. Christaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857—1936) was a professor and Dutch colonial official. Hurgronje was also a pioneering and prolific Western scholar of Islam. He visited Arabia (1884-1885), including a stop at Mecca, while serving as a lecturer at the University of Leiden (1880-1889). Hurgronje’s 2 vol. classic work “Mekka” (1888-1889), describes the history of the city, and expounds upon Islam’s origins, and the traditions and rituals of the earliest Islamic communities. Translated into English as “Mekka in the Latter Part of the 19th Century” (1931), the second volume includes many details of daily life in an Islamic culture, and also discusses the Indonesian Muslim colony at Mecca.

6. Edith Wharton. In Morocco, New York, 1920/Hopewell, NJ 1996, pp. 199-201. Wharton (born Edith Newbold Jones, 1862-1937) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American novelist (received for her 1920 The Age of Innocence, in 1921), short story writer, and designer. After World War I, Wharton traveled to Morocco as the guest of the first French resident­general in Morocco from 1912 to 1925, Gen. Hubert Lyautey, and wrote In Morocco, (published in 1920) chronicling her experiences.

7. G.K. Chesterton. The New Jerusalem, New York, 1921, pp. 262-263. Chesterton (1874-1936) was an English writer whose vast and eclectic output included philosophy, poetry, plays, journalism, public lectures and debates, literary and art criticism, biography, Christian apologetics, and fiction, including fantasy and detective fiction.

8. Charles R. Watson. What Is This Moslem World, New York, 1937, p. 53. Watson (1873-1948) was born in Cairo of missionary parents, and became one of the founders and presidents (from 1922 to 1945) of the American University at Cairo.

9. Gustave von Grunebaum. Islam. Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition. Menasha, Wisconsin, 1955, p. 130. The late (d. 2003) Yale scholar of Islam Franz Rosenthal’s own work included a translation of Muslim historian Ibn Khaldun’s fourteenth-century opus “The Muqadimmah” (An Introduction to History), as well as lucid, timeless, analyses of Islamic “martyrdom” versus suicide, and the antithetical Islamic and Western conceptions of “freedom.” Rosenthal wrote an obituary for the Austrian-born US scholar Gustave E. von Grunebaum (1909-1972) published in the International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 4, No. 3, (Jul., 1973), pp. 355-358, which included these observations about Von Gruenbaum’s seminal contributions, and uncompromising standards (from pp. 356-357):

If von Grunebaum was able in addition to produce an amazingly large and significant number of books and articles, to which all these and many other activities ranked second in importance in his estimation as well as ours, it was because everything he did arose from the same source—his personal conviction as to the intellectual obligation resting upon the Western student of Islam. He was convinced that it was his duty to interpret Islam from the point of view of the Westerner deeply steeped in his own civilization at its best, that there was indeed no other way of making the study of

Islam meaningful for non-Muslims, professional scholars and educated non-specialists alike, than by scrutinizing it from the outside and measuring it by the most demanding and universally valid standards devised in the West for assessing intellectual and moral worth.

10. Emile Tyan, on the institution of the Caliphate, as the apotheosis of the inseparability of temporal and religious power in Islam, from Institutions du droit public musulman, Vol. II Sultanat et califat, Paris, 1956, p. 250. English translation by Malcolm Kerr, in Islamic Reform—The Political and Legal Theories of Muhammad Abduh and Rashid Rida, Berkeley, CA, 1966, p. 28, note 17. Tyan (1901-1977) studied law at St. Joseph University in Beirut, and received a doctorate in 1926 from the Faculty of Law at Lyon for a treatise on Islamic law. He became a professor of law in Beirut, and a politician, serving as a Lebanese minister of justice. Tyan was a major scholar of the Caliphate system noted for his monumental works Le califat en regime sultanien (1956), and Sultanat et califat (1956).

11. Harry J. Benda. The Crescent and the Rising Sun, The Hague, 1958, p. 29. Benda (1919—1971) was a Southeast Asia specialist who studied the social and political history of Southeast Asia, and of Indonesia in particular. He helped establish a graduate program in Southeast Asian studies at Yale University, and edited Yale's Southeast Asia studies monograph series, which broadened considerably the possibility for other, particularly young, specialists on the area to publish significant research. In addition to The Crescent and the Rising Sun (1958), Benda published The History of Modern Southeast Asia: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Decolonization (1968), with John S. Bastin, and The World of Southeast Asia: Selected Historical Writings (1967), with John A. Larkin.

12. A.A.A. Fyzee, A Modern Approach to Islam, New York, 1963, p. 112. Cited in, Farhad Daftary. “Professor Asaf A. A. Fyzee (1899-1981),” Arabica, Volume 31, No. 3 (November, 1984), pp. 327-330. Asaf Ali Ashgar (A. A.) Fyzee (1899— 1981) began his legal career in 1926, as an advocate in the High Court of Bombay, a post he held until 1938. Simultaneously, in 1929, Fyzee began his academic career by teaching law at the Government Law College, Bombay, where he became the Principal and Perry Professor of Jurisprudence from 1938 to 1947.

13. Erwin I. J. Rosenthal. Islam in the Modern National State, Cambridge, UK, 1965, pp. 124,103. Erwin Isaac Jacob (I. J.) Rosenthal (1904-1991) was a scholar of Semitic languages who taught at the University of London, Manchester University, and subsequently, Cambridge University, from 1948 till his retirement in 1971. Rosenthal’s writings include Political Thought in Medieval Islam (1958), as well as Islam in the Modern National State (1965).

14. G.-H. Bousquet. L'ethique sexuelle de l'Islam. [The Sexual Ethic of Islam] Paris, Maisonneuve 1966/1990, p. 10. Georges Henri (G.-H.) Bousquet (1900-1978) was one of the greatest and most widely published twentieth-century specialists on Islamic law. From 1932 to 1956 Bousquet taught North African sociology at the Faculty of Law in Algeria. His major legal writings include Precis elemantaire de droit muslmane (1936-1940), Du droit musulman et de son application effective dans le monde (1949), Justice francais et coutumes kabiles (1950), and L'ethique sexuelle de l’Islam (1966).

15. Albert Hourani. Untitled review of Islam in the Modern National State, by E.I.J. Rosenthal, in Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.4, No.1, pp. 110-111. Hourani (1915-1993) was an Oxford University-educated scholar of Lebanese descent, who directed the Middle East Center at St. Anthony’s College from 1958 to 1980. His major writings included Minorities in the Arab World (1947), Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age (1962), Europe and the Middle East (1980), The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (1981), and A History of the Arab Peoples (1991).

16. Gabrieli identifies the origins of Islam’s excessive grievance culture at the very advent of the creed, in Francesco Gabrieli. Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam, London, 1968, p. 54. Gabrieli (1904-1996) was an Italian Arabist and Orientalist who contributed to the study of Persian literature. His scholarly interests were divided between Arabic literature and the history of Islam. Gabrieli worked as an editor for classical antiquities and the East for Enciclopedia Italiana (1928-1935) and taught Arabic language and literature at the Istituto Universitario Orientale in Naples (1935-1938). In 1938 he was appointed professor of Arabic language and literature at the University of Rome, where he taught until his retirement in 1979. Gabrieli’s scholarly contributions were widely recognized. He was a national member of Accademia dei Lincei since 1957 and served as its president in the years 1985-1988; from 1968 to 1977 he was president of Istituto per l’Oriente. He was awarded the Feltrinelli Prize for philology and literary criticism in 1955, the Levi Della Vida Medal for Islamic studies from the University of California in Los Angeles in 1971, and the Balzan Prize for Oriental studies in 1983. He was also a member of many academies of Arabic language (including the academies of Cairo and Damascus), and was granted a doctorate honoris causa at La Nouvelle Sorbonne (Paris III) in 1973. Works of Gabrieli available in English, include: The Arab Revival (1961), Muhammad and the Conquests of Islam (1968), and Arab Historians of the Crusades (1969).

17. Cited in, David D. Grafton, The Christians of Lebanon: Political Rights in Islamic Law, London/New York, 2003, p. 4. Husayn al-Quwatli’s statement appeared in the Lebanese publications Al-Safir August 18, 1975, and Al-Amal, October 9, 1975, at the outset of Lebanon’s civil war. Al-Quwatli (fl. 1975), was a director general of Dar al-Ifta, the center of spiritual authority for the Sunni community of Lebanon, and author of the treatise, “Islam, the State, and Secularism” (1975).

18. U.N. GAOR, World Conference on Human Rights., 4th Session., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) [English translation], http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam. The 1990 Cairo Declaration, or so-called “Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Islam,” was drafted and subsequently ratified by all the Muslim member nations of the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), renamed the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on June 28, 2011. Now a fifty-seven-state collective that includes every Islamic nation on earth, the OIC, currently headed by Turkey’s Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, thus represents the entire Muslim umma (or global community of individual Muslims), and is the largest single voting bloc in the United Nations (UN). Both the preamble and concluding articles (24 and 25) make plain that the OIC’s Cairo Declaration is designed to supersede Western conceptions of human rights as enunciated, for example, in the US Bill of Rights and in the United Nations’ 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These statements capture the indelible influence of the Islamic religious law Sharia—the Cairo Declaration claiming supremacy based on “divine revelation,” which renders sacred and permanent the notion of inequality between the community of Allah and the infidels. Thus one can see clearly the differences between the Cairo Declaration, which sanctions the gross inequalities inherent in the Sharia, and its Western human-rights counterparts (the US Bill of Rights; the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights), which do not refer to any specific religion or to the superiority of any group over another and stress the absolute equality of all human beings.

19. William Montgomery Watt. Journal of Semitic Studies 1993, Vol. 38 no. 1, Spring, pp. 166-167. Book review of Bat Ye’or’s, Les Chretientes d’Orient entre Jihad et Dhimmitude. VIIe-XXe siecle. Watt (1909-2006) was a Scottish historian, and Emeritus Professor of Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh. He was considered one of the foremost Islamophilic non-Muslim interpreters of the Muslim creed in the West. Watt became an influential scholar in the field of modern Islamic studies, and his work was revered by many Muslims across the world. His major scholarly writings include Companion to the Qur’an Based on the Arberry Translation (1967), Islamic Fundamentalism and Modernity (1988), and Early Islam: Collected Essays (1990), in addition to various editions and translations of classical Arabic texts.

20. Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations, New York, 1996, p. 217. Huntington (1927-2008) was a highly esteemed political scientist. He graduated from Yale University at age eighteen before advancing to a six-decades- long academic teaching career at Harvard University. Huntington’s first book, The Soldier and the State: the Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, was published in 1957 when he was thirty. Collectively, Huntington published seventeen books, typically analyzing relationships between democracy, government, and civil and military institutions. Late in an enduring academic career, Huntington achieved international notoriety following publication of his penultimate major work The Clash of Civilizations. Data driven, the book argued persuasively about the inevitability of conflict between Western civilization and Islam, in particular.

Upon retirement from Harvard, one year before he died, Huntington maintained,

My argument remains that cultural identities, antagonisms and affiliations will not only play a role, but play a major role in relations between states.*

*“Samuel Huntington: Political scientist whose ‘Clash of Civilizations’ thesis on Islam and the West proved highly controversial.” The Telegraph (London), December 28, 2008, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/3999461/Samuel- Huntington.html.

21. The Middle East Media Report, August 21, 2007, No. 2595,

http://www.thememriblo.org/turkey/blog personal/en/2595.ht ml. As originally reported in the Turkish newspaper Milliyet, August 21, 2007, speaking at Kanal D TV’s Arena program, Turkish prime minister Erdogan commented on the term “moderate Islam,” frequently employed in the West to characterize his ruling AKP. He proclaimed, “These descriptions are very ugly, it is offensive and an insult to our religion. There is no moderate or immoderate Islam. Islam is Islam and that’s it.”

Former Turkish prime minister Necmettin Erbakan (1926­2011), founder of the fundamentalist Islamic Milli Gorus (National Vision; originated 1969) movement, mentored current AKP leaders president Abdullah Gul, and prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan (1954-), both of whom were previously active members of Erbakan’s assorted fundamentalist political parties, serving in mayoral, ministerial, and parliamentary posts. Erdogan, in 1974, while serving as president of the Istanbul Youth Group of his mentor Erbakan’s National Salvation Party, wrote, directed, and played the leading role in a theatrical play titled Maskomya, staged throughout Turkey during the 1970s. Mas-Kom-Ya was a compound acronym for “Masons-Communists-Yahudi”—the latter of course “Jews”—and the play focused on the evil, conspiratorial nature of these three entities whose common denominator was Judaism. More recently, when the wildly popular, most expensive film ever made in Turkey, Valley of the Wolves (released February, 2006) included a “cinematic motif’ which featured an American Jewish doctor dismembering Iraqis supposedly murdered by American soldiers in order to harvest their organs for Jewish markets, Prime Minister Erdogan not only failed to condemn the film, he justified its production and popularity.

Andrew G. Bostom. “Mas-Kom-Ya, Erdogan, and Turkey’s Islamic Jew Hatred,” Pajamas Media, June 17, 2010, http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/mas-kom-ya-erdogan-and- turkeys-islamic-jew-hatred/.

Erdogan’s religiously-inspired Jew-hatred did not pass unnoticed by Gabby Levy, an Israeli ambassador to Turkey, as recorded in a WikiLeaks cable from October, 2009, sent by the US embassy in Ankara, Turkey. Levy’s views were validated by US ambassador James Jeffrey, http://turkey.usembassy.gov/ambassador james jeffrey.html.ht tp://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/10/09ANKARA1549.html.

C O N F I D E N T I A L ANKARA 001549

SUBJECT: ISRAELI AMBASSADOR TRACES HIS PROBLEMS TO ERDOGAN

REF: ANKARA 1532 Classified By: AMB James F. Jeffrey

Relevant extracts from

http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2009/10/09ANKARA1549.html

Levy dismissed political calculation as a motivator for Erdogan's hostility, arguing the prime minister's party had not gained a single point in the polls from his bashing of Israel. Instead, Levy attributed Erdogan's harshness to deep-seated emotion: “He's a fundamentalist. He hates us religiously and his hatred is spreading.”

[US ambassador Jeffrey's observations] Our discussions with contacts both inside and outside of the Turkish government on Turkey's deteriorating relations with Israel tend to confirm Levy's thesis that Erdogan simply hates Israel. xxxxx discusses contributing reasons for Erdogan's tilt on Iran/Middle East issues, but antipathy towards Israel is a factor.

Since being reelected June 12, 2011, Erdogan and the AKP have intensified their efforts at Turkey's complete re­Islamization—a process already begun within a decade of Ataturk's death in 1938, which may be fully realized under Erdogan's regime. Shredding the Turkish Constitution, which institutionalized Turkey's harshly imposed secularism by assigning the military as “protectors of the secular order,” there are now more generals that have been imprisoned for purported “coup attempts” against Erdogan's fundamentalist rule than are in active military service. “Turkey: 34 Generals Imprisoned for Coup Plans,” ANSAmed, June 27, 2011 http://www.ansamed.info/en/news/ME.XEF96501.html.

22. Nonie Darwish. The Devil We Don't Know: The Dark Side of the Revolutions in the Middle East, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2012, p. 5. Nonie Darwish (b. 1949) was raised a Muslim in Cairo, and educated at the American University there. She subsequently emigrated to the United States, and apostatized from Islam, before helping to create Former Muslims United. Darwish is the author of Now They Call Me Infidel (2007), Cruel and Usual Punishment: The Terrifying Global Implications of Islamic Law (2009), and most recently, The Devil We Don't Know: The Dark Side of the Revolutions in the Middle East (2012).

23. Khairat Al-Shater. From an Al-Ahram interview originally originally posted in Arabic at [http://www.ahram.org.eg/Investigations/News/126784.aspx], and translated into English and published by Ikhwan Web, http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=29611, January 29, 2012

As reported by the New York Times, March 31, 2012 (D. Kirkpatrick, “Islamist Group Breaks Pledge to Stay Out of Race in Egypt for the Presidency,” http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/01/world/middleeast/brother hood-chooses-a-candidate-in-egypt.html? &hp), Dr. Khairat Al-Shater (b. 1950), deputy chairman of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB), was pronounced the popular, mainstream Egyptian Islamic party's candidate for the presidency, breaking the MB's pledge not to seek this executive office and assure itself a potential monopoly on state power. Subsequently, al-Shater was deemed ineligible to be a presidential candidate and was replaced by the MB's Mohammed Morsi, who went on to win the presidential election. [Yasmine Saleh, Shaimaa Fayed. “Islamist Morsy wins Egyptian presidency with 52 pct”, Reuters Africa, Jun 24, 2012,

http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE85N04Z201206

24. ]

A NOTE ON THE COVER ART

1. Translation of the embedded Persian text by Amil Imani, and Dr. Noori Ala.

2. Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi. Zafar-name. Ed. M. Abbasi. 2 vols. Tehran, 1957/1336. Ed. A. Urunbaev. Tashkent, 1972.

3. John E. Woods, “The Rise of Timurid Historiography,” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 81-108; extracts from pp. 99-100.

4. Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi; Franc^ois Petis de la Croix the Younger. Histoire de Timur-Bec connu sous le nom du grand Tamerlan; empereur des Mogols & Tartares...Ecrite en Persan par Cherefeddin Ali...traduite en Francois par.Petis de la Croix...Avec des notes historiques, et cartes geographiques. Paris, 1722.

5. Rene Grousset. L’Empire Des Steppes. Attila, Gengis­Khan, Tamerlan. Paris: Payot, 1952. [Translated as The Empire of the Steppes, by Naomi Walford, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1970, p. 434.

6. Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi; John Darby, Translator.; LTanccois Petis de la Croix, the Younger. The History of Timur-Bec, known by the name of Tamerlain the Great, Emperor of the Moguls and Tartars.Translated into French by.Petis de la Croix.with historical notes and maps. Now faithfully render’d into English [by John Darby], London, 1723, Vol. 2, pp. 216-217.

7. Ahmad Ibn Arabshah. Ajaib al-Maqdur Akhbar Timur. Cairo, 1868/ 1285.

8. Darby, History of Timur-Bec, p. 216, note 9.

9. E. G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia In Four Volumes, Vol. 3. The Tartar Domain (1265-1502), Cambridge University Press, 1928, reprinted Goodword Books, New Delhi, 2002, p. 197.

10. Grousset, Empire of the Steppes, pp. 434-435.

11. Jean Aubin. “Tamerlan a Bagdad” Arabica, T. 9, Fasc. 3, Volume Special: Publie a L’Occasion du Mille Deux Centieme Anniversaire de la Fondation de Bagdad (Oct., 1962), pp. 303­309; extracts from p. 308.

12. Browne. A Literary History of Persia, p. 197.

13. Grousset, Empire of the Steppes, pp. 434-435.

14. Aubin. “Tamerlan a Bagdad,” p. 308.

15. E.G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia In Four Volumes, Vol. 3. The Tartar Domain (1265-1502), Cambridge University Press, 1928, pp. 180-206; Rene Grousset. L’Empire Des Steppes. Attila, Gengis-Khan, Tamerlan. Paris: Payot, 1952. [Translated as The Empire of the Steppes, by Naomi Walford, New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1970, pp. 409-465; A.L. Srivastava. The Sultanate of Delhi, Agra, 1950, p. 222.

16. Rene Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes, pp. 419-420.

17. E.G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia. p. 181.

18. Rene Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes, p. 451

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Ibid.

23. Ahmed Ibn Arabshah. Tamerlane or Timur the Great Amir. Translated by J.H. Sanders, 1936, reprinted 2007, Martino Publishing, Mansfield Center, Connecticut, p. 192.

24. Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi, Book V, Chapter 56, pp. 277­278.

25. Beatriz Forbes Manz. The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 17. Also see my essay, “Sufi Jihad?” The American Thinker, May 15, 2005, for a discussion of Sufism and jihad.

26. Rene Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes, pp. 416-417.

27. Beatrice Manz. “Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty” Iranian Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1-2, 1988, pp. 105­122.; Temur and the Problem of a Conqueror’s Legacy,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8. No. 1, 1998; pp. 21-41.

28. Beatrice Manz. “Tamerlane’s Career and its Uses,” Journal of World History, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 1-25.

29. Manz. “Tamerlane and the Symbolism of Sovereignty,’ pp. 11-112.

30. Woods describes how under the patronage of Timur’s descendants, “.in the 1420s A.D./820s A.H., Shami’s text underwent extensive revision at the hands of Mawlana Sharaf al-Din Ali Yazdi and Hafiz Abru working for Shahrukh’s sons Ibrahim-Sultan (1394-1435 A.D. /796-838 A.H.) and Baysunghur (1397-1434 A.D. /799-837 A.H.) respectively. In 1419-20/821, Yazdi began to gather additional biographical material on Timur at Ibrahim-Sultan’s provincial court in Shiraz, finishing his compilation, also known as the Zafar- name (YZN), about five years later.” Woods, “The Rise of Timurid Historiography,” pp. 84-85.

31. For conflicting views regarding the apocryphal nature of this work, see E.G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia. pp. 183-184, and Elliot and Dowson, A History of India, Vol. 3, pp. 389-394.

32. Elliot and Dowson, A History of India, Vol. 3, pp. 394­395.

33. E.G. Browne. A Literary History of Persia. p. 196.

34. Elliot and Dowson, A History of India, Vol. 3, p. 429

35. Elliot and Dowson, A History of India, Vol. 3, pp. 432­433.

36. Elliot and Dowson, A History of India, Vol. 3, pp. 445­446.

37. Srivastava, The Sultanate of Delhi, pp. 222-223;

38. Ibid. p. 223.

39. Ibid.

40. Elliot and Dowson, A History of India, Vol. 3, p. 459.

41. Srivastava, The Sultanate of Delhi, p. 223-24.

42. The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus. Translated from Syriac by Ernest A. Wallis Budge, Oxford University Press, Vol. 1, 1932, p. 354.

43. Grousset. The Empire of the Steppes, p. 434.; p. 513 of the original French, L 'Empire Des Steppes.

44. I want to thank Ibn Warraq for pointing out the omission of the word coranique, that is, Qur'anic, in the French-to-

English translation by Walford.

45. Karl Wittfogel. Oriental Despotism. A Comparative Study of Total Power. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1957, p. 150.

46. Emile Tyan. Institutions du droit public Musulman 1, Le califat. Paris, Rec. Sirey, 1954.; Emile Tyan. Le califat en regime sultanien. Beirut, Universite Saint Joseph de Beyrouth, Faculte de droit], 1956.

47. Ibn Kathir. Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Vol. 2, Darusslam, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 2000, pp. 495-498 ; Al-Mawardi. The Laws of Islamic Governance. Translated by Dr. Asadullah Yate. Ta-Ha Publishers, London, United Kingdom, pp. 1-11.; Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi. Towards Understanding the Qur’an. Vol. 11, The Islamic Foundation, Leicester, United Kingdom, 1989, pp. 50-53.

48. Emile Tyan. Recueil de la Societe Jean Bodin, V. 20, 1970, pp 503ff. (English translation by Nidra Poller, as “The monocratic system in Sunni Islam”).

AUTHOR’S PREFACE

* Source note: Excerpts from, “Islam and Antisemitism: An Interview with Dr Andrew Bostom,” Democratiya/Dissent, Winter 2008, pp. 145-177.

http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article pdfs/d15Bosto m.pdf. Reprinted by permission of the University of Pennsylvania Press.

1. Karen Armstrong. Muhammad, Phoenix Press, 2001.

2. Andrew Bostom. “The Raufs’ Original ‘Interfaith’ Mosque: Jews Responsible for 9/11,” August 18, 2010, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/18/the- rauf%E2%80%99s-original- %E2%80%9Cinterfaith%E2%80%9D-mosque-jews- responsible-for-911/. The Islamic Society of New York (ISNY) mosque was founded by Ground Zero mosque promoter Imam Feisal Rauf’s late father, Mohammed Rauf (d. 2004). The younger Rauf has long been, and remains, a board member of ISNY Within two weeks following the September 11, 2001, attacks, Sheik Muhammad Gemeah—the ISNY’s Egyptian imam, and the American representative to Al Azhar University, the Vatican of Sunni Islam—provided an interview to one of the university’s websites. Gemeah contended, “If the Americans knew that the Jews carried out the September 11 attacks, they would do to them what Hitler did.”

3. Yossef Bodansky. Islamic Anti-Semitism As a Political Instrument, Freeman Center For Strategic Studies, 1999.

4. Bat Ye’or. The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1985.

5. www.dhimmi.org;www.dhimmitude.org.

6. www.danielpipes.org.

7. Bat Ye’or. “Dhimmitude Past and Present: An Invented or Real History?,” Thursday October 10, 2002, 7:30 PM, Brown University C.V Starr Foundation Lectureship, http://www.dhimmitude.org/archive/by lecture 10oct2002.ht ml.

8. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, N.Y., 2008.

9. www.memri.org.

10. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 33.

11. Ibid.

12. “Islamism, Antisemitism, and the Political Left: A

Democratiya Interview with Matthias Kuntzel” Democratiya no. 13, May 25, 2008,

http://www.matthiaskuentzel.de/contents/islamism- antisemitism-and-the-political-left.

13. Sleeper. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeper %28film%29.

14. A.J. Alberg, J.G. Ford, J.M. Samet; American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP). “Epidemiology of lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition).” Chest, 2007 Vol. 132(Supplement 3), pp. 29S-55S. This authoritative review states, “The predominant cause of lung cancer is exposure to tobacco smoke.”

15. A.G. Bostom, L.A. Cupples, J.L. Jenner, J.M. Ordovas, L.J. Seman LJ, P.W. Wilson, E.J. Schaefer, W.P. Castelli. “Elevated Plasma Lipoprotein(a) and Coronary Heart Disease in Men Aged 55 Years and Younger. A Prospective Study.” JAMA. 1996, Vol. 276 (no. 7), pp. 544-548. Our analysis of the historic Framingham Study database revealed that, “[T]he impact of cigarette smoking on premature CHD [Coronary Heart Disease] incidence [i.e., accounting for 55.8 percent of the cases, alone; Table 4, p. 547] far outweighs abnormalities in any of the major lipid or lipoprotein fractions, hypertension, or glucose intolerance. Clearly, ongoing efforts to reduce the development of premature CHD must focus on discouraging cigarette-smoking among young adults.”

16. Bat Ye’or. “Past is Prologue: The Challenge of Islamism

Today,” U.S. Congressional Briefing (Open) Human Rights Caucus, Thursday May 1, 1997.

http://www.dhimmi.org/LectureE3.html.

17. Sri Ram Sharma. The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, 1940/1988, Chapter 3, “Akbar and the Foundation of a New Order,” pp. 13-56.; S.R. Goel. The Calcutta Quran Petition. 1986/1999, Chapter 6, “Jihad in India’s History,” “Akbar”, pp. 193-207.

18. Sharma. The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, Chapter 3.

19. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, 2005/2008, Amherst, N.Y., p. 29.

20. Sharma. The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, Chapter 3.

21. Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, 2005/2008, Amherst, N.Y., pp. 200-201, 687. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 329, 693.

22. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 329.

23. Andrew Bostom. “Misunderstanding Islamic Antisemitism,” The American Thinker, May 11, 2008 http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/05/misunderstanding i slamic antis.html.

24. “A Risala of Al-Jahiz.” Translated by Joshua Finkel. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1927, Vol. 47, pp. 311-334. And see discussion in Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 38-39.

25. Bostom. “Misunderstanding Islamic Antisemitism.”

26. Ibid.

27. “A Risala of Al-Jahiz”; Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 38-39.

28. Ibid.

29. Bostom. “Misunderstanding Islamic Antisemitism.”

30. S. D. Goitein. A Mediterranean society [electronic resource]: the Jewish communities of the Arab world as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967-1993. Six volumes.

31. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 173, note 6.

32. Ibid., pp. 31-32.

33. Ibid., pp. 38-39.

34. See for example, Aluma Solnick. “Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals,” November 1, 2002 Middle East Media Research Institute Special Report # 11.

35. “Under Cover Mosque,”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover Mosque. From this transcript, http://web.archive.org/web/20070402024044/. http://www.islamicpluralism.org/news/2007n/undercovermosq uesscript.pdf:

Our reporter visited—and bought another video of Sheikh Feiz, the Saudi-trained preacher—condemning the non­believer Caption: Signs of the Hour: Islam Productions Feiz: “Kaffir, the worst word that can ever be written, a sign of infidelity, disbelief, filth, a sign of dirt.” He calls Jews “pigs” who will be killed when the end of the world comes. Feiz: “This creature will say Oh Muslim behind me is the Jew come and kill him. They will be (snorting), all of them, every single one of them.”

36. Ibn Warraq. Defending the West. A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism. Amherst, N.Y. 2007.

37. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 33. See

also, Diana West. “Set History Straight on Anti-Semitism,” Townhall.com, January 12, 2007,

http://townhall.com/columnists/dianawest/2007/01/12/set hist ory straight on anti-semitism.

38. “Turkey Classifying Not Revising Hadith,”

IslamOnLine, February 29, 2009,

http://www.islamonline.net/i3/ContentServer? pagename=IslamOnline/i3Layout&c=OldArticle&cid=120375 7550116 *.

39. Ibid

40. Material added to the original interview. A.J. Wensinck. “The Importance of Tradition for the Study of Islam,” The Moslem World, 1921, Vol. 11, p. 245.

41. Material added to the original interview. Howard A. Reed. “Revival of Islam in Secular Turkey,” Middle East Journal, 1954, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 280.

42. For a full discussion of Morris's review, see Andrew

Bostom. “Like Prego Pasta Sauce, Benny, ‘It's In There!,'” www.andrewbostom.org, August 24, 2008,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/08/24/like-prego- pasta-sauce-benny-%E2%80%9Cit%E2%80%99s-in- there%E2%80%9D/; and “Benny and Regrets,” September 16, 2008, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/09/16/benny- and-regrets/.

43. John Laffin, the late (d. 2000) military historian, and prolific writer on Islam, warned already in 1988 (in Holy War, Islam Fights, London, 1988) that the Jedda-based Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), under Saudi Arabia's patronage, was persuading Muslim nations to jettison even their inchoate adoption of “Western models and codes,” and revert to precolonial-era (pre-Western) retrograde systems of Sharia, or Islamic law. The Saudis proffered sizable loans and grants from their institutions in return for the more extensive application of Sharia in these targeted OIC countries. Laffin also noted the unprecedented Saudi distribution of media and print materials which extended to non-Muslim countries, including tens of millions of Korans, translated into many languages for the hundreds of millions of Muslims (and non-Muslims) who did not read Arabic. He concluded (in Holy War, Islam Fights, p. 106) at that time,

Propaganda is carried on from Riyadh on a scale comparable to Moscow's effort to spread Communism.

44. “Liberal Tunisian Researcher Dr. Iqbal Al-Gharbi:

Muslims Must Take Responsibility for Past Mistakes,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch No.1019, November 4, 2005,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1517.htm.

45. Jonathan Israel. Radical Enlightenment. Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750. Oxford University Press, 2001.

46. Andrew Bostom. “Hirsi Ali: The Empowered Apostate,” The American Thinker, May 27, 2005.

47. Ibn Warraq. Leaving Islam, Amherst, N.Y., 2003.

48. Ignaz Goldziher. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, Princeton University Press, 1981, (Translated from the German, Vorlesungen Uber Den Islam, 1910), p. 86. See also, Andrew Bostom. “Dross in Yet Another Islamic ‘Golden Age’,” The American Thinker, September 5, 2010.

49. Andrew Bostom. “Mainstream Islam Rejects Freedom of Conscience,” Pajamas Media, September 23, 2010.

50. Andrew Bostom. “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007.

51. Yasmine Saleh, Shaimaa Fayed. “Islamist Morsy wins Egyptian presidency with 52 pct”, Reuters Africa, Jun 24, 2012, http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJQE85N04Z201206

24.

52. “Mohamed Morsi during Elections Campaign: Jihad Is Qur Path, Death for the Sake of Allah Is Qur Most Lofty Aspiration, the Shari’a Is Qur Constitution”, Middle East Media Research Institute, Clip No. 3476, May 13, 2012, http://www.memri.org/clip/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3476.htm.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. “Morsy’s pardon decree includes 25 Jamaa al-Islamiya, Islamic Jihad leaders”, Al-Masry Al-Youm, July 21, 2012, http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/morsy-s-pardon- decree-includes-25-jamaa-al-islamiya-islamic-jihad-leaders.

56. For a historical litany of the major acts of jihad terror committed by Islamic Jihad and Jama’a al-Islamiya, see, Holly Fletcher, “Egyptian Islamic Jihad”, The Council on Foreign Relations, May 30, 2008, http://www.cfr.org/egypt/egyptian- islamic-jihad/p16376 and “Jemaah Islamiyah”, “Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group, IG) Attacks,” http://www1.american.edu/TED/hpages/terror/islamic.htm. American.edu. Retrieved 2011-02-12.; and “Jemaah Islamiyah”, The Council on Foreign Relations, June 19, 2009, http://www.cfr.org/indonesia/jemaah-islamiyah-k-jemaah-

islamiah/p8948. For a recent statement of ideological goals, see “Senior Official in Egyptian Islamic Jihad: If We Come to Power, We will Launch a Campaign of Islamic Conquests to Instate Shari’a Worldwide: “The Christian is Free to Worship His God in His Church, but if the Christians Make Problems for the Muslims, I Will Exterminate Them”, Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch No.4103, August 29, 2011,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5601.htm.

57. Matt Bradley. “Morsi Promises to Free ‘Blind Sheik’ from U.S. Prison” The Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2012, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527023035615045 77497053026356034.html. Andrew C. McCarthy. Willful Blindness—A Memoir of the Jihad, New York, 2008, p. 307.

58. US Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms Report, 1993, https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/152653NCJRS.pd f.

59. McCarthy, Willful Blindness, p. 8.

FOREWORD

1. Francis X. Rocca, “Pope Benedict’s Interfaith Outreach - As a cardinal, Joseph Ratzinger was skeptical about a ‘common concept of God,’” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 27, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240529702035541045 76655260189888354.html?

mod=WSJ Opinion LEFTTopOpinion.

AUTHOR’S INTRODUCTION

1. Robert R. Reilly. “Bernard Lewis and the Arab Spring,” The Claremont Review of Books, Summer 2011, pp. 67-70.

2. Bernard Lewis. Faith and Power—Religion and Politics in the Middle East, Oxford University Press, 2010.

3. Reilly. “Bernard Lewis and the Arab Spring.”

4. Bari Weiss. “The Tyrannies Are Doomed” Interview of Bernard Lewis. The Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487037125045 76234601480205330.html.

5. Ibid.

6. Robert Reilly. The Closing of the Muslim Mind, Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2010.

7. Andrew G. Bostom. “Dross in Yet Another Islamic ‘Golden Age,’” The American Thinker, September 5, 2010.

8. Bernard Lewis. “Communism and Islam,” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 1954, Vol. 30, No. 1(Jan.), pp. 1-12; Bernard Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East,” in Democratic institutions in the world today, Werner Burmeister, editor, New York, 1958, pp. 45-61.; Franz Rosenthal, Bernard Lewis. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University, July 25, 2011.; Bernard Lewis. “Islamic revival in Turkey,” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 1952, Vol. 28, No. 1(Jan.), pp. 38-48.; Bernard Lewis. “The concept of an Islamic Republic,” Die Welt des Islams, 1955, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-9.; Bernard Lewis. “Bring them freedom, or they destroy us” Real Clear Politics, September 20, 2006, http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/09/bring them freedom or they des.html;“Prof.Bernard Lewis—Radical Islam, Israel and the West,” Hebrew University, Feb 25, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/user/asmeascholars#p/a/f/1/7KePJz2 8 GY.

9. Reilly. “Bernard Lewis and the Arab Spring.”

10. Lewis. “Bring them freedom, or they destroy us.”

11. Lewis. “Communism and Islam”; Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East”; “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam.

12. Reilly. “Bernard Lewis and the Arab Spring,” p. 70.

13. Ibid., p. 67.

14. Karl Binswanger Untersuchungen zum Status der Nichtmuslime im Osmanischen Reich des 16. Jahrhunderts : mit einer Neudefinition des Begriffes “Dimma.” [Investigations on the Status of Non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire of the 16th Century: with a new definition of the concept “Dhimma”] München : R. Trofenik, 1977. Beiträge zur Kenntnis Suüdosteuropas und des Nahen Orients, 2, pp. 399-401.

15. Andrew G. Bostom. “In no ‘hurr(i)y(ya)’ for freedom,”

The American Thinker, March 1, 2006,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/03/in no hurriyya for

freedom.html.

16. Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Franz Rosenthal, Bernard Lewis. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University, July 25, 2011.; See also Franz Rosenthal, The Muslim concept of freedom, Leiden, Brill, 1960.; and Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. “Three remarks on Islam and Western political values” Israel Oriental Studies, Vol. 10, 1980, Tel-Aviv University, pp. 188-89.

20. David Warren. “Revisitation,” Real Clear Politics,

March 12, 2006,

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/03/revisitation. html. See for example, the 2007 Monitor Company Group, L.P. Executive Summary of Phase 1 “Project to Enhance the Profile of Libya and Muammar Qadhafi,” http://www.libya- nclo.com/Portals/0/pdf%20files/Monitor%203.pdf.

Lewis has been described as “the most influential post­war historian of Islam and the Middle East.” He has been an advisor to the Bush Administration, in particular to Vice President Dick Cheney [emphasis added]. During World War Two, Lewis served in the British Army in the Royal Armored Corps and Intelligence Corps in 1940-41, before being seconded to the Foreign Office. He speaks Arabic, Aramaic, French, German, Hebrew, Persian, Latin, and Turkish. Lewis made one visit to Libya (19-21 December 2006). Lewis indicated that he was interested in reading Qadhafi’s thinking on Tsratine.’ Monitor forwarded a copy of the “White Book” to Lewis and at Lewis’ request also to Richard Jones (U.S. Ambassador to Israel). Lewis briefed Richard Jones (U.S. Ambassador to Israel) and the entire political and economic staff at the U.S. Embassy in Israel on his visit to Libya. According to Lewis, the staff was very interested in what he had to say about Libya and said that they were not familiar with either the National Economic Strategy or the “White Book.” Lewis also briefed key individuals in Washington.

21. Ibid.

22. Reuel Mark Gerecht. “The Last Orientalist—Bernard Lewis at 90,” The Weekly Standard, Vol. 11, No. 36, June 5, 2006, http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/ 000/012/267ttvdc.asp.

23. Bernard Lewis. “Bring them freedom, or they destroy

us” Real Clear Politics, September 20, 2006,

http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/09/bring them freedom or they des.html.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.; Bernard Lewis. “Communism and Islam,” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 1954, Vol. 30, No. 1(Jan.), pp. 1-12; Bernard Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East,” in Democratic institutions in the world today, Werner Burmeister, editor, New York, 1958, pp. 45-61.

29. Claude Addas. Peter Kingsley (Translator). Quest for the red sulphur: The life of Ibn ‘Arabi, Cambridge, UK, 1993. p. 1.

30. Rosenthal, The Muslim concept of freedom, p. 115.

31. Ibid., p. 110.

32. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East,” p. 61.

37. John Stuart Mill. On Liberty, Chapters 1-4: “Introduction,” “Liberty of thought and discussion”; “Individuality—one of the elements of well-being,” “The limits to the authority of society over the individual,” pp. 1-61. http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/milllibe.pdf.

38. Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East,” pp. 60-61.

39. Ibid., p. 61.

40. Ibid., p. 60.

41. Ibid.

42. P.J. Vatikiotis. “Autoritarisme et autocraie au moyen- orient,” Le Debat, [Paris], no. 14, July-August, 1981, pp. 39­53. Translated as, “Authoritarianism and autocracy in the Middle East,” in Arab and regional politics in the Middle East, New York, 1984, pp. 135-151.

43. Lewis. “Communism and Islam,” pp. 7-8.

44. Ibid., p. 8.

45. Ibid.

46. Ibid.

47. Ibid.

48. Bernard Lewis. “Islamic revival in Turkey,” International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs), 1952, Vol. 28, No. 1(Jan.), pp. 38-48.

49. Bernard Lewis. “The concept of an Islamic Republic,” Die Welt des Islams, 1955, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-9.

50. Lewis. “Islamic revival in Turkey,” p. 48.

51. Ibid., pp. 46,48.

52. Lewis. “The concept of an Islamic Republic,” p. 1.

53. Ibid., p. 4.

54. Ibid., p. 5.

55. Ibid., p. 4.

56. Ibid., pp. 7-8.

57. Ibid., p. 8.

58. Ibid., p. 9.

59. Ibid.

60. For Turkey, see Lewis, “Islamic revival in Turkey”;

Uriel Heyd. Revival of Islam in modern Turkey, The Magnes Press, Jerusalem, 1968. ; Jacob Landau. “Muslim Turkish attitudes towards Jews, Zionism, and Israel,” Die Welt des Islams, 1988, Vol. 28, pp. 291-300; Andrew G. Bostom. “Under Turkish Rule, Part II” FrontPageMagazine.com, Friday, August 03, 2007,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=27548 and the more “celebratory” analyses of Jenny B. White. Islamist mobilization in Turkey, Seattle, 2002, and M. Hakun Yavuz. Islamic political identity in Turkey, Oxford, 2003. For Pakistan, see Anita M. Weiss (editor). Islamic reassertion in Pakistan: The application of Islamic Laws in a modern state, 1986, Syracuse., and Patrick Sookhdeo. A people betrayed: The impact of Islamisation on the Christian community in Pakistan, 2002, Wiltshire, England.; For the Arab Middle East and Iran, see Olivier Carre. “The impact of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’s political Islam since the 1950s,” in Islam, nationalism, and radicalism in Egypt and The Sudan, edited by Gabriel R. Warburg and Uri. M. Kupferschmidt,, New York, 1983, pp. 262-280.; and P.J. Vatikiotis, “The rise of the clerisocracy,” in Arab and regional politics in the Middle East, New York, 1984, pp. 60-74.

61. Vatikiotis, “Authoritarianism and autocracy in the Middle East,” pp. 140-41,145, 149.

62. Lewis. “Bring them freedom, or they destroy us.”

63. Bernard Lewis. The Political Language of Islam, Chicago, 1988, p. 87.

64. “Prof. Bernard Lewis—Radical Islam, Israel and the

West,” Hebrew University, Feb 25, 2010,

http://www.youtube.com/user/asmeascholars#p/a/f/1/7KePJz2 8 GY.

65. Joseph Schacht. “Au Hanifaal-Nu manb. Thabit.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University. July 30, 2011.

66. Armand Abel, “L’Etranger dans L’Islam Classique,” Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, 1958, Vol. 9, pp. 332-333, 343-345. [English translation by Michael J. Miller.]

67. C.E. Bosworth. “al-Tabari, Abu D afar Muhammad b. D arir b. Yazid.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University. July 30, 2011.

68. “Al-Tabari’s Book of Jihad—A Translation from the Original Arabic” (translated by Yasir S. Ibrahim), Lewiston, 2007.

69. Ibid., p. 63.

70. “Lewis—Radical Islam, Israel and the West.”

71. Abel, “L’Etranger dans L’Islam Classique.”

72. Lewis. The Political Language of Islam, p. 87.

73. “Al-Qaradhawi Speaks In Favor of Suicide Operations

at an Islamic Conference in Sweden” Middle East Media Research Institute July 24, 2003,

http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi? Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP54203.

74. D.S. Margoliouth Mohammed and the rise of Islam, London, 1905, reprinted in New Delhi, 1985, pp. 355ff

75. Joseph Schacht, An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford, 1982, pp. 130-131.

76. Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, 1996, pp. 254ff.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibn Hudayl (French translation by Louis Mercier), LOrnement des Ames, Paris, 1939, p. 195. English translation by Michael J. Miller.

80. Lewis. The Political Language of Islam, p. 75.

81. “Al-Tabari’s Book of Jihad? pp. 235-236.

82. Andrew G. Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, 2005/2008, Preface, pp. i-xiv.

83. Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq, La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe, Paris: Hachette, 1978, p. 20. English translation by Michael J. Miller.

84. Sahih Bukhari:

http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bu khari. (Sahih Bukhari Volume 4, Book 52, Number 220).

85. “Lewis—Radical Islam, Israel and the West.”

86. The History of Al-Tabari: The Challenge to the Empires. Khalid Yahya Blankinship, translator, SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies, 1993, p.10.

87. Franz Rosenthal. “On Suicide in Islam.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 66, 1946, pp. 243, 256.

88. Koran 9:111,

http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=pickthall&layout=auto&searchstring=009:111.

89. Sura 33 of The Koran, http://www.quranbrowser.com/

“The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model” Middle East Media Research Institute, July 24, 2001 No.246.

http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?

Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP24601.

90. Alfred Guillaume. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah, Oxford, 1979. (Originally published in 1956.)

91. Arthur Jeffery. The American Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 4, July, 1956, pp. 946-947.

92. W. H. T. Gairdner, in The Vital Forces of Christianity and Islam: Six Studies by Missionaries to Moslems. Humphrey Milford, London, 1915, p. 23.

93. Sahih Bukhari:

http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/bu khari. Sahih Bukhari, Volume 4, Book 52, Number 53; Sahih Bukhari: Volume 4, Book 52, Number 54.

94. Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634 -1099, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 11-74.

95. Speros Vryonis Jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press, 1971, pp. 69-287.

96. Dimitar Angelov. “Certain aspects de la conquete des peuples balkanique par les Turcs,” in Les Balkans au moyen age. La Bulgarie des Bogomils aux Turcs, London: Variorum Reprints, 1978, pp. 220-275.

97. Dufourcq, La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe, pp. 15-34.

98. K.S. Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, New Delhi.: Aditya Prakashan, 1992, pp. 80-104 ; K.S. Lal, “Jihad Under the Turks,” and “Jihad Under the Mughals,” from Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1999, pp.62-68.

99. Bernard Lewis. Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the capture of Constantinople, New York, 1974.; Bernard Lewis. The Middle East, New York, 1996.

100. Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa'l-muluk), vol. 12, The Battle of Qadissiyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, translated by Yohanan Friedman, Albany, NY, 1992, p. 167. Dufourcq, La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe; Harry W. Hazard, Atlas of Islamic History, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1951.; Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa'l-muluk), vol. 12; vol. 13, The Conquest of Iraq, Southwestern Persia, and Egypt. Translated by G.H.A. Juynboll, (Albany, NY.: State University of New York Press, 1989); Al-Baladhuri, The Origins of the Islamic State (Kitab Futuh al-Buldan), translated by Philip K. Hitti, New York.: Columbia, 1916; Al- Kufi, The Chachnamah, Part I: Giving the Mussulman period from the Arab conquest to the beginning of the reign of the Kalhorahs, translated by Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, Delhi Reprint, 1979; Elliott and Dowson, A History of India As Told by Its Own Historians, Vols. 1-8, 1867-1877, (reissued Delhi Reprint, 2001); Kanhadade Prabandha, translated, introduced and annotated by V.S. Bhatnagar, New Delhi, 1991; Biography of Dharmasvamin (Chag lotsava Chos-rje-dpal), a Tibetan Pilgrim, English translation by G. Roerich, Patna, 1959; Mary Boyce, “Aintroter Ten- Under the Caliphs,” pp. 145-162, in Zoroastrians-Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Routledge, London, 2001; Michael Morony. Iraq After the Muslim Conquest, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984, pp. 190-196, 381-382; Dimitar Angelov. “Certain aspects de la conquete des peuples balkanique par les Turcs,” in Les Balkans au moyen age. La Bulgarie des Bogomils aux Turcs, London: Variorum Reprints, 1978, pp. 220-275; A.E. Vacalopoulos, Origins of the Greek Nation-The Byzantine Period, 1204-1461, New Brunswick, N.J., 1970, pp. 59-85; Speros Vryonis Jr., The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press, 1971, pp.69­287; K.S. Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, New Delhi.: Aditya Prakashan, 1992, pp. 80-104 ; K.S. Lal, “Jihad Under the Turks,” and “Jihad Under the Mughals,” from Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India, New Delhi, Aditya Prakashan, 1999, pp.62-68; Moshe Gil, A History of Palestine, 634 -1099, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992, pp. 11-74; Bat Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, Cranbury, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996, pp. 43-60; Demetrios Constantelos. “Greek Christian and other accounts of the Moslem conquests of the near east,” in Christian Hellenism : essays and studies in continuity and change. New Rochelle, N.Y.: A.D. Caratzas, 1998, pp. 125-144.

101. Bat Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, p. 220, and note 4, p. 469, dating the original statement in French to September 1990.

102. Rodinson, Maxime. “The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam,” in The Legacy of Islam, edited by Joseph Schacht with C.E. Bosworth, London, 1974, p. 59.

103. Lewis. Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the capture of Constantinople, p. 217.

104. Al- Mawardi. The Laws of Islamic Governance [al- Ahkam as-Sultaniyyah], London, United Kingdom, 1996, pp. 60; 77-78; 200-201.

105. Ibid.

106. “The Meeting between the Sheik of Al-Azhar and the Chief Rabbi of Israel” Middle East Media Research Institute January 8, 1998.

107. Henri Laoust. “Ibn Kathir, Tmad al-Din Ismail b. ‘Umar b. Kathir.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University. July 30, 2011.

108. Ibn Kathir. Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, Vol. 4, 2000, pp. 404-407.

109. Al- Mawardi, The Laws of Islamic Governance, p. 211; Bat Ye'or, The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam, p. 169; Lal, The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India, p. 237.

110. Al-Ghazali (d. 1111). Kitab al-Wagizfifiqh madhab al- imam al-Safi'i, Beirut, 1979, pp. 186, 190-91; 199-200; 202­203. [English translation by Dr. Michael Schub.]

111. A.S. Tritton. The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslim Subjects, London, 1930, pp. 232-233.

112. Lewis. Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the capture of Constantinople, p. 217.

113. Burzine K. Waghmar. “Professor Ann Lambton:

Persianist unrivalled in the breadth of her scholarship whose association with Soas was long and illustrious.” The Independent August 1, 2008,

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-ann- lambton-persianist-unrivalled-in-the-breadth-of-her- scholarship-whose-association-with-soas-was-long-and- illustrious-882564.html.

114. Ann Lambton. State and Government in Medieval Islam, Oxford, 1981, pp. 206-208.

115. S. D. Goitein. A Mediterranean society [electronic resource]: the Jewish communities of the Arab world as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967-1993. Six volumes.

116. “Shelomo D. Goitein, A Hebraic Scholar, Dies.” The

New York Times, February 10, 1985,

http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/10/nyregion/shelomo-d- goitein-a-hebraic-scholar-dies.html? scp=1&sq=Goitein+%2B++obituary&st=nyt.

117. S.D. Goitein. “Minority Self-rule and Government Control in Islam” Studia Islamica, No. 31, 1970, pp. 101, 104­106.

118. Bernard Lewis, The Jews of Islam, Princeton, New Jersey, 1984, p. 85; Bernard Lewis, “The New Antisemitism,” The American Scholar, Vol. 75 No. 1 Winter 2006, p. 29.

119. Andrew G. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, N.Y., 2008, see especially pp. 31-76.

120. Moshe Perlmann, “Introduction to Samau’al al- Maghribi’s Ifham al-Yahud (Silencing the Jews),” American Academy for Jewish Research, 1964, p. 19.

121. Michael Slackman. “Egyptians Seethe Over Gaza, and Their Leaders Feel Heat,” The New York Times, January 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/10/world/middleeast/10cairo.html?

_r=1&sq=%22Egyptians%20Seethe%20Over%20Gaza,%20an d%2Their%20Leaders%20Feel%20Heat%22&st=cse&adxnnl =1&scp=1&adxnnlx=1312054685- KmO9+3DDeyF+EBUhTUH6OA.

122. Ibid.

123. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 34-36.

124. Andrew G. Bostom. “Confronting Hamas’ Genocidal Jew-Hatred,” The American Thinker, January 2, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/confronting hamas genocidal je.html.

125. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 209, 412. From p. 640, n. 39: According to Al-Tabari’s commentary on 5:78: “Those of the children of Israel who disbelieved were cursed by David and by Jesus, son of Mary; that was because they disobeyed and were given to transgression.”

126. Sunan Abu Dawoud, Book 37, Number 4322, http://www.usc.edu/schools/college/crcc/engagement/resource s/texts/muslim/hadith/abudawud/037.sat.html.

127. Aaron Klein. “Abbas urges: ‘Raise rifles against Israel’ “WoldNet Daily, January 11, 2007, http://www.wnd.com/? pageId=39656#ixzz1TcYUAAYz.

128. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 40-41.

129. Ibid., pp. 34-36, 62-63, 75.

130. Ibid., p.37.

131. Ibid., p.35.

132. Ibid., p.75.

133. Eliz Sanasarian. Religious Minorities in Iran, Cambridge, England, 2000, p. 111.

134. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 64-76.

135. Ibid., p. 73.

136. Ibid., p. 63.

137. Salo Baron. “The Historical Outlook of Maimonides,” in Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, vol. 6, 1934-35, p. 82.

138. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 63-64, pp. 235-260; pp. 290-312.

139. Ibid., pp. 235-260. (In full translation.)

140. Ibid., p. 63.

141. Ibid.

142. Ibid., p. 41.

143. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 46.

144. Ibid.

145. Ibid., pp. 46-47.

146. Ibid., p. 46.

147. Ibid., p. 54.

148. Ibid.

149. Ibid., p. 50.

150. Mordechai Hakohen. The Book of Mordechai: Study of the Jews in Libya - Selections from the “Highid Mordekhai” of Mordechai Hakohen. Harvey E. Goldberg (Editor) London, 1993, p. 55.

151. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 42-205, 491­610, 655-678.

152. Nadia Abou el Magd. “Sunni leader Sheikh Tantawi

dies at 81,” The National, March 11, 2010,

http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/africa/sunni- leader-sheikh-tantawi-dies-at-81?pageCount=0.

153. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 391-402.

154. Andrew G. Bostom. “A Study in Contrasts: Benedict, Tantawi, and the Jews.” The National Review Online, April 23, 2008, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/224253/study- contrasts/andrew-g-bostom#.

155. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 33.

156. “Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population.” October 8, 2009, http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1370/mapping- size-distribution-worlds-muslim-population.

157. “The Meeting between the Sheik of Al-Azhar and the Chief Rabbi of Israel,” Middle East Media Research Institute, February 8, 1998, Special Report No. 2.

158. Aluma Solnick. “Based on Koranic Verses, Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Report No.11, November 1, 2002.

159. “Leading Egyptian Government Cleric Calls For: ‘Martyrdom Attacks that Strike Horror into the Hearts of the Enemies of Allah,” Middle East Media Research Institute, April 7, 2002, No. 363. http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi? Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP36302.

160. “The Meeting between the Sheik of Al-Azhar and the Chief Rabbi of Israel.”

161. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 31-76, 209­314.

162. “Leading Egyptian Government Cleric Calls For: ‘Martyrdom Attacks that Strike Horror into the Hearts of the Enemies of Allah.’”

163. Bostom. “A Study in Contrasts: Benedict, Tantawi, and the Jews.”

164. Ibid.

165. Ibid.

166. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 63; Bostom. “Confronting Hamas’ Genocidal Jew-Hatred.”

167. Andrew G. Bostom. “Shi’ite Iran’s Genocidal Jew Hatred,” The American Thinker, July 20, 2008.

168. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p.168.

169. Andrew G. Bostom. “Qaradawi and The Treason of the Intellectuals,” The American Thinker, February 22, 2011.

170. Ibid.

171. Bari Weiss. “The Tyrannies Are Doomed” Interview of Bernard Lewis. The Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240527487037125045 76234601480205330.html.

172. Ibid.

173. Robert Kaplan. “The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism: A review essay,” The American Thinker, May 18, 2008.

174. Ibid.

175. Ibid.

176. Goitein. A Mediterranean Society, p. 283.

177. Ibid., p. 278.

178. Ibid., pp. 278-279; pp. 586-587, notes 14-25.

179. Walter Fischel. Jews in the Economic and Political Life of Medieval Islam, London, 1937, p. 91.

180. Bar Hebraeus. The Chronography of Bar Hebraeus. Translated by E.A.W. Budge, London, 1932, p. 490.; Ghazi b. al-Wasiti. “An Answer to the Dhimmis,” English translation by Richard Gottheil. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1921, Vol. 41, p. 449.

181. Fischel. Jews in the Economic and Political Life of Medieval Islam, p. 91.

182. Ibid., p. 121.

183. Lewis, The Jews of Islam, pp. 54-55.

184. Bernard Lewis, The Muslim Discovery of Europe, pp.190-191. Lewis also describes the devshirme solely as a form of social advancement for Balkan Christians in both the 1968 (p.5) and 2002 (also p. 5) editions of The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford University Press):

[T]he Balkan peoples had an enormous influence on the Ottoman ruling class. One of the most important channels was the devshirme, the levy of boys, by means of which countless Balkan Christians entered the military and political elites of the Empire.

185. Speros Vryonis Jr. “Seljuk Gulams and Ottoman Devshirmes,” Der Islam Vol. 41, 1965, pp. 245-247.

186. Vasiliki Papoulia. “The impact of devshirme on Greek society” in East Central European society and war in the prerevolutionary eighteenth century. Gunther E. Rothenberg, Bela K. Kiraly and Peter F. Sugar, editors. Boulder : Social Science Monographs; 1982, pp. 554-555.

187. Ibid., p. 557.

188. The Emergence of Modern Turkey, pp. 202, 216, 356.

189. Speros Vryonis Jr. The Turkish state and history: Clio meets the Grey Wolf. Institute for Balkan Studies, 1993, p. 114.

190. Ibid., p. 118.

191. Andrew Bostom. “Dhimmitude and the Doyen,” The American Thinker, June 4, 2006.

192. Peter Balakian. The Burning Tigris, New York, 2003, p. 432, note 25.

193. Yair Auron. The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide. Transaction Books, 2004, p. 246.

194. Ibid.

195. Richard Rubenstein. The Cunning of History, New York, 1975/2001, p. 11.

196. The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 518-524, 667-674.

197. Bat Ye'or. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, p. 197.

198. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 22-23.

199. Lewis, “Communism and Islam”; “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East.”

200. Bostom, “Dhimmitude and the Doyen.”

201. Lewis, “Bring them freedom, or they destroy us.”

202. http://icasualties.org/Iraq/index.aspx. Linda J. Bilmes, Joseph E. Stiglitz. The Three Trillion Dollar War: The True Cost of the Iraq Conflict. W.W. Norton and Co., 2008.

203. Andrew G. Bostom. “Making the World Safe for Shari’a?,” The American Thinker, August 18, 2006; Bostom, “In no ‘hurr(i)y(ya)’ for freedom.”

PART 1: SHARIA WITHOUT CAMOUFLAGE

INTRODUCTORY QUOTES

1. Alfred von Kremer. Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams, Leipzig, 1868, pp. 332ff [English translation in Moshe Gil, Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages, Leiden/Boston, 2004, p. 273].Von Kremer (1828-1889) was professor of Arabic language at the Konigliche Polytechnicum in Vienna between 1850 and 1852. Prior to that, he had studied Arabic in Syria. Beginning in 1852, he entered the Austrian consular service, being assigned successively to Cairo (1852­1859) and Galati, Romania; in 1870 he became consul-general in Beirut. Von Kremer was assigned to the Austrian consular service in a ministerial capacity, starting in 1872. He was a member of the commission overseeing Egypt’s national debts in 1876 and returned from his diplomatic posts in 1880. Von Kremer was deemed one of the founders of modern Islamic studies, whose seminal writings include Geschichte der herrschenden Ideen des Islams, (1868) [its translation is Politics in Islam (1920)], Kulturegeschichte des Orients under den Chalifen (1875-1877), and its translation, The Orient under the Caliphs (1920).

2. C. Snouck Hurgronje. “The ‘Foundations’ of Islamic Law” (Extract from Nieuwe bijdragen tot de kennis van den Islam. First printed in 1882) English translation in Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje. Edited by G.-H. Bousquet and J. Schacht., Leiden, 1957. For biographical information on Hurgonje, see general introductory quotes, note 5.

3. Hurgronje. “On the Nature of Islamic Law” (Extract from a review of E. Sachau, Muhammedanisches Recht, first printed in Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morganlandischen Gesellacht, vol. 53, 1899). English translation in Selected Works of C. Snouck Hurgronje. p. 264.

4. C. Snouck Hurgronje. The Acehnese (English translation by A.W.S. O’Sullivan), London, Volume 2, 1906, pp. 347-348.

5. C. Snouck Hurgronje. The Holy War ‘Made in Germany', New York and London, 1915, pp. 10, 11.

6. As-Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Rida. Al-Khalifa au al- Imama'l-Uzma, Cairo, Manar Press, 1923. French translation by Henri Laoust. Le Califat dans la doctrine le Rasid Rida. Beirut, 1938, pp. 181,183. (English translation by Nidra Poller). Rashid Rida (1865-1935) was a Syrian scholar who emigrated to Cairo, establishing himself as the grand mufti of Egypt, Muhammad Abduh’s major disciple. Rida became Abduh’s biographer and the founder and editor of the journal Al Manar (The Lighthouse), producing thirty-five volumes between 1898, soon after Rida’s arrival in Cairo, and his death in 1935. Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan Al-Banna resumed publication of Al Manar, which was suspended briefly after Rida’s death. Rida’s prolific writings—including an extensive Koranic commentary and his treatise on the re­creation of a global Muslim Caliphate—were a seminal influence on major Sunni “revival” movements, notably, the Muslim Brotherhood.

7. Muhammad Hamidullah. The Muslim Conduct of State. 1935, 1942, Hyderabad-Deccan, pp. 7,16. (1908-2002) Hamidullah was a prolific, multilingual scholar of the hadith, Koran, and international law, known for his translations of the Koran into three European languages (French, English, and German). Born in Hyderabad Deccan, he emigrated to the newly created Pakistan and worked on the writing of one of its first constitutions—promoting a traditional Sharia-based Islamic model. His obituarist, Dr. A. R. Momin, head of the Departments of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Bombay, offered these revealing observations, http://www.renaissance.com.pk/Febobti2y4.html:

Professor Hamidullah made an invaluable contribution to the dissemination and popularity of Islamic teachings and ideals in Europe in general and in France in particular through his writings, lectures and his personal charisma. The resurgence of Islamic consciousness among educated Muslims in the Western countries and the wave of conversion to Islam that is sweeping across Western Europe owes a great deal to his intellectual, moral and personal influence.

8. Gustave von Grunebaum. Islam. Essays in the Nature and Growth of a Cultural Tradition. Menasha, Wisconsin, 1955, p. 135. For biographical information on von Grunebaum, see earlier general introductory quotes, note 9.

9. Joseph Schacht. “The Law,” in Gustave von Grunebaum (editor), Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization, Chicago, 1955, p. 84. Schacht (1902-1969) was an iconic figure in European and American scholarship whose seminal research defined and elaborated upon the origins and early development of Islamic law. He received the degree of DPhil summa cum laude in 1923 for his thesis, an edition, with partial translation and commentary, of al-Khassaf’s Kitab al-hiyal, a tenth­century work on legal stratagems. As noted by Jeanette Wakin in her essay, “Remembering Joseph Schacht, (1902-1969)” [published in Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School, Occasional Publications January 4, 2003], Schacht,

from 1925 onward, pursued two main activities during his vacations and breaks. One was to visit Leiden as often as possible to study with the man he considered to be the greatest expert in Islamic studies in Europe, Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje (1857-1936). The other was to spend as much time as he could in the Middle East and North Africa. He visited Syria, Egypt, and Turkey repeatedly, and traveled as well to other parts of the Arab world.

Schacht took advantage of these trips to study the rare Arabic manuscripts in the rich and hardly explored local and private libraries, especially the works of the earliest masters of Islamic law, and he published the results of this research in many valuable articles and monographs. Indeed, this was an interest he pursued until the end of his life.

Schacht held the chair of Oriental Studies at Konigsberg from 1932 until 1934, when he emigrated, initially to Egypt, and then to England, and eventually to Columbia University, in New York. He is best known for his foundational works on Islamic law, The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (1950), and An Introduction to Islamic Law (1964).

10. Robert H. Jackson. Foreword to Law in the Middle East. Edited by Majid Khadduri, Herbert J. Liebesny. Washington, DC, 1955, pp. vi-vii. Robert Houghwout Jackson (1892-1954) was United States attorney general (1940-1941) and an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1941­1954) who also served as the chief United States prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials.

11. G.-H. Bousquet. L'ethique sexuelle de l'Islam. [The Sexual Ethic of Islam] Paris, Maisonneuve 1966/1990, pp. 10­11. For biographical information on Bousquet, see earlier general introductory quotes, note 14.

12. Michael Nazir Ali. Quoted in, Jonathan Wynne-Jones. “Sharia: a law unto itself?,” The Telegraph (London), August 7, 2011. Nazir Ali (1949-) was the first bishop of Raiwand in Pakistan’s West Punjab (1984-1986), who emigrated to become the first non-white diocesan bishop in the Church of England. During September 2009, he gave up his English Bishopric to work full-time in defense of beleaguered Christian minorities, particularly within Islamdom. Nazir Ali has authored Islam: A Christian Perspective (1984), Frontiers in Muslim-Christian Encounters (2006), and From Everywhere to Everywhere (2009).

13. Yusuf al-Qaradawi. “Gradualism in Applying the

Shariah,” On Islam.net, November 24, 2011,

http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/shariah-based- systems/judiciary-and-police-systems/169643-gradualism-in- applying-the-shariah.html?Police Systems.

Qaradawi (1926—) is a modern Muslim scholar and preacher best known for his popular Al Jazeera program ash-Sharia wal-Hayat (Sharia and Life), and his website Islam Online (now On Islam). He has also published some fifty books, including The Lawful and the Prohibited in Islam and Islam: The Future Civilization. Qaradawi was born in Egypt and attended Al Azhar University. Qaradawi was a follower of Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna during his youth and was imprisoned first under the monarchy in 1949, then three times after the release of his Tyrant and The Scholar, poetic Islamic plays expressing political messages. He has also worked in the Egyptian Ministry of Religious Endowments, has been the dean of the Islamic Department at the Faculties of Sharia and Education in Qatar, and has been chairman of the Islamic Scientific Councils of Algerian Universities and Institutions. Qaradawi is the head of the European Council for Fatwa and Research and is considered the “spiritual guide” of the Muslim Brotherhood. Friday, February 18, 2011, marked Qaradawi's triumphal return to Cairo, which was sanctioned by the nation's provisional military rulers and punctuated the so-called Arab Spring.

14. Cited in Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, p. 178.

1: SEE NO SHARIA

Source note: original version published at PajamasMedia.com, December 24, 2010.

1. The major works of Robert Conquest (1917—) on Soviet/Communist totalitarianism, include: Common Sense About Russia (1960); Power and Politics in the USSR (1960); The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities (1960); Courage of Genius: The Pasternak Affair (1961); Industrial Workers in the USSR (1967); Soviet Nationalities Policy in Practice (1967); Agricultural Workers in the USSR (1968); The Soviet Police System (1968); Religion in the USSR (1968); The Soviet Political System (1968); Justice and the Legal System in the USSR (1968); The Great Terror: Stalin’s Purge of the Thirties (1968); The Nation Killers: The Soviet Deportation of Nationalities (1970); Where Marx Went Wrong (1970); Lenin (1972); Kolyma: The Arctic Death Camps (1978); Inside Stalin’s Secret Police: NKVD Politics, 1936­1939 (1985); What to Do When the Russians Come: A Survivor’s Guide (1985); The Harvest of Sorrow: Soviet Collectivization and the Terror-Famine (1986); Tyrants and Typewriters: Communiques in the Struggle for Truth (1989); Stalin and the Kirov Murder (1989); The Great Terror: A Reassessment (1990); Stalin: Breaker of Nations (1991); History, Humanity, and Truth (1993); Reflections on a Ravaged Century (1999); The Dragons of Expectation. Reality and Delusion in the Course of History (2004).

2. Robert Conquest. Reflections on a Ravaged Century, New York, 2000, p. 16.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., p. 115.

5. Ibid., p. 117.

6. Newt Gingrich. “America at Risk: Camus, National

Security and Afghanistan,” American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, July 29, 2010

http://www.aei.org/docLib/Address%20by%20Newt%20Gingr ich07292010.pdf.

7. See Lee Smith. “Lawless—Sharia is a much more abstract concept than ideologues—whether Mideast Islamists or Newt Gingrich—suggest,” Tablet, August 18, 2010 http://www.tabletmag.com/news-and-politics/42898/lawless/; Reuel Mark Gerecht. “The Bill O’Reilly Fallacy,” October 16, 2010, The New Republic http://www.tnr.com/blog/foreign- policy/78426/holy-law-blues-islam-newt-gingrich-terrorism;

“Sharia in the West—Whose law counts most?,” The Economist, Oct 14 2010,

http://www.economist.com/node/17249634?

story id=17249634; “Intolerance and the Law in Oklahoma,” The New York Times, November 28, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/29/opinion/29mon1.html?

r=2&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss.

8. Conquest, Reflections on a Ravaged Century, p. 2.

9. G-H. Bousquet. L'ethique sexuelle de I’Islam. [The Sexual Ethic of Islam] Paris, Maisonneuve 1966/1990, p. 10.

10. Gingrich, “America at Risk: Camus, National Security and Afghanistan.”

11. Ibid.

n. Ibid.

13. Conquest, Reflections on a Ravaged Century, p. 2.

14. Smith, “Lawless”; Gerecht, “The Bill O’Reilly Fallacy.”

15. Gingrich, “America at Risk: Camus, National Security and Afghanistan.”

16. Smith, “Lawless”; Gerecht, “The Bill O’Reilly Fallacy.”

17. Michael Gerson. “Oklahoma’s faith-baiting initiative,”

The Washington Post, November 16, 2010

http://www.washintonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2010/11/15/AR2010111505173.html ;

“Sharia in the West—Whose law counts most?”; “Intolerance and the Law in Oklahoma”; Christopher Holton. “Louisiana at leading edge in fight against Shariah,” The Hayride, August 19, 2010, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/p18499.xml? catid=200.

18. George Orwell. Cited in, Robert Conquest, The Dragons of Expectation, New York, 2005, p. 157.

19. Ibid.

20. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, N.Y., 2005/2008.

21. Wael Hallaq. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wael Hallaq.

22. Jeanette Wakin. “Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902­1969)” Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School, Occasional Publications 4, January, 2003.

23. Joseph Schacht. “Sharia,” in H.A. R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1953/2008, p. 743 ff

24. Ibid.

Koran 45:18—“Then We set thee upon an open way of the Command; therefore follow it, and follow not the caprices of those who do not know.”

Koran 42;13—“He has laid down for you as religion that He charged Noah with, and that We have revealed to thee, and that We charged Abraham with, Moses and Jesus: ‘Perform the religion, and scatter not regarding it. Very hateful is that for the idolaters, that thou callest them to. God chooses unto Himself whomsoever He will, and He guides to Himself whosoever turns, penitent.'”

Koran 42:21—“Or have they associates who have laid down for them as religion that for which God gave not leave? But for the Word of Decision, it had been decided between them. For the evildoers there awaits a painful chastisement.”

Koran 5:48—“And We have sent down to thee the Book with the truth, confirming the Book that was before it, and assuring it. So judge between them according to what God has sent down, and do not follow their caprices, to forsake the truth that has come to thee. To every one of you We have appointed a right way and an open road. If

God had willed, He would have made you one nation; but that He may try you in what has come to you. So be you forward in good works; unto God shall you return, all together; and He will tell you of that whereon you were at variance.”

All translations are from Arthur J. Arberry, The Koran Interpreted, London, 1955.

25. Thomas Patrick Hughes. A Dictionary of Islam, London, 1885, p. 153.

26. Schacht, “Sharia.”

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. *Addendum to the original essay. Joseph Schacht. An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford, 1964, pp. 130-131.

30. *Addendum to the original essay. Joseph Schacht. “Islam in Northern Nigeria,” Studia Islamica, 1957, No. 8, p. 138.

31. *Addendum to the original essay. “Nigerian Islamic court sentences two to amputation,” Agence France Presse, September 8, 2011. http://news.yahoo.com/nigerian-islamic- court-sentences-two-amputation000613019.html.

32. J. J. Witkam. “Brockelmann’s Geschichte revisited,” in Carl Brockelmann, Geschichte der arabischen Litteratur. Leiden 1996, vol. 1, pp. v-xvii.

33. Carl Brockelmann. History of the Islamic Peoples, translation by Joel Carmichael and Moshe Perlmann, New York, 1947, pp. 43, 45.

34. *Addendum to the original essay. Middle East Media Research Institute. “Footage of Woman Receiving Lashes at Khartoum Police Station; Khartoum Governor Justifies Punishment; Warning - Contains Extremely Graphic Images,” December 19, 2010, Special Dispatch No. 3457 http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4853.htm. English transcript.

35. *Addendum to the original essay. Pew Research Center

Forum on Religion and Public Life. Rising Restrictions on Religion, August 9, 2011, 117. pp.

http://pewforum.org/uploadedFiles/Topics/Issues/Government/ RisingRestrictions-web.pdf.

36. *Addendum to the original essay. Ibid., p. 4.

37. *Addendum to the original essay. Brockelmann. History of the Islamic Peoples, p. 45.

38. *Addendum to the original essay. Rising Restrictions on Religion, pp. 67ff

39. *Addendum to the original essay. Ibid., p. 71.

40. *Addendum to the original essay. Ibid., p. 70.

41. G.-H. Bousquet. “Islamic Law and Customary Law in French North Africa,” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 32, No. 3/4 (1950), pp. 57-65.

42. N. J. Coulson. “The State and the Individual in Islamic Law,” International and Contemporary Law Quarterly, January 1957, pp. 50-51.

43. William Chittick. “Ibn Arabi,” The Stanford

Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2008 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),

http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2008/entries/ibn-arabi.

44. Franz Rosenthal, The Muslim concept of freedom, Leiden, 1960, p. 115.

45. Ibid., p. 110.

46. Franz Rosenthal, Bernard Lewis. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C. E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W. P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University, July 25, 2011.

47. Ibid.

48. Ibid.

49. Bernard Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East,” in Democratic institutions in the world today, Werner Burmeister, editor, New York, 1958, pp. 60-61.

50. John Stuart Mill. On Liberty, Chapters 1-4: “Introduction,” “Liberty of thought and discussion”; “Individuality—one of the elements of well-being,” “The limits to the authority of society over the individual,” pp. 1-61. http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdf/milllibe.pdf.

51. Lewis. “Democratic institutions in the Islamic Middle East,” p.61.

52. Ibid.

53. P J. Vatikiotis. “Autoritarisme et autocraie au moyen- orient,” Le Debat, [Paris], no. 14, July-August, 1981, pp. 39­53. Translated as, “Authoritarianism and autocracy in the Middle East,” in Arab and regional politics in the Middle East, New York, 1984, pp. 135-151.

54. Wael Hallaq. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wael Hallaq.

55. Wael Hallaq. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law, London, 2005, p. 1.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibn Warraq. Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Saids Orientalism, Amherst, NY, 2007.

58. When lamenting the extent to which such an Islamic revival could adopt “indigenous modernism,” Hallaq, rather perversely, blames so-called Western colonialism, and “hegemony”—not the intrinsic totalitarian nature of the Sharia itself. See for example, Wael Hallaq. “Can the Shari’ah be Restored?” in, Yvonne Y Haddad and Barbara F. Stowasser, eds., Islamic Law and the Challenges of Modernity (Walnut Creek: Altamira Press, 2004), pp. 44-45.

On both popular and state levels, today's Muslims perceive themselves, and rightly so, as colonized and dominated subjects, and whatever they adopt of Western ideas and institutions is not, and will never be, theirs. The balance of power, which determines the legitimacy of cultural and other appropriations, is simply not in their favor. Third, and issuing from our foregoing consideration, the balance of legal power does not lie in the hands of the religious-legal specialists who were exclusively, individually and collectively, responsible for constructing early Islamic jurisprudence and law. The modern state's appropriation of legal powers changes the old equation and, as we have seen, totally marginalizes even the potential contributions of the individual shari'a- minded jurists (assuming that these now exist). And as long as the modern Muslim states remain vassal-like entities in relation to the Western hegemonic powers, their dedication to the Islamic imperatives will always remain vacuous, especially in light of the close control that the West, especially the United States, has been exercising over politics and the religious movements in the Muslim world.

59. See for example, Bernard Lewis. The Emergence of Modern Turkey, London, 1961; Niyazi Berkes. The Development of Secularism in Turkey, Montreal, 1964; F. R. C. Bagley. “The Iranian Family Protection Law of 1967. A milestone in the advance of women's rights.,” in Iran and Islam, C. E. Bosworth, editor. Edinburgh, 1971, pp. 47-64; Margaret Bourke-White. Halfway to Freedom, New York, 1949, Chapter 10, “The Creator of Pakistan,” pp. 91-98, Chapter 11, “Problems of the Promised Land,” pp. 99-109, and Chapter 12, “Coeducation and Islam,” pp. 110-115; Wilfred Cantwell Smith. Pakistan as an Islamic State, Lahore, 1951; Keith Callard. Pakistan—A Political Study, New York, 1957; and E. I. J. Rosenthal. Islam in the Modern National State, London, 1965, Chapter 3, “Islam and Turkish Nationalism,” pp. 28-63, Chapter 6, “An Islamic State for Pakistan?,” pp. 125-153, Chapter 8, “The Islamic Republic of Pakistan,” pp. 181-281, Chapter 10, “Some Observations on Islam in Iran Turkey,” pp. 307-315.

60. Heinz Kramer. A Changing Turkey, Washington, DC, 2000, Chapter 5, “The Revival of Political Islam,” pp. 55-84; Jenny B. White. Islamist Mobilization in Turkey, Seattle, 2003; M. Hakun Yavuz. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. Oxford, 2003; Anita M. Weiss (editor). Islamic Reassertion in Pakistan, Syracuse, NY, 1986; Patrick Sookhdeo. A People Betrayed—The Impact of Islamization on the Christian Community in Pakistan, Pewsey, England, 2002; Ann E. Mayer. Islam and Human Rights, Boulder, CO, 1999, “The Impact on Rights of Islamization Programs in Pakistan, Iran, and the Sudan,” pp. 27-35, “Islamization in Iran and the Iranian Constitution,” pp. 113-117, “Mawdudi and Pakistani Law,” pp. 163-165, “The Iranian Constitution,” pp. 165-168.

61. Uriel Heyd. The Revival of Islam in Modern Turkey, Jerusalem, 1968 (Lecture delivered March 28, 1968, at Hebrew University).

62. Mayer, Islam and Human Rights, pp. 27-35, 113-117, 165-168.

63. Weiss, Islamic Reassertion in Pakistan; Sookhdeo, A People Betrayed.

64. Kramer, “The Revival of Political Islam”; White,

Islamist Mobilization in Turkey; Yavuz, Islamic Political Identity in Turkey; Peter Hitchens. “As David Cameron calls for Turkey to join the EU, Peter Hitchens on the disturbing picture of growing repression at the heart of ‘Eurabia’,” The Daily Mail, August 2, 2010.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article-1299213/Peter- Hitchens-disturbing-picture-growing-repression-heart- Eurabia.html; “Turkey: 34 Generals Imprisoned for Coup Plans,” ANSA Med, June 27, 2011,

http://www.ansamed.info/en/news/ME.XEF96501.html.

65. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. i-xiv.

66. “Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda” WorldPublicOpinion.org at the University of Maryland, April 24, 2007, pp. 15-16. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/START A pr07 rpt.pdf. For a brief introduction to the Caliphate concept, see Andrew G. Bostom, “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007.

67. “Public Opinion in the Islamic World on Terrorism, al

Qaeda, and US Policies,” WorldPublicOpinion.org at the University of Maryland, February 25, 2009, pp. 21-22. February 25, 2009

http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/feb09/STARTII Feb09 rpt.pdf; “Most Embrace a Role for Islam in Politics,” Pew Research Center, Global Attitudes Project, December 2, 2010, http://pewglobal.org/files/2010/12/Pew-Global- Attitudes-Muslim-Report-FINAL-December-2-2010.pdf.

68. *Addendum to original essay. “Most Embrace a Role for Islam in Politics,” p. 15.

69. James Morrison. “Muslims in Britain,” The Washington

Times, December 19, 2010

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/dec/19/embassy- row-930120260/.

70. James Slack. “Sharia lessons for pupils aged six: BBC uncovers ‘weekend schools' that teach pupils how to hack off thieves' hands,” The Daily Mail, November 24, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1331789/Sharia- lessons-pupils-aged-BBC-uncovers-weekend-schools.html.

71. Mervyn Hiskett. Some to Mecca Turn to Pray, Chippenham, UK, 1993.

72. Ibid., p. 235.

73. Andrew Bostom. “Halal to the Queen?—Britain's

Stealth Halal-ization,” September 19, 2010,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/09/19/halal-to-the- queen%E2%80%94britain%E2%80%99s-stealth-halal- ization/.

74. Hiskett, Some to Mecca Turn to Pray, p. 235.

75. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, August 5, 1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf, on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993)

[English translation].

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html.

76. United States Bill of Rights,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United States Bill of Rights.

77. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal Declaration of Huma n Rights.

78. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

79. Ibid.

80. Ibid.

81. “Face of Muhammad” http://face-of- muhammed.blogspot.com/.

82. Andrew Bostom. “Universal Islamic Blasphemy Law?,”

The American Thinker, February 24, 2008,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/02/universal islamic b lasphemy la.html.

83. Ibid.

84. “Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi Responds to Cartoons of Prophet

Muhammad: Whoever is Angered and Does Not Rage in Anger is a Jackass - We are Not a Nation of Jackasses,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 9, 2006, Special Dispatch No. 1089,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1604.htm.

85. Ibid.

86. Tom Strode. “‘Defamation’ proposal passes U.N.

committee but faces declining support,” Baptist Press, December 3, 2010

http://www.sbcbaptistpress.org/BPnews.asp?ID=34202.

87. “The United (Muslim) Nations? U.N. resolution gives

special protection to Islamist regimes,” The Washington Times, December 10, 2010,

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/dec/10/the- united-muslim-nations/.

88. Ibn Warraq. “Islam, Middle East, and Fascism,” The

New English Review,

http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm? frm=3766&sec id=3766.

89. Umberto Eco. “Ur-Fascism,” The New York Review of Books, June 22, 1995, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1856.

90. Bostom, “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate.”

91. Bousquet. “Islamic Law and Customary Law in French North Africa,” p. 65.

92. Warraq, “Islam, Middle East, and Fascism.”

93. Andrew Bostom. “Hirsi Ali: the empowered apostate,”

The American Thinker, May 27, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/05/hirsi ali the empo wered aposta.html.

94. Andrew Bostom. “Allah’s Apostate Cassandra,” The

American Thinker, October 24, 2009,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/10/allahs apostate cas sandra.html.

95. “Former Iraqi MP Sayyed Ayad Jamal Al-Din in a TV Debate about Separation of Religion and State: The Combination of the Koran and the Sword Is More Dangerous than Nuclear Technology,” The Middle East Media Report Institute, November 28, 2010, Special Dispatch No. 3399, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/821/4789.htm.

96. David Edwards. “O’Reilly: ‘There is a Muslim problem in the world’,” The Raw Story, October 20, 2010, http://www.rawstory.com/rs/2010/10/20/oreilly-there-muslim- problem-world/.

97. Jeremy Taylor. “Bill O’Reilly Will Help Build Ground

Zero Mosque If Imam Rauf Condemns 9/11 and ‘The Jihad’,” AOL.TV.COM, October 19, 2010,

http://www.aoltv.com/2010/10/19/bill-oreilly-ground-zero- mosque-video/.

98. Ibid.

99. Feisal Abdul Rauf. What's Right with Islam: A New Vision for Muslims and the West, New York, 2004.

100. “One Book, Two Titles: Imam Faisal ‘Abd Al-Rauf’s Book Acquires New Title In Indonesian Translation,” Middle East Media Research Institute, Blog, August 23, 2010. http://www.thememriblog.org/blog personal/en/29598.htm.

Rauf’s book What's Right with Islam: A New Vision for Muslims and the West was published in Indonesian in 2007 with a modified title—Seruan Azan Dari Puing WTC: Dakwah Islam di Jantung Amerika Pasca 9/11, i.e., The Call of Azan from the Rubble of the World Trade Center: Islamic Da'wa in the Heart of America Post-9/H” As the Middle East Media Research Institute blog observes,

The azan is the muezzin’s call to prayer. It consists of a number of sentences repeated several times: “Allahu Akbar,” the Shahada (la ilaha illa Allah wa-Muhammad rasoul Allah—“There is no God but Allah and Muhammad is His Messenger”) and the phrase “Gather for prayer.” It is noteworthy that, in the period of Muslim conquests in the first centuries of Islam, this call was made from newly conquered sites.*

*After the Muslim forces had conquered Mecca, in January 630—one of the most hallowed occurrences in Islam’s history —Bilal, Muhammad’s Ethiopian muezzin, ascended to the top of the Kaaba (a cuboidal building in Mecca, Saudi Arabia, considered the most sacred site in Islam) to call the Muslims to prayer—the first time the azan was heard within Islam’s holiest city. This purported event was depicted in a Persian miniature, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bilal.jpg. And see the modern assessment of Bilal by Barry Hoberman, “The First Muezzin,” Saudi Aramco, Vol. 34, No. 4, July/August, 1983, which affirms the pious Muslim narrative. http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198304/the.first.mue zzin.htm.

101. Rauf, What's Right with Islam, p. 86.

102. Ibid., pp. 86, 111.

103. Feisal Abdul Rauf. Islam: A Sacred Law: What Every Muslim Should Know About the Shariah, Brattleboro, VT, 1999, pp. 12ff, 58ff

See also, Andrew Bostom. “Imam Feisal Rauf—Sharia Uber Alles!,” www.AndrewBostom.org, September 6, 2010, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/09/06/imam-feisal- rauf%E2%80%94sharia-uber-alles/.

104. Moorthy Muthuswamy. Defeating Political Islam: The New Cold War, Amherst, NY, 2009, p. 159.

105. Sarah Downey, Michael Hirsh. “A Safe Haven?,”

Newsweek, September 30, 2002,

http://www.hvk.org/articles/1002/69.html.

106. Ihsan Bagby. “A Portrait of Detroit Mosques: Muslim Views on Policy, Politics and Religion,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, April 6, 2004, p. 11 http://www.ispu.org/pdfs/detriot mosque 2.pdf.

107. Mohamed Akram. “An Explanatory Memorandum on

the General Strategic Goal for the Brotherhood in North America,” May 22, 1991. Translated at:

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/20.pdf.

108. “Study: 3 in 4 U.S. mosques preach anti-West extremism. Secret survey exposes widespread radicalism,” WorldNet Daily, February 23, 2008 http://www.wnd.com/? pageId=57141#ixzz1XqxsK2o2; The final peer-reviewed study findings were published online as “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques,” Kedar M, Yerushalmi D. The Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2011, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 59-72. http://www.meforum.org/2931/american-mosques.

109. “Representative Civil Legal Cases Involving Shariah Law,” American Public Policy Alliance, November 10, 2010 http://publicpolicyalliance.org/wp- content/uploads/2010/11/Shariah Cases 11states 11-08- 2010.pdf.

Subsequently, “Shariah Law and American State Courts: An Assessment of State Appellate Court Cases” evaluated a total fifty appellate court cases from twenty-three states that involve conflicts between Sharia and American state law. http://shariahinamericancourts.eom/wpcontent/uploads/2011/0 6/Sharia Law And American State Courts 1.4 06212011.p df. The authors summarized their analysis thusly,

The study's findings suggest that Shariah law has entered into state court decisions, in conflict with the Constitution and state public policy. Some commentators have said there are no more than one or two cases of Shariah law in U.S. state court cases; yet we found 50 significant cases just from the small sample of appellate published cases.

110. S. D., Plaintiff-Appellant, v. M.J.R., Defendant­

Respondent, No. A-6107-08T2. Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division. Argued: March 24, 2010; Decided: July 23, 2010 http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?

xmldoc=in%20njco%2020100723325.xml&docbase=cslwar3- 2007-curr.

111. Ibid.

112. Andrew Bostom. “Textbook Islamic Antisemitism,”

The American Thinker, June 3, 2008

http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/06/textbook islamic a ntisemitism.html.

113. Larry Cohler-Esses. “Sowing the Seeds of Hatred:

Islamic Textbooks Scapegoat Jews, Christians,” The New York Daily News, March 30, 2003,

http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/03/30/2003- 03-30 sowing the seeds of hatred.html.

114. Bostom, “Textbook Islamic Antisemitism.”

115. Amjaonline http://www.amjaonline.com/index.php.

116. “Imams' Conference Held in Houston,” The Muslim

Observer, October 21, 2010, http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=7103.

117. Ibid.

118. “The Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America (AMJA) is pleased to invite the esteemed and respected Imams to attend their training workshop that will be held mid-October, 2010 in Houston, Texas,” Amjaonline http://amjaonline.com/en d details.php?id=335.

119. Andrew Bostom. “Mainstream Islam Rejects Freedom of Conscience,” Pajamas Media, September 23, 2010 http://pajamasmedia.com/blog/mainstream-islam-rejects- freedom-of-conscience/.

120. Andrew Bostom. “Imam Feisal Rauf and Real Sharia

in America: Will Rauf Denounce These ‘Fatwas' by The Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 13, 2010

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/13/imam-feisal- rauf-and-real-sharia-in-america-will-rauf-denounce-these- %E2%80%9Cfatwas%E2%80%9D-by-the-assembly-of- muslim-jurists-of-america/.

121. Andrew Bostom. “And It Stoned Thee: Background for

Tonight's (8/17/2010) Pending O'Reilly Discussion of the Sharia Basis for Stoning Adulterers,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 17, 2010

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/17/and-it- stonedv-thee-background-for-tonight%E2%80%99s-8172010- pending-o%E2%80%99reilly-discussion-of-the-sharia-basis- for-stoning-adulterers/.

122. “‘Mainstream' Islamist Group Wants ‘Global

Caliphate' and Islamist America,” The Investigative Project on Terrorism, BigPeace.com, December 7, 2010

http://bigpeace.com/ipt/2010/12/07/mainstream-islamist- group-wants-global-caliphate-and-islamist-america/#more- 57389.

123. “Promoting Radical Ideas - What ICNA Demands of

its Members,” IPT News, August 10, 2010 http://www.investigativeproject.org/2098/promoting-radical- ideas-what-icna-demands-of-its.

124. Islamic Society of North America: Member’s

Handbook, Jamaica, NY, March 2010

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/475.pdf# page=6.

125. Ibid., p. 6.

126. Ibid., p. 7.

127. Vladimir Ilyich Lenin. What Is To Be Done?—Burning Questions of Our Movement. From Lenin’s Selected Works, Volume 1, pp. 119 - 271. First published separately in March 1902.

http://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/index.htm.

128. Gingrich, “America at Risk: Camus, National Security and Afghanistan.”

129. Center for Security Policy http://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/index.xml ; See specifically http://shariahthethreat.org/.

130. *Data added to original essay. McLaughlin &

Associates and Caddell & Associates. “National Survey, Secure America Now,” August 10, 2011

http://secureamericanow.s3.amazonaws.com/68/0f/8/161/Natio nal SAN 09-1911 PRESS Topline FNAL.pdf.

131. Rauf, What’s Right with Islam: A New Vision for Muslims and the West ; “Lawless—Sharia is a much more abstract concept than ideologues—whether Mideast Islamists or Newt Gingrich—suggest”; “Sharia in the West—Whose law counts most?”; “Intolerance and the Law in Oklahoma”; “Oklahoma’s faith-baiting initiative.”

132. *Data added to original essay. “National Survey, Secure America Now,” August 10, 2011: Pg 145/16/ Q14. - SHARIA LAW IS THE CODE OF CONDUCT OR RELIGIOUS LAW OF ISLAM. DO YOU APPROVE OR DISAPPROVE OF U.S. COURTS APPLYING ISLAMIC SHARIA LAW WHEN DECIDING CASES IN AMERICAN FEDERAL AND STATE COURTS?.

n=1000 Total

n=59 (5.9%) APPROVE

n=16 (1.6%) Strongly Approve

n=43 (4.3%) Somewhat Approve

n=764 (76.4%) DISAPPROVE

n=94 (9.4%) Somewhat Disapprove

n=670 (67.0%) Strongly Disapprove

n=177 (17.7%) DK/REFUSED

133. Karl Wittfogel. Oriental Despotism; A Comparative Study of Total Power, New Haven, CT, 1957, p. 448.

134. Herodotus (484-425 B.C.), Greek historian, called the

Father of History. See

http://www.1911encyclopedia.org//Herodotus.

135. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism, pp. 448-449.

2: UNIVERSAL ISLAMIC “BLASPHEMY” LAW?

Source note: originally published in the American Thinker, February 24, 2008.

1. “Murder plot against Danish cartoonist,” Jyllands-Posten

News, February 12, 2008

http://jp.dk/uknews/article1263133.ece.

2. Andrew G. Bostom. “Cartoonish Dhimmitude in America,” FrontPageMagazine.com, Wednesday, February 8, 2006 http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=5657.

3. Michelle Malkin. “Mohammed cartoon reprint: Show your solidarity,” MichelleMalkin.com, February 13, 2008, http://michellemalkin.com/2008/02/13/mohammed-cartoon- reprint-show-your-solidarity/.

4. “Murder plot against Danish cartoonist.”

5. Ibid.

6. “Danish Caricaturist of Muhammad Fame Now Homeless,” Der Spiegel Online, February 20, 2008, http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,536544,00. html.

7. “Newspapers reprint Prophet Mohammed cartoon,”

CNN.com, February 13, 2008,

http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/02/13/denmark.c artoon/?iref=mpstoryview.

8. “Muslims riot again after Mohammed cartoons are

reprinted by Danish newspapers,” The Daily Mail, February 15, 2008 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-

514789/Muslims-riot-Mohammed-cartoons-reprinted-Danish- newspapers.html#ixzz1ZjjaFeft.

9. “Danish youths rampage for a sixth night,” The Seattle

Times, February 17,

2008http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/20041 87581 wdigest17.html.

10. “Reprinting of Prophet cartoons sparks outrage,” The

Daily Star (Lebanon), February 16, 2008,

http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle- East/Feb/16/Reprinting-of-Prophet-cartoons-sparks- outrage.ashx#axzz1Zk8d8jGB.

11. “Muhammad Cartoon Gallery,” Human Events, February 2, 2006, http://www.humanevents.com/article.php? id=12146.

12. “Murder plot against Danish cartoonist.”

13. “Reprinting of Prophet cartoons sparks outrage.”

14. Ibid.

15. “OIC slams paper over blasphemous cartoons,” The Gulf Times, January 19, 2006 http://www.gulf- times.com/site/topics/printArticle.asp?

cu no=2&item no=69259&version=1&template id=57&pare nt id=56.

16. “Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi Responds to Cartoons of Prophet

Muhammad: Whoever is Angered and Does Not Rage in Anger is a Jackass - We are Not a Nation of Jackasses,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 9, 2006, Special Dispatch No.1089

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1604.htm.

17. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model,” The

Middle East Media Research Institute, July 26, 2001, Special Dispatch No.246

http://www.memri.org/report/en/print484.htm.

18. “Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi Responds to Cartoons of Prophet Muhammad: Whoever is Angered and Does Not Rage in Anger is a Jackass - We are Not a Nation of Jackasses.”

19. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model.”

20. “Al-Qaradhawi Speaks In Favor of Suicide Operations at an Islamic Conference in Sweden,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, July 24, 2003, Special Dispatch No. 542 http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/914.htm.

21. “Reactions to Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi’s Fatwa Calling for

the Abduction and Killing of American Civilians in Iraq,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, October 6, 2004, Special Dispatch No. 794

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1231.htm# edn1.

22. “Leading Sunni Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other

Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, December 6, 2002, Special Dispatch No. 447

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/774.htm# edn1.

23. Ibid.

24. Rachel Ehrenfeld. “HAMAS Targets Spain,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, January 2, 2006

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=6087.

25. Andrew G. Bostom. “Jihad in Europe: Past as

Prologue?,” FrontPageMagazine.com, February 20, 2006http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=5490; “Jihad, Dhimmitude, and Muslim Spain,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 24, 2010

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/24/jihad- dhimmitude-and-muslim-spain/.

26. Evariste Levi-Provencal. Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane, Paris, 1950, Vol. 1, p. 150, cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, p. 56.

27. Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq. La Vie Quotidienne dans Europe Medievale Sous Domination Arabe, Paris, 1978, pp. 50, 194, 196, cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, p. 56.

28. Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, “A Note on the Cover Art,” pp. 13-17.

29. Ibid., p. 13.

30. Ibid., p. 14.

31. Ibid., p. 15.

32. Mohammed Asrar Madani. Verdict of Islamic Law on Blasphemy and Apostasy, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994, pp. 19-20, cited in Patrick Sookhdeo, A People Betrayed—The Impact of Islamization on the Christian Community in Pakistan, Pewsey, Wiltshire, England, 2002, pp. 244-245.

33. Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (rahmatullahi alaihi) (922­996) The author of Ar-Risala, translated by Aisha Bewley, http://www.muwatta.com/ebooks/english/risala ibn abi zayd

salutations.pdf, pp. 959-960; 956-957.

37.19h Insulting the Rasulullah (alaihi salat wa salam): “If someone curses the Rasulullah (i.e., the Muslim prophet Muhammad) he is killed and his repentance is not accepted. If one of the people of dhimma [non-Muslim Christians and Jews, etc., subjugated by jihad] abuses him outside of that which constitutes his disbelief or curses Allah other than what constitutes his disbelief, he is killed unless he becomes Muslim. When he says something to deprecate him, his execution is a hadd and hence it is of no use if he repents or denies it when there is clear evidence of it. Repentance does not cancel a hadd. This is why he says that his repentance is not accepted. The same principle applies to someone who curses one of the Prophets or one of the angels or denies one of the Books of Allah. If someone abuses someone whose prophethood is a matter of dispute, like al-Khidr, he is strongly punished but not killed. Statements of dhimmis which constitutes their disbelief would be things like a Jew saying, ‘He is not a messenger to us, Our Messenger is Musa (Moses).' Abuse beyond their intrinsic disbelief would be criticizing the character of the Holy Prophet. An example of that which constitutes his disbelief is saying that God is three or that He has a son.”

37.19c Apostasy: “An apostate is killed unless he repents. He is given three days to repent. The same ruling applies to a woman. Someone who recants from Islam. Apostasy is disbelief after affirming Islam. If he does not repent, he is killed. One does not execute him immediately but repentance is offered to him. If he refuses then he is killed. It is obligatory to delay execution for three days. If he repents, there is no problem. If not, he is killed after sunset on the third day. This judgment includes men and women. A pregnant woman is deferred until she gives birth.”

34. Madani. Verdict of Islamic Law on Blasphemy and Apostasy, pp. 109, 126, 128, cited in Sookhdeo, A People

Betrayed, pp. 246, 247.

35. Sookhdeo, A People Betrayed, p. 241.

36. Ibid, Chap2ter 6, “Christian responses to Islamization

and discrimination,” 303-350; see also “Prevention of Discrimination Against and Protection of Minorities,” Written statement submitted by the Association for World Education, a non-governmental organization on the roster. E/CN.4/Sub.2/1998/NGO/3, July 14, 1998

http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/7531e0f1f0b 77ce4802566570035e7f5?Opendocument.

37. Tahir Qadiry. “Afghan court sentences journalist to

death,” Reuters.com, January 23, 2008

http://in.reuters.com/article/2008/01/23/idINIndia- 31547720080123; “Afghan senate backs death penalty,” BBCNews.com, January 30, 2008

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south asia/7216976.stm; “Save Pervez! Global protests to save Afghan student from death sentence,” The Independent (London), February 1, 2008 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/save-pervez- global-protests-to-save-afghan-student-from-death-sentence- 776783.html.

38. Kim Sengupta, Jerome Starkey, Nigel Morris. “Lifeline for Pervez: Afghan Senate withdraws demand for death sentence,” The Independent (London), February 2, 2008 http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/lifeline-for- pervez-afghan-senate-withdraws-demand-for-death-sentence- 777188.html.

39. Jerome Starkey. “Afghan protest: ‘He just shared an article with friends. What’s the problem?’,” The Independent (London), February 1, 2008.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. Daniel Schorn. “Kurdistan: The Other Iraq” (60-minutes segment originally broadcast on Feb. 18, 2007. It was updated on Aug. 3, 2007) http://www.cbsnews.com/2102-18560 162- 2486679.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody.

43. “1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack,” BBC On

This Day, March 16, 1950-2005,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/new sid 4304000/4304853.stm.

44. Jonathan Tisdall. “Norway resident convicted of

blasphemy,” Aftenposten.no, January 8, 2008

http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2184678.ece.

45. “The Salman Rushdie of Iraqi Kurdistan,” The Is-Ought Problem Weblog http://sites.google.com/site/charlesrcblog/ with accompanying interview uploaded February 1, 2008 http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=pBtyrrZ39IM&feature=player embedded.

46. Alfred Guillaume (translator). The Life of Muhammad, A Translation of Ibn IshaqS “Sirat Rasul Allah,” Karachi, London, and New Delhi, 1955/2003/2004; Ibn Saad. Kitab Al- Tabaqat Al-Kabir, English translation by S. Moinul Haq and H. K. Ghaznafar, New Delhi, 1993; William Muir. The Life of Mahomet from Original Sources, London, 1877, Kessinger reprints, 2003.

47. “The Salman Rushdie of Iraqi Kurdistan.”

48. David Littman. “Creeping Dhimmitude at the United Nations,” European Parliament (October 18, 2007) / Flemish Parliament (October 19, 2007), Thursday, October 18, 2007, 10:30-

11:00*http://counterjihadeuropa.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/l ittman-brussels-final-03-nov-07.pdf.

49. David Littman. “Human Rights and Human Wrongs,”

The National Review Online, January 19, 2003

http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/205577/human-rights- and-human-wrongs/david-g-littman.

50. K. S. Lal. Muslim Slave System in India, 1994, Delhi, p. 143.

51. Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilzations, New York, 1996, p. 217.

52. Ibn Warraq. “Why The West Is Best,” City Journal, Winter 2008, Vol. 8, No.1 http://www.city- journal.org/2008/18 1 snd-west.html.

3: MAINSTREAM ISLAM REJECTS FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE

Source note: originally published at Pajamas Media, September 23, 2010.

1. OIC, http://www.oicun.org/9/20100727101615770.html.

2. “The Organization of Islamic Conference in Cooperation with the American Islamic College presents: Conference on ‘Islam and Muslims in America,’” http://conference.aicusa.edu/7page id=206.

3. John Laffin. Holy War, Islam Fights, London, 1988, p. 106.

4. Ibid.

5. Elizabeth Kendal. “What Happens When Islamic

Totalitarianism Meets Christian Freedom?,” Continental News.net, July 15, 2010,

http://continentalnews.net/2010/07/15/what-happens-when- islamic-totalitarianism-meets-christian-freedom-1678.html.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid

8. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5,

1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf, on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) [English translation],

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html.

9. Andrew Bostom. “Universal Islamic ‘Blasphemy’ Law?,”

The American Thinker, February 24, 2008, http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/02/universal islamic b lasphemy la.html.

10. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

11. US Bill of Rights,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United States Bill of Rights.

12. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal Declaration of Huma n Rights.

13. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

14. Koran 3:110, Arberry translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=003:110.

15. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. First Amendment to the United States Constitution, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First Amendment to the United

States Constitution.

19. Freedom of speech,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom of speech.

20. Benjamin N. Cardozo (1870-1938), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin Cardozo.

21. U.S. Supreme Court: PALKO v. STATE OF

CONNECTICUT, 302 U.S. 319 (1937) 302 U.S. 319, PALKO v. STATE OF CONNECTICUT, No. 135, Argued Nov. 12, 1937, Decided Dec. 6, 1937,

http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl? court=us&vol=302&invol=319.

22. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a18.

23. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

24. Ibid.

25. Arberry translations of Koranic verses 2:217 and 4:89.

(2:217) “They will question thee concerning the holy month, and fighting in it. Say: ‘Fighting in it is a heinous thing, but to bar from God's way, and disbelief in Him, and the Holy Mosque, and to expel its people from it— that is more heinous in God's sight; and persecution is more heinous than slaying.' They will not cease to fight with you, till they turn you from your religion, if they are able; and whosoever of you turns from his religion, and dies disbelieving—their works have failed in this world and the next; those are the inhabitants of the Fire; therein they shall dwell forever.”

http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=002:217.

(4:89) “They wish that you should disbelieve as they disbelieve, and then you would be equal; therefore take not to yourselves friends of them, until they emigrate in the way of God; then, if they turn their backs, take them, and slay them wherever you find them; take not to yourselves any one of them as friend or helper.”

http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=004:089.

Mainstream exegeses of these verses by the classical Koranic commentators Baydawi (d. ~ 1316) and Qurtubi (d. 1273) are extracted below. Baydawi was a Shafiite jurist of the thirteenth to early fourteenth century who attained the position of chief kadi of Shiraz. He had a reputation for wide learning and wrote on a number of subjects, most notably Koranic exegesis and jurisprudence. His most famous work is a Koranic commentary that is largely a condensed and amended version of al-Zamakshary's (d. 1143) al-Kashaf Qurtubi (d. 1273) was a Muslim scholar of the Maliki school of jurisprudence and an expert on hadith who was also well- known for his commentary on the Koran. Arnaldez’s minibiography of Qurtubi [Arnaldez, R. “al-kurtubi, Abu ‘Abd Allah Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Abi Bakr b. Farad al-Ansari al-Khazradji al-Andalusi” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University. 05 October 2011] maintains, “His commentary is of great richness and of great utility. All the authors who have spoken of Kurtubi acknowledge it and insist on the benefit which may be derived from it.” Arnaldez adds, “Above all, the work consists of exegeses designed to clarify the meaning and implication of the Law...,[A]nd it can be understood how (Ahmad‘Abd al-‘Alim al- Barduni), in the preface to the second edition of the Tafsir, should write: ‘This work is such that the reader can almost dispense with the study of works of fikh [jurisprudence].’”

Baydawi on 4:89: “Whosoever turns his back from his belief [irtada], openly or secretly, take him and kill him wheresoever ye find him, like any other infidel,” cited in Samuel Zwemer, The Law of Apostasy in Islam, London, 1924/1925, p. 33.

Qurtubi on 2:217: “Scholars disagree about whether or not apostates are asked to repent. One group say they are given an hour and others a month. Others say they are asked to repent and, if they do, they are not killed. Some say they are given an hour and others a month. Others say they are asked to repent three times, and that is the view of Malik [founder of the Maliki school of Islamic Law].. It is also said they are killed without being asked to repent,” cited in Aisha Bewley [translator], Tafsir Al-Qurtubi—Classical Commentary of the Holy Qur'an, London, 2003, Vol. 1, p. 549).

26. Muhammad is reported to have sanctioned lethal punishment for apostates in the two most important canonical hadith collections, that is, Bukhari and Muslim, and the Muwatta of Imam Malik: Bukhari, volume 9, no. 17— Narrated Abdullah: Allah’s Messenger said, “The blood of a Muslim who confesses that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and that I am His Messenger, cannot be shed except in three cases: in Qisas (equality in punishment) for murder, a married person who commits illegal sexual intercourse and the one who reverts from Islam (Apostate) and leaves the Muslims.” Bukhari, volume 9, no. 57—Narrated Ikrima, “Some atheists were brought to Ali and he burnt them. The news of this event reached Ibn Abbas, who said, “If I had been in his place, I would not have burnt them, as Allah’s messenger forbade it, saying, ‘Do not punish anybody with Allah’s punishment (fire).’ I would have killed them according to the statement of Allah’s Messenger, ‘Whoever changed his Islamic religion, then kill him.’ Muslim—Chapter 6: WHEN IT IS PERMISSIBLE TO TAKE THE LIFE OF A MUSLIM, Book 016, Number 4152: Abdullah (b. Mas’ud) reported Allah’s Messenger as saying: It is not permissible to take the life of a Muslim who bears testimony (to the fact that there is no god but Allah, and I am the Messenger of Allah, but in one of the three cases: the married adulterer, a life for life, and the deserter of his Din (Islam), abandoning the community. Muwatta of Imam Malik, no. 1410—“Zaid b. Aslam reported that the Apostle declared that the man who leaves the fold of Islam should be executed.”

27. Ibn Warraq. Leaving Islam—Apostates Speak Out, Amherst, NY, 2003, pp. 19-32.

28. Ibn Rushd (Averroes)—The Distinguished Jurists Primer (Bidayat al-Mujtahid), translated by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee, London, 1996, Vol. II, p. 552.

29. Frank Griffel. “Toleration and Exclusion: Al-Shafii and al-Ghazali on the Treatment of Apostates,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 2001, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 339-354.

30. Ibid., p. 351.

31. Ibid., p. 353.

32. Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, translation by Nuh Ha Kim Keller approved by Al-Azhar Islamic Research Academy and IIIT, Beltsville, MD, 1994, pp. 595-596.

33. W. Heffening. “Murtadd,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University. 05 October 2011.

34. David Littman. “Creeping Dhimmitude at the United Nations,” European Parliament (October 18, 2007) / Flemish Parliament (October 19, 2007), Thursday, October 18, 2007, 10:30-11:00, http://counterjihadeuropa.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/littman -brussels-final-03-nov-07.pdf.

35. David Littman. “Human Rights and Human Wrongs,”

The National Review Online, January 19, 2003

http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/205577/human-rights- and-human-wrongs/david-g-littman.

36. Bostom, “Universal Islamic ‘Blasphemy’ Law?”

37. “Growing Concerns about Extremism, Continuing

Discontent with U.S.—Pakistani Public Opinion,” Pew Public Opinion, August 13, 2009,

http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/08/13/pakistani-public- opinion/; “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah,” Pew Public Opinion, December 2, 2010,

http://www.pewglobal.org/2010/12/02/muslims-around-the- world-divided-on-hamas-and-hezbollah/.

38. Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi. Ma'ariful Qur'an: A Comprehesnive Commentary on the Holy Qur'an, translated by Muhammad Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shamim, Karachi, 2009 (7th edition), Vol.1, Foreword, pp. xv-xvii; See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti Muhammad Shafi.

39. Ibid.

40. Koran 2:217, Arberry translation: “They will question thee concerning the holy month, and fighting in it. Say: ‘Fighting in it is a heinous thing, but to bar from God's way, and disbelief in Him, and the Holy Mosque, and to expel its people from it—that is more heinous in God's sight; and persecution is more heinous than slaying.' They will not cease to fight with you, till they turn you from your religion, if they are able; and whosoever of you turns from his religion, and dies disbelieving—their works have failed in this world and the next; those are the inhabitants of the Fire; therein they shall dwell forever.” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=multirow&searchstring=002:217;

Extracts of Mufti Shafi's commentary on Koran 2:217 are from, Maariful Quran, pp. 537-538.

41. “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah”; for a synopsis of these nonlethal punishments for apostates, in addition to the Maariful Quran commentary on verse 2:217 by Mufti Shafi described in the text, see Warraq. Leaving Islam— Apostates Speak Out, p. 20, and the detailed Sharia-based rationale for these actions on pp. 21-32.

42. David Gartenstein-Ross. “When Muslims Convert,”

Commentary, February, 2005,

http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/when-muslims- convert/.

43. “Syed Mumtaz Ali, 1st Muslim lawyer in Canada, dies

at 82,” CBC News, July 17, 2009,

http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/story/2009/07/17/syed -mumtaz-ali.html?ref=rss.

44. Ali Khan. “Islam as Intellectual Property ‘My Lord! Increase Me in Knowledge.'” Cumberland Law Review, Vol. 31, p. 361, 2000-2001, http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract id=936291&rec=1&srcabs=936238.

45. Gartenstein-Ross, “When Muslims Convert.”

46. Khan. “Islam as Intellectual Property.”

47. Ibid.

48. Diana West. “Shariah Goes to Harvard,” The

Washington Times, April 24, 2009, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/apr/24/shariah- goes-to-harvard/.

49. Amjaonline (Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America), http://www.amjaonline.com/index.php.

50. “Fatwa on Apostasy,” Former Muslims United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/7page id=2147.

51. Yusuf al-Qaradawi. “Apostasy Major and Minor,” OnIslam.net, http://www.onislam.net/english/shariah/contemporary- issues/islamic-themes/413125.

52. “Al Azhar Fatwa,” Former Muslims

United,http://formermuslimsunited.org/?page id=2171.

53. “Lebanon Mufti Fatwa,” Former Muslims United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/7page id=2170.

54. “A Shiite Opinion on Apostasy,” Former Muslims

United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/7page id=2169.

55. “Fatwa on Apostasy.”

56. Amjaonline (Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America).

57. “Imams’ Conference Held in Houston,” The Muslim

Observer, October 21, 2010,

http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=7103.

58. ID 1486, Scholar Dr. Hatem al-Haj, Date 2006-04-17, Category Basic Tenets of Faith (Belief), http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=1486#.

59. ID 77325, Scholar Dr. Main Khalid Al-Qudah, Date 2009-01-02, Category Basic Tenets of Faith (Belief), http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=77325.

60. ID 78511, Scholar Dr. Main Khalid Al-Qudah, Date

2009-04-10, Category Varieties,

http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=78511.

61. “The Freedom Pledge,” Former Muslims United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/?page id=2161.

4: HOW SHARIA UNDERMINES WESTERN JUSTICE

Source note: original version published at www.AndrewBostom.org, September 3, 2011.

1. Eliyahu Stern. “Don’t Fear Islamic Law in America,” The

New York Times, September 2, 2011

http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/03/opinion/dont-fear- islamic-law-in-america.html? r=1&ref=global.

2. SB 1028

http://wapp.capitol.tn.goV/apps/billinfo/BillSummaryArchive.a spx?BillNumber=SB1028&ga=107.

3. For a minibiography of Michael Nazir Ali, see Sharia in the West, edited by R. Ahdar, N. Aroney, Oxford, 2010, p. xi.

4. Stern, “Don’t Fear Islamic Law in America.”

5. Jonathan Wynne-Jones. “Sharia: A Law Unto Itself,” The

Telegraph (London), August 7, 2011

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and- order/8686504/Sharia-a-law-unto-itself.html.

6. Karl Binswanger. Untersuchungen zum Status der Nichtmuslime im Osmanischen Reich des 16. Jahrhunderts : mit einer Neudefinition des Begriffes “Dimma,” München: R. Trofenik, 1977. Beiträge zur Kenntnis Südosteuropas und des Nahen Orients, 2. (Investigations on the Status of Non­Muslims in the Ottoman Empire of the 16th Century, With a New Definition of the Concept “Dhimma”).

7. Ibid, pp. 327-328 (English translation by James Hodge).

8. “Islamischer Fundamentalismus in der Bundesrepublik. Entwicklung-Bestand saufnahme -Ausblick” [“Islamic Fundamentalism in the German Federal Republic: Development, Inventory, Prospects”], pp. 38-54; “Okonomische Basis der Fundamentalisten,” pp. 81-93; “Fundamentalisten-Filz-Getrennt marschieren-vereint schlagen,” pp. 129-148. All three essays were published in Im Namen Allahs. Islamische Gruppen und der Fundamentalismus in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Koln, 1990.

9. Binswanger, “Islamic Fundamentalism in the German Federal Republic: Development, Inventory, Prospects,” p. 38. (English translation by Michael J. Miller.)

10. Ibid, p. 41.

11. Ibid, pp. 50ff.

\2. Ibid, p. 53.

13. part 1. “Islamic Justice in Europe”—‘It's Often a Dictate of Power',” Spiegel Online, 09/01/2011 http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,783843,0 0.html; part 2. Maximilian Popp. “Parallel Justice—Islamic ‘Arbitrators' Shadow German Law,” Spiegel Online, 09/01/2011 http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,783361,0 0.html.

14. “Islamic Justice in Europe.”

15. Allan Hall. “Muslim imam who lectures on non­

violence in Germany is arrested for beating up his wife,” The Daily Mail, December 2, 2010

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1335024/Muslim- imam-Sheikh-Adam-lectures-non-violence-arrested-wife- beating.html.

16. Popp, “Parallel Justice.”

17. Joseph Schacht. “Sharia,” in H.A. R. Gibb, J.H. Kramers, The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1953/2008, p. 743 ff.; G-H. Bousquet. L‘ethique sexuelle de l‘Islam. [The Sexual Ethic of Islam] Paris, Maisonneuve 1966/1990, pp. 10­11.

18. Popp, “Parallel Justice.”

19. Ibid.

20. Hall, “Muslim imam who lectures on non-violence in Germany is arrested for beating up his wife.”

21. Shakir Koranic translation of verse 4:34 at: http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=shakir&layout=auto&searchstring=004:034.

22. Shakir Koranic translation of verse 4:3 at: http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=shakir&layout=auto&searchstring=004:003.

23. Thomas Patrick Hughes. A Dictionary of Islam, London, 1885, p. 153.

24. Joseph Schacht. An Introduction to Islamic Law, New York, 1982, pp. 195,198,132.

25. N.J. Coulson. “The State and the Individual in Islamic Law,” International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1957, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 49-60.

26. Born about 760/1358 into a scholarly Medinan family of

Andalusian origin, after travels to Egypt and Syria, Ibn Farhun became a jurist in Medina in 793/1390 and is claimed to have revived the Maliki (one of the four Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence) rite there. He died in 799/1397. His Tabsirat al- hukkam fi usul al-akdiya wa-manahidj al-ahkam is a sort of manual for qadis containing details of procedure, rules of evidence, and so forth. (See J.F.P. Hopkins. “Ibn Farhun,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University. 30 September 2011

http://www.brillonline.nl/subscriber/entry?entry=islam SIM- 3160.

27. Coulson, “State and the Individual in Islamic Law,” pp. 57-58.

28. “Islamic Justice in Europe.”

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Robert H. Jackson. Foreword to Law in the Middle East. Edited by Majid Khadduri, Herbert J. Liebesny. Washington, DC, 1955, pp. vi-vii.

33. “Islamic Justice in Europe.”

34. Stern, “Don’t Fear Islamic Law in America.”

35. SB 1028

http://wapp.capitol.tn.goV/apps/billinfo/BillSummaryArchive.a spx?BillNumber=SB1028&ga=107.

36. State of Tennessee, Public Chapter No. 497, House Bill No. 1353 http://state.tn.us/sos/acts/107/pub/pc0497.pdf.

part 2: SHARIA-COMPLIANT JIHAD AND JEW-HATRED

INTRODUCTORY QUOTES

1. C. Snouck Hurgronje. The Acehnese, (English translation by A.W.S. O’Sullivan), London, Volume 2, 1906, p. 348. For biographical information on Hurgronje, see general quotes, note 5.

2. C. Snouck Hurgronje. From Nederland en de Islam, Leiden, 1911, pp. 7ff, translated into English, and quoted in Samuel M. Zwemer, The Law of Apostasy in Islam, London, 1924, p. 136.

3. Joseph Schumpeter. “The Sociology of Imperialism,” English translation by Augustus M. Kelley, 1951, published in Imperialism and Social Classes, Cleveland, OH, 1955, pp. 36­39; Originally published as “Zur Soziologie der Imperialismen” in Archiv fur Sozialwissenschaft un Socialpolitik, 1919, Vol. 46, pp. 1-39, 274-310.

Schumpeter (1883-1950), a major twentieth-century economic theorist and political scientist, published his famous Theory of Economic Development in 1911, at the age of twenty-eight, while also assuming a professorship in economics at the University of Graz. He became an Austrian minister of finance in 1919. Schumpeter left Europe and the University of Bonn, where he was a professor from 1925 until 1932, with the ascension of Hitler, and emigrated to the United States. In that same year he accepted a permanent position at Harvard, where he remained until his retirement in 1949. Schumpeter was president of the American Economic Association in 1948. His magnum opus economic study, History of Economic Analysis, was published posthumously in 1954. Schumpeter’s other major works include Business Cycles (1939; 2 vols.); Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942); and Ten Great Economists: From Marx to Keynes (1951).

4. As-Sayyid Muhammad Rashid Rida. Al-Khalifa au al- Imama'l-Uzma, Cairo, Manar Press, 1923. French translation by Henri Laoust. Le Califat dans la doctrine le Rasid Rida. Beirut, 1938, pp. 47, 49, 50-51 (English translation by Nidra Poller); Arberry translation of Koran 8:60 http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=008:060 For biographical information on Rashid Rida see introductory quotes for part 1, note 6.

5. Muhammad Hamidullah. The Muslim Conduct of State. 1935, 1942, Hyderabad-Deccan, pp. 191, 247. For biographical information on Hamidullah, see part 1 introductory quotes, note 7.

6. Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi. Banu Isra’ilf al-Qur 'an wa al-Sunna [Jews in the Qur’an and the Traditions], Cairo, 1968/1986. (English translation by Dr. Michael Schub) Koran 3:113, “They are not all alike. Of the People of the Scripture there is a staunch community who recite the revelations of Allah in the night season, falling prostrate (before Him).” The classical Koranic commentary Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) as well as the collaborative commentary by al-Mahalli (d. 1459) and his renowned student the polymath, Al-Suyuti (d. 1505), provide support for Tantawi's contemporary interpretation of 3:113. Ibn Kathir (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, Vol. 2, 2000, p. 246), wrote:

Muhammad bin Ishaq and others, including al-‘Awfi who reported from Ibn ‘Abbas, said: “These Ayat [verses] were revealed about the clergy of the People of the Scriptures who embraced the faith [i.e., converted to Islam]. For instance, there is Abdallah bin Salam, Asad bin ‘Ubayd, Tha'labah bin Sa'yah, Usayd bin Sa'yah, and so forth. This Ayah [3:113] means that those among the People of the Book [Book = Bible] whom Allah rebuked earlier are not all the same as those among them who embraced Islam.

The Tafsir al-Jalalayn by al-Mahalli and al-Suyuti includes this gloss on Koran 3:113 (Tafsir al-Jalalayn, London, 2007, p. 147):

They (all the People of the Book) are not all the same. There is a community among The People of the Book who are upright (straight and holding firmly to the truth, such as Abdallah ibn Salam and his companions [who converted from Judaism to Islam]) They recite Allah’s Signs throughout the hours of the night and they prostrate in prayer.

Tantawi (1928-2010) was the grand imam of Al Azhar University, in Cairo, Egypt from 1996, until his death in 2010. He graduated from Al Azhar’s Faculty of Religious Studies in 1958, and received his doctorate in 1966. Tantawi’s thesis Banu Isra'il fi al-Qur'an wa al-Sunna [Jews in the Qur'an and the Traditions] was published in 1968/69, and republished in 1986. Two years after earning his doctorate, Sheikh Tantawi began teaching at Al Azhar. In 1980 he became the head of the Tafsir Department of the University of Medina, Saudi Arabia, a position he held until 1984. Tantawi was named grand mufti of Egypt in 1986, a position he was to hold for a decade prior to becoming grand imam.

7. Bat Ye’or. Chapter XXI “The New Egyptian Jew Hatred —Local Elements and External Influences” in Jews in Egypt (Hebrew), 1974, Jerusalem, translated into English and published in The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 168. Bat Ye’or (pseudonym), born in Cairo (1933-) has written four books and numerous articles on the condition of non-Muslim populations vanquished by jihad and on living as tributary dhimmis under Islamic law. Her Les Juifs en Egypte (French 1971; Hebrew 1974), Le Dhimmi (1980; expanded English translation, 1985), and The Decline of Eastern Christianity under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude (French 1991; English 1996), in particular the latter two works, elucidate what she has termed the “civilization of dhimmitude.” Islam and Dhimmitude: Where Civilizations Collide (2001) highlighted the recrudescence of dhimmitude in the Muslim world during the twentieth century. Her most recent additional books Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis (2005) and Europe, Globalization, and the Coming Universal Caliphate (2011) are examinations of jihad and dhimmitude as living historical forces in western Europe in particular, and their role in transforming the continent into a cultural and political appendage of the Arab and larger non-Arab Muslim world.

8. Patricia Crone. Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam, Princeton, NJ, 1987, pp. 244, 245. Crone (1945—) is a political, social, and military historian renowned for her pioneering studies on the origins of Islam. She has coauthored or authored Hagarism: The Making of the Islamic World, (1977; with M. A. Cook); Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity (1980); God's Caliph : Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (1986; with Martin Hinds); Meccan Trade and the Rise of Islam (1987); Roman, Provincial and Islamic Law: The Origins of the Islamic Patronate (1987); God’s Rule: Government and Islam. Six Centuries of Medieval Islamic Political Thought (2004); Medieval Islamic Political Thought (2005); and From Arabian Tribes to Islamic Empire: Army, State and Society in the Near East c. 600-850 (2008).

9. Yusuf al-Qaradawi. Middle East Media Research Institute, “Sheik Yousef Al-Qaradhawi: Our War with the Jews Is in the Name of Islam,” February 25, 2006, Clip # 1052, from Qatar Television. For biographical information on Qaradawi, see part 1 introductory quotes, note 13.

10. Mufti M. Taqi Usmani. Islam and Modernism, New Delhi, 2008, p. 130ff. Mufti Muhammad Taqi Usmani (1943—) is a highly influential Islamic scholar from Pakistan who adheres to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence. From 1980 to 1982 he was as a judge on the Federal Sharia Court of Pakistan, followed by twenty years (from 1982 to 2002) of service on the Sharia Appellate Bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan. Usmani is considered an expert in the fields of Islamic fiqh (jurisprudence), economics—especially “Islamic finance”—and “hadith science.” During March 2004, at the annual International Islamic Finance Forum (IIFF) in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Usmani received an award which recognized his lifetime achievement in Islamic finance. His father, Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi (1898-1976), former grand mufti of (pre-Partition) India and founder of Darul Ulum Karachi, authored the best-known Koranic commentary in Urdu, Ma'ariful Qur 'an.

5: JIHAD IN EUROPE: PAST AS PROLOGUE?

Source note: originally published at FrontpageMagazine.com, February 20, 2006.

1. “As many as 60 cars still burn nightly in France,”

Expatica.com, December 9, 2005,

http://www.expatica.com/fr/news/local news/as-many-as-60- cars-still-burn-nightly-in-france-26036.html.

2. “425 cars torched in New Year’s unrest in France,” The

New York Times, January 1, 2006,

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/world/europe/01iht- web.0101france.html.

3. Caroline Wyatt. “Troubled France still ill at ease,” BBC

News, January 4, 2006,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4581332.stm.

4. “France to create special security force for train

travelers,” The Seattle Times, January 5, 2006,

http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/traveloutdoors/2002722 477 webfrance05.html.

5. For a prime, sorry example, see David Aaronovitch. “It’s the latest disease: sensible people saying ridiculous things about Islam,” The Times (London), November 15, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david a aronovitch/article590235.ece.

6. Bat Ye’or. Eurabia—The Euro-Arab Axis, Cranbury, NJ, 2005, p 63.

7. Ibid., p. 63ff.

8. Ibid., p. 77.

9. Ibid., pp. 63-210.

10. Report by the High-Level Advisory Group established at the initiative of the President of the European Commission, “Dialogue Between Peoples and Cultures in the Euro­Mediterranean Area, ” Brussels, October 2003, http://www.iemed.org/documents/lind-hgroupen.pdf.

11. Bat Ye’or. “Eurabia and Euro-Arab Antisemitism,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, April 05, 2004,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=13529.

12. “The French Riots and U.S. Immigration Policy,”

Monday, November 14, 2005, Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, D.C.,

http://www.cis.org/articles/2005/frenchriotstranscript.html.

13. “Poll shows voters believe press is right not to publish cartoons,” The Times (London), February 7, 2006, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article727952.e ce.

14. “Churches Burned in France’s Riots,” November 22, 2005, http://suburbanbanshee.wordpress.com/2005/11/22/; See itinerary below:

5th Night. 31 October 31 to 01 November. Mon-Tues

—La Teste-de-Buch (33260 Gironde). Cemetery desecrated. 10th Night. 05-06 November. Sat-Sun

—Lievin (62800 Pas-de-Calais). Church. Incendiary device. Door.

11th Night. 06-07 November. Sun-Mon

—Lens (62300 Pas-de-Calais). St. Edouard Church. Incendiary device. Door.

—Sete (34200 Herault). Church in l’Ile de Thau. 2 incendiary devices.

Windows.

12th Night. 07-08 November. Mon-Tues

—Strasbourg (67000 Bas-Rhin). St. Benoit (St. Benedict) Church. Incendiary

devices. [Le Figaro - 10 nov 2005.]

15th Night. 10-11 November Thurs-Fri

—Houdain (62150 Pas-De-Calais). Polish Chapel. Church ransacked. (see

letter by Patrick Bednarek, president of Poland)

—Rance (Belgium). St. Aldegonde Church. Church vandalized.

16th Night. 11-12 November. Fri-Sat

—Vesoul (70000 Haute-Saone). Church. Door burnt.

17th Night. 12-13 November. Sat-Sun

—Brignoles (83170 Var). Church. Door burnt.

18th Night. 13-14 November.

—Nanteuil-les-Meaux (77100 Seine et Marne). Cemetery desecrated.

19th Night. 14-15 November.

—Draveil (91210 Essone) 2 chapels burnt? in the evangelical church in des

Bergeries.

20th Night 15-16 November.

—Romans-sur-Isere (26100 Drome). St. Jean-d'Ars Church. Arson.

15. Marlise Simons. “An Outspoken Arab in Europe: Demon or Hero?,” New York Times, March 1, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/03/01/world/the-saturday- profile-an-out-spoken-arab-in-europe-demon-or-hero.html.

16. See: “Al-Qaradhawi Speaks In Favor of Suicide Operations at an Islamic Conference in Sweden,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, July 24, 2003, Special Dispatch

No. 542, http://www.memri.Org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/914.htm; “Leading Sunni Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi and Other Sheikhs Herald the Coming Conquest of Rome,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, December 6, 2002, Special Dispatch No. 447,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/774.htm# ednl;

and Rachel Ehrenfeld. “HAMAS Targets Spain,” FrontPageMagazine.com, January 2, 2006,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=6087.

17. “Mosque signals Muslims' return to Spain,” BBC News, July 10, 2003, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3055377.stm.

18. Mark McCallum. “Muslim call to thwart capitalism,”

BBC News, July 12, 2003,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3061833.stm.

19. “Es gibt entsprechende Daten” [“There Are

Corresponding (Confirming) Data”], Taz Die Targeszeitung, December 8, 2005, http://www.taz.de/1/archiv/archiv/?

dig=2005/12/08/a0175specifically:

According to a 2004 survey by the Central Institute of the Islam Archive of Germany, 21% of the Muslims living in Germany are of the opinion that the constitution is not compatible with the Koran. (Translated by James Hodge.)

20. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad Terrorism in London,” The

American Thinker, July 8, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/07/jihad terrorism in l ondon.html.

21. “War torpedoes Labour's Muslim backing,” Asian News,

January 3, 2005,

http://menmedia.co.uk/asiannews/community/s/491543 war t orpedoes labours muslim backing.

22. Anthony King. “One in four Muslims sympathises with motives of terrorists,” The Telegraph (London), July 23, 2005, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1494648/One-in- four-Muslims-sympathises-with-motives-of-terrorists.html.

23. “Full text: joint statement from Muslim groups,” The

Guardian, August 16, 2005,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2005/aug/16/uksecurity.terr orisml.

24. Lauren Elkin. “Comments by French Jewish thinker on

recent Muslim riots stirring the pot,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 1, 2005,

http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/JewishFeatures/Article.asp

25. Melanie Phillips’s blog from November 15, 2005 on the French riots included this full statement, as reproduced at FrontPageMagazine.com, “War Blog,” Wednesday, November 16, 2005, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=6577.

The attitude of much of the liberal media in Britain, France and the US to the French riots is now clear. The riots have nothing to do with Islam. The fact that most of the rioters are Muslim is irrelevant. The riots are about poverty, unemployment and discrimination. Anyone who says there’s an Islamist agenda here is a far-right bigot peddling patent and dangerous untruths. Thus the Big Lie is being promulgated, and all who speak the truth are to be neutralised through vilification. This is vicious stuff, and truly lethal. If it becomes the received wisdom—and there’s every chance that it will, since the weapon of vilification is a ruthlessly effective censor—we’re finished. So before reality is totally submerged by fantasy, let's remind ourselves of a few facts which have emerged from journalists who still have their heads screwed on the right way. The French authorities, in desperation, have asked imams to restore order in the ghettoes. Funny kind of non-Islamic problem when imams are having to sort it out. They have also issued a fatwa telling the rioters to cool it—all in the name of the same Islam which we are told has nothing to do with the problem.

26. Amir Taheri. “Why Paris is Burning,” New York Post, November 4, 2005.

27. Gilles Kepel. Jihad: The Trail of Political Islam, Cambridge, MA, 2002, pp. 4-5.

28. Taheri, “Why Paris is Burning.”

29. Ibid.

30. Ibid.

31. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. i-ii.

32. Ibid., pp. 125-140.

33. Ibid., p. 161.

34. Ibid., pp. 95-96.

35. Ibid., pp. 43-64, 368-517, 529-572, 589-654.

36. Ibid., pp. 190-196.

37. Ibid., pp. 192-193.

38. Ibid.; see also pp, 29-37, 163, 174-179, 192-193, 199, 205-209, 213-220.

39. Ibid., pp. 56-60, 419-432, 596-597.

40. Ibid., p. 56.

41. Ibid., pp. 56-57.

42. Ibid., pp. 58-59.

43. Ibid., p. 59.

44. Ibid., pp. 59-60.

45. Ibid., p. 60.

46. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 105-106.

47. Ibid., pp. 107-112.

48. Ibid., p. 106.

49. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 61.

50. Ibid., p. 61.

51. Ibid., pp. 63-64.

52. Ibid., p. 64.

53. Ibid., pp. 64-65.

54. Ibid., p. 65.

55. Ibid.

56. Ibid., pp. 65-68.

57. Ibid., p. 66.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Ibid., pp. 66-67.

62. Ibid., p. 67.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid., pp. 67-68.

65. Ibid., p. 68.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid., pp. 68-69.

70. Ibid., pp. 69-70.

71. Ibid., p. 70.

72. Ibid.

73. Ibid., p. 71.

74. Ibid., p. 72.

75. Ibid.

76. Ibid.

77. Ibid., pp. 664-674.

78. Muqtedar Khan. “Beggars in Hijab in the Heart of

Eurabia,” Ijtihad, December 16, 2005,

http://www.ijtihad.org/Belgium.htm.

79. Andrew G. Bostom. “Eurabian Nightmares,” Frontpage

Magazine.com, Monday, March 13, 2006,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/Printable.aspx?ArtId=5246.

80. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 279.

81. Ibid., p. 99.

82. Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq. La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe, Paris, 1978, pp. 9-10 (English translation by Bat Ye’or).

83. Andrew G. Bostom. “ ‘Eurabia’ Defined,” The

American Thinker, November 15, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/11/eurabia defined.htm

l.

6: THE POPE, JIHAD, AND “DIALOGUE”

Source note: originally published at The American Thinker, September 17, 2006.

1. “President Bush On Fifth Anniversary of 9-11,” http://uspolitics.about.com/od/speeches/a/9 11 bush.htm.

2. Papal Address at University of Regensburg. “Three Stages in the Program of De-Hellenization,” Apostolic Journey of His Holiness Benedict XVI to Munchen [Munich], Altotting, and Regenburg (September 9-14, 2006). Meeting with the Representatives of Science, Lecture of the Holy Father, Aula Magna of the University of Regensburg, Tuesday, September 12, 2006, “Faith, Reason and the University: Memories and Reflections.” A Vatican translation of the September 12, 2006, address Benedict XVI delivered at the University of Regensburg, where he was a professor and vice rector from 1969 to 1971, was provided here http://www.zenit.org/article-169557Uenglish]·

3. Ibid.

4. For general background on Manuel II Palaeologus (1350­1425), and the specific circumstances of the Dialogue Pope Benedict XVI cited, see: Texts and English translations of various letters in John W. Barker, Manuel II Paleologus (1391­1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, New Brunswick, NJ, 1968; Speros Vryonis. The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, Berkeley, 1971/1986, pp. 414-417, 424-436; George T Dennis. (editor) The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus: Text, Translation and Notes, Washington, D.C., 1977; and Elizabeth A. Zachariadou, “Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bayezid I and Kadi Burhan al-Din Ahmad,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 1980, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 471-481.

5. Pope Benedict XVI, “Faith, Reason and the University: Memories and Reflections.”

6. Ibid.

7. Koran 2:256, Arberry translation (“No compulsion is there in religion. Rectitude has become clear from error. So whosoever disbelieves in idols and believes in God, has laid hold of the most firm handle, unbreaking; God is All-hearing, All-knowing.”) http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=002:256; but see Rudi Paret (1901-1983), the great modern Koranic scholar, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi Paret, for a detailed, modern exegetical analysis of this Koranic verse (“Sure 2, 256: la ikraha fi d-dini: Toleranz oder Resignation?” [“Sura 2:256: la ikraha fi d-dini Tolerance or Resignation?,” in Der Islam, (Berlin), 1967, Vol. 45, pp. 299-300; English translation at: http://answering-islam.org/Hahn/mappe.html, discussed later herein.

8. “Italian nun shot dead in Somalia,” BBC News, September 18, 2006,

http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/africa/5353850.stm.

Gunmen have shot dead a 65-year-old Italian nun and her bodyguard at a hospital in Somali capital, Mogadishu. The attackers shot the nun three times in the back at the women and children’s hospital in the south of the city before fleeing the scene.. Sister Leonella had worked in Africa for nearly 40 years, her family said. She was taken into surgery in the Austrian-funded SOS Hospital, in Huriwa district, but she died from her injuries. A fluent Somali-speaker, the nun was one of the longest-serving foreign members of the Roman Catholic Church in Somalia, a former Italian colony.. On (the preceding) Friday, hardline cleric Sheikh Abubakar Hassan Malin told worshippers at his mosque to hunt down and kill whoever offended the Prophet Mohammed.

“Christian Killed in Iraq in Response to Pope’s Speech: Islamic Website,” Assyrian International News Agency, September 16, 2006,

http://www.aina.org/news/20060916154058.htm.

According to the website Islam Memo, one Christian was killed in Baghdad after the Pope’s speech two days ago. The speech created a wave of anger throughout the Islamic world, including Iraq. A poster has been placed in many Baghdad mosques for the previously unknown group, “Kataab Ashbal Al Islam Al Salafi” (Islamic Salafist Boy Scout Battalions). This group threatens to kill all Christians in Iraq if the Pope does not apologize in three days in front of the whole world to Mohammed.

“Muslim fury grows at Pope’s speech,” Daily Mail Online (UK), September 15, 2006,

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-405238/Muslim-fury- grows-Popes-speech.html. “Fury Continues Over Pope’s Remarks,” CBS News.com, September 18, 2006, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/09/18/world/main20166 99.shtml.

9. Mona Charen. “From an Islamic Scholar,” The Corner—

National Review Online, September 20, 2006,

http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/128840/islamic- scholar/mona-charen.

10. Ibid.

11. “Pakistan calls for ban on ‘defamation of Islam’ in veiled attack on pope,” Agence France Presse, September 21, 2006, http://.wincoast.com/forum/showthread.php?41152- Pakistan-calls-for-ban-on-defamation-of-Islam.

12. David Littman. “Human Rights and Human Wrongs,”

National Review Online, January 19,

2003http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/comment- littman011903.asp.

13. Habib Shaikh. “Muslim nations urged to create own world court,” Khaleej Times Online, June 29, 2006, http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticleNew.asp? xfile=data/middleeast/2006/June/middleeast June587.xml&se ction=middleeast&col=.

14. Pope Benedict XVI, “Faith, Reason and the University: Memories and Reflections.”

15. Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus: Text, Translation and Notes, “Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bayezid I and Kadi Burhan al-Din Ahmad.”

16. “Italian nun shot dead in Somalia,” “Christian Killed in Iraq in Response to Pope’s Speech: Islamic Website,” “Fury Continues Over Pope’s Remarks,” “Muslim fury grows at Pope's speech,” “Fury Continues Over Pope's Remarks,” “From an Islamic Scholar,” “Pakistan calls for ban on ‘defamation of Islam' in veiled attack on pope.”

17. Mark D. Tooley. “Khatami Comes to National Cathedral,” FrontPageMagazine.com, September 7, 2006, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=2690.

18. “Prodi, religions must be committed to Dialogue,”

Agenzia Giornalistica Italia, September 16, 2006; see also, Ian Fisher, “In a Rare Step, Pope Expresses Personal Regret,” The New York Times, September 18, 2006,

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/18/world/europe/18pope.ht ml?pagewanted=print:

At a time when the Vatican has just replaced its second- in-command and its foreign minister, many experts also said that did not have enough experts on Islam to gauge reaction to any papal statements.

“They have nobody to really ask,” said the Rev. Thomas Michel, secretary for inter-religious dialogue for the Jesuit order of priests. “Whoever looked at it and let that go through is someone who doesn't understand Muslims at all.” In February, Benedict reassigned the Vatican's most senior Arabist, Archbishop Michael Fitzgerald, then the head of inter-religious dialogue, to Cairo as the Vatican envoy there. The move was seen at the time by some church experts as a sign of Benedict's skepticism about the value of dialogue with Muslims. “I think one may say, if it is not too impolite, that it is time to bring back Monsignor Fitzgerald,” said Mr. Melloni, the Vatican scholar.

19. Warren Treadgold, A History of the Byzantine State and Society, Stanford, CA, 1997, pp. 813-814.

20. Barker, Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, pp. 87-97; Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, pp. 414-415; Dennis, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus: Text, Translation and Notes, pp. 43-61; Zachariadou, “Manuel II Palaeologos on the Strife between Bayezid I and Kadi Burhan al-Din Ahmad.”

21. Barker, Manuel II Paleologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, pp. 87-97; Dennis, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus: Text, Translation and Notes, pp. 43­61.

22. Letter of Manuel Palaeologus translated in Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, p. 415.

23. Letter of Manuel Palaeologus, translated in Dennis, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus: Text, Translation and Notes, p. 42.

24. Barker, Manuel II Palaeologus (1391-1425): A Study in Late Byzantine Statesmanship, pp. xxiv, 97; Dennis, The Letters of Manuel II Palaeologus: Text, Translation and Notes, pp. 60-61.

25. Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century, pp. 424-436.

26. Ibid., p. 431.

27. Ibid., pp. 416-417, 424-434.

28. Anwarul Haq. Abrogation in the Koran, Lucknow, India, 1926, pp. 19, 74-77; Ibn Warraq. What The Koran Really Says, Amherst, NY, 2002, pp. 67-75.

29. Cited from Annasikh-wal-Mansukh, by Abul Qasim, published by Hindia Press, Cairo, p. 6. In the footnote of the previous page, a similar saying is found in ref. 1 p. 9, ref. 3 p. 24, and Al-Itqan Fi Ulum Al Qur 'an by Al-Suyuti, II, p. 700. Ali’s statement and its referencing, just above, are from Haq, Abrogation in the Koran, p. 3.

30. Koran 9:5 Arberry translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=009:005.

31. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 77-85, 86-87, 89-90, 93, 343-353, 433-461, 529-554, 573-588, 660-663.

32. Ibid., p. 87.

33. Rudi Paret, http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi Paret.

34. Paret, “Sura 2:256: la ikraha fi d-dini Tolerance or Resignation?”

35. Patricia Crone. God's Rule—Government and Islam, Edinburgh/New York, 2003.

36. Andrew Bostom. “This is Your Gazan Conversion,” The

American Thinker, August 29, 2006,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/08/this is your gazan

conversion.html.

37. Crone, God's Rule—Government and Islam, p. 371.

38. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 36, 48, 59-60, 68-69, 198, 203, 392, 407, 409, 523, 573-588, 602, 658-659.

39. Ibid., pp. 100-104, 573-588, 658-659; For Iraq and the Assyrians, see also, Andrew G. Bostom. “Iraq's Jihad: Past as Prologue,” The American Thinker, June 8, 2005, http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/06/iraqs jihad past as

prologue.html; for Nigeria, see also, “The Tragedy of Biafra,” Commission on International Affairs, American Jewish Congress, New York, December 15, 1968, pp. 22, 42:

[S]ome local Nigerian commanders intend and, indeed, have tried to wipe out as many Ibos as possible, and that some Northern Muslim commanders regard the war as a holy Jihad against the Ibo people...as previously noted, Egyptian pilots fly Russian MIG's in missions over Biafra—in a manner not dissimilar from the way the Spanish Civil War was used by Fascist forces before World War II.

and Francis Obimma, Devil Proposes, Man Disposes, Vantage Publishers, 2005, pp. 60, 61, 206, 508.

40. Bostom, “This is Your Gazan Conversion.”

41. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 70-72, 566-572.

42. Ibid., pp. 573-588.

43. Julia Duin. “Christians in Indonesia—Allowing persecution to happen,” National Review Online, January 2, 2002, http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment- duin010202.shtml.

44. Andrew G. Bostom. “Cardinal Questions for Muslims,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, May 15, 2006,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=4430.

45. Ibid.

46. David S. Margoliouth (1858-1940), the great Islamologist, wrote this pellucid, timeless analysis of the distinction between doctrinal Christian versus Islamic “martyrdom,” in his The Early Development of Mohammedanism, London, 1914, p. 2:

A Moslem who is in peril of his life may indeed simulate perversion [apostasy], and no difficulty is made about readmitting the repentant pervert; but where Islam is safely professed the pervert cannot legally hope to be spared. And it follows from this principle that martyrdom in Islam means something very different from what it means to the Christian. The Christian martyr is the man who dies professing his faith, but not resisting; the Moslem martyr is one who dies for his faith on the battlefield; more often in endeavoring to force it upon others than defending his own exercise thereof.

47. Bostom. “Cardinal Questions for Muslims,”

48. Ibid.

49. William Oddie. “Catholic-Muslim dialogue is at the end of the road,” Catholic Herald (UK), February 3, 2011, http://www.catholicherald.co.Uk/commentandblogs/2011/02/0 3/catholic-muslim-dialogue-is-at-the-end-of-the-road/.

50. Damian Thompson. “He bears no malice, but he is a worried man,” The Telegraph (London), September 16, 2006, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1529018/He- bears-no-malice-but-he-is-a-worried-man.html.

51. Bostom, “Cardinal Questions for Muslims.”

52. William Oddie. “‘Top Muslim scholars' seem to be

telling us that dialogue with them is a waste of time,” Catholic Herald (UK), January 27, 2011,

http://www.catholicherald.co.uk/com menandblogs/2011/01/27/top-muslim-scholars-seem-to-be- telling-us-that-dialogue-with-them-is-a-waste-of-time/.

53. John L. Allen, “Major Islamic university in Egypt suspends ties with Vatican,” National Catholic Reporter, January 20, 2011, http://ncronline.org/blogs/ncr-today/major- islamic-university-egypt-suspends-ties-vatican.

54. “Offensive Jihad Is Permissible to Secure Islam's Borders, to Extend God's Religion, and...to Remove Every Religion but Islam from the Arabian Peninsula,” IslamOnline.net, translated in full by Al-Mutarjim, January 11, 2011, http://www.translatingjihad.com/2011/01/islamonlinenet- offensive-jihad-is.html.

55. Oddie, “‘Top Muslim scholars' seem to be telling us that dialogue with them is a waste of time.”

7. HINDUS, JEWS, AND JIHAD TERROR IN MUMBAI

Source note: originally published at The American Thinker, November 30, 2008.

1. Damien McElroy, Rahul Bedi. “Mumbai attacks: 300

feared dead as full horror of the terrorist attacks emerges,” The Telegraph (London), November 29, 2008,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/3536220/Mumbai-siege-300- feared-dead-as-full-horror-of-the-terrorist-attacks- emerges.html; Updated figures available at: “Casualties of the 2008 Mumbai attacks,”

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casualties of the November 20 08 Mumbai attacks.

2. William Sherman. “Who are the Deccan Mujahideen?” The New York Daily News, November 27, 2008, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2008/11/27/2008- 11-27 who are the deccan mujahideen attacks be.html.

3. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2008, author’s preface, pp. i-ii.

4. Muhammad Abdul Lateef Al Sobki. “Al-Jihad in Islam,” in Proceedings of The Fourth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, September, 1968, Cairo, 1970, pp. 157-158.

5. Arberry translations of Koran 8:12, 8:60, and 33:26, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=008:012.

“When thy Lord was revealing to the angels, ‘I am with you; so confirm the believers. I shall cast into the unbelievers’ hearts terror; so smite above the necks, and smite every finger of them!’” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=008:060.

“Make ready for them whatever force and strings of horses you can, to terrify thereby the enemy of God and your enemy, and others besides them that you know not; God knows them. And whatsoever you expend in the way of God shall be repaid you in full; you will not be wronged.” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=033:026.

“And He brought down those of the People of the Book who supported them from their fortresses and cast terror in their hearts; some you slew, some you made captive.”

6. Brigadier S.K. Malik. The Quranic Concept of War, Lahore /New Delhi, 1979/1986.

7. Ibid., pp. xi-xxv.

8. Ibid., pp. xviii-xx.

9. N. S. Rajaram. “A Quranic concept of terrorism,” The

American Thinker, July 22, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/07/a quranic concept of terrorism.html.

10. Malik, The Quranic Concept of War, pp. 59, 1433, 144.

11 “Militants who attacked Mumbai came from Pakistan: army official,” Agence France Presse, November 27, 2008, http://www.breitbart.com/article.php? id=081127154723.so012gc9&show article=1; “Coast Guard locates suspected terrorist ship M V Alpha,” The Times of India, November 27, 2008,

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11- 27/india/27900180 1 coast-guard-ship-mumbai-terror-attacks.

12. “Arrested terrorist says gang hoped to get away,” The

Times of India, November 28, 2008,

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11- 29/india/27947616 1 ajmal-terrorists-mumbai-coast; Ron Kampeas. “Mumbai terrorists targeted Jews, Israelis,” The Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 28, 2008,

http://www.jta.org/news/article/2008/ 11/28/1001245/terorrists-singled-out-jews-for-capture.

13. Sherman, “Who are the Deccan Mujahideen?”

14. Clara Lewis, Anahita Mukherji. “Turkish couple let off by terrorists for being Muslims,” The Times of India,

November 28, 2008.

15. Jackie Northam, Steve Inskeep. “Who's Responsible For The Mumbai Attacks?,” NPR, November 28, 2008, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=97583141.

16. Amaresh Misra. “Mumbai and India Under Attack,”

Ikhwan Web, November 26, 2008,

http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?

ID=18774&SectionID=100.

17. Kampeas, “Mumbai terrorists targeted Jews, Israelis.”

18. “The Holtzbergs—Not ‘Ultra' and Not Missionaries,” The Breath of the Beast Blogspot, November 28, 2008.

19. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008.

20. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 77-85, 433-461, 628­659.

21. Ibid., pp. 200-201, 687.

22. Sri Ram Sharma. The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emperors, New Delhi, 1940/1988, pp. 17-27, 49.

23. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 201.

24. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 32-33, 164.

25. Ibid., pp. 35, 44-52, 76-164, 481-612, 653-662.

26. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 200-201.

27. Simone Weichselbaum, Matthew Lysiak, Jotham Sederstrom. “Friends and family worry over rabbi and wife held hostage in Mumbai,” The New York Daily News, November 27, 2008, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-11- 27/news/17910813 1 rabbi-gavriel-holtzberg-mumbai- female-hostage.

28. Andrew Bostom. “End the Moral Idiocy on Kashmir,”

www.AndrewBostom.org, July 10, 2008, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/07/10/end-the- moral-idiocy-on-kashmir/.

29. “Land Transfer to Hindu Site Inflames Kashmir’s Muslims,” The New York Times, June 28, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/28/world/asia/28kashmir.ht ml? r=1&scp=3&sq=Kashmir&st=nyt&oref=slogin.

30. “And the world remained silent - part 1 on Kashmiri Pandits” [Uploaded by logical0099 on Dec 10, 2008]; “And the world remained silent - part 2 (on Kashmiri Pandits)” [Uploaded by taatyavinchoo on Sep 17, 2006] part 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzLmq5kd9ZQ, part 2: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u2vsztUdkpU.

31. “And the world remained silent - part 1 on Kashmiri Pandits.”

32. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad Abettors: Our ‘Marshmallow’ Pakistani ‘Allies,’” www.AndrewBostom.org, July 27, 2008.

33. Andrew Bostom. “See No Jihad And Our Failed

Pakistan Policy,” Big Peace, October 8, 2011,

http://bigpeace.com/abostom/2011/10/08/see-no-jihad-and- our-failed-pakistan-policy/.

Security expert Praveen Swami’s illuminating essay, “God’s Soldiers: Pakistan Army’s Ideology,” (The Hindu, October 7, 2011), http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/article2515374.ece, reiterated why the feckless US policy toward Pakistan was doomed to failure:

The Pakistan army’s jihadist commitment is not merely a tactical tool to project influence or win legitimacy: it is, instead, the paradigm through which the institution comprehends the world and seeks to shape it. The jihadists the U.S. hopes to bribe and cajole the Pakistan army to abandon are in fact soldiers of the nation the institution seeks to build—a dystopia that dollars, ironically enough, will continue to underwrite.

34. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 77-85, 433-458, 529­553, 628-651.

35. K. S. Lal. Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, 1000-1800, Delhi, 1973, pp. 211-217.

36. Koenraad Elst. Negationism in India—Concealing the Record of Islam, Delhi, 1992.

37. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 81.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid., pp. 81-82.

40. Ibid., p. 82.

41. Ibid., pp. 82, 634-635.

42. Lal, Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, 1000-1800, p. 131.

43. Ibid., pp. 131-132.

44. Ibid., p. 132.

45. K. S. Lal. Return to Roots—Emancipation of Indian Muslims, New Delhi, 2002, p. 31.

46. K. S. Lal. Indian Muslims: Who Are They?, New Delhi 1990, [online version] http://voi.org/books/imwat/index.htm Chapter 3, “Proselytization in Provincial Muslim Kingdoms” http://voi.org/books/imwat/ch3.htm.

47. Jennie Lebel. The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin el- Husseini and National Socialism, Belgrade, 2007; John Roy Carlson. Cairo to Damascus, New York, 1951, Chapter 22, “Das Arabische Büro: Der Grossmufti,” pp. 401-423.

48. Carlson, Cairo to Damascus, p. 423.

49. Andrew Bostom. “Islam’s Jew-Hating Hadith Matter Today,” www.AndrewBostom.org, October 1, 2008; Hajj Amin made an especially important contribution to the German war effort in Yugoslovia where the Bosnian Muslim SS units he recruited (in particular the Handzar Division) brutally suppressed local Nazi resistance movements. The Mufti’s pamphlet titled, “Islam and the Jews,” was published by the Nazis in Croatian and German for distribution during the war to these Bosnian Muslim SS units. [See Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin el-Husseini and National Socialism, pp. 313-319]. This incendiary document hinged upon anti-Semitic motifs from the Koran (for example, 5:82) and the hadith (including Muhammad’s alleged poisoning by a Khaybar Jewess), and concluded with the apocalyptic canonical hadith describing the Jews’ annihilation.

50. The following biographical sketch of Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi is from Andrew Bostom, “Why Do 78% of Pakistani Muslims Favor Killing ‘Apostates’ From Islam?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, September 22, 2009.

A graduate of the Darul Ulum Deoband, Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi (1898-1976), taught for twenty-seven years until 1943. During this period, approximately thirty thousand students from all over the world experienced his discourses. He also managed the Darul Ifta department of Darul Ulum Deoband, where juristic questions from across the world were discussed, and served as the Grand Mufti of India prior to the Partition of India. After the creation of Pakistan in 1947, Mufti Muhammad Shafi moved to Karachi, where he established Darul Ulum Karachi in 1950. After only a few months, it had more than two thousand students. His two sons, Mufti Muhammad Rafi Uthmani and Justice (R) Mufti Muhammad Taqi Uthmani currently teach at the institute. Mufti Muhammad Shafi is the author of “Ma’ariful Qur’an [Koran],” which is the best-known work of tafsir (Koranic commentary) in Urdu. He also wrote more than three hundred books. In addition to his literary works, Mufti Muhammad Shafi broadcasted tafsir of the Koran on Radio Pakistan for a number of years.

51. For a discussion of this central motif of Koranic Jew- hatred, see Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp.

34-38, 221-225; Mufti Shafi’s commentary on Koran 2:61 is extracted from Maariful Quran, English translation by Muhammad Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shamin, Maktaba- e-Darul Uloom, 1998, Vol. 1, pp. 224-227.

52. Jadunath Sarkar. “The Condition of Hindus under Muslim Rule,” The Hindusthan Standard, Calcutta, Puja Annual (Deepavali special) 1950.

53. From The Religion of Peace,

http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/, daily tracker of jihadist activity recording, late November, 2008; as of October 13, 2011 the site had recorded 17,852 jihadist attacks since September 11, 2011.

8. JIHAD AND GENOCIDAL ISLAMIC ANTI-SEMITISM IN SHI’ITE IRAN

Source note: originally published at Pajamas Media, February 4, 2010.

1 “Report: U.S. accelerates missile defenses in Persian Gulf,” Haaretz, January 29, 2010,

http://www.haaretz.com/news/report-u-s-accelerates-missile- defenses-in-persian-gulf-1.262427.

2. Moshe Sharon. “We only get one strike,” The Jerusalem Post, July 16, 2008, http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op- EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=107903.

3. Benny Morris. “Using bombs to stave off war,” The New

York Times, July 18, 2008,

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/18/opinion/18morris.html?

r=1&sq=Benny%20Morris&st =cse&oref=slogin&scp=1&pagewanted=print.

4. Middle East Media Research Institute. October 8, 2009,

Special Dispatch No. 2591 “Hizbullah Secretary General Hassan Nasrallah on Al-Quds Day: ‘Israel Must Be Wiped Out Of Existence’”

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3698.htm.

5. Ibid.

6. Andrew G. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, 2008, Amherst, NY, pp. 130-140, 331-334,563-572.

7. Ibid., pp. 141-143.

8. Ibid., pp. 141-149.

9. Ibid., p.149.

10. Ibid., pp. 31-32, 34-35, 57-63, 221-228, 235-262, 299­314,481-488.

11. Andrew G. Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008.

12. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism.

13. Ibid., pp. 34-76, 209-314.

14. Ibid., pp. 63,246.

15. Bostom, Legacy of Jihad, pp. 24-124.

16. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 148-149.

17. Document declassified and released under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 2006, PL105-246 State Department Telegram 1763/Embassy (Cairo) Telegram 1256 D441214. English translation (by the US embassy) of two fatwas written by the grand mufti of Egypt, Sheikh Hasan Ma'moun, January 5, 1956, and another dated January 9, 1956, signed by the leading members of the Fatwa Committee of Al Azhar, that is, its chairman and ex-mufti of Egypt, and major representatives of all four Islamic schools of jurisprudence, the ex-sheikh of the Shari’a College (Shafi'i sect), Mahmoud Shaltout (Hanafi sect), the director of Religious Guidance (Maliki Sect), and the director of the Azhar Inspectorate (Hanbali sect), and published the following days in the Egyptian newspaper, Al Ahram.

18. Bostom, Legacy of Jihad, pp. 174-181.

19. Ibid., pp. 147-160.

20. Ibid., p. 161.

21. Ibid., p. 199.

22. Ibid., pp. 205-212.

23. Ibid., p. 28.

24. Ibid., p. i.

25. Ibid., p. ii.

26. Muhammad Lateef al-Sobki. “Al-Jihad in Islam,” pp. 157ff., The Fourth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, September, 1968. English translation, Cairo, 1970.

27. Bostom, Legacy of Jihad, pp. ii-iii, 25, 38-39.

28. Ibid., p.248.

29. Ibid., p.161.

30. Ibid., p. 28.

31. Ibid., p.26.

32. Ibid., pp. 28, 37-93.

33. Ibid., p. 226.

34. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism.

35. Ibid., p. 144.

36. Bostom, Legacy of Jihad, pp. 192-195.

37. Ibid., p. iv.

38. Ibid., pp. 29-37.

39. Ibid., p. 199.

40. Ibid., p. 173, note 6: “A genizah or geniza (Hebrew: ‘storage’; plural: genizot) is the store-room or depository in a synagogue, usually for worn-out Hebrew-language books and papers on religious topics that were stored there before they could receive a proper cemetery burial, it being forbidden to throw away writings containing the name of God (even personal letters and legal contracts could open with an invocation of God). But in practice, genizot also contained writings of a secular nature, with or without the customary opening invocation, and also contained writings in other languages that use the Hebrew alphabet (Judeo-Arabic, Judeo- Persian, Ladino, Yiddish). The Cairo Geniza is an accumulation of almost two hundred thousand Jewish manuscripts that were found in the genizah of the Ben Ezra synagogue (built 882) of Fostat, Egypt (now Old Cairo), the Basatin cemetery east of Old Cairo, and a number of old documents that were bought in Cairo in the later 19th century. These documents were written from about 870 to as late as 1880 CE.”

41. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 170-171.

42. Ibid., pp. 130-140.

43. Ibid., p. 140.

44. Ibid., p. 130.

45. Ibid.

46. Bostom, Legacy of Jihad, pp. 216-220, 687.

47. Ibid., pp. 216ff

48. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 134.

49. Bostom, Legacy of Jihad, pp. 219-220.

50. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 130-140.

51. Ibid., p. 137.

52. Ibid., p. 141.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid., pp. 141-142.

55. Ibid., p. 142.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Andrew G. Bostom. “Is Shi’ism the Iranian Regime’s ‘Achilles’ Heel’”?, The American Thinker, December 26, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/12/is shiism the irani an regimes.html.

62. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 142.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid., p. 144.

65. Ibid.

66. Ibid.

67. Ibid., p. 145.

68. Ibid.

69. Ibid., pp. 34-35.

70. Andrew G. Bostom “Confronting Hamas’ Genocidal Jew-Hatred,” The American Thinker, January 02, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/confronting hamas genocidal je.html.

71. Andrew G. Bostom. “Antisemitism in the Qur’an: Motifs and Historical Manifestations,” Scholars for Peace in the Middle East (SPME), http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi? ID=3861, April 7, 2008; full text available at: http://europenews.dk/en/node/9163.

72. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 144-145.

73. Bostom, “Antisemitism in the Qur’an: Motifs and Historical Manifestations.”

74. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 40-41.

75. Ibid., pp. 37-39.

76. Ibid., p. 35.

77. Ibid.

78. Ibid.

79. Ibid., pp. 74, 229, 232-234.

80. Ibid., pp. 294-295.

81. Ibid., p. 143.

82. Ibid., pp. 66-74, 265-278, 283-287.

83. Ibid.

84. Ibid., p. 54.

85. Ibid., pp. 66-76, 229, 231, 233.

86. Salo Baron. “The Historical Outlook of Maimonides,” Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, vol. 6, 1934-35, p. 82; Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p.21.

87. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 66-76.

88. Ibid., pp. 235-260.

89. Ibid., p.63.

90. Ibid., p.63.

91. Andrew G. Bostom, “Confronting Hamas’ Genocidal Jew-Hatred.”

92. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 63.

93. Ibid.

94. Ibid.

95. Ibid.

96. Sharon, “We only get one strike.”

97. Bostom, Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 168, 617.

98. Ibid., p. 149.

99. Ibid.

100. Ibid.

101. Ibid.

102. Ibid., p. 150.

103. Ibid.

9. LARA LOGAN’S RAPE AND EGYPTIAN MUSLIM JEW-HATRED

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, February 17, 2011.

1. Michael Shain, Don Kaplan, Kate Sheehy. “CBS reporter’s Cairo nightmare—Lara Logan set upon by mob in brutal sex attack,” The New York Post, February 16, 2011, http://www.nypost.eom/p/news/international/cbs reporter cair o nightmare pXiUVvhwIDdCrbD95ybD5N#ixzz1aydLbiOQ.

2. Andrew Bostom. “Egypt: ‘Lost,’ or Found?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, February 2, 2011.

3. Andrew Bostom. “Lara Logan: ‘They (Egyptian

Democracy Advocates) Raped Me With Their Hands’,” www.AndrewBostom.org, April. 29, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/04/29/lara-logan- they-egyptian-democracy-advocates-raped-me-with-their- hands%E2%80%9D/. As noted in this blog:

Breaking her silence, Lara Logan (aptly) categorizes her own 2/11/11 “sexual assault” by some 200 to 300 Egyptian democracy advocates as a merciless, extended rape.

For an extended period of time, they raped me with their hands.. My clothes were torn to pieces.. What really struck me was how merciless they were. They really enjoyed my pain and suffering. It incited them to more violence.

Ms. Logan also acknowledges her own ignorance of the violent misogyny characteristic of Egyptian Muslim society, noting,

I would have paid more attention to it if I had had any sense of it...When women are harassed and subjected to this in society, they’re denied an equal place in that society. Public spaces don’t belong to them. Men control it. It reaffirms the oppressive role of men in the society.

Logan concludes with a chilling anecdote which illuminates the rape culture endemic in Egypt, and her relative good fortune:

Among the letters she received, she said, was one from a woman who lives in Canada who was raped in the back of a taxi in Cairo in early February [2011], amid the protests there. “That poor woman had to go into the airport begging people to help her,” Ms. Logan recalled. When she returned home, “her family told her not to talk about it.” Ms. Logan said that as she read the letter, she started to sob. “It was a reminder to me of how fortunate I was,” she said.

4. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, p. 669.

5. Ibid., p. 31.

6. Ibid., p. 32.

7. Richard P Mitchell. The Society of the Muslim Brothers, London, Oxford University Press, 1969; Hasan al-Banna. Translated by Charles Wendell. Five tracts of Hasan al-Banna a selection from the Majmu at Rasa'il al-Imam al-Shahid Hasan al-Banna, Berkeley, CA, 1978.; Brynjar Lia. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt—The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942, Reading, UK, 1998.

8. Saul S. Friedman. A History of the Middle East, Jefferson, NC, 2006, p. 142.

9. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 39.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid., pp. 39-40.

14. Ibid., pp. 150-152, 154-160, 168-169, 619-625, 679.

15. Document declassified and released by the under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 2006, PL105-246 State Department Telegram 1763/Embassy (Cairo) Telegram 1256 D441214. English translation (by the US embassy) of two fatwas, one written by the grand mufti of Egypt, Sheikh Hasan Ma’moun, January 5, 1956, and another dated January 9, 1956, signed by the leading members of the Fatwa Committee of Al Azhar, that is, its chairman and ex-mufti of Egypt, and major representatives of all four Islamic schools of jurisprudence, the ex-Sheikh of the Shari’a College (Shafi’i sect), Mahmoud Shaltout (Hanafi sect), the director of Religious Guidance (Maliki Sect), and the director of the Azhar Inspectorate (Hanbali sect), and published the following days in the Egyptian newspaper, Al Ahram.

16. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement -

Hamas,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 14, 2006, Special Dispatch No.1092,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1609.htm# ednref

5.

17. English translation (by the US embassy) of a fatwa written by the grand mufti of Egypt, Sheikh Hasan Ma’moun, January 5, 1956.

18. Rivka Yadlin. An Arrogant Oppressive Spirit—Anti­Zionism as Antisemitism in Egypt, Jerusalem, Israel, 1989.

19. Michael Slackman. “Egyptians Seethe Over Gaza, and Their Leaders Feel Heat,” The New York Times, January 9, 2009, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/10/world/middleeast/10cairo.html?

r=1&scp=1&sq=%22Egyptians%20Seethe%20Over%20Gaz a,%20and%20Their%20Leaders%20Feel%20Heat%22&st=cs e.

20. Andrew G. Bostom. “Antisemitism in the Qur’an: Motifs and Historical Manifestations,” Scholars for Peace in the Middle East (SPME), http://spme.net/cgi-bin/articles.cgi? ID=3861, April 7, 2008; Full text available at: http://europenews.dk/en/node/9163.

21. Slackman, “Egyptians Seethe Over Gaza, and Their Leaders Feel Heat.”

22. “Former Al-Azhar Fatwa Committee Head Sets Out the

Jews’ 20 Bad Traits As Described in the Qur’an,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, April 6, 2004, Special Dispatch No. 691,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1102.htm.

23. Ibid.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. The Fourth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Cairo, 1970.

27. Sylvia Haim. “Islam and the Theory of Arab Nationalism,” Die Welt Des Islams, 1955, Vol. 2, p. 149. Haim notes,

Another feature of the modern doctrine which fits in with the Muslim past is the emphasis which both of them lay on communal solidarity, discipline and cooperation. The umma in Islam is a solidary entity, and its foremost duty is to answer the call of the jihad [emphasis added]. This brings us to the third feature which both modern and ancient systems have in common, to wit the glorification of one’s own group. The traditional attitude of the Muslims to the outside world is one of superiority, and the distinction between the Dar al-harb, Dar al-Islam, and Dar as-sulh, is an ever present one in the mind of the Muslim jurist. It may therefore be said in conclusion of this modern doctrine of nationalism, that although it introduces into Islam features which may not accord with strict orthodoxy, it is the least incompatible perhaps of modern European doctrines with the political thought and political experience of Sunni Islam. [Emphasis added.]

28. Sheikh Abd Allah Al Meshad. “Jews' Attitude Towards Islam and Muslims in the First Islamic Era,” in The Fourth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, Cairo, 1970, pp. 461-464.

29. Andrew G. Bostom. “A Study in Contrasts: Benedict, Tantawi, and the Jews.” The National Review Online, April 23, 2008, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/224253/study- contrasts/andrew-g-bostom#; “The death of Al-Azhar Sheikh Mohamed Sayed Tantawi, a heart attack,” All Voices.com, March 10, 2010, http://www.allvoices.com/contributed- news/5375571-the-death-of-alazhar-sheikh-mohamed-sayed- tantawi-a-heart-attack.

30. “Former Al-Azhar Fatwa Committee Head Sets Out the Jews' 20 Bad Traits As Described in the Qur'an.”

31. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 33.

32. Bostom. “A Study in Contrasts: Benedict, Tantawi, and the Jews.”

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 33.

36. “Mixed Views of Hamas and Hezbollah in Largely Muslim Nations,” The Pew Global Attitudes Project, February 4, 2010, p. 23, http://www.pewglobal.org/files/pdf/268.pdf.

37. “CBS reporter's Cairo nightmare—Lara Logan set upon by mob in brutal sex attack.”

10: EGYPTIAN ISLAMO-NAZISM AND “OMAR AMIN” VON LEERS

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, May 30, 2011.

1. “After fall of Mubarak, group announces intent to form Nazi party,” Almasry Alyoum, May 25, 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/451086.

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. John Rosenthal. “German Neo-Nazis View Islamists as

Allies,” Pajamas Media.com, October 10, 2008,

http://pjmedia.com/blog/german-neo-nazis-view-islamists-as- allies/.

6. RECHTSEXTREMISMUS. “Neonazis verteidigen Islam gegen Bürgerbewegung Pro Koln,” October 2, 2008, http://www.hamburg.de/schlagzeilen/ 615734/ neonazis- verteidigen-islam.html.

7. Rosenthal, “German Neo-Nazis View Islamists as Allies.”

8. “Neonazis verteidigen Islam gegen Bürgerbewegung Pro Koln.”

9. Rosenthal, “German Neo-Nazis View Islamists as Allies.”

10. “After fall of Mubarak, group announces intent to form Nazi party.”

11 Rosenthal, “German Neo-Nazis View Islamists as Allies.”

12. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008.

13. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008.

14. For biographical information on al-Mashriqi, see W. C. Smith, Modern Islam in India London, 1944, pp. 235-45; J. M. S. Baljon, Modern Muslim Koran Interpretation, Leiden, 1961, pp. 10-13, and Markus Daeschel, “Scientism and its discontents: the indo-muslim “fascism” of inayatullah khan al- mashriqi*,” Modern Intellectual History, 2006, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 443-472.

15. Daeschel, “Scientism and its discontents: the indo­muslim “fascism” of inayatullah khan al-mashriqi*,” p. 452.

16. Baljon, Modern Muslim Koran Interpretation, p. 12.

17. Daeschel, “Scientism and its discontents: the indo­muslim “fascism” of inayatullah khan al-mashriqi*,” pp. 452­453.

18. Ibid., section titled, “Prophet of a scientific Islam,” pp. 453-462.

19. Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 37-60, 368-373, 383­440, 589-603.

20. Daeschel, “Scientism and its discontents: the indo­muslim “fascism” of inayatullah khan al-mashriqi*,” section titled, “Prophet of a scientific Islam,” pp. 453-462.

21. Adolf Hitler. Mein Kampf Reynal and Hitchcock

translation, 1941, pp. 169-179,

http://www.archive.org/stream/meinkampf035176mbp/meinka mpf035176mbp djvu.txt.

22. Daeschel, “Scientism and its discontents: the indo­muslim “fascism” of inayatullah khan al-mashriqi*,” section entitled, “Prophet of a scientific Islam,” pp. 453-462.

23. Albert Speer. Inside the Third Reich, New York, 1997, p. 96. His “contrition” aside, however, a recently discovered letter (Kate Connolly. “Letter Proves Speer Knew of Holocaust Plan” The Guardian, March 13, 2007) indicates that despite repeated claims he was unaware of Nazi plans to exterminate the Jews, Speer attended a conference in 1943 where Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS and Gestapo, made clear the Nazi regime's genocidal program during what has become known as the Posen speech. Writing in 1971 to Helen Jeanty, widow of a Belgian resistance leader, Speer admitted,

There is no doubt—I was present as Himmler announced on October 6, 1943 that all Jews would be killed....Who would believe me that I suppressed this, that it would have been easier to have written all of this in my memoirs?

24. Jennie Lebel. The Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el- Husseini and National Socialism, translated from Serbian by Paul Munch, Belgrade, 2007, p. 242.

25. Ibid.

26. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 24.

27. Ibid., pp. 664-674.

28. Andrew Bostom. “The Jihad Genocide of the Armenians,” The American Thinker, April 22, 2005, http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/04/the jihad genocide

of the arme.html.

29. Ibid.

30. Vahakn Dadrian. The history of the Armenian genocide: ethnic conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus, 1995/2003, Providence, RI, pp. 402ff.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el-Husseini and National Socialism, pp. 193, 242-243, 255.

34. Ibid., p. 255.

35. Ibid.; for a discussion of the historical Ottoman devshirme-janissary system, see Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 87-88, 555-565.

36. Ibid., p. 243.

37. Congressional Record, 1922 House of Representatives, National Home for the Jewish People, June 30, 1922, House Resolution 360 (Rept. NO. 1172), http://www.mythsandfacts.com/article view.asp? articleID=100.

38. I.A. Abbady. “Will Massacre All Zionists, Said Mufti 30 Years Ago,” The New York Post, December 29, 1947; see also, Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. pp. 92, 180 note 73, 188 note 439. Musa Kazem el-Husseini, former governor of Jaffa during the final years of the Ottoman rule and president of the Arab (primarily Muslim) Palestinian Congress, demanded restoration of the sharia in a 1920 letter to the British high commissioner, Herbert Samuels:

No individual or Government has any right to represent the country in legislating laws because the country is better acquainted with its own needs and because laws, as Jurists state, are the reflection of the people's spirit and because [Ottoman] Turkey has drafted such laws as suit our customs. This was done relying upon the Shari'a (Religious Law), in force in Arabic territories, that is engraved in the very hearts of the Arabs and has been assimilated in their customs and that has been applied, in the modern [Arab] states..We therefore ask the British government...that it should respect these laws [i.e., the sharia].that were in force under the Turkish regime.

39. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 94.

40. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el-Husseini and National Socialism, pp. 189-190.

41. Ibid., pp. 311-319.

42. Jan Wanner, in, “Amin al-Husayni and Germany’s Arab Policy in the Period 1939-1945,” Archiv Orientalni Vol. 54, 1986, p. 244.

43. Ibid., p. 243.

44. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 95.

45. Wolfgang G. Schwanitz. “Amin al-Husaini and the Holocaust. What Did the Grand Mufti Know?,” World Politics Review.com, May 8, 2008, http://www.worldpolitic sreview.com/articles/2082/amin-al-husaini-and-the-holocaust- what-did-the-grand-mufti-know.

46. Stan Goodenough. “Nazis, Arabs planned Final Solution for pre-state Israel,” Jerusalem Newswire.com, April 10, 2006, http://www.jnewswire.com/article/30.

47. Klaus-Michael Mallmann, Martin Cüppers. “Elimination of the Jewish National Home in Palestine: The Einsatzkommando of the PanzerArmy Africa, 1942,” Yad Vashem Studies, 2007, vol. 35, pp. 111-142, http://www1.yadvashem.org/about holocaust/studies/vol35/M allmann-Cuppers2.pdf.

48. Lebel, The Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin el-Husseini and National Socialism, pp. 283-310; Haj Amin El-Husseini. Records of the Army Staff (Record Group 319), Investigative Records Repository (IRR), Personal Name Files, 1939-1976, XE001076/090F, in 270/84/01/01 - 270/84/19/07, National Archives in College Park, Maryland, http://www.archives.gov/iwg/declassified-records/rg-319- army-staff/irr-personal-e-f.html.

49. Souad Mekhennet, Nicholas Kulish. “Uncovering Lost

Path of the Most Wanted Nazi,” The New York Times, February 4, 2009,

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. Ibid.

53. Ibid.

54. Ibid.

55. See: “Islam and Judaism through the Centuries,” translated by David Kneip, from: Johannes von Leers, “Islam und Judentum im Laufe der Jahrhunderte,” Der Deutsche Erzieher, 1938, vol. 5, December, pp. 427-429; “Judaism and Islam as Opposites,” translated by Steven Rendall, from: Johann von Leers, “Judentum und Islam als Gegensatze,” Die Judenfrage in Politik, Reicht, and Wirtschaft, Vol. 6, No. 24, December 24, 1942, pp. 275-278; Gregory Paul Wegner. “A Propagandist of Extermination: ‘Johann von Leers and the Anti-Semitic Formation of Children in Nazi Germany’,” Paedagogica Historica, 2007, 43:3, 299-325. As Wegner notes (p. 319, note 63), “The largest collection of writings in the Nazi popular press on Moslem religion and Islamic culture by Johann von Leers [JvL] is found in the Sonderarchiv of the Russian State Military Archive under Fond 1283K JvL, No. 1, folder 25.” I was able to obtain Von Leers’s unpublished essay from this archival collection (which was translated for me by David Kneip), titled, “Philosophies of Peace and War in Islam,” written in 1942-1943; see also NARA, Record Group 263, Box 32. Information Report. “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel. August 28-September 9, 1958.” CIA files declassified in 2001 under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB150/cia na mesfiles nara.pdf.

56. Cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, pp. 154-155.

57. Ibid., p. 155.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid., pp. 613-618.

60. Von Leers, “Islam and Judaism through the Centuries” and “Judaism and Islam as Opposites”; Wegner, “A Propagandist of Extermination”; and “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel.”

61. Cited in Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 613-618.

62. Cited in Bernard Lewis. Semites and Antisemites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice, New York and London, 1986, p. 207.

63. Thompson (Harold K.) Collection, 1932-1993, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, http://content.cdlib.org/view? docId=tf167n985d&doc.view=entire text.

64. Von Leers, “Islam and Judaism through the Centuries” and “Judaism and Islam as Opposites.”

65. “Judaism and Islam as Opposites.”

66. “Islam and Judaism through the Centuries.”

67. Ibid.

68. “Judaism and Islam as Opposites.”

69. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 31-76, 209-312.

70. “Judaism and Islam as Opposites.”

71. Andrew Bostom. “Confronting Hamas' Genocidal Jew- Hatred,” The American Thinker, January 2, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/confronting hamas genocidal je.html.

72. “Judaism and Islam as Opposites.”

73. Ibid.

74. Waldemar Gurian. “Hitler: The Simplifier of German Nationalism,” The Review of Politics, 1945, Vol. 7, No. 3, p. 317.

75. Karl Barth. The Church and the Political Problem of Our Day, New York, 1939, p. 43.

76. John Roy Carlson. Cairo to Damascus, New York, 1951.

77. Ibid., p. 116.

78. Ibid., p. 117.

79. Ibid., p. 89.

80. Brynjar Lia. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt—The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942, Reading, UK, 1998, p. 80.

81. Ibid.

82. Von Leers, “Philosophies of Peace and War in Islam.”

93. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 125-250.

84. Von Leers, “Philosophies of Peace and War in Islam.”

85. Ibid.

86. Al-Mahali and Al-Suyuti. Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, English translation by Aisha Bewley, London, 2007, p. 390, regarding Koran 8:55, states plainly:

The worst of animals in the sight of Allah are those who disbelieve and so do not believe, this was revealed about the Banu Qurayza. [Emphasis added].

87. Von Leers, “Philosophies of Peace and War in Islam.”

88. Wegner, “A Propagandist of Extermination.”

89. “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel.”

90. Von Leers, “Islam and Judaism through the Centuries” and “Judaism and Islam as Opposites”; Wegner, “A Propagandist of Extermination”; and “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel.”

91. Andrew Bostom. “The First and Last Enemy: Jew- Hatred in Islam,” The American Thinker, October 19, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/10/the first and last e nemy jewha.html.

92. Andrew Bostom. “Brothers of Invention?,” FrontPageMagazine.com, November 30, 2007,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=29031.

93. “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel.”

94. Andrew Bostom. “Qaradawi and The Treason of the Intellectuals,” The American Thinker, February 22, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/02/qaradawi and the t reasonofth.html.

11. UNDERSTANDING THE JIHAD AGAINST ISRAEL AND AMERICA

Source note: original version published at Pajamase Media.com, June 24, 2011.

1. John Eibner. “My Career Redeeming Slaves,” The Middle East Quarterly, December 1999, Vol. 6, No. 4. http://www.meforum.org/449/my-career-redeeming-slaves.

2. “Hamas Cleric Muhsen Abu ‘Ita: The Annihilation of the Jews in Palestine One of the Most Splendid Blessings,” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xHsSb854f0Q.

3. Andrew Bostom. “Ecumenical Editing of the Navy's

Muslim Sea Burial Prayer Service,” www.AndrewBostom.org, May 12, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/05/12/ecumenical- editing-of-the-navy%E2%80%99s-muslim-sea-burial-prayer- service/. Included herein, the essay contains copious evidence across thirteen centuries confirming this classical, mainstream exegesis (or interpretation) of Koran 1:7.

4. “Hamas Cleric Muhsen Abu ‘Ita: The Annihilation of the Jews in Palestine One of the Most Splendid Blessings.”

5. “Hamas MP/Cleric's Friday Sermon: We Will Conquer

Rome, the Two Americas, and Eastern Europe,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, April 14, 2008, Special Dispatch No.1895,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2727.htm.

6. See for example, this description of Hamas as a noble

“national liberation” and “social transformation” movement, devoid of global jihadist aspirations, and Jew-annihilationist aspirations rooted in Islamic eschatology. Robert Malley and Hussein Agha, “Hamas Steps into a Complex Landscape,” published January 24, 2006,

http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/middle-east-north- africa/israel-palestine/hamas-steps-into-a-complex- landscape.aspx:

Unlike Fatah, its agenda was not one of national liberation through armed struggle and diplomacy alone. Its first priority was the Palestinian people's social and religious transformation....The best clue to its future lies in its past: It will concentrate on domestic issues, seek to demonstrate that its presence can improve daily life, reduce corruption, and tackle lawlessness, all the while maintaining its long-term objective of transforming society.

7. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement -

Hamas,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 14, 2006, Special Dispatch No.1092,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1609.htm# ednref 5.

8. Ibid.

9. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=003:112.

10. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:060.

11. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:078.

12. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=002:065.

13. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=007:166.

14. Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 37, Number 4322 http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/abudawud/037- sat.php.

15. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:064.

16. Aaron Klein. “Abbas urges: ‘Raise rifles against

Israel'—Media ignore Palestinian leader's call to arms and anti-Semitic claim Jews ‘corrupting world,'” WorldNet Daily, January 11, 2007. http://www.wnd.com/?

pageId=39656#ixzz1YDFMs1zu.

Koran 4:157—“and for their saying, ‘We slew the Messiah, Jesus son of Mary, the Messenger of God'—yet they did not slay him, neither crucified him, only a likeness of that was shown to them. Those who are at variance concerning him surely are in doubt regarding him; they have no knowledge of him, except the following of surmise; and they slew him not of a certainty —no indeed,”

http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=004:157.

Koran 4:158—“God raised him up to Him; God is All- mighty, All-wise,”

http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=004:158.

18. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, pp. 62-63.

19. The Middle East Media Research Institute Video Clip

#1722 - “Hamas Cleric Wael Al-Zarad Calls for the Annihilation of Jews and States: If Each Arab Spat on the Jews, They Would Drown in Arab Spit,” Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas/Gaza) - February 28, 2008,

http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1722.htm.

20. Koran 2:89-91—“When there came to them a Book from God, confirming what was with them—and they aforetimes prayed for victory over the unbelievers—when there came to them that they recognized, they disbelieved in it; and the curse of God is on the unbelievers. Evil is the thing they have sold themselves for, disbelieving in that which God sent down, grudging that God should send down of His bounty on whomsoever He will of His servants, and they were laden with anger upon anger; and for unbelievers awaits a humbling chastisement. And when they were told, ‘Believe in that God has sent down,’ they said, ‘We believe in what was sent down on us’; and they disbelieve in what is beyond that, yet it is the truth confirming what is with them. Say: ‘Why then were you slaying the Prophets of God in former time, if you were believers?’” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=002:089; http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=002:090; http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=002:091.

21. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas.”

22. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 63.

23. Ibid.

24. http://www.muslimaccess.com/sunnah/hadeeth/muslim/041.ht ml.

25. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas.”

26. Ibid.

27 *Added to original essay. Gil Hoffman. “6 in 10 Palestinians reject 2-state solution, survey finds—73% of 1,010 Palestinians in W. Bank, Gaza agree with ‘hadith’ quoted in Hamas Charter about the need to kill Jews hiding behind stones, trees” The Jerusalem Post, July 15, 2011, http://www.jpost.com/DiplomacyAndPolitics/Article.aspx? id=229493.

28. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas.”

29. Andrew Bostom. “Confronting Hamas’ Genocidal Jew- Hatred,” The American Thinker, January 2, 2009. http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/confronting hamas genocidal je.html. See David Littman’s biography at: http://www.dhimmitude.org/littman-biography.html.

30. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas.”

31. Ibid.

32. http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:064.

33. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas.”

34. Hasan al-Banna. Translated by Charles Wendell. Five tracts of Hasan al-Banna a selection from the Majmu at Rasa'il al-Imal-ShahidHasan al-Banna, Berkeley, CA, 1978.

35. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement - Hamas.”

36. Ibid.

37. Ibid.

38. Ibid.

39. Al Azhar University,

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/46851/al-Azhar- University.

40. Document declassified and released by the under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act, 2006, PL105-246 State Department Telegram 1763/Embassy (Cairo) Telegram 1256 D441214. English translation (by the US embassy) of two fatwas, one written by the grand mufti of Egypt, Sheikh Hasan Ma’moun, January 5, 1956, and another dated January 9, 1956, signed by the leading members of the Fatwa Committee of Al Azhar, that is, its chairman and ex-mufti of Egypt, and major representatives of all four Islamic schools of jurisprudence, the ex-sheikh of the Shari’a College (Shafi'i sect), Mahmoud Shaltout (Hanafi sect), the director of Religious Guidance (Maliki Sect), and the director of the Azhar Inspectorate (Hanbali sect), and published the following days in the Egyptian newspaper, Al Ahram.

41. “The death of Al-Azhar Sheikh Mohamed Sayed Tantawi, a heart attack,” All Voices.com, March 10, 2010, http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/5375571-the- death-of-alazhar-sheikh-mohamed-sayed-tantawi-a-heart- attack.

42. Koran 3:113—“Yet they are not all alike; some of the People of the Book are a nation upstanding, that recite God's signs in the watches of the night, bowing themselves,” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=003:113.

The classical Koranic commentator Ibn Kathir (d. 1373) provides support for Tantawi's contemporary interpretation of 3:113. Ibn Kathir (Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, Vol. 2, 2000, p. 246), wrote:

Muhammad bin Ishaq and others, including al-‘Awfi who reported from Ibn ‘Abbas, said; “These Ayat [verses] were revealed about the clergy of the People of the Scriptures who embraced the faith. For instance, there is Abdallah bin Salam, Asad bin ‘Ubayd, Tha'labah bin Sa'yah, Usayd bin Sa'yah, and so forth. This Ayah [3:113] means that those among the People of the Book

[Book = Bible] whom Allah rebuked earlier are not all the same as those among them who embraced Islam. [Emphasis added.]

43. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 33.

44. “The Meeting between the Sheik of Al-Azhar and the Chief Rabbi of Israel,” Middle East Media Research Institute, February 8, 1998, Special Report No. 2.

45. Aluma Solnick. “Based on Koranic Verses,

Interpretations, and Traditions, Muslim Clerics State: The Jews Are the Descendants of Apes, Pigs, And Other Animals,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Report No.11, November 1, 2002,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/754.htm.

46. “Leading Egyptian Government Cleric Calls For: ‘Martyrdom Attacks that Strike Horror into the Hearts of the Enemies of Allah,’” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Report No. 363, April 7, 2002, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/641.htm.

47. “The Meeting between the Sheik of Al-Azhar and the Chief Rabbi of Israel.”

48. Andrew Bostom. “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007.

49. Brynjar Lia. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt—The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942, Reading, UK, 1998, p. 80.

50. Five tracts of Hasan al-Banna a selection from the Majmu at Rasa'il al-Imam al-Shahid Oasan al-Banna, pp. 6-7.

51. *Added to original essay. Ibid., see Wendell’s comments, pp. 3-6.

52. Ibid., pp. 6-7.

53. Ibid. pp. 7-8.

54. Andrew Bostom. “Qaradawi and The Treason of the Intellectuals,” The American Thinker, February 22, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/02/qaradawi and the t reason of th.html.

55. “Al-Qaradawi Center for ‘Moderation,’” The Investigative Project on Terrorism News, September 17, 2009, http://www.investigativeproject.org/1420/al-qaradawi-center- for-moderation.

56. “Qaradawi and The Treason of the Intellectuals.”

57. Ibid.

58. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model,” The

Middle East Media Research Institute, July 26, 2001, Special Dispatch No.246.

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/484.htm.

59. Alexander Smoltczyk. “Islam’s Spiritual ‘Dear Abby’—

The Voice of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood,” Spiegel Online, February 15, 2011,

http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,745526,00.h tml.

60. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad in Europe: Past as Prologue?,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, February 20, 2006,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=5490.

61. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad terrorism in London,” The

American Thinker, July 8, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/07/jihad terrorism in l ondon.html.

62. “Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi Responds to Cartoons of Prophet

Muhammad: Whoever is Angered and Does Not Rage in Anger is a Jackass - We are Not a Nation of Jackasses,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 9, 2006, Special Dispatch No.1089,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1604.htm.

63. See Ask the Scholar, “Source of the Punishment of Apostasy,” Islamonline.net, 7/23/2003. In a later article by Qaradawi, (Dr. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, “Apostasy: Major and Minor,” Islamonline.net, April 13, 2006), he again emphasizes that the Islamic scholarly consensus upholding the death penalty for apostates, including the citation of Koran 2:217. [Note here is Qurtubi's classical, mainstream Islamic exegesis on 2:217, from Tafsir Al Qurtubi: Classical Commentary of the Holy Qur'an (Volume 1), translated by Aisha Bewley, p. 549: “Scholars disagree about whether or not apostates are asked to repent. One group say that they are asked to repent and, if they do not, they are killed. Some say they are given an hour and others a month. Others say that they are asked to repent three times, and that is the view of Malik. Al-Hasan said they are asked a hundred times. It is also said that they are killed without being asked to repent.”] Qaradawi adds in “Apostasy: Major and Minor” that public apostasy, such as Rifqa Bary exhibited in the nationwide media coverage of her case, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2009/08/31/rifqa- bary-and-the-noor-center%E2%80%99s- %E2%80%9Ctheology%E2%80%9D-of-apostasy/, is especially grave and constitutes a criminal act and treason against the Muslim umma. Islamonline moved its English website so these fatwas were reposted at OnIslam.net, here: http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the-scholar/crimes-and- penalties/apostasy/169569.html;

http://www.onislam.net/english/shariah/contemporary- issues/islamic-themes/413125.

64. “Sheikh Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler On the Jews to Punish Them-'Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of the Believers,'” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 3, 2009, Special Dispatch No. 2224, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3062.htm.

65. Andrew Bostom. “John Brennan: Witless for the

Defense,” The Washington Times, July 12, 2010,

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/12/john- brennan-witless-for-the-defense/.

66. The Religion of Peace website, http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/ maintains a conservative tally of jihadist attacks since September 11, 2001. As of September 18, 2011 the website recorded 17,756 attacks.

67. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2008, Author’s Preface, pp. i-ii.

68. Muhammad Abdul Lateef Al Sobki. “Al-Jihad in Islam,” in Proceedings of The Fourth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, September, 1968, Cairo, 1970, pp. 157-158.

69. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 64-76, 263-312.

70. Ibid., p. 54.

71. Ibid., pp. 62-64.

72. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model.”

73. The Legacy of Jihad, Author’s Preface, p. iii.

74. Joseph Schacht. An Introduction to Islamic Law, Oxford, 1964, p. 131.

75. “Al-Qaradhawi Speaks In Favor of Suicide Operations at an Islamic Conference in Sweden,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, July 24, 2003, Special Dispatch No. 542, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/914.htm.

76. The Legacy of Jihad, pp. ii-vii, 24-28, 37-65, 75-85, 383-524, 589-678.

77. Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, 1996, pp. 254ff.

78. Al-Tabari, The History of al-Tabari (Ta'rikh al rusul wa’l-muluk), vol. 12, The Battle of Qadissiyah and the Conquest of Syria and Palestine, translated by Yohanan Friedman, Albany, NY, 1992, p. 167.

79. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 37-65, 368-517, 529­572, 589-654, 675-681.

80. Ibid.

81. Ibid., p. viii.

82. “The Meeting between the Sheik of Al-Azhar and the Chief Rabbi of Israel” Middle East Media Research Institute

January 8, 1998.

83. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. viii-x, 29-37, 65-75, 127-135, 178-179, 193, 196-212, 216-220, 260-261.

84. Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 89.

85. “Muslim-Christian Tensions in the Israeli-Arab Community” Middle East Media Research Institute August 2, 1999.

86. “A Friday Sermon on PA TV:...‘We Must Educate our Children on the Love of Jihad.,'” Middle East Media Research Institute July 11, 2001.

87. The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, From the Signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace 10th September 1783, to the Adoption of the Constitution March 4, 1789, Vol. 1, Washington, 1837, p. 605.

88. Entitled by Lynn H. Parsons in John Quincy Adams- A

Bibliography, Westport, CT, 1993, p. 41, entry # 194, “Unsigned essays dealing with the Russo-Turkish War, and on Greece, written while JQA was in retirement, before his election to Congress in 1830.” I found the original untitled essay series in Chapters X-XIV, pp. 267-402, The American Annual Register for 1827-28-29, New York, 1830, and discussed them here: Andrew Bostom. “John Quincy Adams Knew Jihad,” FrontPageMagazine.com, September 29, 2004, http://archive.front________________________ pagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=11283.

89. Ibid.

90. Theodore Roosevelt. Fear God and Take Your Own Part, New York, 1916, p. 71.

91. *This material was added to the original essay. For detailed historical analyses of the Armenian genocide, and the mass killings of other Christian populations by the Turks during World War I, see respectively, Vahakn Dadrian, The History of the Armenian Genocide, Providence, RI, 1995/2004, and David Gaunt, Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia During World War I, Piscataway, NJ, 2006. Dadrian’s The History of the Armenian Genocide, pp. 179-184, describes the context of the April 1909 Adana massacres of twenty-five thousand Armenians by the Turks. See also my own essay, Andrew Bostom, “The Jihad Genocide of the Armenians,” The American Thinker, April 22, 2005, for an elucidation of how jihad ideology played an essential role in this genocide. Theodore Roosevelt’s comments were cited in George Horton, The Blight of Asia: An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; With a True Story of the Burning of Smyrna, Indianapolis, 1926, p. 233.

92. “Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda” WorldPublicOpinion.org at the University of Maryland, April 24, 2007, pp. 15-16. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/START A pr07 rpt.pdf.

93. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi. “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques,” The Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2011, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 59-72. http://www.meforum.org/2931/american-mosques.

94. Mohamed Akram. “An Explanatory Memorandum on

the General Strategic Goal for the Brotherhood in North America,” May 22, 1991. Translated at:

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/20.pdf.

95. Whittaker Chambers. Witness, New York/Washington, DC, 1952/2002, pp. 419-420.

PART 3: ISLAM, SHARIA, AND THE TREASON OF THE INTELLECTUALS

INTRODUCTORY QUOTES

1. Curtis Lemay. Mission With Lemay, New York, 1965, p. 420. Curtis Lemay (1906-1990), a remarkably innovative pilot and navigator, renowned for courageously leading his bomber formations from the front, is also widely regarded as the United States Air Force's greatest strategist and tactician. Lemay's efforts were critical in defeating both Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan with US airpower during World War II and deterring the Soviet Union in the post-World War II Cold War era by creating and leading the Strategic Air Command. Lemay has been chosen by the Air Force Academy Class of 2013 as its exemplar—a person worthy of emulation. Curtis Lemay. America is in Danger, New York, 1968, p. Introduction, p. xii.

2. Father Michel Hayek. From a lecture titled ‘Nouvelles approches de l'islam,' given on March 6, 1967, recorded in Les Conferences du Cenacle, Beirut, 1968, Nos. 9-10, XXII annee, p. 11. Reproduced in The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, p. 610, note 23, as quoted in Bat Ye'or, “The Dhimmi Factor in the Exodus of Jews from Arab Countries.” Hayek (1928-2005) was a Lebanese Maronite scholar who produced a corpus of work that included over forty published books, scores of treatises, and innumerable articles. His 1959 book Le Christ de L 'Islam has been republished in two revised editions and remains an important reference work. Following its initial publication in 1959—reflecting the profundity of his understanding—Father Hayek became a widely sought-after lecturer for talks and conferences on Muslim-Christian relations.

3. Gustave von Grunebaum. “Approaching Islam: A Digression,” Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2, (May, 1970), pp. 128-129, 141. See biographical discussion of von Grunebaum in general introductory quotes, note 9.

4. Maxime Rodinson. “The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam,” in The Legacy of Islam, edited by J. Schacht with C.E. Bosworth, London, 1974, p. 59. Rodinson (1915­2004) was a French Orientalist, sociologist, and Marxist historian. After studying oriental languages, Rodinson became a professor of Ethiopian at EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, in the Sorbonne, France) from 1955 till his retirement. He was the author of a large corpus of work, including a biography of Islam's prophet, Muhammad (2002) [original French publication, 1960], Marxism and the Muslim world (1982) [original French publication, 1972], and Europe and the Mystique of Islam (2002) [translation of La Fascination de l'Islam, 1980].

5. Karl Binswanger. Untersuchungen zum Status der Nichtmuslime im Osmanischen Reich des 16. Jahrhunderts : mit einer Neudefinition des Begriffes “Dimma,” München: R. Trofenik, 1977. Beiträge zur Kenntnis Südosteuropas und des Nahen Orients, 2. (Investigations on the Status of Non­Muslims in the Ottoman Empire of the 16th Century, With a New Definition of the Concept “Dhimma”), pp. 327-330, 401 (English translation by James Hodge). Binswanger was born in 1947 and studied at the Universitat Munchen (Munich) where he received a doctorate in 1977 for the thesis Investigations on the Status of Non-Muslims in the Ottoman Empire of the 16th Century, with a New Definition of the Concept “Dhimma,” a seminal, pioneering analysis of dhimmitude under Ottoman rule. He was a research fellow at the Institut fur Geschichte und Kultur des Nahen Ostens, Munich, from 1978 until 1980 and subsequently analyzed Islamic fundamentalism in Iran (“Das Selbstverständnis der Islamischen Republik Iran im Spiegel ihrer neuen Verfassung,” 1981), Syria (“Politischer islamischer Fundamentalismus⁴: das Beispiel der syrischen Muslimbruderschaft,” 1981), and within Germany itself (“Islamischer Fundamentalismus in der Bundesrepublik. Entwicklung-Bestandsaufnahme-Ausblick,” 1990).

6. Johannes J. G. Jansen. The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat s Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East, New York, 1986, pp. xxii, xiv. Jansen (1942—) obtained his doctorate in Arabic from the University of Leiden and worked in Egypt, where he was the director of the Dutch Institute in Cairo. Subsequently, he became an associate professor of Arabic and Islamic studies at Leiden University, and then through 2008, he was professor of modern Islamic thought at the University of Utrecht. Professor Jansen’s major works that have been translated into English include: The Interpretation of the Koran in Modern Egypt (1974), The Neglected Duty: The Creed of Sadat's Assassins and Islamic Resurgence in the Middle East (1986), and The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism (1997).

7. Arun Shourie. The World of Fatwas (Or The Shariah In Action), New Delhi, 1995, pp. 629, 654-655. Shourie (1941—) obtained a doctorate in economics from Syracuse University before becoming a renowned Indian journalist, editor of The Indian Express and The Times of India, and author of some twenty-six books. He is respected for his carefully researched and provocative writings, which have garnered several (Indian) national and international honors, including the Padma Bhushan, the Magsaysay Award, the Dadabhai Naoroji Award, the Astor Award, the K. S. Hegde Award, the International Editor of the Year Award, and The Freedom to Publish Award.

8. Charles Lindholm. The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change, Malden, Massachusetts, 2002, p. 79. Lindholm (1946—) has been a professor of anthropology at Columbia, Harvard, and currently Boston University. His writings include Generosity and Jealousy: The Swat Pukhtun of Northern Pakistan (1982) and The Islamic Middle East: Tradition and Change (1996/2002).

9. Philip Carl Salzman. Culture and Conflict in the Middle East, Prometheus Books, Amherst, N.Y., 2008, p. 140. Salzman (1940—), a professor of anthropology at McGill University, has conducted field research among pastoral peoples in Baluchistan (Iran), Rajasthan (India), and Sardinia (Italy). He has edited Contemporary Nomadic and Pastoral Peoples (1982) and Change and Development in Nomadic and Pastoral Societies (1981), and he has authored When Nomads Settle (1980) and Culture and Conflict in the Middle East (2008).

12: CARTOONISH DHIMMITUDE IN AMERICA

Source note: originally published at FrontpageMagazine.com, February 8, 2006.

1. Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais. The Figaro Trilogy: The Barber of Seville, The Marriage of Figaro, The Guilty Mother, English translation by David Coward, Oxford, 2003, p. 193.

2. “Cartoon outrage bemuses Denmark,” BBC News,

February 1, 2006,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2Zhi/europe/4669210.stm; “Downing Street statement on the weekend's cartoon demonstrations,” The Guardian, February 6, 2006,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2006/feb/06/immigrationpo licy.religion; “Four men jailed over cartoon demo,” BBC News, July 18, 2007,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk news/6904622.stm; Lorenzo Vidino. “Creating Outrage—Meet the imam behind the cartoon overreaction,” The National Review Online, February 6, 2006,

http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/vidino200602060735. asp.; “Danish Muslim Cartoons.”

3. James Langton, Justin Stares. “The Tinder Box,” The

Telegraph (London), February 5, 2006,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1509668/The-tinder- box.html.

4. Translation of Sahih Bukhari, Book 72,

http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/sunnah/bukhari/072.sbt.ht ml.

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 836: Narrated Aisha: I never used to leave in the Prophet house anything carrying images or crosses but he obliterated it.

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 837: Narrated Abu Zur'a: I entered a house in Medina with Abu Huraira, and he saw a man making pictures at the top of the house. Abu

Huraira said, “I heard Allah’s Apostle saying that Allah said, ‘Who would be more unjust than the one who tries to create the like of My creatures? Let them create a grain: let them create a gnat.’” Abu Huraira then asked for a water container and washed his arms up to his armpits. I said, “Oh Abu Huraira! Is this something you have heard I from Allah’s Apostle?” He said, “The limit for ablution is up to the place where the ornaments will reach on the Day of Resurrection.”

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 838: Narrated Aisha: Allah’s Apostle returned from a journey when I had placed a curtain of mine having pictures over (the door of) a chamber of mine. When Allah’s Apostle saw it, he tore it and said, “The people who will receive the severest punishment on the Day of Resurrection will be those who try to make the like of Allah’s creations.” So we turned it (i.e., the curtain) into one or two cushions.

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 839: Narrated Aisha: The Prophet returned from a journey when I had hung a thick curtain having pictures (in front of a door). He ordered me to remove it and I removed it. Aisha added: The Prophet and I used to take a bath from one container (of water).

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 840: Narrated Aisha: “I purchased a cushion with pictures on it. The Prophet (came and) stood at the door but did not enter. I said (to him), ‘I repent to Allah for what (the guilt) I have done.’ He said, ‘What is this cushion?’ I said, ‘It is for you to sit on and recline on.’ He said, ‘The makers of these pictures will be punished on the Day of Resurrection,’ and it will be said to them, ‘Make alive what you have created.

Moreover, the angels do not enter a house where there are pictures.’”

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 841: Narrated Abu Talha: Allah’s Apostle said, “Angels (of mercy) do not enter a house where there are pictures.’” The sub-narrator Busr added: “Then Zaid fell ill and we paid him a visit. Behold! There was, hanging at his door, a curtain decorated with a picture. I said to Ubaidullah Al- Khaulani, the step son of Maimuna, the wife of the Prophet, ‘Didn’t Zaid tell us about the picture the day before yesterday?’ Ubaidullah said, ‘Didn’t you hear him saying: ‘except a design in a garment?’”

Volume 7, Book 72, Number 842: Narrated Anas: “Aisha had a thick curtain (having pictures on it) and she screened the side of her house with it. The Prophet said to her, ‘Remove it from my sight, for its pictures are still coming to my mind in my prayers.’”

5. Langton, Stares. “The Tinder Box.”

6. Paul Belien. “Jihad Against Danish Newspaper,” The

Brussels Journal, October 22, 2005,

http://www.brusselsjournal.com/node/382.

7. Langton, Stares. “The Tinder Box.”

8. Anthony Browne. “Danish cartoonists fear for their lives,” The Times (London), February 4, 2006.

9. Langton, Stares. “The Tinder Box.

10. “U.S. blasts European newspapers for printing Prophet

caricatures,” The Daily Star, February 4, 2006,

http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/Feb/04/US- blasts-European-newspapers-for-printing-Prophet- caricatures.ashx#axzz1bdR4mrkv.

11. Debbie Elliot. “Drawing the Line on Offensive Images,” NPR—All Things Considered [transcript], February 4, 2006,

http://www.npr.org/tempiates/story/story.php? storyId=5189909.

12. Clifford May, Hugh Hewitt. “Were the Danish Cartoons ‘An Unnecessary Affront’?,” Opinion Duel, February 14, 2006, http://www.ciiffordmay.org/2017/were-the-danish- cartoons-an-unnecessary-affront.

13. Ibn Warraq. “Democracy in a Cartoon,” Der Spiegel,

February 3, 2006,

http://www.spiegei.de/internationai/0,1518,398853,00.htmi.

14. “Protests and caiis for vengeance spread across giobe,”

The Guardian, February 4, 2006,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/feb/04/pressandpubiish ing.cartoonprotests1.

15. Martin Waiker. “What’s funny about Isiam?,” UPI.com,

February 3, 2006,

http://www.upi.com/Business News/Security- Industry/2006/02/03/Waikers-Worid-Whats-funny-about- Isiam/UPI-97531139002989/.

16. “U.S. biasts European newspapers for printing Prophet caricatures.”

17. “Jordanian editors jaiied for pubiishing prophet

cartoons; censorship order in South Africa; attacks reported in Beirut,” International Freedom of Expression Exchange, February 7, 2006,

http://www.ifex.org/internationai/2006/02/07/jordanian editor s jaiied for pubiishing/.

18. Andrew Bostom. “Hirsi Aii: The Empowered Apostate,”

The American Thinker, May 27, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/05/hirsi aii the empo wered aposta.htmi.

19. Ibid.

20. “Van Gogh Murderer: Prophet Justifies My Deed,” NIS

News Bulletin, February 3, 2006,

http://www.nisnews.ni/pubiic/030206 1.htm.

21. Ali Dashti. 23 Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad, translated by F.R.C. Bagley, Costa Mesa, CA, 1994.

22. Ibid., p. 97.

23. Ibid., p. 100.

24. Mohammed Image Archive—Depictions of Mohammed

Throughout History,

http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed image archive/.

25. Ibid., http://www.zombietime.com/mohammed image archive/dant es inferno/.

26. W.H.T. Gairdner. “Mohammed without Camouflage:

Ecce Homo...... Arabicus,” The Moslem World, 1919, vol. 9,

pp. 25-57, http://www.answering- islam.org/Books/Gairdner/camouflage.htm.

27. Peter Allen. “Offices of French magazine torched after latest edition mocked Prophet Mohammed,” The Daily Mail, November 2, 2011, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article- 2056467/Charlie-Hebdo-French-magazines-offices-torched- mocks-Prophet-Mohammed.html#ixzz1cwplFdIP.

28. Ibid.

29. Henry Samuel. “French satirical newspaper firebombed

after prophet Mohammed announcement,” The Telegraph (London), November 2, 2011,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/88 64063/French-satirical-newspaper-Charlie-Hebdo-firebombed- after-prophet-Mohammed-announcement.html.

30. See Andrew Bostom, “Qaradawi and the Treason of the Intellectuals,” The American Thinker, February 22, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/02/qaradawi and the t reason of th.html, “The Jihadist Vision of Tunisia's New ‘Democratic' Leader,” The American Thinker, October 25, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/the jihadist vi sion of tunisias new democratic leader.html, and “Liberated

Libya: Al Qaeda Flag Aloft Benghazi’s Courthouse,” The American Thinker, October 29, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/liberated libya al qaeda flag aloft benghazis courthouse.html#ixzz1cwzps rjL.

31. Diana West. “Islam Bombs Satire in Paris to Enforce Sharia,” www.DianaWest.net, November 02, 2011, http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1938/Islam- Bombs-Satire-in-Paris-to-Enforce-Sharia.aspx.

32. Giulio Meotti. “Europe’s veil of fear,” Ynet.news.com,

November 5, 2011,

http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4144192,00.html.

33. “Face aux intimidations islamistes, que doit faire le

monde libre?” [“What should the free world do while facing Islamist intimidation?”] English translation at: Michelle Malkin, “The forbidden op-eds,” Michelle Malkin.com, September 29, 2006,

http://michellemalkin.com/2006/09/29/the-forbidden-op-eds/.

34. Ibid.

35. Ibid.

36. Meotti, “Europe’s veil of fear.”

37. Ibid.

13: EURABIA: “CONSPIRACY” OR POLICY?

Source note: originally published in The American Thinker, June 13, 2007.

1. Bat Ye’or. Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, Cranbury, NJ, 2005.

2. Philip Jenkins. God's Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe's Religious Crisis, New York, 2007, p. 109.

3. Bat Ye’or, Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis.

4. Jenkins, God's Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe S Religious Crisis, p. 109.

5. Bat Ye’or, Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis.

6. Ibid., pp. 52-98.

7. Ibid., p. 54.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid., pp. 54-55.

10. Ibid., p. 55.

11. Ibid., p. 63; For the journal itself, see: Eurabia. Paris, Comite europeen de coordination des associations d’amitie avec le monde arabe, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5966570.

n. Ibid., p. 63.

13. Ibid., pp. 63-64.

14. Ibid., p. 64.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid., p. 65.

18. Ibid., pp. 76-77.

19. Ibid., p.77.

20. Bat Ye’or, Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis, author’s preface to the 7^th printing.

21. Ibid.

22. Jenkins, God’s Continent: Christianity, Islam, and Europe’s Religious Crisis, p. 109; see also David Aaronovitch. “It’s the latest disease: sensible people saying ridiculous things about Islam,” The Times (London), November 15, 2005, http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/david a aronovitch/article590235.ece.

23. Bat Ye’or, Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis.

14. WHERE IS THE MODERN-DAY HUIZINGA?

Source note: originally published in Family Security Matters, November 7, 2007.

1. Ibn Warraq. “Islam, Middle East, and Fascism,” The New

English Review,

http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm? frm=3766&sec id=3766.

2. “Minister Unworried by Appointment of Controversial Tariq Ramadan,” NIS News Bulletin, July 11, 2007, http://www.nisnews.nl/public/071107 2.htm.

3. William Otterspeer. “Huizinga before the Abyss: The von Leers Incident at the University of Leiden, April 1933,” translated by Lionel Grossman and Reinier Leushuis, Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 1997, Vol. 27, pp. 385­44.

4. “Huizinga, Johan,” Dictionary of Art Historians, http://www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org/huizingaj.htm.

5. “Huizinga before the Abyss: The von Leers Incident at the University of Leiden, April 1933.”

6. Ibid.

7. “Huizinga, Johan.”

8. “Minister Unworried by Appointment of Controversial Tariq Ramadan.”

9. “Huizinga before the Abyss: The von Leers Incident at the University of Leiden, April 1933.”

10. Johannes von Leers. Blut und Rasse in der Gesetzgebung (“Blood and Race in Legislation”), Munich, 1936, p. 17.

11. Johannes von Leers. Der Kardinal und die Germanen (“The Cardinal and the Germans”), Hamburg, 1934, p. 52.

12. Johannes von Leers. “Islam und Judentum im Laufe der

Jahrhunderte,” Der Deutsche Erzieher, 1938, vol. December, pp. 427-429 [“Islam and Judaism through Centuries”], translated by David Kneip.

13. Johannes von Leers. “Judentum und Islam

5, the

als Gegensatze,” 275-278, in Die Judenfrage in Politik, Reicht, and Wirtschaft, Vol. 6, No. 24, December 24, 1942. [“Judaism and Islam as Opposites”], translated by Steven Rendall.

14. Andrew Bostom. “Hitler and Jihad,” FrontpageMagazine.com, October 24, 2008,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=32831.

15. Gregory Paul Wegner. “A Propagandist of Extermination: ‘Johann von Leers and the Anti-Semitic Formation of Children in Nazi Germany’,” Paedagogica Historica, 2007, 43:3, 299-325; NARA, Record Group 263, Box 32. Information Report. “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel. August 28- September 9, 1958.” CIA files declassified in 2001 under the Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act. http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB150/cia na mesfiles nara.pdf.

16. Johannes von Leers. “Philosophies of Peace and War in Islam,” unpublished essay, 1942-1943, Sonderarchiv of the Russian State Military Archive, translated by David Kneip; “A Propagandist of Extermination: ‘Johann von Leers and the Anti-Semitic Formation of Children in Nazi Germany’ ”; “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel. August 28-September 9, 1958.”

17. Thompson (Harold K.) Collection, 1932-1993, Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, http://content.cdlib.org/view? docId=tf167n985d&doc.view=entire text.

18. “A Propagandist of Extermination: ‘Johann von Leers and the Anti-Semitic Formation of Children in Nazi Germany’

“Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel. August 28-September 9, 1958.”

19. Andrew Bostom. “The First and Last Enemy: Jew- Hatred in Islam,” The American Thinker, October 19, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/10/the first and last e nemy jewha.html.

20. “Propaganda Activities of Johann von Leers against West Germany and Israel. August 28-September 9, 1958.”

21. Caroline Fourest. Brother Tariq: The Doublespeak of Tariq Ramadan, New York, 2007.

22. Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism,

Amherst, NY, 2008, pp. 154-155; Souad Mekhennet, Nicholas Kulish. “Uncovering Lost Path of the Most Wanted Nazi,” The New York Times, February 4, 2009,

http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/05/world/africa/05nazi.html.

23. “Minister Unworried by Appointment of Controversial Tariq Ramadan.”

15. SHARIA AT HARVARD?

Source note: originally published at FrontpageMagazine.com, March 18, 2008.

1. Abbie Ruzicka. “To accommodate Muslim students, Harvard tries women-only gym hours,” The Daily Free Press, February 25, 2008, http://dailyfreepress.com/2008/02/25/to- accommodate-muslim-students-harvard-tries-women-only- gym-hours/.

2. Lecture announcement: “Islamic Theology, Sharia, and

Human Rights Doctrine,”

http://cmes.hmdc.harvard.edu/node/1043.

3. Hillel Stavis, personal communication.

4. Andrew G. Bostom. “Khaled Abou El Fadl: Reformer or

Revisionist?,” Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society (ISIS), April 9, 2003,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/loj//content/view/86/27/.

5. David Littman. “Universal Human Rights and ‘Human Rights in Islam’,” Article originally published in the journal Midstream (New York) February/March 1999, http://www.dhimmitude.org/archive/universal islam.html.

6. Bostom. “Khaled Abou El Fadl: Reformer or Revisionist?”

7. Daniel Pipes. “Stealth Islamist: Khaled Abou El Fadl,” Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2004, pp. 55-62, http://www.meforum.org/602/stealth-islamist-khaled-abou-el- fadl.

8. Ibid.

9. Andrew Bostom. “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/04/the muslim mainstr eam and the.html.

10. Ibid.

11. Gustave von Grunebaum. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1955, Vol. 14, p. 202. (Book Review of Muhammad Al-Ghazzali’s, Our Beginning in Wisdom, 1953, translated by Ismail R. al-Faruqi).

12. Ibn Warraq. Defending the West—A Critique of Edward Saids Orientalism, Amherst, NY, 2007.

13. Andrew Bostom. “Islamofascism? Hitler, Muhammad,

and Islam—Part One,” Family Security Matters, February 4, 2008, http://www.fsmarchives.org/article.php?id=1386480; Part Two, published February 5, 2008,

http://www.fsmarchives.org/article.php?id=1386493.

14. Hillel Stavis, personal communication.

16. DERSHOWITZ SILENT AS

HARVARD BECOMES THE HUB FOR SHARIA

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, March 16, 2008.

1. Alan Dershowitz. “Dershowitz Acceptance Speech,” Freedom From Religion Foundation in Washington, D.C. Oct. 15, 2003, http://www.ffrf.org/legacy/fttoday/2004/march/? ft=dershowitz.

2. Andrew G. Bostom. “Sharia at Harvard?” FrontPageMagazine.com, March 18, 2008,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=30192.

3. Noah Feldman. “Why Shariah?” The New York Times,

March 16, 2008,

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/magazine/16Shariah- t.html?

ei=5070&en=10c06614124eaaa0&ex=1206331200&emc=eta1 &pagewanted=all.

4. Andrew G. Bostom. “Delusions of Islamic Democracy,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, June 02, 2003,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=17898.

5. Andrew Bostom. “Sayonara Sharia?,” Family Security

Matters, February 2, 2008,

http://www.fsmarchives.org/article.php?id=1386473.

6. Jeanette Wakin. “Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902­1969)” Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School, Occasional Publications 4, January, 2003.

7. Joseph Schacht, “The Law,” in Gustave von Grunebaum. (editor) Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization, Chicago, 1955, p. 84.

8. Ibid., p. 85.

9. Bostom. “Delusions of Islamic Democracy.”

10. Noah Feldman. “A New Democracy, Enshrined in Faith,” The New York Times, November 13, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/13/opinion/a-new- democracy-enshrined-in-faith.html; and Feldman, “Why Shariah?”

11. Dershowitz, “Dershowitz Acceptance Speech.”

17: CLITORAL RELATIVISM—FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION IN “TOLERANT” ISLAMIC INDONESIA

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, January 20, 2008.

1. Ladjali M, Rattray TW, Walder RJ. “Female genital mutilation.” BMJ, 1993 Aug 21; 307(6902):460. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1678792/pdfZb mj00035-0008.pdf.

2. Hosken FP “Female genital mutilation: strategies for eradication,” Womens Health Newsletter, 1998 Mar; (36):2, pp. 4-5, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12222522? ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed

ResultsPanel.Pubmed RVDocSum.

3. Sara Corbett. “A Cutting Tradition,” The New York Times,

January 20, 2008,

http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20circumcisio n-t.html?

r=1&oref=slogin&ref=magazine&pagewanted=print.

4. Ladjali M, Rattray TW, Walder RJ. “Female genital mutilation.”

5. Corbett, “A Cutting Tradition;” Also, see Andrew Bostom, “Indonesian Islam and Nahdlatul Ulama without Camouflage,” The American Thinker, September 25, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/09/indonesian isla m and nahdlatul ulama without camouflage.html. The female genital mutilation rate among Indonesian women persists at well over 90 percent in Indonesia, and the mainstream, supposedly “progressive” Islamic organization Nahdlatul Ulama opposes banning of this misogynistic barbarity, as discussed in “Female Genital Mutilation-on the Rise in Indonesia,” The Asia Mag.com, October 19, 2010, http://www.theasiamag.com/patterns/female-genital- mutilation-%E2%80%93-on-the-rise-in-indonesia.

6. Corbett, “A Cutting Tradition.”

7. James SA Reconciling international human rights and cultural relativism: the case of female circumcision. Bioethics. 1994; 8:1-26.

8. Female circumcision/genital mutilation Forward News. 1990; 2:1-10.

9. Lightfoot-Klein H. Prisoners of Ritual An Odyssey Into Female Genital Circumcision in Africa, New York, NY, 1989.

10. Dorkenoo E, Elworthy S. Female Genital Mutilation. Proposals for Change, London, England: Minority Rights Group; 1992.

11. Crossette B. Female genital mutilation by immigrants is becoming cause for concern in the US. New York Times. December 10, 1995:18.

12. Mark Durie. Revelation?: Do we worship the same God?: Jesus, holy spirit, God in Christianity and Islam : guidance for the perplexed, Upper Mt Gravatt, Australia, 2006.

13. Mark Durie. The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude, and Freedom, Melbourne, 2009/2010.

14. Mark Durie. “Isa, the Muslim Jesus,” http://www.answering- islam.org/authors/durie/islamic jesus.html.

15. Mark Durie. A grammar of Acehnese on the basis of a dialect of north Aceh, Dordrecht, Holland ; Cinnaminson, U.S., 1985; Kamus basa Aceh = Kamus bahasa Aceh: Acehnese-Indonesian-English thesaurus, Canberra, 1999; Proto-Chamic and Acehnese mid vowels : towards Proto- Aceh-Chamic, Melbourne, 1988.

16. Ahmad ibn Lu' lu' Ibn al-Naqib. Reliance of the traveller: the classic manual of Islamic sacred law Umdat al- salik, translated by Noah Ha Mim Keller, Beltsville, MD, 1999.

17. Andrew Bostom. “Clarification of Islamic Law Support for Female Genital Mutilation, by Dr. Mark Durie,” www.AndrewBostom.org, January 22, 2008.

18: EDUCATING CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER ON HAMAS’S TEN- YEAR “TRUCE” OFFER

Source note: originally published at: www.AndrewBostom.org, May 8, 2009.

1. Charles Krauthammer. “The Hamas ‘Peace’ Gambit,”

Townhall.com, May 8, 2009,

http://townhall.com/Columnists/CharlesKrauthammer/2009/05 /08/the hamas peace gambit.

2. Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008.

3. Ibid., p. 155.

4. Ibid., p. 96.

5. Ibid., pp. 98-99.

19. EDUCATING CHARLES KRAUTHAMMER ON ISLAM—AGAIN

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, May 8, 2009.

1. Andrew Bostom. “Educating Charles Krauthammer on Hamas’ Ten Year ‘Truce’ Offer,” www.AndrewBostom.org, May 8, 2009.

2. Charles Krauthammer. “The Hamas Peace Gambit,”

Townhall.com, May 8, 2009, http://townhall.com/columnists/CharlesKrauthammer/2009/05/ 08/the hamas peace gambit.

3. Andrew Bostom. “Qaddafi, Wilders, and the Jihad Against Switzerland,” Pajamas Media.com, March 10, 2010, http://pjmedia.com/blog/qaddafi-wilders-and-the-jihad- against-switzerland/?singlepage=true.

4. Andrew Bostom. “‘Islamism’ or Islam? ‘Islamist’ or Islamic?,” The American Thinker, November 14, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/11/islamism or islam islamist or.html.

5. Andrew Bostom. “Geert Wilders and the ‘Koran Ban’,”

The American Thinker, February 22, 2009,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/02/geert wilders and t he koran ba.html.

6. “Krauthammer’s Take,” The National Review Online,

March 9, 2010,

http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/195969/krauthammers- take/nro-staff.

7. Mark Steyn. “Out of Dutch,” The National Review

Online, March 9, 2010,

http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/195977/out- dutch/mark-steyn.

8. Paul Mirengoff. “Is Geert Wilders Wrong,”

PowerLineblog.com, March 10, 2010,

http://www.powerlineblog.com/archives/2010/03/025790.php.

9. Roger Simon. “Becdk, Krauthammer, and the Geert Wilders perplex,” Pajamas Media.com, March 10, 2010, http://pjmedia.com/rogerlsimon/2010/03/10/beck- krauthammer-and-the-geert-wilders-perplex/.

10. Diana West. “Fox News: Best Investment Saudi Prince Talal Ever Made,” www.DianaWest.net, March 8, 2010, http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1307/Fox- News-Best-Investment-Saudi-Prince-Talal-Ever-Made.aspx; “Fox’s Beck, Krauthammer & Kristol: Wrong on Wilders (Much to Talal’s Delight),” www.DianaWest.net, March 11, 2010, http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1314/Foxs- Beck-Krauthammer-Kristol-Wrong-on-Wilders-Much-to- Talals-Delight.aspx.

11. Aldous Huxley. Complete Essays, Vol. 6: 1956-1963 and Supplement, 1920-1948, Chicago, 2002, p. 385.

12. Aldous Huxley. Letters of Aldous Huxley, New York, 1970, pp. 250-251.

13. Aldous Huxley. Essays Old and New, Freeport, NY, 1968, p. 30ff.

20. ON ISLAM

Source note: originally published in National Review Online, November 11, 2009.

1. Richard Brookhiser. “The Cartoon Scandal at Yale,” The

National Review Online, October 26, 2009,

http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/189190/cartoon- scandal-yale-richard-brookhiser.

2. Richard Brookhiser. “Hijackers of a Religion,” The

National Review Online, November 3, 2009,

http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/189556/hijackers- religion-richard-brookhiser.

3. Andrew Bostom. “‘Islamism’ or Islam? ‘Islamist’ or Islamic?,” The American Thinker, November 14, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/11/islamism or islam islamist or.html.

4. Ibid.

5. “Sir Henry Layard” (Obituary), in Eminent persons: Biographies reprinted from the Times, Vol VI, 1893-1894, Macmillan & Co., 1897, pp. 130-134.

6. Sir Henry Layard. Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, and Babylonia, London, 1887, pp. 454-455.

7. Brookhiser, “Hijackers of a Religion.”

8. Andrew Bostom. “Universal Islamic ‘Blasphemy’ Law?,” The American Thinker, February 24, 2008, http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/02/universal islamic b lasphemy la.html.

9. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad, Dhimmitude, and Muslim

Spain,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 24, 2010,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/24/jihad- dhimmitude-and-muslim-spain/.

10. Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq. La Vie Quotidienne dans Europe Medievale Sous Domination Arabe, Paris, 1978, pp. 50, 194, 196, cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, p. 56.

11. Bostom, “Universal Islamic ‘Blasphemy’ Law?”

12. Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani (rahmatullahi alaihi) (922­996) The author of Ar-Risala, translated by Aisha Bewley, http://www.muwatta.com/ebooks/english/risala ibn abi zayd

salutations.pdf, pp. 959-960; 956-957.

37.19h Insulting the Rasulullah (alaihi salat wa salam): “If someone curses the Rasulullah (i.e., the Muslim prophet Muhammad) he is killed and his repentance is not accepted. If one of the people of dhimma [non-Muslim Christians and Jews, etc., subjugated by jihad] abuses him outside of that which constitutes his disbelief or curses Allah other than what constitutes his disbelief, he is killed unless he becomes Muslim. When he says something to deprecate him, his execution is a hadd and hence it is of no use if he repents or denies it when there is clear evidence of it. Repentance does not cancel a hadd. This is why he says that his repentance is not accepted. The same principle applies to someone who curses one of the Prophets or one of the angels or denies one of the Books of Allah. If someone abuses someone whose prophethood is a matter of dispute, like al-Khidr, he is strongly punished but not killed. Statements of dhimmis which constitutes their disbelief would be things like a Jew saying, ‘He is not a messenger to us, Our Messenger is Musa (Moses).'Abuse beyond their intrinsic disbelief would be criticizing the character of the Holy Prophet An example of that which constitutes his disbelief is saying that God is three or that He has a son.” 37.19c Apostasy: “An apostate is killed unless he repents. He is given three days to repent. The same ruling applies to a woman. Someone who recants from Islam. Apostasy is disbelief after affirming Islam. If he does not repent, he is killed. One does not execute him immediately but repentance is offered to him. If he refuses then he is killed. It is obligatory to delay execution for three days. If he repents, there is no problem. If not, he is killed after sunset on the third day. This judgment includes men and women. A pregnant woman is deferred until she gives birth.”

13. Mohammed Asrar Madani. Verdict of Islamic Law on Blasphemy and Apostasy, Lahore, Pakistan, 1994, pp. 19-20, cited in Patrick Sookhdeo, A People Betrayed—The Impact of Islamization on the Christian Community in Pakistan, Pewsey, Wiltshire, England, 2002, pp. 244-245.

14. Sookhdeo, A People Betrayed, p. 241.

15. Diana West. “FBI Busts Chicago Jihadi Plot to Kill Westergaard and Rose,” www.DianaWest.net, October 27, 2009, http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1096/FBI-

BUSTS-CHICAGO-JIHADI-PLOT-TO-KILL- WESTERGAARD-AND-ROSE.aspx.

16. David Littman. “Creeping Dhimmitude at the United Nations,” European Parliament (October 18, 2007) / Flemish Parliament (October 19, 2007), Thursday, October 18, 2007, 10:30-11:00*, http://counterjihadeuropa.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/littman -brussels-final-03-nov-07.pdf.

CHAPTER 21: GLOSSED IN TRANSLATION

Source note: originally published in The National Review Online, on December 18, 2009.

1. Michael Potemra. “New Koran Translation,” The

National Review Online, November 17, 2009,

http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/190380/new-koran- translation-michael-potemra; Tarif Khalidi. The Qur'an: A New Translation, London/New York, 2009; Koran 2:177 and 2:178, Yusuf Ali translations:

http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto&searchstring=002:177, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto&searchstring=002:178.

2. Tafsir Al-Qurtibi: Classical Commentary of the Holy Qur'an, translated by Aisha Bewley, London, 2003, Vol. 1, p. 440.

3. Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, 2000, Vol. 1, p. 479.

4. Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, translated by Aisha Bewley, London, 2007, p. 61.

5. Ibid.

6. Maulana Mufti Muhammad Shafi. Ma'ariful Qur'an: A Comprehesnive Commentary on the Holy Qur'an, translated by Muhammad Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shamim, Karachi, 2009, Vol.1.

7. Ibid., Foreword, pp. xv-xvii.

8. Ibid.; see also:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufti Muhammad Shafi.

9. Ma'ariful Qur 'an, p. 442.

10. Ibid.

11. Tafsir Al-Qurtibi, p. 446.

12. Sahih Bukhari, Volume 9, Book 83, Number 50: Volume 9, Book 83, Number 50: Narrated Abu Juhaifa: I asked Ali “Do you have anything Divine literature besides what is in the Qur’an?” Or, as Uyaina once said, “Apart from what the people have?” Ali said, “By Him Who made the grain split (germinate) and created the soul, we have nothing except what is in the Quran and the ability (gift) of understanding Allah’s Book which He may endow a man, with and what is written in this sheet of paper.” I asked, “What is on this paper?” He replied, “The legal regulations of Diya (Blood-money) and the (ransom for) releasing of the captives, and the judgment that no Muslim should be killed in Qisas (equality in punishment) for killing a Kafir (disbeliever).” http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/sunnah/bukhari/083.sbt.ht ml.

13. Tafsir Ibn Kathir, p. 485.

14. Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri. Reliance of the Traveller—A Classic manual of Islamic Sacred Law, translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Beltsville, MD, 1991/1994, p. 590. (o4.9).

15. Ibid., p. xx.

16. Sultanhussein Tabandeh. A Muslim Commentary on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, translated by F.J. Goulding, London, 1970.

17. Ibid., pp. 17, 18, 37.

18. Eliz Sanasarian. Religious Minorities in Iran, Cambridge, UK, 200, pp. 25, 173 note 92.

19. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5,

1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf, on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) [English translation],

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html.

20. Andrew Bostom. “Universal Islamic ‘Blasphemy’ Law?,” The American Thinker, February 24, 2008, http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/02/universal islamic b lasphemy la.html.

21. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

22. U.S. Bill of Rights,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United States Bill of Rights.

23. Koran 3:110, Arberry translation: “You are the best nation ever brought forth to men, bidding to honour, and forbidding dishonour, and believing in God. Had the People of the Book believed, it were better for them; some of them are believers, but the most of them are ungodly.” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=003:110.

24. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Bostom, “Universal Islamic ‘Blasphemy’ Law?”

28. Potemra, “New Koran Translation.”

29. Ibid.

22. EATON AGONISTES, REDUX?

Source note: originally published in The American Thinker, January 10, 2008.

1. Bill Gertz. “Coughlin Sacked,” The Washington Times, January 4, 2008,

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/jan/4/inside-the- ring-8-34302/.

2. Stephen Coughlin. “Presentation at the US Naval War College, September 7, 2007;” see also Stephen Coughlin. “To Our Great Detriment: Ignoring What Extremists Say About Jihad” (with appendices), July 2007, http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20080107 Coughlin Ex tremistJihad.pdf.

3. Gertz, “Coughlin Sacked.”

4. Donna Miles. “Senior Advisor to Deputy Secretary Focuses on Relationship Building,” American Forces Press

Service, October 15, 2007,

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/95.htm.

5. Ibid.

6. Coughlin, “Presentation at the US Naval War College, September 7, 2007,” and “To Our Great Detriment: Ignoring What Extremists Say About Jihad.”

7. John Ralph Willis. “Jihad Fi Sabil Allah: Its Doctrinal Basis in Islam and Some Aspects of Its Evolution in Nineteenth-Century West Africa,” The Journal of African History, 1967, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 395.

8. Joshua E. London. Victory in Tripoli: How America S War with the Barbary Pirates Established the U.S. Navy and Shaped a Nation, Hoboken, NJ, 2005, pp. 3,7-8, 54-55, 61-75, 116, 119, 121, 146-147, 189, 193-207, 2111, 213, 218-220, 224-226, 228, 232, 242.

9. Ibid., pp. 3, 55, 61-75.

10. Ibid., p. 63.

11. Ibid., p. 71.

12. Ibid., pp. 63-64.

13. Ibid., p. 64.

14. Ibid., pp. 210ff

15. Ibid., p. 213.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid., p. 218.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid., p. 227.

20. Ibid., p. 229.

21. Ibid., pp. 236ff

22. Ibid., p. 239.

23. Ibid., p. 242.

24. The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States of America, From the Signing of the Definitive Treaty of Peace 10th September 1783, to the Adoption of the Constitution March 4, 1789, Vol. 1, Washington, 1837, p. 605.

25. Coughlin, “Presentation at the US Naval War College, September 7, 2007.”

26. Coughlin, “Presentation at the US Naval War College, September 7, 2007;” see also, “To Our Great Detriment: Ignoring What Extremists Say About Jihad,” pp. 26ff, 51, and 232.

23. HOW A REAL “WAR WITHIN ISLAM” WOULD LOOK

Source note: originally published at The American Thinker, December 14, 2008.

1. Cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, p. 104.

2. “How to win the war within Islam,” The Economist, July

17, 2008, http://www.economist.com/node/11750386?

story id=11750386.

3. Boaz Ganor. “Time to Save Islam from the Jihadists,”

SFGate.com, December 5, 2008,

http://articles.sfgate.com/2008-12-

05/opinion/17131289 1 terrorist-mumbai-al-qaeda-attacks.

4. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad.

5. Ganor, “Time to Save Islam from the Jihadists.”

6. James Gordon Meek. “Journalist Sean Langan tells of life

in terror camp, escape from Taliban,” The New York Daily News, December 6, 2008,

http://articles.nydailynews.com/2008-12- 06/news/17911645 1 terror-camp-al-qaeda-terror-plots.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Asif Ali Zardari. “The Terrorists Want to Destroy Pakistan, Too,” The New York Times, December 8, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/09/opinion/09zardari.html.

11. Ibid.

12. David Rohde, Carlotta Gall, Eric Schmitt, David E. Sanger. “U.S. Officials See Waste in Billions Sent to Pakistan,” The New York Times, December 24, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/24/world/asia/24military.ht ml? ei=5090&en=19a8b442b685f3fa&ex=1356152400&partner=r ssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=all.

13. “Dakar Declaration of the 2008 OIC conference,”

March 17, 2008,

http://observer.gm/africa/gambia/article/2008/3/17/dakar- declaration-of-the-2008-oic-conference.

14. “Organization of the Islamic Conference calls on media to suppress the truth,” http://www.iheu.org/organization-of- the-islamic-conference-calls-on-media-to-suppress-the-truth.

15. Ibid.

16. For Turkey see: “Ambrose Evans-Pritchard “Turkish army crucial to EU power hopes,” The Age.com.au, December 18, 2004, http://www.theae.com.au/news/World/Turkish- army-crucial-to-EU-power- hopes/2004/12/17/1102787272096.html, http://www.country- data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-14003.html, and “Turkish Air Force,” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish Air Force.

For Egypt see, “Executive overview: Jane's World Armies,” November 21, 2007,

http://www.janes.com/products/janes/defence-security- report.aspx?ID=1065926678, “Summary (Egypt), World air forces,” http://articles.janes.com/articles/Janes-World-Air- Forces/Summary-Egypt.html, and earlier, LTC Stephen H. Gotowicki, “The Role of the Egyptian Military in Domestic Society,” http://fmso.leavenworth.army.mil/documents/egypt/egypt.htm #3a.

17. Karl Vick. “Al-Qaeda’s Hand In Istanbul Plot—Turks Met With Bin Laden,” Washington Post, February 13, 2007, http://www.washintonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021201715 pf.html;

Sebnem Arsu. “Turks Arrest 47 on Suspicion of Terror Links,” The New York Times, January 30, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/30/world/europe/30turkey.ht ml?

ex=1327813200&en=4e02e3b95a531482&ei=5088&partner=r ssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=all; “Egypt Searching for Suspected Al Qaeda Terrorists,” The New York Times, September 1, 2006,

http://www.foxnews.com/printer friendly story/0,3566,21172 4,00.html; “Al Qaeda’s Zawahri threatens Egypt,” Khaleej Times Online, April 3, 2008,

http://www.khaleetimes.com/DisplayArticle.asp? xfile=data/middleeast/2008/April/middleeast April15.xml&se ction=middleeast.

18. Zardari, “The Terrorists Want to Destroy Pakistan, Too.”

19. Helen Cooper. “Looking for the Ideal Spot to Make a Speech,” The New York Times, December 4, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/04/us/politics/04web- cooper.html? r-2&adxnnlx=1228413647- j5cUlo0/twRdgndOkZKKdA.

20. Christi Parsons, John McCormick, Peter Nicholas.

“Barack Obama plans to reach out to Muslim world,” Chicago Tribune.com, December 9, 2008,

http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/obama/chi- barack-obama-muslim-1210,0,644208,print.story.

24. CONFRONTING NIDAL MALIK HASAN’S “MARTYRDOM”

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, November 6, 2009.

1. Lara Jakes, Pauline Jelinek. “Portrait of Fort Hood Shooting Suspect Emerges,” Associated Press, November 6, 2000, http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2009/11/06/portrait-of- fort-hood-shooting-suspect-emerges; On Hasan’s devout Islamic practice, see Peter Slevin. “Rampage kills 12, wounds 31,” The Washington Post, November 6, 2009,

http://www.washintonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2009/11/05/AR2009110503467.html? hpid%3Dtopnews&sub=AR:

He had been a “very devout” worshiper at the Muslim Community Center in Silver Spring, attending prayers at least once a day, often in his Army fatigues, said Faizul Khan, a former imam there.

2. “Martyrdom in Islam Versus Suicide Bombing,” Nidal

Hasan comments, May 21, 2009,

http://www.scribd.com/NidalHasan.

3. Daniel Greenfield. “Brief Update: Fort Hood Shooter’s

Former Imam had Terrorist Ties,” SultanKnish Blogspot.com, November 6, 2009,

http://sultanknish.blogspot.com/2009/11/brief-update-fort- hood-shooters-former.html.

4. “Martyrdom in Islam Versus Suicide Bombing,” Nidal Hasan comments.

5. Ibn Khaldun. The Muqaddimah: an introduction to history, translated from the Arabic by Franz Rosenthal Princeton, N.J., 1967.

6. Franz Rosenthal. “On Suicide in Islam.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 66, 1946, pp. 243, 256.

7. Ibid.

8. “Al-Qaradhawi Speaks In Favor of Suicide Operations at an Islamic Conference in Sweden,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, July 24, 2003, Special Dispatch No.542, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/914.htm.

9. “Leading Egyptian Government Cleric Calls For: ‘Martyrdom Attacks that Strike Horror into the Hearts of the Enemies of Allah’,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, April 7, 2002, Special Dispatch No.363, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/641.htm.

10. “Criticism of suicide bombers censored at the UN,” posted July 26, 2005 at the International Humanist and Ethical Union website, http://www.iheu.org/uncampaign/subcom1.

11. Judea Pearl. “Islam struggles to stake out its position,”

The New York Times, July 20, 2005,

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/19/opinion/19iht- edpearl.html.

12. Ibid.

25. WHICH MUSLIMS SHARE NIDAL HASAN’S VISION OF ISLAM?

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, November 10, 2009.

1. Dana Priest. “Fort Hood suspect warned of threats within the ranks,” Washington Post, November 10, 2009, http://www.washintonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2009/11/09/AR2009110903618.html? hpid=topnews. Hasan’s 50- slide presentation titled, “The Koranic World View As It Relates to Muslims in the U.S. Military” was obtained by Ms. Priest and made available here: http://www.washingonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/gallery/2009/11/10/GA2009111000920.html? sid=ST2009110903704.

2. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. pp. 24-28, 35, 125-342.

3. Hasan, “The Koranic World View As It Relates to Muslims in the U.S. Military.”

4. “Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice At The Annual State Department Iftar Dinner,” October 25, 2005, Benjamin Franklin Room Washington, D.C. (7:18 p.m. EDT). Text posted at: http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php? article=10124.

So, on behalf of all the men and women of the State Department, thank you for honoring us with your presence this evening. Thank you for what you do every day as people of a great faith, of one of the world’s great religions, of a religion of peace and love [emphasis added]. Thank you for spending this important holiday evening with us. Ramadan Kareem.

5. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 24-28, 35, 125-342.

6. Hasan, “The Koranic World View As It Relates to Muslims in the U.S. Military.”

7. Ibid.

8. Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri, Reliance of the Traveller, translation by Nuh Ha Kim Keller approved by Al-Azhar Islamic Research Academy and IIIT, Beltsville, MD, 1994, pp. 599ff.

9. Andrew Norfolk. “Our Followers Must Live in Peace

Until Strong Enough to Wage Jihad,” The Times (London), September 8, 2007; Public access hyperlink at:

http://www.copts.co.uk/index.php?

option=com content&task=view&id=367&Itemid=1; M. Taqi Usmani. Islam and Modernism, Delhi, 1999, p. 139.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Andrew Bostom. “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/04/the muslim mainstr eam and the.html.

13. Ibid.

26. MCCHRYSTAL, TOCQUEVILLE, AND THE KORAN

Source note: originally published in Pajamas Media.com, June 29, 2010.

1. “COMISAF Initial Assessment (Unclassified),” The

Washington Post, September 21, 2009,

http://www.washintonpost.com/wp- dyn/content/article/2009/09/21/AR2009092100110.html.

2. Nathaniel C. Fick, John A. Nagl. “Counterinsurgency

Field Manual: Afghanistan Edition,” Foreign Policy, January 5, 2009,

http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/01/05/counterinsu rgency field manual afghanistan edition.

3. “COMISAF Initial Assessment (Unclassified).”

4. “Counterinsurgency,” Headquarters, Department of the Army, December, 2006, Foreword by David H. Petraeus, James F Amos. http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/army/fm3- 24.pdf.

5. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 82-85, 435, 440-450, 630-639, 655-657.

6. “COMISAF Initial Assessment (Unclassified).”

7. The discussion of Tocqueville relies upon Professor Michael Curtis’s insightful analysis, Orientalism and Islam — European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India, Chapter 6, “Alexis de Tocqueville and Colonization,” Cambridge, 2009. Translated extracts of Tocqueville’s letters and observations from his “Oeuvres Completes,” Paris, 1952-1995, were kindly provided by Nidra Poller, or reproduced from Professor Jennifer Pitts’s Alexis de Tocqueville — Writings on Empire and Slavery, Baltimore, 2001.

8. Pitts, Alexis de Tocqueville — Writings on Empire and Slavery, pp. 27-35, 36-37; Curtis, European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India, p. 144.

9. Pitts, Alexis de Tocqueville — Writings on Empire and Slavery, p. 27.

10. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. i-ii, 25, 127-135 [in particular].

11. Pitts, Alexis de Tocqueville — Writings on Empire and Slavery, pp. 28, 29.

12. Ibid., pp. 30-32; for detailed confirmatory analysis of the Koranic war injunctions contained in suras 8 and 9, the latter especially, see Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. i-ii, 25, 125-342, 433-461, 529-554, 589-659.

13. Pitts, Alexis de Tocqueville — Writings on Empire and Slavery, pp. 32-33.

14. Alexis de Tocqueville. Oeuvres Completes, Paris, 1952­1995, Vol. 13/ No. 2, pp. 28-29, from a letter to A. L. de Kergorlay, and additional comments on jihad and Islam’s inextricable linkage of religion and politics, from Vol. 3/ No.1, pp. 187 and Vol. 3/No. 1, pp.173-4, translated by Nidra Poller.

15. Ibid., Vol. 9, pp. 68-9, Letter to Arthur de Gobineau.

16. Michael Hastings. “The Runaway General,” The Rolling

Stone, June 22, 2010,

http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-runaway- general-20100622.

17. Col. Douglas MacGregor, US Army Ret. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas Macgregor, author of, Warrior S Rage: The Great Tank Battle of 73 Easting (2009), Transformation Under Fire: Revolutionizing How America Fights (2003), and Breaking The Phalanx: A New Design for Landpower in the 21st Century (1997).

18. Hastings, “The Runaway General.”

19. Ibid.

20. Jim Sauer. “Counterinsurgency Doctrine and the Global Jihad,” The American Thinker, October 18, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/10/counterinsurgency doctrine and.html.

21. Hastings, “The Runaway General.”

22. Diana West. “Questions No One Will Ask General McChrystal,” www.DianaWest.net, December 11, 2009; “Mullen to Front-Line Troops: ‘Focus on the People of This Country’,” www.DianaWest.net, December 17, 2009;

“Interacting with the Koran,” www.DianaWest.net, Diana West, January 15, 2010; “Kandahar Farmer on Taliban: ‘They Are Our Own People’,” www.DianaWest.net, June 5, 2010.

23. Diana West. “The COIN Nightmare Continues,” www.DianaWest.net, June 25, 2010.

24. “Petraeus to Modify Afghanistan Rules of Engagement,

Source Says,” FoxNews.com, June 25, 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2010/06/25/petraeus- modify-afghanistan-rules-engagement-source-says/.

25. West, “The COIN Nightmare Continues.”

26. “Petraeus to face soldier complaints over war rules,”

Associated Press, June 25, 2010,

http://www.bostonherald.com/news/us politics/view.bg? articleid=1264049&format=&page=2&listingType=politics.

27. Robert H. Reid. “Petraeus to face soldier complaints over war rules,” The Guardian, June 26, 2010, http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/9145172.

28. “No change in Afghan war strategy,” Press TV, July

2010. http://edition.presstv.ir/detail/132976.htmlRobert H. Reid. “Petraeus to face soldier complaints over war rules,” The Guardian, June 26, 2010,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/feedarticle/9145172.

29. “In Afghanistan and Pakistan, Taliban, Religious

Groups Urge Obama to Launch New Era of Peace in the World,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, November 6, 2008, Special Dispatch No. 2105,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/print2943.htm.

30. Ahmed Rashid. “Taliban will force Hindus to wear marks on clothing,” The Telegraph (London), May 23, 2001, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/afghanistan/ 1331382/Taliban-will-force-Hindus-to-wear-marks-on- clothing.html.

31. “Taliban Tells Pakistani Christians: Convert or Die,”

Fox______ News.com, May 17,_________ 2007,

http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,273075,00.html.

32. “Afghan Parliamentarian Calls for Execution of

Christians,” The Cypress Times, June 2, 2010,

http://www.thecypresstimes.com/article/Christian News/Chris tian News International/AFGHAN PARLIAMENTARIAN CALLS FOR EXECUTION OF CHRISTIANS/30654.

33. “The Plight of Afghan Women: Women’s rights trampled despite new law,” Afghanistan Online, March 8,

2009, http://www. afghan-

web.com/woman/rights trampled.html.

34. Diana West. “Nation-Building in Afghanistan: It Didn’t Work the First Time,” www.DianaWest.net, October 4, 2009, http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1053/Nation -Building-in-Afghanistan-It-Didnt-Work-the-First-Time.aspx.

35. Nick Cullather. “From New Deal to New Frontier in Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State,” Working Paper: #6, August 2002, The Cold War as Global Conflict, International Center for Advanced Studies, New York University, http://www.afghanistanica.com/cullather.pdf.

36. Ibid.

37. Ben Arnoldy. “In Afghanistan operation, Marines return to ‘little America’,” The Christian Science Monitor, July 3, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/World/2009/0703/p06s36- wogn.html.

38. Frank James. “Taliban Snipers Harass U.S.-Afghan Forces In Marjah Fight,” NPR.org, February 14, 2010, http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo- way/2010/02/taliban snipers harass usafgha.html.

39. Cullather, “From New Deal to New Frontier in Afghanistan: Modernization in a Buffer State.”

40. Ibid.

41. Holly Barnes Higgins. “To Helmand and Back: Drugs and Development in Afghanistan,” The American Interest, November/December, 2007, http://www.the-american- interest.com/article.cfm?piece=349.

42. Ibid.

43. T. L. Pennell. Among the Wild Tribes of the Afghan Frontier: A Record of Sixteen Years' Close Intercourse with the Natives of the Indian Marches, London, 1909, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/32231/32231-h/32231-h.htm.

44. Ibid., Chapter IX, “Afghan Mullahs,” pp. 115-116.

45. Ibid., p. 124.

46. Ibid., Chapter XV, “Afghan Women,” pp. 192-193, 195.

47. Stephen Coughlin. “To Our Great Detriment: Ignoring

What Extremists Say About Jihad” (with appendices), July 2007, p. 277,

http://www.strategycenter.net/docLib/20080107 Coughlin Ex tremistJihad.pdf.

48. Alexis de Tocqueville. Democracy in America, Volumes One and Two, translated by Henry Reeve, A Penn State Electronic Classics Series Publication, http://www.scribd.com/doc/17311016/Democracy-in-America.

49. Rudyard Kipling. “The Young British Soldier,” http://www.poetryloverspage.com/poets/kipling/young british

soldier.html.

50. Coughlin, “To Our Great Detriment: Ignoring What Extremists Say About Jihad.”

51. David Ignatius. “Can Petraeus handle the CIA’s

skepticism on Afghanistan?,” The Washington Post, September 1, 2011,

http://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/can-petraeus- handle-the-cias-skepticism-on- afghanistan/2011/09/01/gIQAb3ChuJ story.html.

52. David Morgan. “Karzai: Afghans would side with Pakistan in war,” CBS News.com, October 22, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503543 162-20124224- 503543/karzai-afghans-would-side-with-pakistan-in-war/.

53. Amir Shah. “13 Americans Killed in Afghan Bombing,”

Time.com, October 29, 2011,

http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2098164,00.ht ml.

54. Joshua Partlow, Habib Zahori. “Afghan imams wage

political battle against U.S,” The Washington Post, February 17, 2011, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-

dyn/content/article/2011/02/17/AR2011021706160.html.

55. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, p. 45.

56. Ibid.

57. Joshua Partlow, Habib Zahori, “Afghan imams wage political battle against U.S.”

58. Una Moore. “This Attack is Different,” UN Dispatch.com, April 1, 2011, http://www.undispatch.com/this- attack-is-different.

59. “Statement by ISAF Commander General David Petraeus and NATO SCR Ambassador Mark Sedwill,” Defense Video and Imagery Distribution System, April 3, 2011, http://www.dvidshub.net/news/68185/statement-isaf- commander-general-david-petraeus-and-nato-scr-ambassador- mark-sedwill.

60. Savyon, D. “Diamond. Pakistan, Afghan, Sudan Presidents Attend Tehran-Sponsored Counterterrorism Conference; U.N. Sec.-Gen. Praises Conference; Conference Defines U.S., Israel as Source of Global Terrorism,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, June 27, 2011, Inquiry & Analysis Series Report No. 700, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/5408.htm.

61. Diana West. “Welcome to Surreal-istan,”

www.DianaWest.com, October 30, 2011,

http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1937/Welco me-to-Surreal-istan.aspx.

62. Ignatius. “Can Petraeus handle the CIA’s skepticism on Afghanistan?”

63. Ibid.

64. Tufail Ahmad, Y Carmon. “The Failing U.S. Strategy in Afghanistan,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, October 3, 2011, Inquiry & Analysis Series Report No.744, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/258/0/5689.htm.

65. Shah, “13 Americans Killed in Afghan Bombing.”

66. Tufail Ahmad, Y Carmon, “The Failing U.S. Strategy in Afghanistan.”

67. Dr Mohammad Ali Rai. “An evening with General

Stanley McChrystal,” The Express Tribune, May 13, 2011, http://tribune.com.pk/story/167261/an-evening-with-general- stanley-mcchrystal/, cited by Diana West, “McChrystal: Bin Laden’s Death Shouldn’t Be Celebrated,” Diana West.net, November 28, 2011,

http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1964/McChr ystal-Bin-Ladens-Death-Shouldnt-Be-Celebrated.aspx.

68. “FBI: Most Wanted Terrorists—Usama Bin Laden,” http://www.fbi.gov/wanted/wanted terrorists/usama-bin-laden.

69. Rai, “An evening with General Stanley McChrystal.”

70. “Afghan president pardons imprisoned rape victim - after she agrees to marry attacker—International outrage over plight,” The Associated Press, December 2, 2011, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/afghan-president- pardons-imprisoned-rape-victim-agrees-marry-attacker-article- 1.985756#ixzz1fNPeDDqG.

71. S.A.A. Morrison. “Religious Liberty in Iraq,” Moslem World, 1935, Vol. 25, p. 128.

72. Samuel Dagher. “An ‘Arab Winter’ Chills Christians,” The Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB100014240529702037107045 77053221510203422.html.

73. Preti Taneja. “Iraq’s Minorities: Participation in Public Life,” Minority Rights Group International, November 2011, http://www.minorityrights.org/11106/reports/iraqs-minorities- participation-in-public-life.html.

27: NPR

Source note: originally published at Pajamas Media.com, March 25, 2010.

1. Barbara Bradley Hagerty. “Is The Bible More Violent

Than The Quran?,” NPR.org, March 18, 2010,

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=124494788.

2. In late October, 2011, Dark Passages, Jenkins’s “work in progress” discussed by NPR during March, 2010, was eventually published as Laying Down the Sword: Why We Cant Ignore the Bible S Violent Verses.

3. Link to transcript for Hagerty, “Is The Bible More

Violent Than The Quran?,”

http://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php? storyId=124494788.

4. Hagerty, “Is The Bible More Violent Than The Quran?”

5. The______ Religion______ of_ Peace.com,

http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/. As of November 4, 2011, the morbid “tally” of jihadist attacks since 9/11/2001 was 17,954. For a discussion of the rigorous—and conservative— methodology used to compile this tally, see Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2008, Preface to the Paperback Edition, p. i.

6. Orla Borg. “Islam er den mest krigeriske religion,” [“Islam is the most warlike religion”] JP.dk, October 9, 2005, http://jp.dk/indland/article223091.ece [title translated by Peder Jensen].

7. Tina Magaard. “Fjendebilleder og voldsforestillinger i islamiske grundtekster,” [“Images of enemies and conceptions of violence in Islamic core scriptures”] Acta Jutlandica : aarsskrift for universitetsundervisningen i Jylland, 2007, Vol. 82, No. 1, pp. 213-244 [title translated by Peder Jensen].

8. Borg, “Islam is the most warlike religion.”

9. Magaard, “Images of enemies and conceptions of violence in Islamic core scriptures,” p. 221 [English translation of excerpt by Lars Hedegaard].

10. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. i.

11. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model,” The

Middle East Media Research Institute, July 26, 2001, Special Dispatch No. 246

http://www.memri.Org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/484.htm.

12. From A.J. Wensinck. “The Importance of Tradition for the Study of Islam,” The Moslem World, 1921, Vol. 11, p. 245.

It is not amazing that the canonical books of tradition— especially Bukhari and Muslim—in the eyes of the community have acquired a rank nearly as high as the Koran. Oaths are sworn on a copy of Bukhari; at times of public danger or calamity the book is read in order to repel them; people speak of Khatm al Bukhari (finishing the reading of Bukhari) just as they speak of Khatm al- Koran. Bukhari and the other collections live in the Moslem community and he who thoroughly knows Tradition will understand Islam and the Moslem more easily. Tradition is a staff and a weapon for the Moslems even to this day. So it is equally important for the student of historical Islam as it is for him that has to live in Moslem countries....[T]radition has been gathered and modeled by the Moslems themselves. Is this perhaps also an explanation of its having become so popular?

13. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 136-140; See also Sunan An-Nasai, Volume 4, Riyadh, 2007, pp. 15-81 (translated by Nasiruddin al-Khatab); Mishkat Al-Masabih, Lahore, 1963, Vol. II, pp. 806-816 (translated by James Robson).

14. Ibid., pp. 37-93, 368-382, 383-517, 584-654.

15. Ibid., pp. iii-iv.

16. Ibid., p. v.

17. Ibid., pp. v-vi.

18. Samuel Huntington. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, 1996, pp. 254 ff.

19. Jonathan Riley Smith. “Rethinking the Crusades,” First Things, March 2000, pp. 20-23, http://www.firstthins.com/article/2007/01/rethinking-the- crusades-35; Richard L. Wentworth. “Pope on a mission of contrition,” The Christian Science Monitor, May 8, 2001.

20. “Liberal Tunisian Researcher Dr. Iqbal Al-Gharbi:

Muslims Must Take Responsibility for Past Mistakes,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Special Dispatch No.1019, November 4, 2005,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1517.htm.

21. “The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement -

Hamas,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 14, 2006, Special Dispatch No. 1092,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1609.htm# ednref

5.

22. Andrew Bostom. “Confronting Hamas' Genocidal Jew- Hatred,” The American Thinker, January 2, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/01/confronting hamas genocidal je.html.

23. Ibid.

24. David G. Littman. “Creeping Dhimmitude at the United Nations,” Counterjihad Brussels 2007 Conference, European Parliament Thursday, October 18, 2007: 10:30-11:00, http://counterjihadeuropa.files.wordpress.com/2007/11/littman -brussels-final-03-nov-07.pdf.

28. THE CORDOBA HOUSE AND THE MYTH OF CORDOBAN “ECUMENISM”

Source note: originally published in PajamasMedia.com, September 2, 2010.

1. “The Cordoba Initiative,”

http://www.cordobainitiative.org/about/.

2. Frank Gaffney. “AP Gets its ‘Facts' Wrong: Fact Checking Agenda Journalists,” Big Peace.com, August 19, 2010, http://bigpeace.com/fgaffney/2010/08/19/a-p-gets-its- facts-wrong/.

3. Feisal Abdul Rauf. What's Right with Islam: A New Vision for Muslims and the West, New York, 2005, p. 2.

4. Andrew Bostom. “Imam Feisal Rauf—Sharia Uber Alles!,” The American Thinker, September 6, 2010, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2010/09/imam feisal r auf sharia uber a.html.

5. Christopher Hitchens. “Mau-Mauing the Mosque,” Slate.com, August 9, 2010, http://www.slate.com/id/2263334/.

6. Ibid.

7. Maria Rosa Menocal. The Ornament of the World: How

Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain, New York, 2002; See also, Andrew Bostom, “False Impressions,” The National Review Online, July 25, 2002,

http://www.dhimmitude.org/archive/bostom ltr nro 25jul02.h tml.

8. Hitchens, “Mau-Mauing the Mosque.”

9. Miguel Asin Palacios. “Ibn Massara yo su escuela, origins de la filosofia hispanomusulmana,” Obras escogidas I, Madrid, 1946, pp. 21ff, cited in Edward P Colbert, The Martyrs of Cordoba (850-859): A Study of the Sources, Washington, DC, 1962, pp. 390-395.

10. Evariste Levi-Provencal. Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane. 3 Volumes, Paris and Leiden, 1950-1952/1967.

11. Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq. La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe, Paris, 1978.

12. Jane Gerber. “Towards an Understanding of the Term: ‘The Golden Age’ as an Historical Reality,” in The Heritage of the Jews of Spain, edited by Aviva Doron, Tel Aviv, 1994, p. 15.

13. Whitney Bodman. “To heal the nation’s wounds, embrace the spirit of Cordoba,” Statesman.com, August 26, 2010, http://www.statesman.com/opinion/bodman-to-heal-the- nations-wounds-embrace-the-881701.html.

14. “Poll: Most Say ‘Ground Zero Mosque' Is

Inappropriate,” CBSnews.com, August 25, 2010,

http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544 162-20014737- 503544.html.

15. Carl Campanile, Tom Topousis. “70% of NYers

demand: Move the GZ mosque!,” The New York Post, September 1, 2010,

http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/manhattan/of nyers dem and move the gz mosque TJxl4ReI7PZVJmOgcTfntL#ixzz 1d4dqv66a.

16. Bodman, “To heal the nation's wounds, embrace the spirit of Cordoba.”

17. Ibid.

18. Reinhart Dozy. A History of the Muslims in Spain, translated by Francis Griffin Stokes, London, 1913.

19. Ibid., p. 239.

20. Levi-Provencal. Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane. 3 Volumes.

21. Ibid., Vol. 3, pp. 208-213 (English translation by Nidra Poller).

22. Evariste Levi-Provencal. “Sakaliba,” in E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden, 1913-1936, Vol. 7, p. 77.

23. Al-Muqaddasi. The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, translated by Basil Collins, Reading, UK, 2001, pp. xxii-xxiii, 194.

24. Ibid., pp. 201-202.

25. Ibid., p. 202.

26. Cited in, R.W. Beachey, A Collection of Documents on The Slave Trade, New York, 1976, pp. 66-67; Wylde's calculation of the horrific mortality associated with this human gelding procedure, with further loss of life when eunuchs were transported under harsh conditions across large swaths of territory to their ultimate destination comports with scholarly analyses of this “hideous trade.” See the discussion in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, New York, pp. 92-93, regarding the extent, persistence, and mortality associated with eunuch slavery in Islamdom.

27. Palacios, as discussed in Edward P Colbert, The Martyrs of Cordoba (850-859): A Study of the Sources, pp. 390-391, 393.

28. Al-Muqaddasi, The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, p. 195.

29. Palacios, as discussed in Edward P Colbert, The Martyrs of Cordoba (850-859): A Study of the Sources, pp. 390-391, 393.

30. Levi-Provencal. Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane, Vol. 1, pp. 149-150 (English translation by Nidra Poller).

31. J.M. Safran. “Identity and Differentiation in 9^th Century al-Andalus.” Speculum, 2001, Vol. 76, pp. 582-583; At note 38, p. 583. Safran states,

al-Kinani grew up in Cordoba and was a student of Ibn Habib's before traveling east to pursue his studies in Egypt, Baghdad, and Hejaz. He settled in Qayrawan, where he wrote numerous works.

For a discussion of Ibn Habib, see A. Huici-Miranda, “Ibn Habib, Abu Marwan ‘Abd al-Malik b. Habib al-Sulami,” Encyclopedia of Islam, Edited by: P Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C.E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W.P Heinrichs, Brill, 2006/2007.

32. Dufourcq, La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe, pp. 50, 194,196. English translation by Michael J. Miller in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 56-57.

33. Colbert, The Martyrs of Cordoba (850-859): A Study of the Sources, p. 167.

34. Ibid.

35. Bodman, “To heal the nation’s wounds, embrace the spirit of Cordoba.”

36. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, pp. 100-101, 335-339.

37. Roger Arnaldez. “Ibn Rushd, Abu ‘l-Walid Muhammad b. Ahmad b. Muhammad b. Rushd, al-Hafid.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University, November 8, 2011; See Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 147­160, and 253 for illustrative examples the writings of Ibn Rushd/Averroes on jihad; and from Dufourcq’s, La Vie Quotidienne Dans L'Europe Medievale Sous Domination Arabe, pp, 206-207 (English translation by Michael J. Miller), see this example of a ruling by Ibn Rushd/Averroes recommending harsh punishment of a Christian neo-convert to Islam who appeared to have reverted, clandestinely, to his original faith:

A record has been preserved to the present day, describing a house in twelfth-century al-Andalus that was denounced by authentic Muslim as a den for clandestine Christian worship: it belonged to a mouladi [a neo­convert to Islam] who seems to have been a Muslim only officially. One of the rooms extended in a sort of rotunda or arched recess that faced East and in which an oil lamp was suspended; moreover, no “bench” was found in this alcove, which proves that it did not serve as a “bedroom”; finally and most importantly, “the remains of melted candles” were found there, along with a pole that ended in a cross, and on the other hand still-unused candles, a four-foot-high lectern, books in Latin and “little round, flat wafers of dry bread bearing the imprint of a seal.” When this discovery was made, the famous Hispano- Arab philosopher Averroes was consulted; he declared that it was fitting to inflict severe corporal punishments on the master of that house, who was guilty of “great indiscretions,” but he added that nothing more could be done to this mouladi; the death penalty could not be pronounced unless some believers testified that they had seen him participating in Christian worship....The dreadful thing would be for such a situation to become known.

38. Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 102­104, 507-515.

39. Ibid.

40. Gerber, “Towards an Understanding of the Term: ‘The Golden Age' as an Historical Reality,” pp. 20-21.

41. Richard Fletcher. Moorish Spain, Berkeley, CA, 1993, pp. 171-173.

42. Mark McCallum. “Muslim call to thwart capitalism,”

BBC______ News.com, July 12,__________ 2003,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2Zhi/europe/3061833.stm.

43. Ibid.

44. M. Amir Ali. “Jihad Explained,” # 18, The Institute of

Islamic Information & Education,

http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/33.

45. Mordechai Nisan. “The ethos of Islam,” The Jerusalem Post, April 12, 2004. Public access version available here: http://www.mideasttruth.com/forum/viewtopic.php? p=3330&sid=4a4f15df6263fcc97f79796ea25d788b.

46. “One Book, Two Titles: Imam Faisal Abd Al-Rauf's Book Acquires New Title In Indonesian Translation,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, August 23, 2010, http://www.thememriblog.org/blog personal/en/29598.htm.

29. “DIVERSITY” PERVERSITY Source note: originally published at Pajamas Media.com, September 7, 2010.

1. Yoav Gonen. “HS test ‘slams' Christianity, lauds Islam,”

The New York Post, August 24, 2010,

http://www.nypost.eom/p/news/local/bad faith in regents ex am IHsTi7lMbqhfdMDrnF3xYL#ixzz1dASPvYj.

2. The American Textbook Council, http://historytextbooks.org/about.htm.

3. The University of the State of New York, REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY, Tuesday, August 17, 2010, RATING GUIDE FOR PART III A AND PART III B (DOCUMENT-BASED QUESTION), http://www.nysedregents.org/GlobalHistoryGeography/201008 17-gh-rg2w.pdf.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. For an overview of the jihad campaigns in Spain against the indigenous Christian population, see Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 56-60, 419­432, 596-597; For discussions of the mass enslavement— including eunuch and harem slavery, and other aspects of the brutal imposition of Muslim rule characteristic of the “Andalusian paradise”—see Evariste Levi-Provencal. Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane. 3 Volumes, Paris and Leiden, 1950­1952/1967, Vol. 3, pp. 208-213 (English translation by Nidra Poller); Evariste Levi-Provencal, “Sakaliba,” in E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden, 1913-1936, Vol. 7, p. 77; Al-Muqaddasi, The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, translated by Basil Collins, Reading, UK, 2001, pp. 194-195, 201-202; Levi-Provencal. Histoire de l'Espagne Musulmane, Vol. 1, pp. 149-150 (English translation by Nidra Poller); J.M. Safran, “Identity and Differentiation in 9^th Century al-Andalus,” Speculum, 2001, Vol. 76, pp. 582-583;

Charles Emmanuel Dufourcq, La Vie Quotidienne dans l'Europe Medievale sous Domination Arabe, Paris, 1978, pp. 50, 194,196. English translation by Michael J. Miller, in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008, pp. 56-57; Richard Fletcher. Moorish Spain, Berkeley, CA, 1993, pp. 171-173; and Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Semitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, pp. 97-105.

8. REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION GLOBAL HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY, Tuesday, August 17, 2010, RATING GUIDE FOR PART III A AND PART III B.

9. Ibid.

10. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p.83 ; For a broader, extensive discussion of the brutal jihad conquests of India by Mahmud of Ghazni and other Muslim jihadists during a millennium of these devastating campaigns which killed an estimated one hundred million “pagan” Hindus on the Indian subcontinent (i.e., K. S. Lal's estimate of the up to eighty million killed in a five-hundred-year period before the Islamic Mughal Empire, K. S. Lal. Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India, 1000-1800, Delhi, 1973, pp. 211-217), see Ibid., pp. 80-85, 433-461, 628-657; For a discussion of the brutal mass jihad enslavement of (primarily) black animists and Hindus (i.e., “pagans”), including the hideous mass manufacture of black eunuchs (with a 90 percent mortality rate in Sub-Saharan Africa), see Ibid., pp. 86-93, 529-554, 573­588, 660-663.

11. Larry Cohler-Esses. “Islamic textbooks scapegoat Jews, Christians,” The New York Daily News, March 30, 2003, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2003-03- 30/news/18230214 1 jews-textbooks-prophets.

12. For exegetical discussions of the Jew-hating motifs embodied in these verses (Koran 2:61/3:112) see, Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Semitism, pp. 34-40, 222-225; See also the classical Koranic commentaries Al-Mahali and Al-Suyuti. Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, English translation by Aisha Bewley, London, 2007, p. 147, and Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, 2000, Vol. 1, pp. 245-247.

13. For exegetical discussions of the Jew-hating motifs embodied in these verses (Koran 3:71/4:46) see, Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Semitism, pp. 40, 79, 375, 426, 460; See also the classical Koranic commentary, Al-Mahali and Al- Suyuti. Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, English translation by Aisha Bewley, London, 2007, pp. 135, 193.

14. For exegetical discussions of the Jew-hating motifs embodied in this verse (Koran 5:82) see, Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Semitism, pp. 34-40, 222-225; See also the classical Koranic commentaries, Al-Mahali and Al-Suyuti. Tafsir Al- Jalalayn, English translation by Aisha Bewley, London, 2007, p. 265, and Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, 2000, Vol. 3, p. 246.

15. Cohler-Esses. “Islamic textbooks scapegoat Jews, Christians.”

16. Ibid.

17. Gonen. “HS test ‘slams' Christianity, lauds Islam.”

18. Gilbert Sewall. “Islam in the Classroom—What the Textbooks Tell Us,” American Textbook Council, 2008, http://historytextbooks.org/islamreport.pdf.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid.

22. Susan L. Douglass. Strategies and Structures for Presenting World History, With Islam and Muslim History as a Case Study, Beltsville, MD, 1994.

Ms. Douglass's Weltanschauung and related activities were documented by Paul Sperry in “Look who's teaching Johnny about Islam,” WorldNetDaily.com, May 3, 2004,

http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=24442, which provided these details:

A top textbook consultant shaping classroom education on Islam in American public schools recently worked for a school funded and controlled by the Saudi government, which propagates a rigidly anti-Western strain of Islam, a WorldNetDaily investigation reveals. The consultant, Susan L. Douglass, has also praised Pakistan’s madrassa schools as “proud symbols of learning,” even after the U.S. government blamed them for fueling the rise of the Taliban and al-Qaida. Douglass, routinely described as a “scholar” or “historian,” has edited manuscripts of world history textbooks used by middle and high school students across the country. She’s also advised state education boards on curriculum standards dealing with world religion, and has helped train thousands of public school teachers on Islamic instruction....Critics complain that Douglass, who taught at the Saudi academy for at least a decade, has convinced American textbook publishers and educators to gloss over the violent aspects of Islam to make the faith more appealing to non-Muslim children. The units on Islam reviewed by WND appear to give a glowing and largely uncritical view of the faith. Asked about it, Douglass referred questions to the Council on Islamic Education, which did not respond. CIE’s website lists her in its staff directory as a “principal researcher and writer.”

30. MUTAZILITE FANTASIES

Source note: originally published as “Dross in Yet Another Islamic ‘Golden Age,’” The American Thinker, September 5, 2010.

1. Robert R. Reilly. The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist, Wilmington, Delaware, 2010; reviewed 9/2/10 at by Joshua Gelder as “Why Islamic Moderates Are So Scarce,” the National Review Online, http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/245415/why- islamic-moderates-are-so-scarce-joshua-gilder.

2. Heinrich Steiner. Die Mutaziliten als Vorläufer der islamischen Dogmatiker und Philosophen: nebst Anhang, enthaltend kritische Anmerkungen zu Gazzali 's Munkid, Heidelberg, 1865.

3. Ignaz Goldziher. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, Princeton, New Jersey, 1981, translated from the German, Vorlesungen Uber den Islam, Heidelberg, 1910.

4. Ibid., p. 103.

5. Ibid., pp. 86, 101.

6. Ibid., pp. 98, 101; See also, Ibid, p. 163, and “Mihna,” pp. 535-537, in The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by H.A.R. Gibb and J.H. Kramers, 1953 (Ithaca, New York)/2008 (New Delhi, India).

7. Goldziher, Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, p. 102.

8. H.S. Nyberg. “Al-Mutazila,” p. 605, in in The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by H.A.R. Gibb and J.H. Kramers, 1953 (Ithaca, New York)/2008 (New Delhi, India).

9. Bat Ye’or. The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, Cranbury, New Jersey, 1996, pp. 112, 131-132.

10. Cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, New York, 2005/2008, pp. 598-599.

11. Dionysius of Tell Mahre (d. 848) was the patriarch (supreme head) of the Syrian Orthodox Church. He was the author of an important historical work, which has apparently perished except for some passages including those cited by Bar Hebraeus (see below) and Michael the Syrian (also see below), the latter, in particular. According to Michael the Syrian, Dionysius’s Annals consisted of two parts each divided into eight chapters, which covered the 260 years between the accession of the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582) through the death of emperor Theophilus (843).

12. Michael the Syrian (d. 1199 AD), was a patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199. He is renowned as the author of a monumental Chronicle of the Middle Ages, composed in Syriac.

13. Bar Hebraeus [Abul-Faraj] (1226-1286) was a Syrian Orthodox bishop, philosopher, poet, grammarian, physician, Biblical commentator, and historian. He was the son of a Jewish physician, Aaron, who converted to Christianity, hence his surname of Bar Hebraeus, “Son of the Hebrew.” Bar Hebraeus composed a voluminous historical work called Makhtbhanuth Zabhne, “Chronicon,” which characterizes the history from the Creation down to his own day. It is divided into two portions: the first deals with political and civil history and is known as the “Chronicon Syriacum”; the second, “Chronicon Ecclesiasticum,” comprising the religious history, begins with Aaron and treats in a first section of the history of the Western Syrian Church and the Patriarchs of Antioch, while a second section is devoted to the Eastern Church.

14. Moshe Gil. Jews in Islamic Countries in the Middle Ages, Leiden/Boston, 2004, pp. 284-285.

15. Cited in Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, New York, 2008, pp. 221-222.

16. Ibid, p. 221.

17. Ibid, p. 222.

18. Ibid.

19. Reilly, The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist.

20. Nyberg, “Al-Mutazila,” p. 601.

21. Goldziher. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, pp. 98, 102-103.

22. Reilly, The Closing of the Muslim Mind: How Intellectual Suicide Created the Modern Islamist, pp. 2-3, 203­204.

23. Ibid., pp. 203-204.

24. Fazlur Rahman. “Non-Muslim Minorities in an Islamic State,” Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Volume 7, Issue 1, 1986, pp. 13-24.

25. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 127-135.

26. Rahman. “Non-Muslim Minorities in an Islamic State,” p. 20.

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid., pp. 13-24.

29. See Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 29-37, 178-179, 196-198, 199, 200-201, 205-211, 213-215, 216-220; and also The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, pp. 481-488.

30. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 29.

31. Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi. Towards Understanding the Quran, English translation by Zafar Ishaq Ansari, Leicester, UK, 1988, vol 3, Surahs 7-9, p. 202.

32. Louis Bertrand, from his Preface to Andre Servier, Islam and the Psychology of the Musulman, Paris, 1923, translated by A. S. Moss-Blundell, London, 1924, p. x.

31. EDUCATING BILL O’REILLY ON

THE “RAPE FACTOR” IN ISLAM

Source note: originally published in The American Thinker, March 29, 2011.

1. Bill O’Reilly. “Qaddafi Brutalities,” video of this March 28, 2011 segment at: http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=QtvG59VckEc&feature=player embedded.

2. Wafa Sultan. A God Who Hates: The Courageous Woman Who Inflamed the Muslim World Speaks Out Against the Evils of Islam, New York, 2009.

3. Andrew Bostom. “Bill O’Reilly’s Mindslaughter,” The

American Thinker, December 28,

2010http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/12/bill oreillys m indslaughter.html.

4. O’Reilly, “Qaddafi Brutalities.”

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibn Warraq. “Islam’s Shame: Lifting The Veil of Tears,” August 13, 2007http://islam-watch.org/IbnWarraq/Islam’s- Shame-Veil-Tears.htm.

8. Ibid.; Koran 24:4, Pickthall translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=pickthall&layout=auto&searchstring=024:004.

9. Warraq, “Islam’s Shame: Lifting The Veil of Tears.”

10. O’Reilly, “Qaddafi Brutalities.”

11. Ibid.

12. Koran 33:50, Arberry translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=033:050.

13. Koran 4:24, Arberry translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=004:024.

14. The Life of Muhammad—A Translation of Ibn Ishaq ’s Sirat Rasul Allah, translated by A. Guillaume, Oxford, UK, 1955/2001 pp. 490-493.

15. Sunan Abu Dawud: English translation with explanatory notes, English translation by Ahmad Hassan, Lahore, 1984, vol. 2, p. 582; The Sahih Muslim collection of canonical hadith confirms that the women of the Banu Mustaliq were sold into slavery, following their rape (Book 008, Number 3371):

We went out with Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) on the expedition to the Banu-Mustaliq and took captive some excellent Arab women; and we desired them, for we were suffering from the absence of our wives, (but at the same time) we also desired ransom for them. So we decided to have sexual intercourse with them but by observing azl (Withdrawing the male sexual organ before emission of semen to avoid-conception). But we said: “We are doing an act whereas Allah’s Messenger is amongst us; why not ask him?” So we asked Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him), and he said: “It does not matter.”

See: http://www.cmje.org/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/008- smt.php#008.3371;

For another independent example from the canonical hadith which confirms the sanctioning of this practice, see: Chapter 29: IT IS PERMISSIBLE TO HAVE SEXUAL INTERCOURSE WITH A CAPTIVE WOMAN AFTER SHE IS PURIFIED (OF MENSES OR DELIVERY) IN CASE SHE HAS A HUSBAND, HER MARRIAGE IS ABROGATED AFTER SHE BECOMES CAPTIVE

Book 008, Number 3432: Abu Said al-Khudri (Allah her pleased with him) reported that at the Battle of Hanain Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) sent an army to Autas and encountered the enemy and fought with them. Having overcome them and taken them captives, the Companions of Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) seemed to refrain from having intercourse with captive women because of their husbands being polytheists. Then Allah, Most High, sent down regarding that: “And women already married, except those whom your right hands possess ([Koran]iv. 24)” (i.e., they were lawful for them when their Idda period came to an end).

Book 008, Number 3433: Abu Said al-Khudri (Allah be pleased with him) reported that Allah’s Apostle (may peace be upon him) sent a small army. The rest of the hadith is the same except this that he said: “Except what your right hands possess out of them are lawful for you”; and he did not mention “when their idda period comes to an end.” This hadith has been reported on the authority of Abu Said (al-Khudri) (Allah be pleased with him) through another chain of transmitters and the words are: “They took captives (women) on the day of Autas who had their husbands. They were afraid (to have sexual intercourse with them) when this verse was revealed: “And women already married except those whom you right hands possess” ([Koran] iv. 24).

From Translation of Sahih Muslim, Book 8: The Book of Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), http://www.cmje.org/religious- texts/hadith/muslim/008-smt.php#008.3433.

16. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Statutory rape in canada.

17. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, New York, 2008, pp. 56-57.

18. http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/136- Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2008.%20Marriage/11407- sahih-muslim-book-008-hadith-number- 3311.html;http://hadithcollection.com/sahihbukhari/95- Sahih%20Bukhari%20Book%2062.%20Wedlock,%20Marriag e%20%28Nikah%29/5265-sahih-bukhari-volume-007-book- 062-hadith-number- 088.html;http://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/159- Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2031.%20The%20Merits%200f %20The%20Companions%20%28PBUT%29%200f%20The %20Holy%20Prophet%20%28PBUH%29/14409-sahih- muslim-book-031-hadith-number- 5981.htmttp://hadithcollection.com/sahihmuslim/159- Sahih%20Muslim%20Book%2031.%20The%20Merits%200f %20The%20Companions%20%28PBUT%29%200f%20The %20Holy%20Prophet%20%28PBUH%29/14409-sahih- muslim-book-031-hadith-number-5981.html.

19. “Yemen: Over half of married women under 15, says

report,” Adnkronos.com, June 9, 2008,

http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/CultureAndMedia/? id=1.0.2237886194; Andrew Bostom. “Making Afghanistan Safe for Sharia—Child Brides Division,”

www.AndrewBostom.org, October 7, 2011

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/10/07/making- afghanistan-safe-for-sharia%E2%80%94child-brides-division/; Amelia Hill. “Revealed: the child brides who are forced to marry in Britain,” The Guardian, February 21, 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2004/feb/22/ukcrime.gender.

20. Hill, “Revealed: the child brides who are forced to marry in Britain.”

21. Koran 2:223, Pickthall translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=pickthall&layout=auto&searchstring=002:223.

22. Mark Hughes, Jerome Taylor. “Rape ‘impossible’ in

marriage, says Muslim cleric,” The UK Independent, October 14, 2010, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-

news/rape-impossible-in-marriage-says-muslim-cleric- 2106161.html.

23. “UK sharia chief - there is no such thing as rape within

marriage,” The Samosa, October 6, 2010,

http://www.thesamosa.co.uk/index.php/news-and- features/society/431-uk-sharia-chief-there-is-no-such-thing-as- rape-within-marriage.html.

24. http://www.islamic-sharia.org/.

25. “ISC STAND ON THE MARRIAGE CONTRACT,” http://www.islamic-sharia.org/index2.php?

option=com docman&gid=4&task=doc view&Itemid=99999 999.

The ISC statement on p. 6 indicates the organization plainly rejects the “Western conception” of marital rape:

The contract says: “The husband undertake not to abuse his wife/child(ren) verbally, emotionally, physically, or sexually”....We can understand the first three reasons of abuse mentioned in the document, but what is implied by adding “sexual abuse”? Are there any proposed

constraints on matrimonial rights fulfilled between them?

It is well known in the western culture that a husband's sexual relation with his wife without her consent could be considered as rape resulting in a prison sentence.

26. “UK sharia chief - there is no such thing as rape within marriage.”

27. Ibid.

28. Ibid.

29. Mark Hughes, Jerome Taylor, “Rape ‘impossible' in marriage, says Muslim cleric.”

30. “UK sharia chief - there is no such thing as rape within marriage.”

31. Steve Doughty. “Britain has 85 sharia courts: The

astonishing spread of the Islamic justice behind closed doors,” The_______ Daily Mail.com,_______ June 29,__ 2009,

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1196165/Britain-85- sharia-courts-The-astonishing-spread-Islamic-justice-closed- doors.html#ixzz1dyRSGMCr.

32. http://www.amjaonline.com/index.php.

33. http://www.amjaonline.com/print.php?fid=2982 [accessed 11/17/2011].

34. “ ‘The accuser has become the accused': Woman gang-

raped by Gaddafi's troops is CHARGED with slander,” The Daily__ Mail.com, March 30,__________ 2011,

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1370827/Libya-Iman- al-Obeidi-gang-raped-Gaddafis-troops-CHARGED- slander.html#ixzz1dyW83VJj.

35. Koran 24:4, Pickthall translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=pickthall&layout=auto&searchstring=024:004.

36. “Hadd punishment for slander,” Islam Question and Answer, Fatwa No. 108955, http://www.islam- qa.com/en/ref/108955. The website notes, http://www.islam- qa.com/en/ref/islamqapages/2: “Welcome to Islam Question &

Answer! This site aims to provide intelligent, authoritative responses to anyone's question about Islam, whether it be from a Muslim or a non-Muslim, and to help solve general and personal social problems. Responses are composed by Sheikh Muhammed Salih Al-Munajjid,

http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Muhammad Munajid, a known Islamic lecturer and author.”

37. Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri. Reliance of the Traveller—A Classic Manual of Islamic Sacred Law, translated by Nuh Ha Mim Keller, Beltsville, Maryland, 1994.

38. Ibid., pp. 732, 730.

32. INDONESIAN ISLAM AND

NAHDLATUL ULAMA WITHOUT CAMOUFLAGE

Source note: originally published in The American Thinker, September 25, 2011.

1. Robert Small. “The True Story of Moderate Islam,” The

American Thinker, September 25, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/09/the true story of moderate islam.html

2. Rudyard Kipling. Just So Stories,

http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2781.

3. B.J. Boland. The struggle of Islam in modern Indonesia, The Hague, 1971, p. 49.

4. Ibid., pp. 49, 50.

5. Ibid., p. 50.

6. Ibid., pp. 52, 145.

7. Ibid., p. 146.

8. Small, “The True Story of Moderate Islam.”

9. John Taylor, “Encirclement and Annihilation,” in The Spector of Genocide: Mass Murder in the Historical Perspective, ed. Robert Gellately & Ben Kiernan, New York, 2003, pp. 166-67, 171; James Dunn cited a study by the Catholic Church estimating that as many as sixty thousand Timorese had been killed by the close of 1976. This figure does not appear to include those killed in the period between the start of the civil war in August 1975 and the invasion on December 7th. See James Dunn, “The Timor Affair in International Perspective,” in Peter B. R. Carey (Author, Editor), G. Carter Bentley (Editor) East Timor at the Crossroads, Honolulu, 1995, p. 66, 239.

10. East Timor at the Crossroads, p. 11.

11. Julia Duin. “Christians in Indonesia—Allowing persecution to happen,” The National Review Online, January 2, 2002, http://old.nationalreview.com/comment/comment- duin010202.shtml.

12. “Indonesian Islamist Abu Bakar Bashir: ‘It is Not

Democracy That We Want, but Allah-cracy!’,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, September 8, 2006, Special Dispatch No.

1285http://www.memri.org/report/en/print1871.htm.

13. Steven Kull. “Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy,

Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda,” World Public Opinion.org, April 24, 2007, p. 22,

http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/START A pr07 rpt.pdf.

14. United States Department of State, Indonesia: “Report

on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC),” 1 June 2001, available at:

http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/46d57879c.html;

“Female Genital Mutilation - on the Rise in Indonesia,” Asia Mag.com, October 19, 2010,

http://www.theasiamag.com/patterns/female-genital- mutilation-%E2%80%93-on-the-rise-in-indonesia; Ladjali M, Rattray TW, Walder RJ. “Female genital mutilation,” British Medical Journal, 1993; 307(6902): p. 460.

15. C. Snouck Hurgronje. The Acehnese Vol. 1, 1906, Leyden, Introduction, pp. vii-viii.

16. “Angry Mob Attacks Church in Aceh,” Compass Direct

News, September 8, 2006,

http://www.compassdirect.org/english/country/indonesia/2006/ newsarticle 4530.html.

17. Small, “The True Story of Moderate Islam.”

33. ROBERT SMALL’S ISLAM

Source note: originally published as “Robert Small’s Islam,” in The American Thinker, November 27, 2011.

1. Robert Small. “A New Model of Islam with Less Bark and More Bite,” The American Thinker, November 20, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/11/a new model of is lam with less bark and more bite.html#ixzz1eusee6tL.

2. Andrew Bostom. “Indonesian Islam and Nahdlatul Ulama without Camouflage,” The American Thinker, September 25, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/09/indonesian isla m and nahdlatul ulama without camouflage.html#ixzz1eut AOite.

3. Robert Small. “The True Story of Moderate Islam,” The

American Thinker, September 25, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2011/09/the true story of moderate islam.html#ixzz1eutgfDek.

4. Bostom, “Indonesian Islam and Nahdlatul Ulama without Camouflage.”

5. Small, “A New Model of Islam with Less Bark and More Bite.”

6. John T. Sidel. Riots, Pogroms, Jihad, Ithaca, NY, 2006, p. 59.

7. Ibid., pp. 194, 211.

8. Ibid., p. 211.

9. Small, “A New Model of Islam with Less Bark and More Bite.”

10. Sidel, Riots, Pogroms, Jihad, Ithaca, p. 59.

11. See Harry J. Benda. The Crescent and the Rising Sun, The Hague, 1958, chapter two, “The Renaissance of Indonesian Islam’, pp. 32-60; B.J. Boland. The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia, The Hague, 1971.

12. Sidel, Riots, Pogroms, Jihad, p. 216.

13. Benda. The Crescent and the Rising Sun, pp. 13, 29, 57.

14. Small, “A New Model of Islam with Less Bark and More Bite.”

15. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008 and The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008; Many illustrative essays are compiled at these links:

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/;

http://www.americanthinker.com/andrew g bostom/;

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/andrew g bostom/;

http://bigpeace.com/author/abostom/;

http://pjmedia.com/blog/author/andrewgbostom/;

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/bioAuthor.aspx? AUTHID=782.

16. Small, “A New Model of Islam with Less Bark and More Bite.”

17. Andrew Bostom. “‘Islamism’ or Islam? ‘Islamist’ or Islamic?,” The American Thinker, November 14, 2009, http://www.americanthinker.com/2009/11/islamism or islam islamist or.html.

18. “Pakistani Public Opinion—Growing Concerns about Extremism, Continuing Discontent with U.S.,” Pew Research

Center, August 13, 2009,

http://www.pewglobal.org/2009/08/13/pakistani-public- opinion/.

19. “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah—

Most Embrace a Role for Islam in Politics” Pew Research Center, December 2, 2010

http://pewglobal.org/files/2010/12/Pew-Global-Attitudes- Muslim-Report-FINAL-December-2-2010.pdf.

20. Ibid.

21. Andrew Bostom. “Defunding the Global Jihad With Our Own Oil?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, March 29, 2008, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/03/29/defunding- the-global-jihad-with-our-own-oil/.

22. Andrew Bostom. “Horse Hockey Climate Scientology:

‘Getting Rid' of the Medieval Warming Period,” www.AndrewBostom.org, December 25, 2008,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/12/25/horse-hockey- climate-scientology-%E2%80%9Cgetting-rid%E2%80%9D- of-the-medieval-warming-period/.

23. Andrew Bostom. “Here Comes The Sun (And There

Goes Anthropogenic Warmism),” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 31, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/08/31/here-comes- the-sun-and-there-goes-anthropogenic-warmism/.

24. Andrew Bostom. “Caliphate Dreams,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, December 12, 2003,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

25. Louis Bertrand, from his Preface to Andre Servier, Islam and the Psychology of the Musulman, Paris, 1923, translated by A. S. Moss-Blundell, London, 1924, p. x.

34: QARADAWI, THE “ARAB SPRING,” AND THE TREASON OF THE INTELLECTUALS

Source note: original version published at www.AndrewBostom.org, December 4, 2011.

1. Theodore Roosevelt. Theodore Roosevelt And His Time Shown In His Own Letters, Volume II, New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920, pp. 186, 189.

2. David D. Kirkpatrick. “After Long Exile, Sunni Cleric Takes Role in Egypt,” The New York Times, February 18, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/19/world/middleeast/19egyp t.html? r=3&adxnnl=1&adxnnlx=1298124330- yHiGO4zk5eXS/sqOx/fieA.

3. Al-Mutarjim. “Islamists Say Be ‘Cutters of Necks’; Sex With Prepubescent Girls Okay,” Big Peace.com, January 19, 2011, http://bigpeace.com/amutarjim/2011/01/19/islamists- say-be-cutters-of-necks-sex-with-prepubescent-girls-okay/.

4. “Egyptian Cleric Safwat Higazi Unveils His Vision: The

United States of Islam,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, January 18, 2009, Clip No. 2043,

http://www.memritv.org/clip transcript/en/2043.htm.

5. 2:65, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&search string=002:065:

Arberry translation: “And well you know there were those among you that transgressed the Sabbath, and We said to them, ‘Be you apes, miserably slinking!’”

7:166, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=007:166:

Arberry translation: “And when they turned in disdain from that forbidding We said to them, ‘Be you apes, miserably slinking!’”

5:60, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:060:

“Say: ‘Shall I tell you of a recompense with God, worse than that? Whomsoever God has cursed, and with whom He is wroth, and made some of them apes and swine, and worshippers of idols—they are worse situated, and have gone further astray from the right way.'”

6. “Egyptian Cleric Safwat Higazi on Hamas TV: Dispatch Those Sons of Apes and Pigs to the Hellfire, on the Wings of Qassam rockets,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Clip No. 1972 Al-Aqsa TV (Hamas/Gaza) - December 31, 2008, http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1972.htm.

7. “Egyptian Cleric Safwat Higazi Responds to MEMRI: Yes, I Am an Anti-Semite; If Not for the Arab Rulers, We Would Devour the Jews with Our Teeth,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Clip #1983 Al-Nas TV (Egypt), January 4, 2009, http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1983.htm.

8. Andrew Bostom. “Wael Ghonim Deserves the Spring

Time for Sharia in Araby Award,” www.AndrewBostom.org, May 24, 2011.

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/05/24/wael-ghonim- deserves-the-spring-time-for-sharia-in-araby-award/ As I noted then:

Wael Ghonim, Google's head of marketing for the Middle East and North Africa was presented Monday 5/23/11 (Jessica Alpert, “Wael Ghonim Accepts ‘Profile In Courage' Award For Egyptian People,” Radio Boston, May 23, 2001,

http://radioboston.wbur.org/2011/05/23/ghonim-courage- award) with one of the 2011 “Profiles in Courage” awards by the John F. Kennedy Library. Ghonim was honored for his purported role in sparking the Egyptian uprising via the use of social media, which forced President Mubarak to resign....But the Kennedy Library “Profiles in Courage” award recipient Wael Ghonim apparently has no such regrets about the ascension of the Muslim Brotherhood. Despite being barred from the stage at Tahrir Square on February 18th during Muslim

Brotherhood Spiritual Guide Yusuf al-Qaradawi's triumphant return, and sermon, Ghonim tweeted, “I loved Sheikh Qaradawi Khutbah['s sermon] today. Was truly inspired when he said: ‘Today I'm going to address both Muslims and Christians.'”

Ghonim only reinforced his disturbing lack of concern about, if not outright support for the totalitarian, sharia­based agenda of the Muslim Brotherhood when interviewed by a fawning NPR reporter on the occasion of his “Profiles in Courage” award. Ghonim states plainly, “I have met a lot of the people planning to run for Parliament. Some of them are from the Muslim Brotherhood movement. It seems to me that all are sharing the same dream.” Subsequently the NPR reporter asks two important related questions. Ghonim's responses clarify in alarming ways his tacit acceptance of, and perhaps even active support for an Egypt openly aligned with Iran and Hamas, and run by the Muslim Brotherhood.

Interviewer: “Do you worry that...the Muslim Brotherhood which is very well organized and had a big role in the September elections that are paving the way for the Parliamentary elections?...Do you worry the Muslim Brotherhood...will co-opt your revolution?”

Ghonim: “Whomever comes in power based on a democratic process should be empowered and lead the country. I disagree with those who want to get people scared of the Muslim Brotherhood.”

Interviewer: “What would you say to Westerners who might be concerned about the direction Egypt is going in.some leaders looking to normalize relations with Iran, relaxing blockage of the Gaza strip, brokering a deal with Hamas and the Palestinian Authority, and then I mentioned the Muslim Brotherhood. What would you say to those concerned that a new Egypt might be moving away from the West?”

Ghonim: “I don’t like this attitude of Fatherhood, where the West needs to be happy with what happens in Egypt.”

9. “Egypt military says will not allow strikes to go on,” Al

Arabiya, February 18, 2011,

http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/18/138155.html.

10. “Leading Sunni Scholar Sheik Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi Calls for the Egyptian Army to Replace the Government and Prays to Allah for the Conquest of the Al-Aqsa Mosque,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Clip # 2815, February 18, 2011, http://www.memri.org/clip transcript/en/2815.htm.

11. Al-Mutarjim. “Al-Qaradawi Leads Friday Prayers in

Cairo, Prays for the Conquest of Jerusalem,” Translating Jihad, February 19, 2011,

http://www.translatingjihad.com/2011/02/al-qaradawi-leads- friday-prayers-in.html.

12. See for example, Dan Murphy. “Egypt revolution

unfinished, Qaradawi tells Tahrir masses,” The Christian Science Monitor, February 18, 2011,

http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle- East/2011/0218/Egypt-revolution-unfinished-Qaradawi-tells- Tahrir-masses.

13. See full text of Qaradawi’s February 18, 2011Tahrir

Square speech. Al-Mutarjim. “Exclusive: Transcript of Qaradawi’s Speech in Cairo,” Translating Jihad, March 7, 2011, http://www.translatingjihad.com/2011/03/exclusive- transcript-of-qaradawis.html. See also the full translation by Dr. Yahya Michot, a professor at the Hartford Seminary, reproduced here:

http://blog.beliefnet.com/cityofbrass/2011/03/the-khutbah- sermon-of-yusuf-al.html Originally posted at Islam Online as: http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article C& pagename=Zone-English-Muslim_Affairs/ MAELayout&cid=1156077826744.

14. Karen W. Arenson. “Saudi Prince Gives Millions to

Harvard and Georgetown,” The New York Times, December 13, 2005,

http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/13/education/13donation.ht ml.

15. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, New York, 2005, pp. 70-72, 555-565.

16. John Esposito. “Practice and Theory—A response to ‘Islam and the Challenge of Democracy'” Originally published in the April/May 2003 issue of Boston Review, http://bostonreview.net/BR28.2/esposito.html.

17. “After Long Exile, Sunni Cleric Takes Role in Egypt.”

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Ibid.

21. Dina Abdel-Mageed. “Tariq Ramadan's Call for a Moratorium—Storm in a Teacup,” OnIslam.net, April 18, 2005, http://www.onislam.net/english/shariah/contemporary- issues/critiques-and-thought/439960-tariq-ramadans-call-for-a- moratorium.html#prev3. Originally posted at Islam Online as: http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?

c=Article C&pagename=Zone-English- Muslim Affairs/MAELayout&cid=1156077826744.

22. Ibid.

23. Thomas Patrick Hughes. A Dictionary of Islam, London, 1885, p. 153.

24. Ibn Taymiyya (1263-1328) was a Syrian theologian and jurisconsult of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence under the Mamluks, who lived in Damascus. His writings inspired the so-called Islamic modernists of the late nineteenth through early twentieth century, such as Al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and Rashid Rida, as well as the earlier eighteenth-century Wahhabi revival movement.

25. Al-Mawardi (d. 1058) was a famous jurist of the Shafiite school of Islamic jurisprudence who resided in Baghdad. He authored an important legal treatise, Al-akham as-Sultaniyya, which included seminal observations on the Muslim ruling institution of the Caliphate, as well as a treatise on morality.

26. Muhammad Abu Zahra. “Punishment in Islam,” in Proceedings of The Fourth Conference of the Academy of Islamic Research, September, 1968, Cairo, 1970, p. 755. *quote expanded slightly from original essay.

27. “Egypt revolution unfinished, Qaradawi tells Tahrir masses.”

28. Ibid.

29. “Qaradawi: “MB asked me to be a chairman’,” Ikhwanweb.com, Interview conducted 2/9/2006, http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=3537.

30. “Qaradawi: ‘Muslim Brotherhood Represents Moderate

Islam, Best Group in Muslim Nation’,” Ikhwanweb.com, Interview conducted 9/25/2008,

http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=18055.

31. Richard P Mitchell. The Society of the Muslim Brothers, London, Oxford University Press, 1969; Hasan al-Banna. Translated by Charles Wendell. Five tracts of Hasan al-Banna a selection from the Majmu at Rasa'il al-Ima m al-Shahi d H asan al-Banna, Berkeley, CA, 1978; Brynjar Lia. The Society of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt—The Rise of an Islamic Mass Movement, 1928-1942, Reading, UK, 1998.

32. “Qaradawi: ‘Muslim Brotherhood Represents Moderate Islam, Best Group in Muslim Nation.’”

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.; See also, for example, Emmanuel Sivan,

“Eavesdropping on Radical Islam,” Middle East Quarterly March 1995, pp. 13-24,

http://www.meforum.org/237/eavesdropping-on-radical-islam: Realities have a way of shaping positions. Hence the appearance of catchphrases as launched in Algeria, “Islamic state through the will of the people” (dawla Islamiya bi-iradat ash-shab). FIS leader Rabah Kbir, now in exile in Germany, elaborated upon this slogan (in a sermon recorded in Oran in October 1991) but was ambiguous over whether it means a plurality of parties would be maintained under an Islamic state. He was likewise opaque about accepting the principle of alternating governments. “God may deploy stratagems of deception against His enemies,” he remarked.

35. “Qaradawi: “MB asked me to be a chairman.’”

36. “Qaradawi: ‘Muslim Brotherhood Represents Moderate Islam, Best Group in Muslim Nation.’”

37. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model,” The

Middle East Media Research Institute, July 26, 2001, Special Dispatch No.246.

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/484.htm.

38. Alexander Smoltczyk. “Islam’s Spiritual ‘Dear Abby’—

The Voice of Egypt’s Muslim Brotherhood,” Spiegel Online, February 15, 2011,

http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,745526,00.h tml.

39. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad in Europe: Past as Prologue?,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, February 20, 2006,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=5490.

40. Andrew Bostom. “Jihad terrorism in London,” The

American Thinker, July 8, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/07/jihad terrorism in l ondon.html.

41. “Sheikh Al-Qaradhawi Responds to Cartoons of Prophet Muhammad: Whoever is Angered and Does Not Rage in Anger is a Jackass - We are Not a Nation of Jackasses,” The

Middle East Media Research Institute, February 9, 2006, Special Dispatch No.1089,

http://www.memri.Org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1604.htm.

42. See, Ask the Scholar, “Source of the Punishment of Apostasy,” Islamonline.net, 7/23/2003. In a later article by Qaradawi (Dr. Yusuf Al-Qaradawi, “Apostasy: Major and Minor,” Islamonline.net, April 13, 2006), he again emphasizes that the Islamic scholarly consensus upholding the death penalty for apostates, including the citation of Koran 2:217. http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2009/08/31/rifqa-bary- and-the-noor-center%E2%80%99s- %E2%80%9Ctheology%E2%80%9D-of-apostasy/ Fatwas moved to onIslam.net, http://www.onislam.net/english/ask-the- scholar/crimes-and-penalties/apostasy/169569.html, http://www.onislam.net/english/shariah/contemporary- issues/islamic-themes/413125.

43. “Sheikh Yousuf Al-Qaradhawi: Allah Imposed Hitler On the Jews to Punish Them-’Allah Willing, the Next Time Will Be at the Hand of the Believers’,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, February 3, 2009, Special Dispatch No. 2224, http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/3062.htm.

44. “After Long Exile, Sunni Cleric Takes Role in Egypt”.

45. “Fatwa Against Sudan Muslims Voting for Separation,”

OnIslam.net: Fatwa issued 12/26/2010,

http://www.onislam.net/english/shariah/contemporary- issues/interviews-reviews-and-events/450360-fatwa-against- sudan-muslims-voting-for-separation.html.

46. Julien Benda (1867-1956),

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien Benda.

47. Julien Benda. La Trahison des Clercs, Paris, 1927.

48. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008.

49. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008.

50. Victor Klemperer. I Will Bear Witness: 1933-1941, New York, 1998, p. 184, Diary entry, August 16, 1936.

51. Fouad Ajami. “Barack Obama the Pessimist,” The Wall

Street Journal, August 1, 2011,

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB1000142405311190399990457 6466411161774824.html.

52. Egypt:

Andrew Bostom. “Egypt: ‘Lost,’ or Found?,” Human Events, February 3, 2011,

http://www.humanevents.com/article.php?id=41569;

Andrew Bostom. “Lara Logan’s Rape and Egyptian Muslim Jew-Hatred,” www.AndrewBostom.org, February 17, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/02/17/lara- logan%E2%80%99s-rape-and-egyptian-muslim-jew- hatred/; Andrew Bostom. “What the ‘Arab Spring’ has Sprung,” The American Thinker Blog, April 1, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/04/what the arab spring has sprun.html; Andrew Bostom. “Lara Logan: ‘They (Egyptian Democracy Advocates) Raped Me With Their Hands’ ’’www.AndrewBostom.org, April 29, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/04/29/lara- logan-they-egyptian-democracy-advocates-raped-me- with-their-hands%E2%80%9D/; Andrew Bostom. “The Muslim Brotherhood on ‘Sheikh’ Bin Laden’s Killing: A Re-Affirmation of Shared Goals,” The American Thinker Blog, May 3, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/05/the musli m brotherhood on shei.html; Andrew Bostom. “Egyptian Democrats: ‘The victory of our revolution will not be complete without the liberation of Palestine’,” The American Thinker Blog, May 13, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/05/egyptian democrats the victory.html; Andrew Bostom. “Kennedy

Library’s Springtime for Sharia Award,” The American Thinker Blog, May 24, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/05/kennedy l ibrarys springtime fo.html; Andrew Bostom. “Egyptian Islamo-Nazism and ‘Omar Amin’ Von Leers,” www.AndrewBostom.org, May 30, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/05/30/egyptian- islamo-nazism-and-%E2%80%9Comar- amin%E2%80%9D-von-leers/; Andrew Bostom. “Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Dismantling Mubarak’s State for a Sharia State,” The American Thinker Blog, June 1, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/06/egyptian muslim brotherhood dismantling mubaraks state for a sharia state.html#ixzz1ewDzZapJ; Andrew Bostom.

“Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Democrats to Form ‘Perfect Slavery to Allah’ Party,” The American Thinker Blog, June 9, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/06/egyptian muslim brotherhood democrats to form perfect slaver y to allah party.html; Andrew Bostom. “Totten: Eyeless in Zabibah-stan, Egypt,” www.AndrewBostom.org, July 15, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/07/15/totten- eyeless-in-zabibah-stan-egypt/; Andrew Bostom. “Educating Charles Krauthammer on the Copts and Egyptian Islam,” The American Thinker Blog, October 12, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/educating charles krauthammer on the copts and egyptian isla m.html#ixzz1ewIZj1c5; Andrew Bostom. “Coptic

Church Construction and Egyptian Muslim

‘Emasculation’,” The American Thinker Blog, October 15, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/coptic ch urch construction and egyptian muslim emasculation.h tml#ixzz1ewJF0cEW; Raymond Ibrahim. “Egypt’s Massacre of Christians: What the Media Does Not Want

You To Know,” Hudson NY.org, October 31, 2011, http://www.hudson-ny.org/2544/egypt-massacre- christians-media; Andrew Bostom. “Egypt: More Evidence on How Islam Liberates Women,” The American Thinker Blog, November 18, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/11/egypt mo re evidence on how islam liberates women.html;

Peter Hitchens. “The overthrow of Egypt's despotic ruler was hailed a success but nine months on, Peter Hitchens reports on a fearful and violent land,” The Daily Mail.com, November 20, 2011,

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2063628/Egypt- revolution-chaos-9-months-Peter-Hitchens-reports- fearful-violent-land.html; Diana West. “Would You Want Your Daughter Reporting in Tahrir Square?” DianaWest.net, November 26, 2011,

http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1962/ Would-You-Want-Your-Daughter-Reporting-in-Tahrir- Square.aspx; Oren Kessler. “Muslim Brotherhood rally vows to ‘kill all Jews',” The Jerusalem Post, November 27, 2011, http://www.jpost.com/MiddleEast/Article.aspx? id=247078; Ulrike Putz. “The Muslim Brotherhood Prepares for Power,” Der Spiegel Online, November 28, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,druck- 800338,00.html; David D. Kirkpatrick. “After Second Day of Voting in Egypt, Islamists Offer Challenge to Generals,” The New York Times, November 29, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/30/world/middleeast/vo ting-in-historic-egyptian-elections-enters-second- day.html.

Libya:

“The Libyan ‘Not Worthy Zone'—Recalling Qadaffi's ‘Offer’ to ‘Arab Jews',” www.AndrewBostom.org, March 3, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/03/03/the- libyan-%E2%80%9Cnot-worthy- zone%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94recalling- qadaffi%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%9Coffer%E2%80%9D- to-%E2%80%9Carab-jews%E2%80%9D/; Andrew Bostom. “Libya: Bombing to Support Jew-Hating Jihadists?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, March 30, 2011, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/03/30/libya- bombing-to-support-jew-hating-jihadists/; Andrew

Bostom. “Libyan ‘Freedom Fighters' Murderous Jihad Against Non-Arab Blacks,” The American Thinker Blog, May 27, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/05/libyan fre edom fighters murder.html; Andrew Bostom. “Libya Made Safe for Sharia?,” The American Thinker Blog, August 22, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/08/libya mad e safe for sharia.html#ixzz1ewGdYMqn; Andrew Bostom. “The New Libyan Zabibah-stan: Made Safe for Sharia?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 22, 2011, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/08/22/the-new- libyan-zabibah-stan-made-safe-for-sharia/; Andrew Bostom. “Popeye Knew the Libyan Rebels,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 26, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/08/26/popeye- knew-the-libyan-rebels/; Laura Rozen. “Menacing Libyan crowd forces returned Libyan Jew to flee Tripoli synagogue,” Yahoo News.com, Oct 4, 2011,

http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/envoy/menacing-libyan- crowd-forces-returned-libyan-jew-flee-174235036.html;.

Andrew Bostom. “Liberated Libya: Al Qaeda Flag Aloft Benghazi's Courthouse,” The American Thinker Blog, October 29, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/liberated libya al qaeda flag aloft benghazis courthouse.html#ix zz1ewL026aY; “Libya’s Muslim Brothers Emerge From the Shadows,” Jamestown Foundation, Terrorism Monitor, Volume IX, Issue 43, November 24, 2011, pp. 2­4, http://www.jamestown.org/uploads/media/TM 009 Issue 43.pdf.

Tunisia:

Tzvi Ben Gedalyahu. “Gangs in Tunisia Burn Torah Scroll, Set Synagogue on Fire,” Israel National News.com,

February 2, 2011,

http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/142 083; Andrew Bostom. “Spring Time for Qaradawi in Kairwan?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, April 1, 2011, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/04/01/spring- time-for-qaradawi-in-kairwan/; Andrew Bostom. “The ‘Arab Spring’ explains itself further,” The American Thinker Blog, July 3, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/07/the arab spring explains itself further.html; Andrew Bostom. “ ‘Liberated’ Tunisia: 40% Plurality to Mainstream Sharia­Promoting Ennahda Party,” The American Thinker Blog, October 24, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/liberated tunisia 40 plurality to mainstream sharia­promoting ennahda party.html#ixzz1ewJsBtWn;

Andrew Bostom. “The Jihadist Vision of Tunisia’s New ‘Democratic’ Leader,” The American Thinker Blog, October 25, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/the jihadi

st vision of tunisias new democratic leader.html#ixzz1 ewKRfMr2; Andrew Bostom. “A 2006 Taqiyya Warning About Tunisia's Leading Candidate for Prime Minister,” www.AndrewBostom.org, October 27, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/10/27/a-2006- taqiyya-warning-about-tunisia%E2%80%99s-leading- candidate-for-prime-minister/; Andrew Bostom. “

‘Liberated' Tunisia, the New Caliphate, and the Jihad Conquest of Jerusalem,” The American Thinker Blog, November 17, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/11/liberated t unisia the new caliphate and the jihad conquest of je rusalem.html#ixzz1ewLUgIvi.

Morocco:

“Islamists win most seats in Moroccan vote,” Reuters, November 27, 2011,

http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/27/us-morocco- election-idUSTRE7AQ0OY20111127.

Regional, Beyond North Africa:

[The Sudan] Andrew Bostom. “Ramping Up to Another Jihad Genocide in The Sudan?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, June 20, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/06/20/ramping- up-to-another-jihad-genocide-in-the-sudan/.

[Iraq] Andrew Bostom. “Post-Surge Iraq: 2010 ‘Worst Year' for Christian Minority,” The American Thinker Blog, July 17, 2011, http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/07/post-

surge iraq 2010 worst year for Christian minority.html

[Syria] Andrew Bostom. “The ‘Good’ Revolt in Syria, or Just More Revolting Jihadists?,” The American Thinker Blog, September 18, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/09/the good revolt in syria or just more revolting. jihadists.html;

Bastian Berbne. “Syria’s Christians Side with Assad Out of Fear,” Der Spiegel Online, November 30, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/0,1518,800450, 00.html.

[Regional] Raymond Ibrahim. “Muslim Persecution of Christians: October, 2011,” Hudson NY.org, November 17, 2011, http://www.hudson-ny.org/2585/muslim-

persecution-of-christians-october-2011; Dr. John Eibner. “Dear Mr. President, Today, Christian Solidarity International (CSI) issued a Genocide Warning concerning the 12 million-plus members of endangered non-Muslim minorities in North Africa and the broader Islamic Middle East.” Christian Solidarity International, November 29, 2011, http://csi-

usa.org/Obama Letter.html.

53. Ignaz Goldziher. Schools of Koranic Commentators, edited and translated by Wolfganag H. Behn, Wiesbaden, Germany, 2006. First published as Die Richtungen der Islamischen Koranaslegung, Leiden, 1920; Charles C. Adams. Islam and Modernism in Egypt, New York, 1933.

54. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt.

55. Goldziher, Schools of Koranic Commentators; Richard Gottheil. “Ignaz Goldziher” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1922, Vol. 42, pp. 189-193.

56. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt, p. 177.

57. Goldziher, Schools of Koranic Commentators, p. 204.

58. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt, pp. 4-247.

59. Gottheil, “Ignaz Goldziher.”

60. Goldziher, Schools of Koranic Commentators, pp. 197­232.

61. Adams, Islam and Modernism in Egypt, pp. 15-16.

62. Ibid. p. 16.

63. Ibid.

64. Ibid. pp. 59-60.

65. Alternative/variant translations: “Information for Those Who Write on Behalf of the Lord of the Worlds”; “Informing the Signatories about the Lord of the Universe.”

66. Goldziher, Schools of Koranic Commentators, pp. 203,204, 212, 213-214, 222-223.

67. Goldziher, Schools of Koranic Commentators, p. 212.

68. Rashid Rida. al-Wahhabiyunwa al-Hijaz [The Wahhabis and the Hijaz], Cairo, 1926.

69. David Commins. The Wahhabi Mission and Saudi Arabia, London, 2006, pp. 138-140.

70. Ibid. p. 140.

71. Johannes J.G. Jansen. The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism, Ithaca, New York, 1997, pp. 38-40.

72. Ibid. p. 38.

73. Ibid.

74. Ibid. p. 39.

75. Ibid. pp. 39-40.

76. Ibid. p. 40.

77. Ibid.

78. Hasan al-Banna. Translated by Charles Wendell. Five tracts of Hasan al-Banna a selection from the Majmu at Rasa'il al-Ima m al-Shahi d H asan al-Banna, Berkeley, CA, 1978, pp. 3-8.

79. Nadav Safran. Egypt in Search of Political Community —An Analysis of the Intellectual and Political Evolution of Egypt, 1804-1952, Cambridge, 1961.

80. Ibid. pp. 209, 215.

81. Olivier Carre. “The Impact of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood’s Political Islam Since the 1950s,” p. 262, in Islam, Nationalism, and Radicalism in Egypt and The Sudan, edited by Gabriel R. Warburg and Uri M. Kupferschmidt, New York, 1983.

82. Ibid. p. 275.

83. Ibid.

84. Bostom, “Egypt: ‘Lost,’ or Found?”; “Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Dismantling Mubarak’s State for a Sharia State”; “Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Democrats to Form ‘Perfect Slavery to Allah’ Party”; “Egypt: More Evidence on How Islam Liberates Women”; Hitchens, “The overthrow of Egypt’s despotic ruler was hailed a success but nine months on, Peter Hitchens reports on a fearful and violent land”; Bostom, “The New Libyan Zabibah-stan: Made Safe for Sharia?”; “Liberated Libya: Al Qaeda Flag Aloft Benghazi’s Courthouse”; “Libya’s Muslim Brothers Emerge From the Shadows” [Jamestown Foundation]; Bostom. “The ‘Arab Spring’ explains itself further”; “The Jihadist Vision of Tunisia’s New ‘Democratic’ Leader”.

85. Bostom, “ ‘Liberated’ Tunisia: 40% Plurality to Mainstream Sharia-Promoting Ennahda Party.”

86. “Islamists win most seats in Moroccan vote.”

87. “Egypt election results show Islamists are winning,” The

Telegraph (London), December 3, 2011,

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindiano cean/egypt/8932954/Egypt-election-results-show-Islamists- are-winning.html.

88. “Final results of first stage of parliamentary elections,” The Egyptian State Information Service, December 3, 2011, http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Story.aspx?sid=59214.

89. “Egypt's Islamists Take Commanding Lead in

Elections,” Voice of America News, December 04, 2011; See also these earlier reports: Michael Jansen. “Fundamentalists' win confirms worst fears of Egypt's secularists,” The Irish Times, December 3, 2011,

http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/world/2011/1203/12243 08522704.html; “Egypt election results show Islamists are winning.”

90. Holly Fletcher. “Jamaat al-Islamiyya [Gemaa Islamiyya],” The Council on Foreign Relations, May 30, 2008, http://www.cfr.org/egypt/jamaat-al-islamiyya/p9156; Richard Spencer of The Telegraph (London) profiled former Egyptian Islamic Jihad member Aboud al-Zamour, now in the leadership council of Gemaa Islamiyya.

Mr Zumour spent 30 years in prison for the Sadat killing before being released after the revolution that toppled Mr Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak. He is now on the council of Gamaa Islamiya, another militant group previously responsible for numerous murderous attacks on tourists and civilian targets that has, like him, “gone straight.” He estimates it will win seven per cent of the seats in the parliament for which elections began this week.

Richard Spencer. “Aboud al-Zumour, Islamic Jihad mastermind of Sadat's murder, comes in from the cold after Egypt election,” The Telegraph (London), December 3, 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindiano cean/egypt/8933537/Aboud-al-Zumour-Islamic-Jihad- mastermind-of-Sadats-murder-comes-in-from-the-cold-after- Egypt-election.html.

91. “Egypt's Islamists Take Commanding Lead in Elections.”

92. Ibid.

93. Gamal Essam El-Din. “Brotherhood’s FJP secures 40% of the vote in 1st round of Egypt’s elections,” Al Ahram Online, http://english.ahram.org.eg/~/NewsContent/33/100/28262/Elec tions-/News/Brotherhoods-FJP-secures—of-the-vote-in-st- round-.aspx.

94. David D. Kirkpatrick. “Wired and Shrewd, Young Egyptians Guide Revolt,” The New York Times, February 9, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/10/world/middleeast/10yout h.html? r=4&ref=daviddkirkpatrick.

95. Samuel Tadros. “What to Watch For in the Egyptian Elections,” The National Review Online, November 28, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/284225/what-watch- egyptian-elections-samuel-tadros.

96. Samuel Tadros. “The Egyptian Elections: Analyzing the First Round,” The National Review Online, December 2, 2011, http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/284799/egyptian- elections-analyzing-first-round-samuel-tadros.

97. Douglas E. Schoen. “Why the Muslim Brotherhood Will

Win,” FoxNews.com, February 10, 2011,

http://www.foxnews.com/opinion/2011/02/10/muslim- brotherhood-win/#ixzz 1fUeADNxQ.

98. “Muslim Publics Divided on Hamas and Hezbollah—

Most Embrace a Role for Islam in Politics,” Pew Research Center, December 2, 2010,

http://pewglobal.org/files/2010/12/Pew-Global-Attitudes- Muslim-Report-FINAL-December-2-2010.pdf.

99. See multiple historical examples in Bat Ye’or, The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam, Cranberry, New Jersey, 1996, and Islam and Dhimmitude, Cranberry, New Jersey, 2001, as well as Andrew Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, New York, 2005/2008, and The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, New York, 2008.

100. Bostom, “Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood Dismantling Mubarak’s State for a Sharia State”; “Egypt: More Evidence on How Islam Liberates Women”; Hitchens, “The overthrow of Egypt’s despotic ruler was hailed a success but nine months on, Peter Hitchens reports on a fearful and violent land”; Bostom, “The New Libyan Zabibah-stan: Made Safe for Sharia?”; “ ‘Liberated’ Tunisia: 40% Plurality to Mainstream Sharia-Promoting Ennahda Party.”

101. Bostom, “Egyptian Islamo-Nazism and ‘Omar Amin’ Von Leers”; “Lara Logan’s Rape and Egyptian Muslim Jew- Hatred”; “The Libyan ‘Not Worthy Zone’—Recalling Qadaffi’s ‘Offer’ to ‘Arab Jews’ ”; “Libya: Bombing to Support Jew-Hating Jihadists?”; “Ramping Up to Another Jihad Genocide in The Sudan?”; “Post-Surge Iraq: 2010 ‘Worst Year’ for Christian Minority”; “The ‘Good’ Revolt in Syria, or Just More Revolting Jihadists?”; Berbne, “Syria’s Christians Side with Assad Out of Fear”; Ibrahim, “Muslim Persecution of Christians: October, 2011”.

102. Bostom, “Educating Charles Krauthammer on the Copts and Egyptian Islam”; “Coptic Church Construction and Egyptian Muslim ‘Emasculation’ ”; Ibrahim. “Egypt’s Massacre of Christians: What the Media Does Not Want You To Know”; Eibner, “Today, Christian Solidarity International (CSI) issued a Genocide Warning concerning the 12 million­plus members of endangered non-Muslim minorities in North Africa and the broader Islamic Middle East.”

103. Andrew Bostom. “Recognition for the Silent Jewish Refugees,” The American Thinker, July 19, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/07/recognition for the

silent jew.html.

104. Gedalyahu, “Gangs in Tunisia Burn Torah Scroll, Set Synagogue on Fire.”

105. Bostom, “The Libyan ‘Not Worthy Zone’—Recalling Qadaffi’s ‘Offer’ to ‘Arab Jews.’”

106. Rozen, “Menacing Libyan crowd forces returned Libyan Jew to flee Tripoli synagogue.”

107. Bostom, “Egyptian Democrats: ‘The victory of our revolution will not be complete without the liberation of Palestine'”; ‘Liberated' Tunisia, the New Caliphate, and the Jihad Conquest of Jerusalem”; Kessler, “Muslim Brotherhood rally vows to ‘kill all Jews.'”

108. Bostom, “Lara Logan's Rape and Egyptian Muslim Jew-Hatred”; “Lara Logan: ‘They (Egyptian Democracy Advocates) Raped Me With Their Hands'”; West, “Would You Want Your Daughter Reporting in Tahrir Square?”

109. Bat Ye'or. “Persecution of Jews and Christians: Testimony vs. Silence,” The Ethics and Public Policy Center, April 2, 1998, http://www.dhimmi.org/LectureE4.html.

110. Patrick Goodenough. “2012 Presidential Hopefuls

Urged to Sign a ‘Pledge for Religious Freedom'” CNSnews.com, November 30, 2011,

http://cnsnews.com/news/article/2012-presidential-hopefuls- urged-sign-pledge-religious-freedom.

111. Nonie Darwish. The Devil We Don't Know: The Dark Side of the Revolutions in the Middle East, Hoboken, New Jersey, 2012, p. 224.

PART 4: HOW DO YOU SOLVE A PROBLEM LIKE SHARIA?

INTRODUCTORY QUOTES

1. W. H. T. Gairdner. The Reproach of Islam, London, 1909, pp. 185-186. William Henry Temple (W. H. T.) Gairdner (1873-1928) was an Orientalist who became canon of the Protestant Cathedral, Cairo, and served as editor of Moslem World. His works included Egyptian Colloquial Arabic (1917), The Phonetics of Arabic (1925), and a translation of al- Ghazali's Mishkat al-Anwar (1924).

2. A. S. Tritton. Review of Islam and Modernism in Egypt, by C.C. Adams, London, 1933, in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britian and Ireland, No. 3, 1934, p. 603.

Arthur Stanley (A. S.) Tritton (1881-1973) was an Orientalist who specialized in Semitic languages. His 1918 thesis was titled, The Rise of the Imams of Sanaa. Tritton taught for nine years as a professor of Arabic at Aligarh (Muslim) University (in pre-Partition India), before serving in various capacities at the London School for Oriental and Asiatic Studies from 1931 till his retirement in 1946. His writings include The Caliphs and Their Non-Muslims Subjects (1930), Teach Yourself Arabic (1943), Muslim Theology (1947), and Islam: Belief and Practices (1951). Tritton’s reference “He” was to Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905), the so-called Islamic “modernist” whom the great Orientalist Ignaz Goldziher—a contemporary of Abduh—denoted as a “cultural Wahhabi.” Here are Abduh’s own words from the last decade of the nineteenth century, as recorded by Charles C. Adams (in Islam and Modernism, London, 1933, p. 59):

It is a duty incumbent upon all Muslims to aid in maintaining the authority of Islam and Islamic rule over all lands that have once been Muslims'; and they are not permitted under any circumstances to be peaceable and conciliatory towards any who contend the mastery with them, until they obtain complete authority without sharing it with any one else.

3. Jadunath Sarkar. “The Condition of Hindus under Muslim Rule,” The Hindusthan Standard, Calcutta, Puja Annual (Deepavali special) 1950. Sarkar (1870-1958) was acclaimed Indian historian of the period of Islamic rule under the Mughal Empire best known for two major works: A History of Aurangzib (in 5 volumes; 1912-24), and The Fall of the Mughal Empire (in 4 volumes; 1932-38).

4. Asaf A. A. Fyzee. “Islamic Law and Theology in India: Proposals for a Fresh Approach,” Middle East Journal, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1954), pp. 166, 180. For biographical information on A. A. A. Fyzee, see general introductory quotes, note 12.

5. J. N. D. Anderson. “Law as a Social Force in Islamic Culture and History,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1/3, 1957, p. 39. James Norman Dalrymple (J. N. D.) Anderson (1908-1994) lived in Egypt from1932 to 1940, where he worked as a missionary and studied Arabic at the American University in Cairo. Subsequently, Anderson lectured on Islamic law for three years at Cambridge, and then from 1947 to 1971 he taught at the School of Oriental and Asiatic Studies, where he was appointed professor of oriental laws (at the University of London) in 1954. Anderson was the head of the Department of Law, SOAS, London, 1953-1971; professor of oriental laws, University of London 1954-1975; and director of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies in the University of London 1959­1976. His major works on Islamic law included Islamic Law in Africa (1954) and Islamic Law in the Modern World (1959).

6. Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi [Maudoodi]. Islamic Law and Constitution, Lahore, 1960, p. 154. Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi (1903-1979) was a major twentieth-century Indo-Pakistani Islamic revivalist ideologue whose prolific output shaped modern efforts to restore the sharia and its potential global application (see E. I. J. Rosenthal International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs Vol. 38, No. 3, July, 1962, pp. 365-368). Mawdudi’s “magnum opus,” Tafhim Al-Quran (Understanding the Koran), remains one of the most important works of modern Koranic exegesis, or interpretation.

7. Ernest Gellner. “Islam and Marxism: Some Comparisons”, International Affairs, 1991, Vol. 67, No. 1, p.

2. Gellner (1925-1995) was a British-Czech philosopher and social anthropologist. His anthropological interests extended to Islamdom, notably the 1981 study Muslim Society. In 1995, an obituarist (“Ernest Gellner Remembered,” by Professor Brendan O’Leary, http://gellnerpage.tripod.com/Obits.html) described Gellner as a “defender of positivism, empiricism and rationalism,” who, “with cold clarity” and “sternness” critiqued “religious and leftist seekers after umma...linguistic philosophy, relativism, psychoanalysis, and post-modernism.”

8. Mervyn Hiskett. Some to Mecca Turn to Pray—Islamic Values and the Modern World, Chippenham, UK, p. 273. Hiskett (1920-1994) was trained in Arabic at the University of London School of Oriental Studies, and received his doctorate in 1968 for Hausa Islamic Verse: Its Sources and the Development Prior to 1920. His additional writings include The Development of Islam in West Africa (1984) and The Course of Islam in Africa (1994).

9. K. S. Lal. Muslim Slave System in India, 1994, Delhi, p. 143. Professor Kishori Saran (K. S.) Lal received his doctorate in medieval Indian history from the University of Allahabad in 1945. Starting as a lecturer in the same university, he served in the Madhya Pradesh Education Service from 1945 to 1963 and taught at Government Colleges in Nagpur, Jabalpur, and Bhopal. He was reader in the University of Delhi for ten years (1963-1973) and, for the next ten years, professor and head of the Department of History in the University of Jodhpur (1973­1979) and the University of Hyderabad (1979-1983). K. S. Lal published a number of articles and monographs on medieval Indian history, including The History of the Khaljis (1950), Twilight of the Sultanate (1963), The Mughal Harem (1988), The Legacy of Muslim Rule in India (1992), and Theory and Practice of Muslim State in India (1999).

10. Aroun Shourie. The World of Fatwas (Or The Shariah In Action), New Delhi, 1995, p. 655, 657, 658-659. For biographical information on Aroun Shourie, see introductory quotes for part 3, note 7.

11. Jeanette Wakin. “Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902­1969)” Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School, Occasional Publications 4, January, 2003, p. 31.

Wakin (1926-1998) studied Islamic law at Columbia University, and she also received her doctorate in 1971 for a work eventually published (in 1972) as Function of Documents in Islamic Law. Under Wakin’s stewardship, as editor for Islam and the Near East, she helped develop the Journal of the American Oriental Society into an important academic venue. Joseph Schacht (1902-1969), the great scholar of Islamic law, in particular its historical development, argued for abandoning the “one-sided traditional sham-castle” based upon,

the gratuitous assumptions that there existed originally an authentic core of information going back to the time of the Prophet, that spurious and tendentious additions were made to every succeeding generation, that many of these were eliminated by the criticism of isnads [“chains” of pious Muslim transmitters] as practiced by the Muhammadan scholars, that other spurious traditions escaped rejection, but that the genuine core was not completely overlaid by later accretions. (Joseph Schacht. “A Revaluation of Islamic Traditions,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1949, pp. 143-154. Re-published in Ibn Warraq (editor), The Quest for the Historical Muhammad, Amherst, New York, 2000, pp. 366, 361.)

Alternatively, Schacht (p. 360, above) urged that these deconstructed “materials” be reevaluated in their real context, that is, the evolution of Islamic law, especially during the time of al-Shafi‘i (d. 820; after whom the Shafi‘ite school of Islamic jurisprudence was named).

12. Ibn Warraq. “A True Islamic Reformation,” FrontPageMagazine.com, May 19, 2003,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=18138). Warraq (pseudonym) graduated from the University of Edinburgh, where he studied philosophy and Arabic under the tutelage of Scottish historian and emeritus professor of Arabic and Islamic studies, W. Montgomery Watt. Warraq's compilation historiographies of nascent Islam— carefully marshaling both orientalist and contemporary scholarship—question pious Muslim and non-Muslim apologetic conceptions of this developmental period. He is the author of eight books, including Why I Am Not a Muslim (1995), The Origins of the Koran (1998), The Quest for the Historical Muhammad (2000), What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text and Commentary (2002) and Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism (2007), the essay collection, Virgins? What Virgins? (2010), Why the West Is Best (2011), and most recently, Which Koran? (2012).

13. Michael Nazir Ali. “Islamic Law, Fundamental Freedoms, and Social Cohesion: Retrospect and Prospect,” in Sharia in the West, edited by R. Ahdar, N. Aroney, Oxford, 2010, pp. 87,88. For biographical information on Nazir Ali, see part 1 introductory quotes, note 12.

35. HIRSI ALI

Source note: Originally published in The American Thinker, May 27, 2005.

1. Ibn Warraq. Leaving Islam, Amherst, NY, 2003.

2. Ibn Warraq. Why I Am Not a Muslim, Amherst, NY, 1995.

3. Emerson Vermaat. “Terror on Trial,” FrontPageMagazine.com, December 12, 2005.

4. Christopher Caldwell. “Daughter of the Enlightenment,”

The New York Times Magazine, April 3, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/magazine/03ALI.html? ei=5090&en=7272f7f8332d2c15&ex=1270267200&adxnnl=1 &partner=rssuserland&adxnnlx=1317043596- qSyJquKsCeFPLmxdRkNYWg; “We Must Declare War on Islamist Propaganda” Spiegel Online, May 14, 2005, http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,356485,00. html Alexander Linklater. “Danger Woman,” The Guardian, May16, 2005,

http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2005/may/17/religion.immigra tion; Jean-Michel Demetz. “Le probleme, c’est le Prophete et le Coran,” L'Express.Fr, May 16,2005,

http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/le-probleme-c-est-le- prophete-et-le-coran 485954.html.

5. Warraq, Leaving Islam, p. 11.

6. Ibn Warraq. “Apostasy and Human Rights” From the text presented by Ibn Warraq at a panel discussion entitled, “Apostasy, Human Rights, Religion and Belief,” held at the 60th Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights in Geneva, April 7, 2004. http://www.iheu.org/node/1541.

7. Andrew G. Bostom. “The Islamization of Europe,” FrontPageMagazine.com, December 31, 2004.

8. “Le probleme, c’est le Prophete et le Coran.”

9. Andrew Bostom. “Suf Jihad?,” The American Thinker,

May 15, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/05/sufi jihad.html.

10. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/.

11. The Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html.

n. Ibid.

13. Bat Ye’or and Andrew G. Bostom. “Jihad and Dhimmitude: Victimless Islamic Institutions?,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, December 03, 2002,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=20902.

14. “Le probleme, c’est le Prophete et le Coran.”

15. Ibid.

16. For example, see the hadith, Abu-Dawud Book 41, No. 5251: Narrated Umm Atiyyah al-Ansariyyah: A woman used to perform circumcision in Medina. The prophet (peace be upon him) said to her: “Do not cut severely as that is better for a woman and more desirable for a husband.” Another version of this tradition is, “Do not exaggerate in [performing the circumcision] because [performing the circumcision in this way] is liked by the wife and loved by the husband....Leave something protruding and do not go to extremes in cutting. That makes her face more radiant and is more pleasing to her husband.” [cited in B. Chernitsky, “The Egyptian Controversy Over Circumcising Girls,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Inquiry & Analysis Series Report No.152, November

7, 2003,

http://www.memri.Org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/989.htm# edn13 ]

The influential Sunni theologian al-Qaradawi advocates partial circumcision for women as a moderate, just, and reasonable practice, although leaving the ultimate decision to the girl’s parents. He wrote a fatwa on this matter, stating, “Anyone who thinks that circumcision is the best way to protect his daughters should do it....I support this, particularly in the period in which we live. [However], anyone who does not [circumcise girls] is not thought to have sinned, because this is nothing more than merit for girls, as stated by religious scholars and by one of the Hadiths” Y Al-Qaradawi, Modern Fatwas, Beirut: Al-Maktab Al-Islami, 2000, p. 468; also cited in B. Chernitsky, “The Egyptian Controversy Over Circumcising Girls.”

However, regardless of the so-called controversy over female genital mutilation/circumcision, as I observed, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/01/30/three- more-sobering-observations-about- egypt%E2%80%99s-elites-and-masses/, January 30, 2011:

Historian David Littman reported, http://vladtepesblog.com/?p=21222, to the UN Human Rights Commission on April 23, 2010, “The FGM (female genital mutilation) figure for Egypt.remains today a deadly 97%.” This barbaric practice is sanctioned by the Shafiite school of Sunni Islamic Law that predominates in Egypt. The predictable medical complications of this barbarity—acute (“severe pain, shock, infection, bleeding, acute urinary infection, tetanus, and death”) and chronic (“chronic pain, difficulties with micturition and menstruation, pelvic infection leading to infertility, and prolonged and obstructed labor during childbirth”)—are described in a 1993 British Medical Journal report. (Ladjali M, Rattray TW, Walder RJ. Female genital mutilation. BMJ. 1993 Aug 21;307(6902):460. PubMed PMID: 8400925.)

17. Jody K. Biehl. “The Death of a Muslim Woman—‘The Whore Lived Like a German,’” Spiegel Online, March 2, 2005, http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,344374,00.html.

18. Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment”; Linklater, “Danger Woman”; Demetz, “Le probleme, c’est le Prophete et le Coran”; and “We Must Declare War on Islamist Propaganda.”

19. See Khaled Abu El Fadl, Khaled Abou El Fadl, “The

Place of Tolerance in Islam” title essay, pp. 3-23, in The Place of Tolerance in Islam, Boston, MA, 2002, and my “Khaled Abou El Fadl: Reformer or Revisionist?” Institute for the Secularisation of Islamic Society, April 9, 2003 available online at: http://www.campus-watch.org/article/id/684, and “Sharia at Harvard?,” FrontPageMagazine.com, March 18, 2008, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=30192; Stephen (Sulayman Ahmad) Schwartz, The Two Faces of Islam, New York, 2002, and “The Good & the Bad—Stephen Schwartz on Islam and Wahhabism,” National Review Online, November 18, 2002,

http://old.nationalreview.com/interrogatory/interrogatory11180

2. asp, Schwartz’s statement regarding his conversion to Islam, http://www.naqshbandi.org/events/articles/conversion schwart z.htm, “Stephen Schwartz Recites Fatiha at the Grave of Bosnian President Alija Izetbegovic,” Sarajevo, 2004, http://www.islamicpluralism.org/about/ and my “Sufi Jihad,” The American Thinker, May 15, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/05/sufi jihad.html, and “Our Kosovo Folly: More Fulfillment of Izetbegovic’s ‘Moderate’ Vision?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, February 22, 2008, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/02/22/our- kosovo-folly-more-fulfillment-of-izetbegovic%E2%80%99s- %E2%80%9Cmoderate%E2%80%9D-vision/ ; Daniel Patterson, Khaleel Muhammad, Muhammad: Prophet of God, Grand Rapids, MI, 2001/2007, and “Symposium: The Koran and Anti-Semitism,” FrontPageMagazine.com, June 25, 2004, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=12471, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=12472 ; and Irshad Manji, The Trouble with Islam Today: A Muslim S Call for Reform in Her Faith, New York, 2003.

20. Caldwell, “Daughter of the Enlightenment.”

21. Warraq, Leaving Islam.

22. Richard Crossman. (editor), The God That Failed, New York, NY, 1950/1965.

23. Warraq, Leaving Islam, p. 136.

24. Ibn Warraq. “A True Islamic Reformation,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, May 19, 2003,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=18138.

25. Ibid.

26. Andrew G. Bostom. “The Ayatollahs’ Final Solution?,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, July 5, 2004,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=12363.

27. Reza Afshari. Human Rights in Iran—The Abuse of Cultural Relativism, Philadelphia, PA, 2001, p. xvi.

36. SAYONARA, SHARIA

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, February 2, 2008.

Ph.D.,

1. John David Lewis, http://www.johndavidlewis.com/press/.

2. John David Lewis. “ ‘Gifts from Heaven’: The Meaning of the American Victory over Japan, 1945,” The Objective

Standard, Winter 2007/2008, Vol. 2 No. 4, pp. 65-118.

3. Paul Tibbets (1915-2007),

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul Tibbets.

4. Lewis, “ ‘Gifts from Heaven’: The Meaning of the American Victory over Japan, 1945,” p. 66.

5. Ibid., pp. 67-75.

6. Ibid., p. 97.

7. Ibid., p. 95.

8. Ibid., p. 96.

9. Ibid., p. 98.

10. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008.

11 Ibn Warraq. “Is Islam Compatible With Democracy and Human Rights?” Parts 1 and 2 Institute for the Secularization of Islamic Society,

http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/islamic viewpoints/is isla m compatible with democracy and human rights/;

http://www.centerforinquiry.net/isis/islamic viewpoints/is isla m compatible with democracy and human rights part ii/.

12. Jeanette Wakin. “Remembering Joseph Schacht (1902­1969)” Islamic Legal Studies Program, Harvard Law School, Occasional Publications 4, January, 2003.

13. Joseph Schacht, “The Law,” in Gustave von Grunebaum. (editor) Unity and Variety in Muslim Civilization, Chicago, 1955, p. 84.

14. Ibid., p. 85.

15. Andrew Bostom. “Delusions of Islamic Democracy,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, June 02, 2003,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=17898.

16. Noah Feldman. “A New Democracy, Enshrined in Faith,” The New York Times, November 13, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/13/opinion/a-new- democracy-enshrined-in-faith.html and “Agreeing to Disagree in Iraq,” The New York Times, August 30, 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/30/opinion/30feldman.html? ex=1283054400&en=d20c78a2c4b34d10&ei=5090&partner=r ssuserland&emc=rss.

17. Kim Sengupta, Jerome Starkey in Kabul, Anne Penketh, Ben Russell. “Save Pervez! Global protests to save Afghan student from death sentence,” The Independent, February 1, 2008, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/save- pervez-global-protests-to-save-afghan-student-from-death- sentence-776783.html.

18. “Afghan senate backs death penalty,” BBC News,

January 30, 2008,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south asia/7216976.stm.

19. Jeremy Starkey. “Afghan protest: ‘He just shared an

article with friends. What’s the problem?’,” The Independent, February 1, 2008,

http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/afghan-protest- he-just-shared-an-article-with-friends-whats-the-problem- 776784.html.

20. Ibid.

21. Andrew Bostom. “Death for Apostasy,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, March 27, 2006,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx? ARTID=5062.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid; “Mood hardens against Afghan convert” BBC

News, March 25, 2006,

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south asia/4841334.stm; “Pope

makes Afghan convert appeal” BBC News, March 25, 2006, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south asia/4845970.stm; Tony Karon, “The Afghan Christian: Freed but Not Free,” Time.com, March 26, 2006,

http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1176969,00.ht

ml; “Afghan convert arrives in Italy for asylum,” CNN News, March 29, 2006,

http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/christian.co nvert/index.html.

24. Diana West. “The War on Timetables,” DianaWest.net,

January 31, 2008,

http://dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryID/133/Default.aspx.

25. Emmanuel Sivan. “Eavesdropping on Radical Islam,” Middle East Quarterly, March 1995, Vol. 2, No.1, http://www.meforum.org/article/237.

26. Andrew G. Bostom. “Wholly Shi’ite Alliance?,” The

American Thinker, September 13, 2006,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/09/wholly shiite allian ce.html.

27. Ibid.

28. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Islamic Antisemitism, Amherst, NY, 2008, pp. 39,47-48,54,151, 157-158, 162, 659, 663-664.

29. Dexter Filkins. “Iraqi Council Weighs Return of Jews, Rejecting It So Far,” The New York Times, February 28, 2004, http://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/28/international/middleeast/ 28CONS.html? ei=5007&en=5199fd70cd5303af&ex=1393304400&partner= USERLAND&pagewanted=all.

30. “Forgotten Victims: Iraqi Christians Who Speak the

Language of Jesus,” Assyrian International News Agency, October 14, 2005,

http://www.aina.org/news/20051014005129.htm.

31. Andrew G. Bostom. “Is Paul Bremer ‘Unclean’?,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, February 20, 2004,

http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp? ID=12255; “The Ayatollahs’ Final Solution?,” FrontPageMagazine.com, July 05, 2004,

http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/ReadArticle.asp? ID=14070; and “Badging Infidels in Iran,” The American

Thinker, May 20, 2006,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/05/badging infi delsiniran.html.

32. Ismail Zabeeh. “Marjaiyah demands Islam be the source of law in Iraq constitution,” Jafariyanews.com, February 7, 2005, http://www.jafariyanews.com/2k5 news/feb/7 marjade mands.htm.

33. Catherine Philip. “Iraq's women of power who tolerate

wife-beating and promote polygamy,” The Times of London Online, March 31, 2005,

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article44079

8. ece.

34. Jeremy Taylor. “Iraqi police ‘killed 14-year-old boy for being homosexual',” The Independent, May 5, 2006, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraqi- police-killed-14yearold-boy-for-being-homosexual- 476917.html.

35. “Sistani: ‘Gays Should Be Killed in Worst Way Possible.',” Healing Iraq Blogspot, March 17, 2006, http://healingiraq.blogspot.com/archives/2006 03 01 healingi raq archive.html#114261229300178066.

36. John Agresto. Mugged by Reality: The Liberation of Iraq and the Failure of Good Intentions, New York, 2007.

37. Ibid., p. 101.

38. Ibid., p. xxi.

39. Ibid., p. 101.

40. Ibid., p. 184.

41. Daniel Schorn. “Kurdistan: The Other Iraq” (60-minutes segment originally broadcast on Feb. 18, 2007. It was updated on Aug. 3, 2007), http://www.cbsnews.com/2102-18560 162- 2486679.html?tag=contentMain;contentBody.

42. “1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack,” BBC On

This Day, March 16, 1950-2005, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/new sid 4304000/4304853.stm.

43. Jonathan Tisdall. “Norway resident convicted of

blasphemy,” Aftenposten.no, January 8, 2008,

http://www.aftenposten.no/english/local/article2184678.ece.

44. See, “The Salman Rushdie of Iraqi Kurdistan,” The Is-

Ought Problem Weblog,

http://sites.google.com/site/charlesrcblog/ with accompanying interview uploaded February 1, 2008,

http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=pBtyrrZ39IM&feature=player embedded.

45. Alfred Guillaume (translator). The Life of Muhammad, A Translation of Ibn IshaqS “Sirat Rasul Allah,” Karachi, London, and New Delhi, 1955/2003/2004; Ibn Saad. Kitab Al- Tabaqat Al-Kabir, English translation by S. Moinul Haq and H.K. Ghaznafar, New Delhi, 1993; William Muir. The Life of Mahomet from Original Sources, London, 1877, Kessinger reprints, 2003; W.H.T. Gairdner. “Mohammed without Camouflage: Ecce Homo Arabicus,” The Moslem World, 1919, vol. 9, pp 25-57.

Aisha's childhood marriage to Muhammad was recorded thusly in the two most important canonical hadith collections:

Sahih Muslim, Book 008, Number 3311: “Aisha (Allah be pleased with her) reported that Allah's Apostle (may peace be upon him) married her when she was seven years old, and she was taken to his house as a bride when she was nine, and her dolls were with her; and when he (the Holy Prophet) died she was eighteen years old.

Sahih Bukhari, Volume 7, Book 62, Number 88: “Narrated Ursa: ‘The Prophet wrote the (marriage contract) with Aisha while she was six years old and consummated his marriage with her while she was nine years old and she remained with him for nine years (i.e. till his death).' ”

Sahih Bukhari, Volume 8, Book 73, Number 151: “Narrated Aisha: ‘I used to play with the dolls in the presence of the Prophet, and my girl friends also used to play with me. When Allah’s Apostle used to enter (my dwelling place) they used to hide themselves, but the Prophet would call them to join and play with me.’ ” (The playing with the dolls and similar images is forbidden, but it was allowed for Aisha at that time, as she was a little girl, who had not yet reached the age of puberty.) (Fateh-al-Bari page 143, Vol.13.)

Sahih Muslim, Book 031, Number 5981: “Aisha reported that she used to play with dolls in the presence of Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) and when her playmates came to her they left (the house) because they felt shy of Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him), whereas Allah’s Messenger (may peace be upon him) sent them to her.”

46. As reported in Aftenposten and Dagbladet, during September 2008 Mullah Krekar, the original leader of the jihad terror group Ansar al-Islam in Iraq, threatened to kill Mariwan Halabjaee in an audio file published on the Kurdish website Renesans.nu. Mr. Halabjaee is the author of the book Sex, Sharia and Women in the History of Islam. The allegedly “blasphemous” book describes how Islam is oppressive to women. The enraged Mullah Krekar compared Mr. Halabjaee with, such “blasphemers/apostates” as Salman Rushdie and Ayaan Hirsi Ali, stating, “One needs to ask why this person should be killed and which laws should be applied to this particular case.” Krekar added that according to the principles of sharia, the author would have the opportunity to defend himself against the accusations, and that he would have to show remorse in order to avoid getting the death sentence. Mr. Halabjaee was compelled to flee to Norway from Iraqi Kurdistan in August 2006, when the Islamic League of

Kurdistan issued a fatwa condemning him to death. Although Mr. Halabjaee was granted political asylum in Norway, during December 2007, he was convicted in absentia in Iraqi Kurdistan for the crime of blasphemy. Ironically, Mullah Krekar and Mr. Halabjaee both currently reside in Norway as refugees. Mullah Krekar had an expulsion order against him decreed in Norway during February 2003. The order was suspended, however, pending Iraqi government guarantees that Mullah Krekar will not face torture or execution. See, http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2008/9/islamterror2 06.htm; and

http://gatesofvienna.blogspot.com/2008/09/mullah-krekar- threatens-author-with.html.

47. “Giant Pro-Hezbollah Rally In Baghdad,” CBS News.com, August 5, 2006,

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/08/05/iraq/main186815

2. shtml.

48. Bostom, “Wholly Shi’ite Alliance?”

49. “President Bush Delivers State of the Union Address, http://georgewbush- whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/01/20080128- 13.html.

50. Andrew G. Bostom. “Ottoman Dhimmitude,” The American Thinker, October 7, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/10/ottoman dhimmitud e.html.

51. S.A.A. Morrison. “Religious Liberty in Iraq,” Moslem World, 1935, Vol. 25, p. 128.

52. Andrew G. Bostom. “Textbook Jihad in Egypt,”

FrontPageMagazine.com, June 30, 2004,

http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=12414.

53. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad.

54. Andrew G. Bostom. “Making the World Safe for Shari’a?,” The American Thinker, August 18, 2006,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2006/08/making the world safeforshar.html.

55. Lewis, “ ‘Gifts from Heaven’: The Meaning of the American Victory over Japan, 1945.”

37. ALLAH’S APOSTATE CASSANDRA

Source note: abridged from the original version published at The American Thinker, October 24, 2009.

1. Wafa Sultan: A God Who Hates - 1 (Video lecture), http://www.faithfreedom.org/videos-features/wafa-sultan-a- god-who-hates-1/;Wafa Sultan: A God Who Hates - 2 (Video lecture), http://www.faithfreedom.org/videos-features/wafa- sultan-a-god-who-hates-2/.

2. Wafa Sultan. A God Who Hates, New York, 2009.

3. “Sheikh Yousef Al-Qaradhawi Accuses Arab-American

Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan of ‘Cursing Allah’ on Al-Jazeera TV,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, March 20, 2008, Special Dispatch No.1876,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/2603.htm.

4. “Arab-American Psychiatrist Wafa Sultan: There is No Clash of Civilizations but a Clash between the Mentality of the Middle Ages and That of the 21st Century,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, Al-Jazeera TV (Qatar), February 21, 2006, clip #1050, http://www.memritv.org/clip/en/1050.htm.

5. For biographical information on al-Qasimi, see: Jurgen

Wasella. Von Fundamentalisten zum Atheisten Die Dissidentenkarriere des Abdallah al-Qasimi, 1907-1996, Gotha: Justus Pethes Verlag, 1997.

http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39039829.

6. Sultan, A God Who Hates, p. 82.

7. Ibid., pp. 82-83.

8. Ibid., p. 81.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid., p. 2.

12. Ibid., p. 206.

13. Ibid., p. 7.

14. Koran 33:21 (Arberry translation: “You have had a good example in God's Messenger for whosoever hopes for God and the Last Day, and remembers God oft.”

15. Sultan, A God Who Hates, p. 119.

16. Ibid., pp. 118-119.

17. Abdu Allah [Abdullah] al-Qasimi. Desert with No Precincts [Arabic: Sahra Bila Ab'ad], Beirut, 1967, http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/222660721.

18. Sultan, A God Who Hates, pp. 54ff.

19. Abdullah Yusuf Ali. The meaning of the Holy Quran, Beltsville, MD, 1997.

20. Sultan, A God Who Hates, p. 151.

21. Ibid., pp. 151-152.

22. Ibid., pp. 152-153.

23. Ibid., p. 153.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., p. 240ff

26. Ibid.

27. Ibn Warraq. Leaving Islam—Apostates Speak Out, Amherst, NY, 2003.

28. Richard Crossman (editor). The God That Failed, New York, 1960/1965.

29. Warraq, Leaving Islam, p. 136.

38: AN ENCYCLOPEDIC ANTIDOTE TO ISLAMIC INDOCTRINATION IN

PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Source note: originally published at Big Peace.com, September 27, 2010.

1. “State Board of Education provides $2.6 billion for state budget; passes resolution,” Texas Education Agency, September 24, 2010

http://www.tea.state.tx.us/news release.aspx?id=2147487010.

2. Ibid.

3. Kari Huss. “Texas school board debates ‘pro-Islamic’ bias in textbooks,” MSNBC.com, September 23, 2010, http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39311882/ns/today- education nation/t/texas-school-board-debates-pro-islamic- bias-textbooks/; Michael Sheridan. “Texas State Board of Education resolution targets lessons it claims favor Islam in textbooks,” The New York Daily News, September 23, 2010, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-09-

23/news/27076148 1 textbooks-islamic-resolution; “Texas ed board adopts resolution calling for textbook publishers to limit references to Islam,” Fox_________________________________________ News.com,

http://www.foxnews.com/us/2010/09/24/texas-board-ed- considering-resolution-calling-publishers-limit-islam- textbooks/#ixzz1e0YpNCAh; See the Texas State Board of Education Resolution here:

http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/sections/news/SBOE res olution 9.2010.pdf.

4. Sheridan, “Texas State Board of Education resolution targets lessons it claims favor Islam in textbooks.”

5. “Clergy Condemn Proposed Anti-Islam Resolution— Interfaith Group Releases Open Letter Calling on the State Board of Education to Reject Inflammatory Measure,” The Texas Freedom Network, September 20, 2010, http://www.tfn.org/site/News2?page=NewsArticle&id=6365.

6. Huss, “Texas school board debates ‘pro-Islamic’ bias in textbooks.”

7. Gilbert Sewall. “Islam in the Classroom—What the Textbooks Tell Us,” The American Textbook Council, 2008, http://historytextbooks.org/islamreport.pdf.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Huss, “Texas school board debates ‘pro-Islamic’ bias in textbooks.”

13. Ibid.

14. The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by H.A.R.

Gibb and J.H. Kramers, 1953 (Ithaca, New York)/2008 (New Delhi, India); See also Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, Edited by H.A.R. Gibb and J.H. Kramers, Boston, MA, 2001. Purchase prices (used) from www.amazon.com, accessed November 18, 2011, see: http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer- listing/B001BYZNKG/ref=tmm hrd used olp 0? ie=UTF8&qid=12854251n&sr=1-1-fkmr1&condition=used, and http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-

listing/0391041169/sr=/qid=/ref=olp pg used? ie=UTF8&coliid=&startIndex=0&me=&qid=&sr=&seller=&c olid=&condition=used.

15. Brill Encyclopaedia of Islam,

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia of Islam.

16. The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam.

17. Ibid., “Djihad,” pp. 127-128.

18. Ibid.

19. “In Memoriam: Franz Rosenthal, 87,” Yale News, April

15, 2003, http://news.yale.edu/2003/04/15/memoriam-franz- rosenthal-87; “Franz Rosenthal, 88, Interpreter and Scholar,” The New York Times, April 20, 2003,

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/nyregion/franz-rosenthal- 88-interpreter-and-scholar.html.

20. Franz Rosenthal, The Muslim concept of freedom, Leiden, 1960; Franz Rosenthal, Bernard Lewis. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University, July 25, 2011.

21. Andrew Bostom. “Yale’s Post-Franz Rosenthal Islamic Studies Travesty,” www.AndrewBostom.org, October 10, 2009.

22. Maxime Rodinson. “The Western Image and Western Studies of Islam,” in The Legacy of Islam, edited by J. Schacht with C.E. Bosworth, London, 1974, p. 59.

39: UNVEILING THE ASSEMBLY OF MUSLIM JURISTS OF AMERICA (AMJA)

Source note: originally published as “Congressman King: Subpoena the Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America (AMJA)” Pajamas Media.com, March 1, 2011, with coauthor al-Mutarjim.

1. For an example of this perception, see a recent assessment by then US ambassador to India, Timothy Roemer, which lavished praise upon the “mainstream” Barelvi Muslims of India, “The Indian Muslim: A US perspective (Wikileaks),” http://rtn.asia/971 indian-muslim-us-perspective-wikileaks. However, see this historical background analysis of the of the transnational, Indo-Pakistani Barelvis by R. Upadhyay, “Barelvis and Deobandhis: ‘Birds of the Same Feather,’” South Asia Analysis Group, Paper # 4302, January 28, 2011, http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers44%5Cpaper430

2. html, and a discussion of the Barelvi movement’s reaction to the assassination of reformist Pakistani (Punjab) governor Salman Taseer—murdered for opposing Pakistan’s

mainstream, sharia-based “blasphemy” laws, by a guard belonging to the Barelvi sect. The latter analysis [Ismail Khan. “The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism,” Current Trends in Islamist Ideology, Volume 12, October 19, 2011, http://www.currenttrends.org/research/detail/the-assertion-of- barelvi-extremism] points out how Taseer’s assassin, Qadri never had a personal history with Islamist extremism. In fact, Qadri claimed to have acted entirely alone, and he strongly denied being influenced by any of the radical political or religious movements known for fomenting jihad within Pakistan. He confessed that he made up his mind to kill the governor only three days before, on December 31, 2010. That day had been a Friday, the Muslim holy day, and across the country local mosque leaders had reignited large demonstrations against the repeal of the blasphemy law. A devout Muslim, and a member of the Barelvi proselytizing organization known as the Dawat-e-Islami, Qadri himself attended a rally that took place in Rawalpindi to show his support for the blasphemy law. He later confessed that he had been inspired to murder the governor by the “rousing speeches” and prayers delivered by the rally’s clerical leaders. One of those clerics was Hanif Qureshi, a notoriously fiery and charismatic Barelvi scholar-activist and founder of an organization called Shahab-e-Islam. After Taseer’s murder, Qureshi dedicated a sermon to honor Qadri, and also led a procession to the assassin’s house.

Moreover, the same analysis (i.e., “The Assertion of Barelvi Extremism”) describes how Qadri’s murderous action was broadly supported by, “[s]cholars from virtually all of the country’s Islamic sects, despite the festering theological and sectarian disputes between them, [who] were unanimous in their backing of the blasphemy law,” including the “moderate” Barelvis:

But the response of scholars from the mainstream Barelvi school of thought to the Taseer assassination was especially hardline—with some Barelvi leaders expressly condoning the slaying. This stance came as a surprise to many, since the Barelvi school to which the majority of Pakistan’s Sunni Muslims adheres enjoys a reputation for moderation, not least because Barelvi scholars have been at the forefront in refuting the puritanical ideologies that have been linked in recent years to rising sectarianism and terrorism. Yet, two days after Taseer’s murder, over five hundred Barelvi scholars from an organization called the Jamaat Ahl-e-Sunnat Pakistan (JASP) issued a statement that explicitly warned mosque leaders not to offer Islamic funeral prayers to Salman Taseer. “No Muslim,” declared the JASP in its statement, “should attend the funeral or even try to pray for Salman Taseer or even express any kind of regret or sympathy over the incident.” As an umbrella group that forms the largest body of Barelvi scholars, the JASP’s decisions are widely respected and accepted by other Barelvis—and most, indeed, appeared to pay heed. In Lahore, the Punjab capital where Taseer was to be buried, the Imam of Badshahi Mosque refused to lead ritual services for the dead governor. Subsequently, “cleric after cleric” refused to lead the funeral prayer for the murdered governor, according to Taseer’s daughter, and other Barelvi organizations reportedly annulled Taseer’s marriage to show they no longer considered him a Muslim. Still other Barelvi scholars rushed to Qadri’s defense. Instead of condemning the murderer, one scholar suggested it was the understandable reaction of a pious man against Taseer’s contemptible actions to undermine a law to protect the sanctity of the Prophet Muhammad. Moreover, since the Pakistan constitution provides high ranking officials immunity from criminal prosecution, others argued the vigilante slaying was the only way to punish the governor for his crimes against Islam; Qadri really had no choice in the matter.

2. Arun Shourie. The World of Fatwas or the Shariah in Action, New Delhi, 1995.

3. Ibid., p. 1.

4. Ibid., pp. 1,2.

5. Ibid., p. 629.

6. Stephen Coughlin. “Analysis of Muslim Brotherhood’s

General Strategic Goals for North America Memorandum,” September 7, 2007,

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/91.pdf; “Washington’s Schizophrenic Approach Toward the Muslim Brotherhood,” IPT News, September 28, 2010,

http://www.investigativeproject.org/2206/washingtons- schizophrenic-approach-toward; See objections of one of the prominent Muslim Brotherhood offshoot groups, The Council on American Islamic Relations (CAIR): “CAIR: Why No Law Enforcement Officials at ‘Radicalization’ Hearings?,” CAIR, February 8, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/note.php?

note id=10150095966474442.

7. Peter King. “King: What’s radicalizing Muslim

Americans?,” Newsday, December 19, 2010,

http://www.house.gov/apps/list/speech/ny03 king/radicalizing muslimamericans.html.

8. Shourie, The World of Fatwas or the Shariah in Action.

9. http://www.amjaonline.com/index.php.

10. Ibid.

11. “Imams’ Conference Held in Houston,” The Muslim

Observer, October 21, 2010,

http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/?p=7103.

n. Ibid.

13. Andrew Bostom. “Mainstream Islam Rejects Freedom of Conscience,” www.AndrewBostom.org, September 23, 2010, http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/09/23/mainstream- islam-rejects-freedom-of-conscience/.

14. Andrew Bostom. “Imam Feisal Rauf and Real Sharia in

America: Will Rauf Denounce These ‘Fatwas’ by The Assembly of Muslim Jurists of America?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 13, 2010,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/13/imam-feisal- rauf-and-real-sharia-in-america-will-rauf-denounce-these- %E2%80%9Cfatwas%E2%80%9D-by-the-assembly-of- muslim-jurists-of-america/.

15. Andrew Bostom. “And It Stoned Thee: Background for

Tonight’s (8/17/2010) Pending O’Reilly Discussion of the Sharia Basis for Stoning Adulterers,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 17, 2010,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/08/17/and-it-stoned- thee-background-for-tonight%E2%80%99s-8172010-pending- o%E2%80%99reilly-discussion-of-the-sharia-basis-for- stoning-adulterers/.

16. Andrew Bostom. “Sharia-Sanctioned Marital Rape in

Britain—And North America,” www.AndrewBostom.org, October 14, 2010,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2010/10/14/sharia- sanctioned-marital-rape-in-britain%E2%80%94and-north- america/.

17. Dr. Hatem al-Hajj. “Is female circumcision an obligatory practice?,” Fatwah # 1639, May 30, 2006, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=1639.

18. “American Muslim Jurist to Muslims: Don’t Work for

the FBI,” The Middle East Media Research Institute, August 12, 2010, Special Dispatch No. 3162,

http://www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/4522.htm; “US Muslim jurists forbid aid to aggressive troops,” Ahlul Bayt News Agency, June 30, 2010, http://abna.ir/data.asp? lang=3&id=193833.

19. Yusuf al-Qaradawi. “Apostasy Major and Minor,”

OnIslam.net, http://www.onislam.net/english/shariah/contemporary- issues/islamic-themes/413125; “Al Azhar Fatwa,” Former Muslims United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/?

page id=2171; “Lebanon Mufti Fatwa,” Former Muslims United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/?page id=2170; “A Shiite Opinion on Apostasy,” Former Muslims United, http://formermuslimsunited.org/?page id=2169; “Fatwa on

Apostasy,” Former Muslims United,

http://formermuslimsunited.org/7page id=2147.

20. Dr. Hatem al-Hajj. “In connection to the questions that

come to the Islamic centers these days, please, kindly explain in detail how to answer such questions about the Shariah ruling concerning the apostate and his/her punishment?,” Fatwah #1486, April 17, 2006,

http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=1486; Dr. Main Khalid Al-Qudah. “I would like to know more about the apostate, because others argue that, since the apostate has to be killed, it can be concluded that there is nothing like freedom in Islam,” Fatwah #77325, January 2, 2009,

http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=77325; Dr. Main Khalid Al-Qudah. “Isn’t it true that there is no compulsion in religion?,” Fatwah#78511, April 10, 2009, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=78511.

21. Dr. Main Khalid Al-Qudah. “Are Christian and Jews Kuffar/Mushrik?,” Fatwah #21795, July 22, 2007, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=21795; Dr. Salah Al-Sawy. “[I]f someone insult[s] or curse[s] Allaah or His Messenger—I seek refuge with Allaah from such act—but this incident did not reach to the ruler or judge then afterward this person repented between him and Allaah, would his repentance be accepted?,” Fatwah #77506, January 21, 2009, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=77506.

22. Dr. Hatem al-Hajj. “Is this act considered zina

punishable by pelting?,” Fatwah #22905, June 22, 2006, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=22905; AMJA online Jurisprudence Section. “[I]s a man permitted to FORCE his wife to have sexual intercourse with him? [T]his is obviously when she is naashiz and unwilling to have coitus,” Fatwah #2982, May 30, 2007,

http://www.amjaonline.com/print.php?fid=2982 [accessed 11/17/2011].

23. al-Hajj, “Is this act considered zina punishable by pelting?”

24. AMJA online Jurisprudence Section, “[I]s a man permitted to FORCE his wife to have sexual intercourse with him?”

25. “Changing a Harmful Social Convention: Female

Genital Mutilation/Cutting,” UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre, 2005,

https://www.unicef.de/fileadmin/content media/presse/fotoma terial/Beschneidung/Beschneidung.pdf.

26. Dr. Hatem al-Hajj. “Is female circumcision an obligatory practice?,” Fatwah #1639, May 30, 2006, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?fid=1639.

27. Dr. Salah Al-Sawy. http://el-wasat.com/assawy/? p=6970, English translation by Al-Mutarjim, http://www.translatingjihad.com/p/about-me.html.

28. Dr. Salah Al-Sawy. http://el-wasat.com/assawy/? p=2230, English translation by Al-Mutarjim, http://www.translatingjihad.com/p/about-me.html.

29. Ibid.

30. Dr. Salah Al-Sawy. “Is acquiring an American

citizenship lawful or prohibited?,” Fatwah #77223, December 23, 2008, http://www.amjaonline.com/en f details.php?

fid=77223.

31. Shourie, The World of Fatwas or the Shariah in Action, pp. 656-657.

40. ECUMENICAL EDITING OF THE NAVY’S MUSLIM SEA-BURIAL PRAYER SERVICE

Source note: originally published at www.AndrewBostom.org, May 12, 2011.

1. Lucy Madison. “Bin Laden’s burial at sea in followed Islamic practices, White House insists,” CBSnews.com, May 2, 2011, http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-503544 162-20058970- 503544.html.

2. Navy Military Funerals, NAVPERS 15555C, 1980-1999 (revised), http://www.navybmr.com/NAVPERS%2015555D.html.

3. Susan Donaldson James. “Osama Bin Laden Sea Burial Video May Be Released,” ABCNews.com, May 2, 2011, http://abcnews.go.com/International/osama-bin-laden-sea- burial-video-released/story?id=13508657.

4. Anneke Green. “Obama to Allah: Pardon Osama—

Ground Zero visit doesn’t excuse Navy’s sea-burial honors,” The Washington Times, May 6, 2011,

http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/6/obama- allah-pardon-osama/?page=1.

5. Navy Military Funerals.

6. Ibid., includes the Fatiha, the opening sura (chapter) of the Koran, and its seven verses, Yusuf Ali translation:

1:1, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi?

version=yusufali&layout=auto&searchstring=001:001

1:2, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto &searchstring=001:002

1:3, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto &searchstring=001:003

1:4, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto &searchstring=001:004

1:5, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto &searchstring=001:005

1:6, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi?

version=yusufali&layout=auto &searchstring=001:006

1:7, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=yusufali&layout=auto&searchstring=001:007

7. Ibid., Appendix E (pp. 34-35).

8. Interpretation of the meanings of the noble Quran in the English language, translated by Dr. Muhammad Taqi-ud-Din Al-Hilali and Dr. Muhammad Muhsin Khan, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, 1993/1998, pp. 12-13.

9. Ibid.

10. Navy Military Funerals.

11. Andrew Rippin. “Three Commentaries on Surat al- Fatiha, The Opening,” pp. 29-34, in Windows on the House of Islam: Muslim Sources on Spirituality and Religious Life, John Renard, editor, Berkeley, CA, 1998.

\2. Ibid.

13. Ibid., p. 33.

14. Hilali-Khan translation of Koran 5:60—“Say (O Muhammad SAW to the people of the Scripture): ‘Shall I inform you of something worse than that, regarding the recompense from Allah: those (Jews) who incurred the Curse of Allah and His Wrath, those of whom (some) He transformed into monkeys and swines, those who worshipped Taghut (false deities); such are worse in rank (on the Day of Resurrection in the Hellfire), and far more astray from the Right Path (in the life of this world).’” http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=khan&layout=auto&searchstring=005:060.

15. Rippen, “Three Commentaries on Surat al-Fatiha, The Opening,” p. 30.

16. Abu Jafar Muhammad Bin Jarir Al-Tabari. The Commentary on the Koran: v. 1 (Commentary on the Quran), Wilferd Madelung (Editor), A. Jones (Editor), J. Cooper (Translator), Oxford, UK, 1987, pp. 76-79.

17. Tafsir Al-Qurtubi—Classical Commentary of the Holy Qur'an, Aisha Bewley [translator], London, 2003, Vol. 1, p. 127.

18. Ibn Kathir. Tafsir Ibn Kathir, Riyadh, Vol. 1, 2000, p. 87.

19. Ibid.

20. Koran 5:60, Arberry translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:060.

21. Koran 5:77, Arberry translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=arberry&layout=auto&searchstring=005:077.

22. Al-Mahali and Al-Suyuti. Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, English translation by Aisha Bewley, London, 2007, pp. xi-xiv.

23. Ibid., Book jacket comments on the back cover; See also: http://www.halalco.com/tafsir-jalalayn.html.

24. Al-Mahali and Al-Suyuti. Tafsir Al-Jalalayn, p. 2.

25. Ibid., pp. 2-3.

26. Claude Addas. Peter Kingsley (Translator), Quest for the red sulphur: The life of Ibn Arabi, Cambridge, UK, 1993. p. 1; Ibn Arabi's gloss on Koran 1:7 is quoted from Mahmoud M. Ayoub, The Qur’an and Its Interpreters, Albany, NY, 1984, Vol. 1, pp. 53-54.

27. Maariful Quran, English translation by Muhammad Hasan Askari and Muhammad Shamin, Maktaba-e-Darul Uloom, 1998/2009, 8 Vols.

28. Andrew Bostom, “Why Do 78% of Pakistani Muslims

Favor Killing ‘Apostates’ From Islam?,” www.AndrewBostom.org, September 22, 2009,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2009/09/22/why-do-78-of- pakistani-muslims-favor- killing%E2%80%9Capostates%E2%80%9D-from-islam/.

29. Maariful Quran, p. 78.

30. Bernard Carra de Vaux. “Fatiha,” in E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden, 1913-1936, Vol. 3, p. 85.

31. The Qur 'an: An Encyclopedia, edited by Oliver Reaman, New York, 2006.

32. Ibid., p. 614.

41: FIRST AMENDMENT TRUMPS SHARIA IN DEARBORN

Source note: initially published at www.AndrewBostom.org on May 29, 2011.

1. “New Study Finds Shariah Law Involved in Court Cases in 23 States,” Center for Security Policy, May 17, 2011, http://www.centerforsecuritypolicy.org/p18723.xml; Full study, Shariah Law and American Courts: An Assessment of State Appellate Court Cases, version 1.3, May 20, 2011, available here: http://shariahinamericancourts.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/06/Sharia Law And American State Courts 1.4 06212011.pdf.

2. Andrew Bostom. “Bill O’Reilly’s Mindslaughter,” The

American Thinker, December 28, 2010,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/12/bill oreillys mindsl aughter.html, and “See No Sharia,” Pajamas Media.com, December 24, 2010, http://pjmedia.com/blog/see-no-sharia/.

3. “New Study Finds Shariah Law Involved in Court Cases in 23 States.”

4. Bostom, “See No Sharia.”

5. UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT, GEORGE SAIEG, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF DEARBORN, RONALD HADDAD, Dearborn Chief of Police, Defendants-Appellees, No. 10-1746, Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan at Detroit. No. 09-12321—Paul D. Borman, District Judge. Argued: April 29, 2011. Decided and Filed: May 26, 2011Before: DAUGHTREY, MOORE, and CLAY, Circuit Judges. http://www.scribd.com/doc/56409036/Saieg- Appeal-Decision.

6. Ibid.

7. Andrew Bostom. “Mainstream Islam Rejects Freedom of Conscience,” PajamasMedia.com, September 23, 2010, http://pjmedia.com/blog/mainstream-islam-rejects-freedom-of- conscience/.

8. GEORGE SAIEG, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. CITY OF DEARBORN, RONALD HADDAD, Dearborn Chief of Police, Defendants-Appellees.

9. Bostom, “Mainstream Islam Rejects Freedom of Conscience.”

10. Bostom, “Mainstream Islam Rejects Freedom of Conscience.”

11. Roberta A. Beck-Peccoz. “Proselytism and the Right to Change Religion in Islam,” pp. 253,259, in Law and Religion in the 21st Century: Relations Between States and Religious Communities, by Silvio Ferrari and Rinaldo Cristofori, Burlington, VT, 2010.

12. In fact, under Rachid Ghannouchi’s leadership, the

Ennahda Party, as suggested when this essay was originally published, went on to win a landslide electoral victory. See: Andrew G. Bostom. “‘Liberated’ Tunisia: 40% Plurality to Mainstream Sharia-Promoting Ennahda Party,” The American Thinker Blog, October 24, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/liberated tunisi a 40 plurality to mainstream sharia­promoting ennahda party.html#ixzz1eRBxwGCZ; “The

Jihadist Vision of Tunisia’s New ‘Democratic’ Leader,” American Thinker Blog, October 25, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/10/the jihadist vi sion of tunisias new democratic leader.html#ixzz1eRCX0K

oZ; and “ ‘Liberated’ Tunisia, the New Caliphate, and the Jihad Conquest of Jerusalem,” American Thinker Blog, November 17, 2011,

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2011/11/liberated tunisi a the new caliphate and the jihad conquest of jerusalem.h tml#ixzz1eRD5sttg.

13. “Tunisia,” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and

Labor, International Religious Freedom Report 2010, Report, November 17, 2010,

http://www.state.goV/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148847.htm.

14. Erik German. “Christian aid worker purge? Morocco

orders dozens in five cities to be deported,” The Christian Science____ Monitor.com, March 11,__________ 2010,

http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-

East/2010/0311/Christian-aid-worker-purge-Morocco-orders- dozens-in-five-cities-to-be-deported.

15. Jeroen Temperman. State-religion relationships and human rights law: towards a right to religiously neutral governance, Leiden, 2010, p. 219.

16. Ibid., pp. 219-220.

17. Ibid.

18. Ihsan Bagby. “The Detroit Mosque Study: Muslim

Views on Policy and Religion—Muslim Views on Policy, Politics, and Religion,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2004,

http://ispu.org/files/PDFs/385 Detroit%20Mosque%20Study %20Ihsan%20Bagby.pdf.

19. Ibid., p. 37.

20. Koran 3:110, Pickthall translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=pickthall&layout=auto&searchstring=003:110.

21. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5,

1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf, on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess.,

Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993)

[English translation],

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html.

22. Ed White. “Court: Detroit suburb violated evangelist’s rights,” USA Today.com, May 26, 2011,

http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-05-26-Muslim- Christian-Arab ST N.htm.

42. MOSQUES AS BARRACKS IN AMERICA

Source note: originally published at The American Thinker, June 5, 2011.

1. Uriel Heyd. The Revival of Islam in Modern Turkey, Jerusalem, 1968 (Lecture delivered March 28, 1968, at Hebrew University); Heinz Kramer. A Changing Turkey: A Challenge to Europe and the United States, Washington, DC, 2000, Chapter 5, “The Revival of Political Islam,” pp. 55-84; Jenny B. White. Islamist Mobilization in Turkey, Seattle, 2003; M. Hakun Yavuz. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey. Oxford, 2003; Peter Hitchens. “As David Cameron calls for Turkey to join the EU, Peter Hitchens on the disturbing picture of growing repression at the heart of ‘Eurabia’,” The Daily Mail, August 2, 2010, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/debate/article- 1299213/Peter-Hitchens-disturbing-picture-growing- repression-heart-Eurabia.html ; “Turkey: 34 Generals Imprisoned for Coup Plans,” ANSA Med, June 27, 2011, http://www.ansamed.info/en/news/ME.XEF96501.html.

2. “Turkish Premier says Alliance of Civilizations Key Weapon against Terrorism,” Turkish Weekly.net, September 7, 2011, http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/122847/turkish- premier-says-alliance-of-civilizations-key-weapon-against- terrorism.html.

3. Andrew Bostom. “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/04/the muslim mainstr eam and the.html.

4. “Turkey's PM awarded by Arab world for ‘services to

Islam',” World Bulletin.net, January 12, 2010,

http://www.worldbulletin.net/index.php? aType=haberArchive&ArticleID=52509.

5. Kramer, “A changing Turkey: the challenge to Europe and the United States,” p. 32; For biographical background on Gokalp, see Uriel Heyd, Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Zia Gokalp, London, 1950.

6. Louis Leo Snyder. Varieties of nationalism: a comparative study, Hinsdale, IL, 1976, p. 236.

7. Heyd, Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Zia Gokalp, p. 99.

8. R. John Matthies. “Political Islam Gets Switzerland's Goat,” The American Thinker, November 8, 2007, http://www.americanthinker.com/2007/11/political islam gets

switzerla.html; Diana West. “Let's Ban All Minarets,” Diana West.net, November 30, 2009,

http://www.dianawest.net/Home/tabid/36/EntryId/1149/-Lets- All-Ban-Minarets.aspx.

9. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi. “Sharia and

Violence in American Mosques,” Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2011, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 59-72, http://www.meforum.org/meq/pdfs/2931.pdf; See additional appendix on methodologies which gives examples and extracts of jihadist texts here:

http://www.americanthinker.com/articles/assets/Copy__ of

Appendix Jihadist Texts.xlsm.

10. “Radicalization in the West: The Homegrown Threat,” Prepared by: Mitchell D. Silber and Arvin Bhatt, Senior Intelligence Analysts NYPD Intelligence Division, 2007, http://www.nyc.gov/html/nypd/downloads/pdf/public informa tion/NYPD Report-Radicalization in the West.pdf.

11. Ibid.

12. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi, “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques.”

13. Ibid., p. 68.

14. Ibid., p. 66.

15. Ibid., pp. 66-69.

16. Bostom, “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate.”

17. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi, “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques,” pp. 67-69.

18. Andrew Bostom. “Bill O’Reilly’s Mindslaughter,” The

American Thinker, December 28, 2010,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2010/12/bill oreillys mindsl aughter.html, and “See No Sharia,” Pajamas Media.com, December 24, 2010, http://pjmedia.com/blog/see-no-sharia/.

19. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi, “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques.”

20. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008.

21. See: http://www.thereligionofpeace.com/; As of November 23, 2011, the tally was 18, 035.

22. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. i-ii.

23. “The Prophet Muhammad as a Jihad Model” Middle East Media Research Institute, July 24, 2001 No.246. http://www.memri.org/report/en/print1551.htm.

24. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 25, 37-39, 113 note 55, 162-166, 175, 179, 184-185, 187, 189, 190-191, 196-197, 202-203, 216, 226, 230.

25. Ibid., pp. 25-28, 35, 37-105, 125-367.

26. Bostom, “See No Sharia.”

27. The American Annual Register for 1827-28-29, New

York, 1830, and discussed here: Andrew Bostom. “John Quincy Adams Knew Jihad,” FrontPageMagazine.com, September 29, 2004, http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?

ARTID=11283.

28. Theodore Roosevelt. Fear God and Take Your Own Part, New York, 1916, p. 71.

29. Cited in Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, p. 99.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Bostom, “The Muslim Mainstream and the New

Caliphate”; For detailed polling data, see “Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda” WorldPublicOpinion.org at the University of Maryland, April 24, 2007, pp. 15-16,

http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/START A pr07 rpt.pdf.

33. “Masdjid” in The Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam, Edited by H.A.R. Gibb and J.H. Kramers, 1953 (Ithaca, New York)/2008 (New Delhi, India), pp. 471, 493, 494.

34. Richard P Mitchell. The Society of the Muslim Brothers, London, Oxford University Press, 1969, p. 188.

35. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi, “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques.”

36. “Islamic Extremism: A Viable Threat to U.S. National

Security,” An Open Forum at the U.S. Department of State, January 7, 1999. Transcript of a presentation by Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani,

http://islamicsupremecouncil.org/media-center/domestic- extremism/63-islamic-extremism-a-viable-threat-to-us- national-security.html.

37. Ihsan Bagby. “The Detroit Mosque Study: Muslim

Views on Policy and Religion—Muslim Views on Policy, Politics, and Religion,” Institute for Social Policy and Understanding, 2004,

http://ispu.org/files/PDFs/385 Detroit%20Mosque%20Study %20Ihsan%20Bagby.pdf.

38. “Islamic Extremism: A Viable Threat to U.S. National Security.”

39. Bagby, “The Detroit Mosque Study: Muslim Views on Policy and Religion—Muslim Views on Policy, Politics, and Religion,” p. 37.

40. Koran 3:110, Pickthall translation, http://www.quranbrowser.com/cgi/bin/get.cgi? version=pickthall&layout=auto&searchstring=003:110.

41. Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam, Aug. 5,

1990, U.N. GAOR, World Conf, on Hum. Rts., 4th Sess., Agenda Item 5, U.N. Doc. A/CONF.157/PC/62/Add.18 (1993) [English translation],

http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/cairodeclaration.html.

42. Andrew Bostom. “Dearborn, Michigan: America’s First

Sharia-Compliant Muslim Enclave?,”

www.AndrewBostom.org, April 30, 2011,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2011/04/30/dearborn- michigan-america%E2%80%99s-first-sharia-compliant- muslim-enclave/.

43. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi, “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques.”

44. Whittaker Chambers. Witness, New York/Washington, DC, 1952/2002, pp. 419-420.

43. WHITTAKER CHAMBERS, COMMUNISM,

AND ISLAM

Source note: original version posted at

www.AndrewBostom.org, July 7, 2011.

1. Andrew Ferguson. “Converting Mamet—A Playwright’s Progress,” The Weekly Standard, May 23, 2011, Vol. 16, No. 34, http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/converting- mamet 561048.html.

2. Whittaker Chambers. Witness, New York/Washington, DC, 1952/2002.

3. “Converting Mamet—A Playwright’s Progress.”

4. Chambers, Witness, pp. 619, 648-649, 691, 711-712.

5. John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr. Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America, New Haven, CT, pp. 125-126, 227-228,167-173, 417 note 18; Herbert Romerstein, Eric Breindel. The Venona Secrets, Washington, DC, 2000, pp. 95­141.

6. “King Opens Committee on Homeland Security Hearing

on Radicalization,” March 10, 2011,

http://homeland.house.gov/press-release/king-opens- committee-homeland-security-hearing-radicalization.

7. Bill Press. “Joe McCarthy is born again—as Peter King,”

The Orlando Sentinel, March 10, 2011,

http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2011-03-10/news/os-ed- bill-press-031011-20110310 1 radicalization-american- muslims-joe-mccarthy.

8. Joanna Molloy. “Pete King’s Plan to Grill Muslims is Flashback to Joe McCarthy’s Hollywood Witch Hunt for Communists,” The New York Daily News, December 21, 2010, http://articles.nydailynews.com/2010-12- 21/news/27085023 1 american-muslims-radicaalization- internment-camps.

9. Michael Honda. “Muslim Hearings Recall My Life in

Internment Camp,” CNN.com, June 15, 2011,

http://articles.cnn.com/2011-06- 15/opinion/honda.king.muslim.hearings 1 muslim- radicalization-hearings-internment-camp-muslim-american- community? s=PM:OPINION.

10. “Hearing on The Threat of Muslim-American

Radicalization in U.S. Prisons,” June 15, 2011,

http://homeland.house.gov/hearing/threat-muslim-american- radicalization-us-prisons.

11. William F. Buckley (editor). Odyssey of a Friend­Whittaker Chambers, Letters to William F. Buckley, Jr. 1954­1961, New York, pp. 297-298. Buckley records his reaction upon learning of Whittaker Chambers’s death July 9, 1961, as follows:

It was John Chambers. [Chambers’s son] He gave me the news. A heart attack. The final heart attack....I mumbled the usual inappropriate things, hung up the telephone, sat down and wept. American men, who weep in droves in movie houses, over the woes of love struck shop girls, hold that weeping in men is unmanly. I have found most men in whom there was a depth of experience, or capacity for compassion, singularly apt to tears. How can it be otherwise? One looks and sees; and it would be a kind of impotence to be incapable of, or to grudge, the comment of tears, even while you struggle against it. I am immune to soap opera....But I cannot listen for any length of time to the speaking voice of Kirsten Flagstad [d. 1962, the renowned soprano opera singer], for example, without being done in by that magnificence of tone, that seems to speak from the center of sorrow, even from the center of the earth. For me, and others who knew him, his voice had been and still is like Kirsten Flagstad's, magnificent in tone, speaking to our time from the center of sorrow, from the center of the earth. [Emphasis added.]

12. Chambers, Witness, pp. 91-149.

13. Ibid., pp. 149-166.

14. Mark Van Doren, (1894-1972), http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/622673/Mark- Van-Doren.

15. Chambers, Witness, pp. 165-166.

16. Ibid., p. 166.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid., pp. 196-271.

19. Ibid., pp. 275-450.

20. Ibid., pp. 332-348, 542-543, 685-686.

21. Ibid., pp. 70-73.

22. Ibid., pp. 72, 79-85.

23. Ibid., p. 463.

24. Ibid., pp. 463-471.

25. Ibid., pp. 343,347, 379, 430, 510, 533, 618-619.

26. Ibid., pp. 529-695.

27. The Venona Secrets, pp. 95-141; Jamie Weinstein. “10 questions with ‘Whittaker Chambers' author Richard M. Reinsch II,” The Daily Caller, November 14, 2010, http://dailycaller.com/2010/11/14/10-questions-with-whittaker- chambers-author-richard-m-reinsch-ii/2/.

28. Chambers, Witness, p. 794.

29. Ibid., pp. 56, 58, 239, 508.

30. Ibid., pp. 43, 85-88.

31. Ibid., p. 505.

32. Whittaker Chambers. Ghosts on the Roof—Selected Essays, edited by Terry Teachout, 1989/1996, Washington/New Brunswick, NJ, pp. 197-253.

33. Chambers, Witness, p. 759.

34. Ghosts on the Roof—Selected Essays, Introduction, pp. xxxviii-xxxix.

35. Chambers, Witness, pp. 514-523.

36. Ghosts on the Roof—SelectedEssays, p. 38.

37. Ibid., p. 156.

38. Ibid., p. 157.

39. Ibid., pp. 159-160.

40. Ibid., p. 156.

41. Ibid.

42. Jules Monnerot. Sociology and Psychology of Communism, Boston, 1953.

43. Bertrand Russell. The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism, London, 1920.

44. Ibid., pp. 5,114-115.

45. G.K. Chesterton. The New Jerusalem, New York, 1921, pp. 262-263.

46. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism, p. 5.

47. Ibid., p. 15.

48. Andrew Bostom. The Legacy of Jihad, Amherst, NY, 2005/2008. For discussion of the jihad campaigns of Mahmud of Ghazni, see pp. 80, 382, 440-445, 551, 632-640; For discussion of the jihad campaigns of Togrul [Tughril] Beg, see pp. 382, 447, 605, 607; For discussion of the jihad campaigns of Alp Arslan, see pp. 382, 608.

49. Andrew Bostom. “Sufi Jihad?,” The American Thinker,

May 15, 2005,

http://www.americanthinker.com/2005/05/sufi jihad.html.

50. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism, p.19ff.

51. Bostom, The Legacy of Jihad, pp. 70-72, 555-565.

52. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism, p. 219.

53. Ibid., pp. 219, 19.

54. Ibid., p. 20.

55. Ernest Renan (1823-1892),

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/497999/Ernest- Renan.

56. Monnerot, Sociology and Psychology of Communism, p. 141.

57. Alexis Lacroix. “Maxime Rodinson: ‘Islam et communisme, une ressemblance frappante’,” Le Figaro,

September 28, 2001. English extracts translated from French by Ibn Warraq.

http://recherche.lefigaro.fr/recherche/access/lefigaro fr.php? archive=BszTm8dCk78Jk8uwiNq9T8CoS9GECSHilTRzrAH 6fmglGJLG8FrM%2BtYwbg9o5FxAW6uKGc5ADdeZy6BaS OXVcw%3D%3D.

58. Ibid.

59. Ibid.

60. Ibid.

61. Karl Wittfogel. Oriental Despotism—A Comparative Study of Total Power, New Haven, CT, 1957/1964.

62. Chambers, Witness, p. 260.

63. *Added to original essay. Sayyid Abul Ala Mawdudi. Towards Understanding the Qur'an, Vol. 2, London, 1988, pp. 50-53.

64. *Added to original essay. Al-Mawardi. Al-Akham as- Sultaniyyah [The Laws of Islamic Governance], English translation by Dr. Asadullah Yate, London, 1996, pp. 10-11.

65. *Mawdudi. Towards Understanding the Qur 'an, Vol. 2, London, 1988, pp. 50-53.

66. Wittfogel, Oriental Despotism—A Comparative Study of Total Power, p. 150.

67. Ibid., pp. 120, 121-122.

68. Arthur Koestler. “Ibn Saud Ante Portas” [“Ibn Saud at the Gates”], Die Vossische Zeitung, June 7, 1928. English translation by James Hodge.

69. Ibid.

70. Ibid.

71. William F. Buckley. “Witness and Friend: Remembering Whittaker Chambers,” in Witness, p. ix;

Michael Scammell. Koestler—The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic, New York, 2009, p. 475.

72. Scammell, Koestler—The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic, p. 414.

73. Sam Tanenhaus. Whittaker Chambers: A Biography, New York, 1997, pp. 510-512, cited in Scammell, Koestler— The Literary and Political Odyssey of a Twentieth-Century Skeptic, p. 475.

74. Bernard Lewis. “Communism and Islam,” International Affairs, Vol. 30, No. 1(Jan., 1954), pp. 7, 9-10.

75. Chambers, Witness, pp. 454, 455.

76. Ghosts on the Roof—SelectedEssays, pp. 175-183.

77. Ibid., p. 177.

78. Ibid., p. 178.

79. Ibid., pp. 178-183.

80. Ibid., p. 179.

81. Ibid.

82. Ibid., p. 182.

83. Lenin, quoted in Robert Conquest, The Dragons of Expectation.

84. Whittaker Chambers. “Russia: The Root and the Flower,” Time Magazine, November 17, 1947.

85. Ghosts on the Roof—SelectedEssays.

86. “Russia: The Root and the Flower.”

87. Witness, p. 72.

88. Ibid., p. 79.

89. Ibid., pp. 248-249.

90. Ibid., p.65.

91. Ibid.

92. Ibid., p. 459.

93. Ibid.

94. Ibid., p. 460.

95. Ibid.

96. Ibid.

97. Whittaker Chambers. Cold Friday, edited and introduced by Duncan Norton-Taylor, New York, 1964.

98. Ibid., p. 77.

99. Ibid., p. 78.

100. Ibid., pp. 74-75.

101. Ibid., p. 75.

102. Ibid., p. 79.

103. Ibid.

104. Ibid., p. 13.

105. Witness, p. 82.

106. Ibid., p. 83.

107. Ibid.

108. Ibid., p. 16.

109. Ibid.

110. Ibid.

111. Ibid., p. 711.

112. Ibid.

113. Ghosts on the Roof—SelectedEssays, p. 184.

114. Ibid., p. 187.

115. Chambers, Cold Friday, p. 236.

116. Witness, p. 483.

117. Ibid., pp. 484,487.

118. Rebecca West. “Whittaker Chambers,” The Atlantic Monthly, June 1952, pp. 33-39.

119. Ibid., p. 35.

120. Ibid., p. 36.

121. Witness, p. 117.

122. Ghosts on the Roof—SelectedEssays, pp. 134-140.

123. Ibid., p. 134.

124. Ibid., p. 296.

125. Odyssey of a Friend—Whittaker Chambers, Letters to William F. Buckley, Jr. 1954-1961, p. 205.

126. Witness, pp. vi, ix, xii.

127. Chambers, Cold Friday, pp. 8-16.

128. Ibid., p. 11.

129. Ibid.

130. Ibid., pp. 321-322.

131. Ibid., p. 325.

132. Avon Dominique. “Louis Gardet: A Catholic Thomist takes up Islamic Studies 1926,” Muslim World, 2009, Vol. 99 (April), pp. 253-269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-1913.2009.01268.x

133. Albert Hourani, “Gibb, Sir Hamilton Alexander

Rosskeen (1895-1971),” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004

[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31143, accessed Sept 22, 2011].

134. Ibn Warraq. “Apologists of Totalitarianism: From

Communism to Islam, Part II: Christian Apologists Of Islam,” New English Review, February 2009,

http://www.newenglishreview.org/custpage.cfm/frm/31133/sec

id/31133.

135. Louis Gardet. La Cite Musulmane—Vie Sociale et Politique, Paris, 1961, p. 78. English translation by Nidra Poller.

136. Ibid.

137. H.A.R. Gibb. Modern Trends in Islam, Chicago, 1947, p. 10.

138. Ibid., p. 131 note 3.

139. Andrew Bostom. “Reaffirming (Reanimating?) Von

Grunebaum’s Standard for the Study of Islam,” www.AndrewBostom.org, August 4, 2008,

http://www.andrewbostom.org/blog/2008/08/04/reaffirming- reanimating-von-grunebaum%E2%80%99s-standard-for-the- study-of-islam/.

140. Sir John Troutbeck (d. 1971), was Head of the British Middle East Office, Cairo, 1947-50, and Ambassador to Iraq from 1951 until his retirement in I954. (“Obituary: Sir John Troutbeck, G.B.E., K.C.M.G.” Iraq, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Spring, 1972) British Institute for the Study of Iraq, http://www.jstor.org/stable/4199924 Accessed: 24/09/2011). Troutbeck referred to a revived Caliphate as a potential buttress against Soviet Communism in an early September 1949 letter citing Pakistani advocates of a new “Pan Islamic bloc.” Troutbeck acknowledges the possible benefit of this phenomenon: “Islamic cooperation as a bulwark against the spread of Communism.” But he is also very sober and forthright in expressing his concerns over such a development, arguing that should Caliphate advocates attain real power, they would be more inclined to “train their guns against Western imperialism” and also oppress indigenous non-Muslim minorities, especially Jews and Christians. (British Foreign Office [FO] Files, FO 371/1781, F2; cited in Sean Oliver Dee, The Caliphate Question—The British Government and Islamic Governance, Lanham, MD, 2009, pp. 151, 160 notes 53-55.)

141. Gustave von Grunebaum. Book review of Muhammad Al-Ghazzali’s Our Beginning in Wisdom, 1953, translated by Ismail R. al-Faruqi, Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 1955, Vol. 14, p. 202.

142. Claude Addas. Peter Kingsley (Translator), Quest for the red sulphur: The life of Ibn Arabi, Cambridge, UK, 1993. p. 1.

143. Franz Rosenthal, The Muslim concept of freedom, Leiden, 1960, p. 115; Franz Rosenthal, Bernard Lewis. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P Bearman;, Th. Bianquis;, C.E. Bosworth;, E. van Donzel; and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2011. Brill Online. Brown University, July 25, 2011.

144. The Muslim concept of freedom, p. 115.

145. “Hurriyya.” Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition.

146. Ibid.

147. Ibid.

148. Ibid.

149. Ibid.

150. Ibid.

151. Ibid.

152. Ibid

153. Hava Lazarus-Yafeh. “Three remarks on Islam and Western political values” Israel Oriental Studies, Vol. 10, 1980, Tel-Aviv University, pp. 187-94.

154. Ibid., p. 188.

155. Ibid., p. 189.

156. Ibid.

157. Ibid.

158. “MB announces establishment of political party: Freedom and Justice,” Ikhwanweb.com, February 21, 2011, http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?

id=28077&utm source =twitterfeed&utm medium=twitter.

159. David Kirkpatrick. “Egypt Elections Expose Divisions in Muslim Brotherhood,” The New York Times, June 19, 2011.

160. Lazarus-Yafeh, “Three remarks on Islam and Western political values.”

161. William Gifford Palgrave (1826-1888), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William Gifford Palgrave.

162. William Gifford Palgrave. Narrative of a Year's Journey Through Central and Eastern Arabia, London, 1865, pp. 365-367.

163. James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888), http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James Freeman Clarke.

164. James Freeman Clarke. Ten Great Religions, part 1: An Essay in Comparative Theology, Boston/New York, 1871; Ten Great Religions, part 2: A Comparison of All Religions, Boston, 1888.

165. Ten Great Religions, part 1, p. 481.

166. Ten Great Religions, part 2, p. 105.

167. Ten Great Religions, part 1, p. 482.

168. Ibid.

169. Ibid.

170. Ibid., p. 484.

171. Alberto Coll. Foreword to, Jacob Burckhardt,

Judgments on History and Historians, Liberty Fund, 1999, pp. xvii-xxii, http://www.scribd.com/doc/6618577/Jacob-

Burckhardt-Judgments-on-History-Historians.

172. Jacob Burckhardt, Judgments on History and Historians, Boston, 1958, pp. 50, 52.

173. Charles R. Watson. What Is This Moslem World?, New York, 1937.

174. Ibid., p. 53.

175. Stoyan Pribichevich. World Without End: The Saga of Southeastern Europe, New York, 1939.

176. Osman I, also known as Osman Gazi (1258-1324), was the ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia and is considered the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/433983/Osman-I.

177. Pribichevich. World Without End: The Saga of

Southeastern Europe, p. 71.

178. Pribichevich, World Without End: The Saga of

Southeastern Europe, pp. 71-72.

179. Ibid., p. 71.

180. Ibid., p. 72.

181. G.-H. Bousquet. “Islamic Law and Customary Law in French North Africa,” Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law, Vol. 32, No. 3-4, 1950, p. 65.

182. “Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda” WorldPublicOpinion.org at the University of Maryland, April 24, 2007, pp. 15-16. http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/pdf/apr07/START A pr07 rpt.pdf.

For a brief introduction to the Caliphate concept, see Andrew G. Bostom, “The Muslim Mainstream and the New Caliphate,” The American Thinker, April 27, 2007.

183. “Muslim Public Opinion on US Policy, Attacks on Civilians and al Qaeda.”

184. Ibid.

185. Mordechai Kedar, David Yerushalmi. “Sharia and Violence in American Mosques.” The Middle East Quarterly, Summer 2011, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 59-72. http://www.meforum.org/2931/american-mosques.

186. Mohamed Akram. “An Explanatory Memorandum on

the General Strategic Goal for the Brotherhood in North America,” May 22, 1991. Translated at:

http://www.investigativeproject.org/documents/misc/20.pdf.

187. Witness, pp. 419-420.

188. Ibid., p. 462.

189. Ghosts on the Roof—SelectedEssays, pp. 197-253.

190. Ibid., p. 200.

191. Ibid.

192. Ibid., p. 203.

193. Ibid., p. 217.

194. Ibid., p. 218.

195. Ibn Warraq. Why I Am Not a Muslim, Amherst, NY, 1995; The Origins of The Koran: Classic Essays on Islam's Holy Book, Amherst, NY, 1998; The Quest for the Historical Muhammad, Amherst, NY, 2000; What the Koran Really Says: Language, Text, and Commentary, Amherst, NY, 2002; Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out, Amherst, NY, 2003; Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism, Amherst, NY 2007; Virgins? What Virgins? And Other Essays, Amherst, NY, 2010; Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate's Defense of Liberal Democracy, NY, NY, (2011), and Which Koran? (2012.)

196. Warraq, Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out.

197. Warraq, Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism.

198. Warraq, Virgins? What Virgins? And Other Essays, pp. 442-443.

199. Why the West is Best: A Muslim Apostate's Defense of Liberal Democracy, p. 57

200. Richard Crossman (editor). The God That Failed, New York, 1950/1965.

201. Ibid., pp. 1-2.

202. Ibid., p. 10.

203. Warraq, Leaving Islam: Apostates Speak Out, p. 136.