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Allhoff F.. Philosophies of the Sciences: A Guide. N.-Y.: Wiley-Blackwell,2010. — 386 p.. 2010

A collection of essays discussing a wide range of sciences and the central philosophical issues associated with them, presenting the sciences collectively to encourage a greater understanding of their associative theoretical foundations, as well as their relationships to each other. Offers a new and unique approach to studying and comparing the philosophies of a variety of scientific disciplines Explores a wide variety of individual sciences, including mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, sociology and economics The essays are written by leading scholars in a highly accessible style for the student audience Complements more traditional studies of philosophy of science

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Contents
Notes on Contributors
Unit 1 Introduction
Philosophies of the Sciences[1]
Fritz Allhoff
Philosophy of science is changing.
References
Philosophy of Science
Richard DeWitt
One new to the history and philosophy of science might reasonably wonder whether philosophy has anything substantive to do with science (§1).
What Does Philosophy Have to Do with Science?
Philosophical Issues in Scientific Practice
Philosophical Issues in Scientific Foundations
Conclusion
References
Unit 2 Philosophy of the Exact Sciences
Philosophy of Logic
Otavio Bueno
In this essay, I explore three central issues in the philosophy of logic.
Introduction
Logical Consequence
Logical Pluralism
Applications of Logic
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Mathematics
Otavio Bueno
In this essay, I examine three interrelated issues in the philosophy of mathematics.
Introduction
Platonism in Mathematics
Nominalism in Mathematics
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Probability
Aidan Lyon
In the philosophy of probability there are two central questions we are concerned with.
Introduction
The Mathematical Theory of Probability
The Philosophical Theory of Probability
Conclusion
References
Unit 3 Philosophy of the Natural Sciences
Philosophy of Physics
Richard DeWitt
We have always tended to look to our basic sciences for insight into more broadly philosophical questions, for example, questions such as “what sort of universe do we inhabit?”
Introduction
The Theory of Relativity
Quantum Theory
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Chemistry
Joachim Schummer
This essay provides an introduction to the philo­sophy of chemistry with a focus on ontological, epistemological, methodological, and ethical issues.
Introduction
What is Chemistry about?
Is Chemistry Reducible to Physics?
Are There Fundamental Limits to Chemical Knowledge?
Is Chemical Research Ethically Neutral?
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Biology
Matthew H. Haber, Andrew Hamilton, Samir Okasha, and Jay Odenbaugh
This essay provides sketches of recent and ongoing work in systematics, ecology, and natural selection theory as a way of illustrating:
Introduction
What Are the Biological Sciences (Not)?
Systematics
Ecology and Evolution
Levels of Selection
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Earth Science
Maarten G. Kleinhans, Chris J.J. Buskes, and Henk W. de Regt
This essay presents a philosophical analysis of earth science, a discipline which has received relatively little attention from philosophers of science.
Introduction
Object and Aims of Earth Science
The Autonomy of Earth Science
Explanation in Earth Science
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Unit 4 Philosophy of the Behavioral and Social Sciences
Philosophy of the Cognitive Sciences
William Bechtel and Mitchell Herschbach
Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary research endeavor focusing on human cognitive phenomena such as memory, language use, and reasoning.
What is Cognitive Science?
Explanation in Cognitive Science
The Distinctive Role of Representations in Cognitive Science Explanations
Relations between Disciplines
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Psychology
Edouard Machery
Philosophy of psychology takes various forms. Some philosophers of psychology use psychological findings and theories to develop new answers to tradi­tional philosophical questions.
The Scientific Legitimacy of Mentalism?
Cognitive Architecture and Massive Modularity
Embodied, Situated, and Extended Cognition
Concepts
Mindreading
Conclusion and Future Directions
References
Philosophy of Sociology
Daniel Little
This essay provides a basis for examining the basic ontological, explanatory, and theoretical charac­teristics of social scientific knowledge, with special application to sociology.
What Is the Philosophy of the Social Sciences?
What Are the “Social Sciences”?
How Do We Define the Social?
What Is a Social Explanation?
What Is Social Causation?
How Are Social Science Hypotheses and Theories Given Empirical Justification?
Positivism, Naturalism, and General Social Laws
How Do Social Facts Relate to Facts about Individuals and Facts about Psychology?
Conclusion
References
Philosophy of Economics
Daniel M. Hausman
At the frontiers between economics and philosophy lie many intriguing questions concerned with methodology, rationality, ethics, and normative social and political philosophy.
Economics and Philosophy of Economics
Six Central Methodological Problems
Inexactness, Ceteris Paribus Clauses, and “Unrealistic Assumptions”
Contemporary Directions in Economic Methodology
Conclusion
References
Index

Books and textbooks on the discipline Philosophy of Science and Technology:

  1. Allen B.. Empiricisms: Experience and Experiment from Antiquity to the Anthropocene. Oxford University Press,2021. — 527 p. - 2021 ãîä
  2. Alger Bradley E.. Defense of the Scientific Hypothesis: From Reproducibility Crisis to Big Data. Oxford University Press,2020. — 449 p. - 2020 ãîä
  3. Achinstein P.. Speculation: Within and about Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2019. — 297 p. - 2019 ãîä
  4. Aguirre A., Foster B., Merali Z. (Eds.). What is Fundamental? Springer,2019. — 189 p. - 2019 ãîä
  5. Agazzi E. (ed.). Varieties of Scientific Realism: Objectivity and Truth in Science. Springer,2017. — 411 pp. - 2017 ãîä
  6. Alai M., Buzzoni M., Tarozzi G. (eds.). Science Between Truth and Ethical Responsibility: Evandro Agazzi in the Contemporary Scientific and Philosophical Debate. Springer,2015. — 337 pp. - 2015 ãîä
  7. Ackermann R.J.. Data, Instruments, and Theory: A Dialectical Approach to Understanding Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press,2014. — 230 p. - 2014 ãîä
  8. Achinstein P.. Evidence, Explanation, and Realism: Essays in Philosophy of Science. Oxford: Oxford University Press,2010. — 344 p. - 2010 ãîä
  9. Agassi Joseph. Science in Flux. Springer,1975. — 559 p. - 1975 ãîä
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